Раздел 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ
Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
2
Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.
A Mary’s new job takes up a lot of time and energy.
B Mary has no time to go to parties.
C Peter felt his salary in the company was too low.
D Peter left his job because he had no promotion prospects.
E Peter sent out his resume to nearly twenty companies.
F Peter wouldn’t mind working in another city.
G Mary advises Peter to speak to people with the same problems.
Утверждение
Соответствие диалогу
Вы услышите рассказ писателя о своём увлечении музыкой. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
3
The narrator says that his musical career
1) changed its direction at the age of 11.
2) started roughly 30 years ago.
3) began after he had sung a song with his father.
Ответ: .
4
When the narrator was almost 40,
1) he was already performing in public.
2) he had learned to sing the parts of ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’.
3) he felt a desire to start playing music.
Ответ: .
5
When the narrator got a mandolin, he
1) didn’t feel surprised.
2) felt a bit nervous.
3) felt relieved.
Ответ: .
6
The narrator enjoyed playing the mandolin because
1) he was able to master difficult chords.
2) he was composing music.
3) he was able to relax after his everyday work.
Ответ: .
7
The narrator went to the jam camp because
1) he wanted to perform in public.
2) he would like to speak to Dr. Banjo.
3) he was offered the easiest way to improve his skills.
Ответ: .
8
In the camp the narrator learned that
1) to play songs he should know forty basic chords.
2) to grow as a musician he should possess certain qualities and abilities.
3) he could become a perfect mandolin player if he practises a lot.
Ответ: .
9
When the narrator came back home last week, he was pleased because
1) Ruth had started taking music lessons.
2) his friends and relatives showed their interest in music.
3) Los Angeles was a different place.
Ответ: .
Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ
10
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Use Silence
2. Gestures and Posture
3. Audience Awareness
4. Sensible Dress
5. Distinct and Audible Speech
6. Consider Context
7. Speaking Through Eyes
8. Strategic Listening
A. The first thing that a good speaker does is looks at the audience and takes a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey.
B. Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.
C. Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.
D. Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person’s mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.
E. If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs.
F. Don’t be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need ‘white space’ and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.
G. The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person’s physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.
11
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.
Ever wonder A ____________? There’s actually quite a bit of science going on behind the scenes, with several components working together to bring you that digital-quality signal.
Your channel selection begins with the programming sources themselves. Companies like Showtime, HBO or Cinemax create their programming. Channel providers then purchase rights to this programming B ____________. Once a provider has their programming in place, they turn their attention to the broadcast centre to compress and convert the programming for satellite broadcast.
Your Dish Network Programming originally arrives as a digital stream of video, which is then compressed and converted through an encoder, typically using the MPEG2 format. This format reduces the overall size of the video, C ____________.
Once encoded, the video is then encrypted D ____________. After the video has been encrypted, it is sent to the provider’s satellite, strategically positioned in the sky.
The satellite itself uses a dish similar to your own satellite dish, to receive the video and send it back down to Earth. When the satellite sends the signal back down to Earth, it is picked up by your satellite dish, a small round antenna that receives the satellite’s broadcast and sends the video on to your satellite TV receiver.
The satellite TV receiver is that little black box that sits inside your home and allows you to choose E ____________. The receiver actually performs several important functions in the satellite viewing process, including the decryption of the signal itself. If you remember, the satellite signal was scrambled by the provider to protect it from un-paying consumers. Your receiver ‘de-scrambles’ that signal and converts the signal into a format F ____________. Together these amazing components create a vividly clear digital picture for over 200 satellite channels.
- which channel you want to watch
- including a power source and a computer system
- so that the broadcast can only be viewed by paying subscribers
- so that they can broadcast the shows via satellite
- how your satellite TV system works
- making it possible for a satellite to broadcast hundreds of channels at the same time
- that your television can handle
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings. When the bell rang, the others would rush into the open air, laughing and chattering. He felt left out. Yet these were also times he enjoyed. He could daydream about how things might have been.
Sometimes, though, he would watch the play not directly, that would have been impossible but on the big screen in one of the classrooms. Cheering on his friends made him feel part of the action. Even through the screens, however, watching for long often made his eyes hurt. Sunlight reflected strongly off the silvery turf, and even more from the trees around the ground. Players in motion trailed flashes of light which left black spots in his vision.
It was during a tense game that the summons came through. The shelter Principal, no less, wanted him at once in his office. Jonte uttered a mild swearword, though realising that he had already been watching too long — his head was aching. He made his way to the admin sector, signalled his arrival and went in. The Principal was behind his desk directly opposite the door. He was a small man, with metallic black hair cut short, silver-grey hands in constant fidgety motion and an expression of perpetual irritation. He waved in the direction of a chair placed in front of the desk.
But to Jonte’s surprise, there were several other people in the office. It was difficult at first to see them all clearly: not only had the effects of watching the match still to wear off, but the lighting was poor. Perhaps the Principal had only remembered at the last minute to close the heavy shutters and switch on a lamp.
As his vision returned, Jonte’s surprise grew. The six men and two women, who sat in a half circle to one side, judging by their job tags, were senior… very senior. Four were from the administration. The two women and the other two men seemed to be scientists from different research bodies.
Jonte was used to the fact that other people were inscrutable. He would have been able to tell from gazing in a mirror into his own eyes, with their blue irises surrounding dark pupils, how he was feeling, even if he hadn’t known yet. But other people’s eyes were silver discs, giving away nothing. He could sometimes see from the rest of their faces whether they were happy or sad, smiling or frowning; but their skin reflected the light, so that he could never be quite sure. From the way they were sitting, he thought, the visitors seemed anxious.
‘Jonte’, the Principal said, ‘these people have a favour to ask, and I hope you can help them. Please sit down.’ Jonte’s surprise grew. What possible favour could these people want from someone like him? ‘I’ll help if I can’, he said.
‘You know,’ the Principal went on, ‘that you have had to grow up here because going outside would be dangerous. Your body wouldn’t be able to withstand the radiation, even at night-time. Ordinary people are born with protection; but in your case…’
‘So you see’, one of the women interjected quickly, ‘you are really a very interesting young man. We want you to let us get to know you better.’
‘The people here,’ the Principal resumed, ‘are from the government’s science and research council. They would like to take you to one of their centres in the south, where the facilities are supposed to be better than we can provide. ’
‘But I’m quite happy here,’ Jonte felt he should say. ‘My friends…’
‘… and in any case,’ the Principal insisted a trifle sourly, ‘you wouldn’t be able to stay much longer. The shelter is being closed down.’
Jonte took this in. ‘So when do I have to go?’ he asked.
‘If you can pack your things together quickly,’ one of the men replied, ‘we should like to move you this evening … say in an hour. Is that all right?’
An hour! The suddenness of it all puzzled Jonte. His condition had been known from the moment he had been born when his parents so he had been told had handed him over for special care. But it also excited him. Apart from a short journey when he had been much younger to a medical centre, he could not remember ever having left the shelter. He didn’t really have much to pack anyway.
(Adapted from ‘Fear No More’ by George Anthony)
12
When his friends rushed into the open air during playtime, Jonte felt
1) embarrased.
2) annoyed.
3) lonely.
4) bored.
Ответ: .
13
When the summons came through, Jonte was
1) glad that he was able to have a rest.
2) annoyed that he had to stop watching the game.
3) eager to know what had happened.
4) in a hurry.
Ответ: .
14
The people in the Principal’s office were all
1) of high rank.
2) very old.
3) researchers.
4) from the administration.
Ответ: .
15
In paragraph 6 the word ‘inscrutable’ means
1) not wishing to talk.
2) unhappy.
3) pretending to be kind.
4) showing no emotion or reaction.
Ответ: .
16
Jonte had to grow up in the shelter because
1) he was an orphan.
2) the world outside the shelter was dangerous.
3) his body was unable to withstand high temperature.
4) he would not manage to survive in the open air.
Ответ: .
17
The people offered to take Jonte to one of their centres because
1) Jonte was not quite happy here.
2) it was well equipped.
3) the Principal didn’t want Jonte to stay in the shelter.
4) the shelter could not provide good education for Jonte.
Ответ: .
18
Jonte was surprised because
1) he had not known about his condition.
2) he had never left the shelter before.
3) he had to leave the shelter urgently.
4) he didn’t have much to pack.
Ответ: .
Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.
Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.
Choosing a Career
19
Jane had always wanted to be a nurse and help in need. Her father, however, thought that nursing was not a suitable profession for her.
PERSON
20
When she left school, she a job as a doctor’s receptionist.
OFFER
21
Jane to take the job, so she decided to talk to her friend Ann about what she should do.
NOT WANT
22
When Jane came to Ann’s house, Ann met her in the garden. ‘Hello, Jane! You look so unhappy! What (you) about?’
THINK
23
While Jane’s her problem, Ann’s mother shouted to the girls to come over.
EXPLAIN
24
She said that Jane’s father an accident and he was in hospital.
HAVE
25
When they arrived at the hospital, Jane was amazed to see her father on the bed in a very good mood. ‘Oh, Jane, the nurses here are really wonderful. And I think …’ Jane smiled. She knew what her father was going to tell her.
SIT
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is one of the most written-about cities on earth. Built on ancient volcanoes and first established because of its secure and
26
position, the capital of Scotland has become a crossroads.
DEFENCE
27
everyone who comes to Scotland today spends some time in this city.
PRACTICAL
28
Edinburgh is the second most popular tourist destination in Great Britain and it’s not hard to see why. Its midsummer festival is one of the biggest in the world.
NATION
29
Edinburgh is a delight to explore on foot: most of its are contained within a compact central area.
ATTRACT
30
With streets steeped in history and a thriving scene, Edinburgh offers the perfect balance between traditional and contemporary things.
CULTURE
31
The area around the city has many towns and scenic villages, which are also great for exploring.
HISTORY
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Archipelago
In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them 32____ by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is 33____ odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. 34____ their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely 35____ to more than a few heated exchanges.
At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason 36____ its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.
Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island 37____ an enormous wedding cake.
Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply 38____ out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.
32
1) out
2) off
3) apart
4) aside
Ответ: .
33
1) over
2) at
3) against
4) on
Ответ: .
34
1) Despite
2) In spite
3) Besides
4) Although
Ответ: .
35
1) raises
2) attains
3) amounts
4) achieves
Ответ: .
36
1) with
2) to
3) of
4) for
Ответ: .
37
1) recollected
2) reminded
3) resembled
4) remembered
Ответ: .
38
1) went
2) ran
3) grew
4) came
Ответ: .
Ваш результат: пока 0.
Далее вы можете набрать еще 40 баллов. Автоматически это проверить нельзя, поэтому сделайте реалистичный прогноз о том, сколько бы вы смогли набрать баллов, и получите ваш итоговый результат ЕГЭ.
Если возник вопрос по ответу, в котором вы ошиблись, можете задать его в комментариях.
Раздел 4. ПИСЬМО
Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.
You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Mark who writes:
…Guess what! All my friends are going to ‘Waterland’ next week and I can’t swim! What shall I do? If I go with my friends, they will be teasing me all the time. I have wanted to learn to swim for a long time but I feel embarrassed to start learning at my age. What would you advise me to do? Is it difficult to learn how to swim? How many lessons will I need?
Well, I’d better go now as my mum’s calling me for dinner.
Write back to Mark.
In your letter
— answer his questions
— ask 3 questions about his favourite sports
Write 100 — 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
За это задание вы можете получить 6 баллов максимум.
Comment on the following statement.
Lots of teens believe that it’s important to look nice. However, adults often think that young people pay too much attention to their appearance and fashion.
Write 200 — 250 words.
— make an introduction (state the problem)
— express your personal opinion and give 2—3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1—2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position
За это задание вы можете получить 14 баллов максимум.
Раздел 5. ГОВОРЕНИЕ
— За 1,5 минуты нужно подготовиться и в следующие 1,5 минуты выразительно прочитать текст вслух — 1 балл.
— Составление 5 вопросов на основе ключевых слов. На подготовку отводится 1,5 минуты, затем каждый вопрос надо сформулировать в течение 20 секунд — 5 баллов.
— 3 фотографии. Нужно выбрать 1 и описать ее по предложенному тут же в задании плану за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.
— 2 картинки. Нужно сравнить их, описать сходства и различия, объяснить, почему выбранная тематика близка выпускнику, за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.
The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the temperature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in global average temperatures.
‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heatwave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 people; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern, ’ says climatologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who co-authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that what was believed to be likely has happened. Nature has been cooperating with climate change theory unfortunately.’
Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dubbed the ‘burning embers, ’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.
According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened systems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing seasons in countries such as Canada and Russia.
‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest, ’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to learn how to adapt.’Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heating trend to prevent further damage.
Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set — and companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’
But even with such policies in place-not only in the U.S. but across the globe-climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degree C) and further warming of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse, ’Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’
(Adapted from ‘Risks of Global Warming Rising“ by David Biello)
Задание №6535.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому
Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree C from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees C of warming.
Решение:
According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
Согласно обновленному графику, риски негативных последствий начинают проявляться при изменении температуры до 1 градуса С.
«… extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F»
Показать ответ
Источник: ЕГЭ-2018, английский язык: 30 тренировочных вариантов для подготовки к ЕГЭ. Е. С. Музланова
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5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
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16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
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1. You never know what you will be asked at an interview.2. Job interviews put a lot of pressure on applicants.3. Let your true personality out at a job interview.4. I didnt take the job because I didnt like the interview.5. Job interviews are a waste of time.6. There are sometimes quite funny incidents at interviews.7. I didnt get the position because I was too tense.
Rickys songs are about the lives of famous people.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
The message in Rickys songs is difficult to understand.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
Rickys popularity is on the increase.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
Money is unimportant to Ricky.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
Ricky has followed the advice of some of his fans.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
Ricky thinks his fans are disappointed when they meet him.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
Ricky is anxious about his new album.1) True 2) False 3) Not stated
According to the narrator, nuclear power1) is a solution to climate change.2) is protected against climate change.3) can be susceptible to climate change.
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Nuclear power plants are usually located1) in the mountains. 2) near rivers, seas or oceans. 3) in the deserts.
Nuclear power plants face the greatest danger from1) hurricanes. 2) rising water temperatures. 3) flooding.
During hurricanes,1) preventive measures are always taken.2) all doors in a nuclear plant should be left open.3) safety equipment must be protected from flying debris.
In the future, floods are going to become1) quite rare. 2) rather infrequent. 3) more common.
During the 2003 heat wave, the French government relaxed the environmental reguBlations1) to keep up the supply of energy.2) to increase the amount of electricity.3) to reduce their power output.
New nuclear reactors are likely1) to be less vulnerable to climate change.2) to be too expensive.3) to have higher water requirements.
2.
1. Necessary Components 5. Health Risks2. Important Conclusion 6. Moderation Is the Key!3. Useful Advice 7. Diet and Exercise4. Significant Difference 8. Benefits of Good NutritionA. Developing healthy eating habits is simpler and easier than you might think. You
will look and feel better if you make a habit of eating healthfully. You will have more enBergy and your immune system will be stronger. When you eat a diet rich in fruits andvegetables you are lowering your risk of heart disease, cancers and many other serioushealth ailments. Healthy eating habits are your ticket to a healthier body and mind.
B. A fourBweek clinical trial that tested the new regimen found that overweightadults who consumed a highBprotein, entirely vegan diet were able to lose about the sameamount of weight as a comparison group of dieters on a highBcarbohydrate, lowBfat vegBetarian dairy diet. But while those on the highBcarbohydrate dairy diet experienced dropsof 12 percent in their cholesterol, those on the highBprotein vegan diet saw cholesterolreductions of 20 percent.
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C. The idea preyed on me for a long time. If the Atkins Diet looks good, and its gotso much saturated fat and cholesterol in it, suppose we took that out and put vegetarianprotein sources in, which may lower cholesterol, Dr. Jenkins said. We know that nutslower cholesterol and prevent heart disease, and soy is eaten in the Far East, where theydont get much heart disease. So we put these foods together as protein and fat sources.
D. The first official warning about the dangers of the Atkins diet was issued by thegovernment amid concern about the rising number of people opting for the highBfat,highBprotein diet. Cutting out starchy foods can be bad for your health because you couldbe missing out on a range of nutrients. LowBcarbohydrate diets tend to be high in fat, andthis could increase your chances of developing coronary heart disease.
E. Earlier this year, a large study that compared different kinds of diets includinglowBfat and lowBcarbohydrate plans found that the method didnt matter as long aspeople cut calories. That study also found that after two years, most people had regainedat least some of the weight they had lost. Dr. Tuttle said that while different weight lossplans offer people different tricks and strategies, ultimately, It really comes down tocalories in and calories out.
F. When you think about nutrition, be aware of serving sizes. Many people will eateverything on their plate, regardless of how hungry they actually are. If you know youtend to clean your plate, make an effort to reduce your serving size. If youre eating outor dining at a friends house, dont be shy about asking for smaller portion sizes. Toomuch of any one food is a bad thing. There are no bad foods, just bad eating habits.
G. Your body has to stay well hydrated to perform at its best and to properly processall the nutrients in the food you eat. Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day. You mayneed even more water if you are in a hot environment or if you are exercising. If you aretrying to lose weight, add plenty of ice to each glass of water. Your body will burn energyto warm the water up to body temperature.
Stonehenge is probably the most important prehistoric monument in Britain. TheStonehenge that we see today is the final stage A ___________________. But first let uslook back 5,000 years.
The first Stonehenge was a large earthwork or Henge, comprising a ditch, bank, andthe Aubrey holes, all probably built around 3100 BC. The Aubrey holes are round pits inthe chalk, about one metre wide and deep, B _______________. Excavations have reBvealed cremated human bones in some of the chalk filling, but the holes themselves wereprobably made not for the purpose of graves but as part of the religious ceremony. ShortBly after this stage Stonehenge was abandoned, left untouched for over 1000 years.
The second and most dramatic stage of Stonehenge started around 2150 BC. Some 82bluestones from southBwest Wales were transported to the site. It is thought that thesestones, some weighing 4 tonne
The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the temperature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in global average temperatures.
‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heatwave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 people; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern,’ says climatologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who co-authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that what was believed to be likely has happened. Nature has been cooperating with climate change theory unfortunately.’
Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dubbed the ‘burning embers,’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.
According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened systems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing seasons in countries such as Canada and Russia.
‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to learn how to adapt.’ Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heating trend to prevent further damage.
Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set — and companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’
But even with such policies in place—not only in the U.S. but across the globe—climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degree C) and further warming of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse,’ Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’
ВОПРОС 1 The current temperature change
1) is less than it was predicted.
2) is too little to cause any concern.
3) makes natural disasters more probable.
4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.
ВОПРОС 2 According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because
1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.
2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.
3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.
4) nature has proved the climate change theory.
ВОПРОС 3 In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means
1) added.
2) labelled.
3) doubled.
4) showed.
ВОПРОС 4 According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree С from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees С of warming.
ВОПРОС 5 Global warming has
1) only negative consequences.
2) only positive consequences.
3) more negative than positive consequences.
4) more positive than negative consequences.
ВОПРОС 6 Cap-and-trade policy implies that
1) companies will have to cut their emissions.
2) companies could sell their emissions.
3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.
4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.
ВОПРОС 7 According to the IPCC, global warming
1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.
2) will have catastrophic effect.
3) is still uncertain.
4) is inevitable.
ВОПРОС 1: – 3
ВОПРОС 2: – 4
ВОПРОС 3: – 2
ВОПРОС 4: – 1
ВОПРОС 5: – 3
ВОПРОС 6: – 3
ВОПРОС 7: – 4
A new analysis of climate risk, published by researchers at MIT and elsewhere, shows that even moderate carbon-reduction policies now can substantially lower the risk of future climate change. It also shows that quick, global emissions reductions would be required in order to provide a good chance of avoiding a temperature increase of more than 2 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level — a widely discussed target. But without prompt action, they found, extreme changes could soon become much more difficult, if not impossible, to control.
Ron Prinn, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change and a co-author of the new study, says that «our results show we still have around a 50-50 chance of stabilizing the climate» at a level of no more than a few tenths above the 2 degree target. However, that will require global emissions, which are now growing, to start downward almost immediately. That result could be achieved if the aggressive emissions targets in current U.S. climate bills were met, and matched by other wealthy countries, and if China and other large developing countries followed suit with only a decade or two delay. That 2 degree C increase is a level that is considered likely to prevent some of the most catastrophic potential effects of climate change, such as major increases in global sea level and disruption of agriculture and natural ecosystems.
«The nature of the problem is one of minimizing risk,» explains Mort Webster, assistant professor of engineering systems, who was the lead author of the new report. That’s why looking at the probabilities of various outcomes, rather than focusing on the average outcome in a given climate model, «is both more scientifically correct, and a more useful way to think about it.»
Too often, he says, the public discussion over climate change policies gets framed as a debate between the most extreme views on each side, as «the world is ending tomorrow, versus it’s all a myth,» he says. «Neither of those is scientifically correct or socially useful.»
«It’s a tradeoff between risks,» he says. «There’s the risk of extreme climate change but there’s also a risk of higher costs. As scientists, we don’t choose what’s the right level of risk for society, but we show what the risks are either way.»
The new study, published online by the Joint Program in September, builds on one released earlier this year that looked at the probabilities of various climate outcomes in the event that no emissions-control policies at all were implemented — and found high odds of extreme temperature increases that could devastate human societies. This one examined the difference that would be made to those odds, under four different versions of possible emissions-reduction policies.
Both studies used the MIT Integrated Global Systems Model, a detailed computer simulation of global economic activity and climate processes that has been developed and refined by the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change since the early 1990s. The new research involved hundreds of runs of the model with each run using slight variations in input parameters, selected so that each run has about an equal probability of being correct based on present observations and knowledge. Other research groups have estimated the probabilities of various outcomes, based on variations in the physical response of the climate system itself. But the MIT model is the only one that interactively includes detailed treatment of possible changes in human activities as well — such as the degree of economic growth, with its associated energy use, in different countries.
Quantifying the odds
By taking a probabilistic approach, using many different runs of the climate model, this approach gives a more realistic assessment of the range of possible outcomes, Webster says. «One of the common mistakes in the [scientific] literature,» he says, «is to take several different climate models, each of which gives a ‘best guess’ of temperature outcomes, and take that as the uncertainty range. But that’s not right. The range of uncertainty is actually much wider.»
Because this study produced a direct estimate of probabilities by running 400 different probability-weighted simulations for each policy case, looking at the actual range of uncertainty for each of the many factors that go into the model, and how they interact. By doing so, it produced more realistic estimates of the likelihood of various outcomes than other procedures — and the resulting odds are often significantly worse. For example, an earlier study by Tom Wigley of the National Center for Atmospheric Research estimated that the Level 1 emissions control policy — the least-restrictive of the standards studied -would reduce by 50 percent the odds of a temperature increase of more than 2 degrees C, but the more detailed analysis in the new study finds only a 20 percent chance of avoiding such an increase.
One interesting finding the team made is that even relatively modest emissions-control policies can have a big impact on the odds of the most damaging climate outcomes. For any given climate model scenario, there is always a probability distribution of possible outcomes, and it turns out that in all the scenarios, the policy options have a much greater impact in reducing the most extreme outcomes than they do on the most likely outcomes.
For example, under the strongest of the four policy options, the average projected outcome was a 1.7 degrees C reduction of the expected temperature increase in 2100, but for the most extreme projected increase (with 5 percent probability of occurring) there was a 3.2 degree C reduction. And that’s especially significant, the authors say, because the most damaging effects of climate change increase drastically with higher temperature, in a very non-linear way.
«These results illustrate that even relatively loose constraints on emissions reduce greatly the chance of an extreme temperature increase, which is associated with the greatest damage,» the report concludes.
Webster emphasizes that «this is a problem of risk management,» and says that while the technical aspects of the models are complex, the results provide information that’s not much different from decisions that people face every day. People understand that by using their seat belts and having a car with airbags they are reducing the risks of driving, but that doesn’t mean they can’t still be injured or killed. «No, but the risk goes down. That’s the return on your decision. It’s not something that’s so unfamiliar to people. We may make sure to buy a car with airbags, but we don’t refuse to leave the house. That’s the nature of the kind of tradeoffs we have to make as a society.»
The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the temperature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in global average temperatures.
‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heatwave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 people; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern,’ says climatologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who co-authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that what was believed to be likely has happened. Nature has been cooperating with climate change theory unfortunately.’
Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dubbed the ‘burning embers,’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.
According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened systems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing seasons in countries such as Canada and Russia.
‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to learn how to adapt.’ Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heating trend to prevent further damage.
Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set — and companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’
But even with such policies in place—not only in the U.S. but across the globe—climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degree C) and further warming of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse,’ Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’
ВОПРОС 1 The current temperature change
1) is less than it was predicted.
2) is too little to cause any concern.
3) makes natural disasters more probable.
4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.
ВОПРОС 2 According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because
1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.
2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.
3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.
4) nature has proved the climate change theory.
ВОПРОС 3 In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means
1) added.
2) labelled.
3) doubled.
4) showed.
ВОПРОС 4 According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree С from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees С of warming.
ВОПРОС 5 Global warming has
1) only negative consequences.
2) only positive consequences.
3) more negative than positive consequences.
4) more positive than negative consequences.
ВОПРОС 6 Cap-and-trade policy implies that
1) companies will have to cut their emissions.
2) companies could sell their emissions.
3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.
4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.
ВОПРОС 7 According to the IPCC, global warming
1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.
2) will have catastrophic effect.
3) is still uncertain.
4) is inevitable.
ВОПРОС 1: – 3
ВОПРОС 2: – 4
ВОПРОС 3: – 2
ВОПРОС 4: – 1
ВОПРОС 5: – 3
ВОПРОС 6: – 3
ВОПРОС 7: – 4
Здесь вы найдете текст на английском языке с переводом на тему «Global Warming» (глобальное потепление). Глобальное потепление — это не только глобальная проблема человечества, но и локальная проблемка школьников и студентов, которые пишут сочинения, готовят доклады по этой теме. Здесь вы найдете текст с переводом и аудио на тему «Global Warming», а также полезные слова по этой теме.
Это топик «Глобальное потепление» на английском + аудио. Вариант с переводом вы найдете ниже.
Скачать аудио.
But first, let’s figure out what causes global warming. Climate change is caused by different reasons. There are many factories and power plants that create a lot of heat. That heat increases the overall temperature on Earth. The growing consumption of electricity also worsens the problem. The more we consume, the more heat is coming to the atmosphere, and the warmer it becomes.
But why exactly global warming is a threat? The most dangerous part of the problem is the fact that the heat can reach the North and South Poles. If it happens, thousands of icebergs will start to melt. In the end, the overall water level will increase. Many coastal cities and islands will end up drowned. But there is still hope for mankind.
Global warming can be prevented if we all work together. We should use green energy, the kind of energy that comes from the sources that cause little or no impact on the environment. There are such green energy sources as solar panels, wind power stations and hydroelectric power plants. Some countries already decided to switch completely to alternative power sources by 2040. In conclusion, I would like to say that we are facing this problem for the first time. If we do the right things, we can make our world a better place.
Текст на английском языке с переводом. Global Warming – Глобальное потепление
Это сочинение о глобальном потеплении на английском с переводом. Чуть ниже вы найдете список полезных слов из текста.
| Текст на английском языке | Перевод |
|---|---|
| Global warming is something we cannot ignore. | Глобальное потепление — это такое явление, которые мы не можем игнорировать. |
| It is reported that in the last 5 years the average temperatures on Earth have increased. | Сообщается, что за последние 5 лет средние температуры на Земле выросли. |
| Let’s discuss how we can stop it and make our planet better. | Давайте обсудим, как мы можем это остановить, и как мы можем сделать нашу планету лучше. |
| But first, let’s figure out what causes global warming. | Но сначала давайте выясним, что является причиной глобального потепления. |
| Climate change is caused by different reasons. | Изменение климата вызвано разными причинами. |
| There are many factories and power plants that create a lot of heat. | Есть много производств и заводов, которые вырабатывают много тепла. |
| That heat increases the overall temperature on planet Earth. | Это тепло повышает общую температуру на планете Земля. |
| The growing consumption of electricity also worsens the problem. | Возрастающее потребление электричества также усугубляет проблему. |
| The more we consume, the more heat is coming to the atmosphere, and the warmer it becomes. | Чем больше мы потребляем, тем больше тепла выходит в атмосферу, и тем теплее становится. |
| But why exactly global warming is a threat? | Но почему глобальное потепление — это проблема? |
| The most dangerous part of the problem is the fact that the heat can reach the North and South Poles. | Самая опасная часть проблемы — это факт, что тепло может достичь Северного и Южного полюсов. |
| If it happens, thousands of icebergs will start to melt. | Если это произойдет, тысячи айсбергов начнут таять. |
| In the end, the overall water level will increase. | В итоге общий уровень воды поднимется. |
| Many coastal cities and islands will end up drowned. | Многие прибрежные города и острова окажутся затоплены. |
| But there is still hope for mankind. | Но у человечества еще есть надежда. |
| Global warming can be prevented if we all work together. | Глобальное потепление может быть предотвращено, если мы все будем работать вместе. |
| We should use green energy, the kind of energy that comes from the sources that cause little or no impact on the environment. | Нам следует использовать «зеленую» энергию, вид энергии, производимый источниками, оказывающими небольшое или вообще никакое воздействие на окружающую среду. |
| There are such green energy sources as solar panels, wind power stations and hydroelectric power plants. | Существуют такие источники «зеленой» энергии, как солнечные батареи, ветряные электростанции и гидроэлектростанции. |
| Some countries already decided to switch completely to alternative power sources by 2040. | Некоторые страны уже решили полностью перейти на альтернативные источники энергии к 2040 году. |
| In conclusion, I would like to say that we are facing this problem for the first time. | В завершение, я бы хотел сказать, что мы впервые сталкиваемся с этой проблемой. |
| If we do the right things, we can make our world a better place. | Если мы поступим правильно, мы можем сделать наш мир лучше. |
Полезные слова на тему глобального потепления
- global warming – глобальное потепление
- environment – окружающая среда
- average temperature – средняя температура
- to cause smt – вызывать, являться причиной чего-то
- climate change – изменение климата
- factories – фабрики, производства
- plants – заводы
- heat – жара, тепло, высокая температура
- consumption of smt – потребление чего-то
- threat – угроза
- the North/South Pole – Северный/Южный полюс
- to melt – таять
- land – суша, земля
- drowned – затопленный
- mankind – человечество
- to prevent smt – предотвращать что-то
- green energy – «зеленая» энергия (не опасная для природы)
- solar panel – солнечная панель, батарея
- wind power station (“wind farm”) – ветряная электростанция («ветряная ферма»)
- hydroelectric power plant – гидроэлектростанция
- to switch to smt – переключиться, перейти на что-то
- alternative power source – альтернативный источник энергии
- to face a problem – столкнуться с проблемой
Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Сергей Ним, я автор этого сайта, а также книг, курсов, видеоуроков по английскому языку.
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When scientists think about climate change, we often focus on long term trends and multi-year averages of various climate measures such as temperature, ocean heat, sea level, ocean acidity, and ice loss. But, what matters most in our day-to-day lives is extreme weather. If human-caused climate change leads to more extreme weather, it would make taking action more prudent.
It is clear that human emissions have led to increased frequencies of heat waves and have changed the patterns of rainfall around the world. The general view is that areas which are currently wet will become wetter; areas that are currently dry will become drier. Additionally, rainfall will occur in heavy doses. So, when you look at the Earth in total, the canceling effects of wetter and drier hides the reality of regional changes that really matter in our lives and our economies.
Some of the precipitation changes are associated with large scale changes to atmospheric wind patterns that are moving climate zones. Other changes, however, are more local and relate to the ability of liquid water to evaporate. It is well known, and each of us knows this by experience, warm air can hold more water than cold air (although technically air doesn’t «hold» water). As the Earth heats, there is the tendency for a more moist atmosphere – consequently, heavier downpours. All of this has been predicted and observed.
But, this added moisture has to come from somewhere and in regions where there is ample water (such as over oceans), a nearly unlimited supply means rising temperatures lead to increasing moisture. But, in dry regions where there is very little water to evaporate, this «moistening» effect doesn’t exist. Here, increasing temperatures just dry things out. The fancy term for this moisture transfer is evapotranspiration (ET).
So on to droughts. A very recent study by Trenberth et al., «Global warming and changes in drought» published in Natural Climate Change has investigated the way droughts are measured. They discuss various drought metrics such as the Standardized Precipitation Index which is based entirely on precipitation, the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index which includes ET effects, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) which balances precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and includes local soil moisture and vegetation.
This most sophisticated metric has led different teams of researchers to very different conclusions about drought trends. One study reports «little change in drought over the past 60 years» while another, «increasing drought under global warming in observations and models». How could researchers come to such different conclusions? It turns out that various versions of the PDSI have differing algorithms for calculating ET which partially explains the differences.
First, quantifying evapotranspiration is very challenging; the observational spread is large as are regional uncertainties. Second, the choice of baseline period is crucial. The first study mentioned above used a 1950-2008 baseline which includes human impacts while the second study baseline is limited to 1950-1979 which, while having less human influence turned out to be a wetter than normal period.
Another issue is the quantification of precipitation. The two studies used different precipitation datasets which are characterized by their number of stations and geographic coverage.
So what are the recommendations for improving the agreement? First, the authors suggest that countries should make available more of their precipitation data. Secondly, higher resolution precipitation information is needed (such as hourly data) so that the amount of runoff can be more accurately known. Similar improvements in ET are needed. Overall, the study concludes,
«Increased heating from global warming may not cause droughts but it is expected that when droughts occur they are likely to set in quicker and be more intense.»
In the end, climate change is important because it affects our lives, our societies, and our economies; impacts that are occurring because of extreme weather. It is critical to be able to accurately assess the trends in observed extreme weather so we can better plan our mitigation and adaptation strategies. The old adage of «you don’t know where you are going unless you know where you’ve been» seems to apply pretty well here.
1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Health Problem
2. Significant Difference
3. Fashions in Food
4. New Weapon
5. The Price of Success
6. Holiday Regulations
7. Strong Competitor
8. Psychological Barrier
A. Nowadays, potatoes are the ‘in’ thing so far as health is concerned. In the 60s and 70s we were told to avoid them at all costs for fear of getting fat, but now they have been reinvented by the dieticians as a source of fibre and vitamins. Sensible people, like you and me, have always eaten them because they taste so good.
B. Organizing a holiday isn’t the easiest task in the world; there are so many things to think about. Let’s keep it simple by assuming that there’s no overseas travel to arrange. That doesn’t mean that you can also forget about injections and other health precautions entirely. What about sun blocker? What about regular medication prescribed by your doctor? My point, quite frankly, is that planning a holiday can be a real pain although a well-planned holiday can more than reward the pains you go to before you set out.
C. Symantec, McAfee and Trend Micro have the US market for anti-virus software sewed up between them. But here comes Russia’s Kaspersky Lab trying to gain a foothold. The Moscow-based company opened a sales office outside of Boston in February and has signed up about 40 resellers. Kaspersky reacts quicker than the giants to new viruses and other forms of malware, and gets fixes out fast.
D. Sitting in the office armchairs all-day long has become the norm for many of us. Stress and rush make us forget about regular food and stuff our stomachs with cheeseburgers and sodas, which don’t do any good to our bodies. As a result, we rarely find time for exercises, gyms or balanced nutrition and it’s one of the reasons why a lot of people are overweight nowadays. However, it is possible to change your lifestyle and lose your weight if you are willing to.
E. The Internet is a very effective medium for spreading ideas or news. It eliminates geographical boundaries, and Greenpeace is aware of it, and benefits from it. For instance, in 1995, Greenpeace utilised its site to publicise a route that the French use to send nuclear shipments to Japan. They also included the fax number of the French Embassy and of the newspaper Le Monde so that letters of protest could be sent.
F. The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear, like Stage Fear. They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all. Don’t do this. Actually, the fastest way to learn anything is to do it — again and again until you get it right. Like anything, learning English requires practice. Don’t let your fear stop you from getting what you want.
G. Fuel cells are similar to a battery except unlike batteries, they don’t need to be recharged. Fuel causes air pollution and noise, while fuel cells do not cause either. Fuel cells don’t cause pollution because they don’t create waste like fuel. Fuel cells are also very efficient, so efficient that fuel cells have been providing energy on spacecrafts for a very long time.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.
The ancient Greeks coined the term ‘atomos’, meaning the smallest possible separation of matter. In ancient times, both the Greeks and Indians had philosophised about the existence of the atom. However, it was first hypothesised scientifically by the British chemist John Dalton in the early years of the 19th century, ___ (A). Since then, smaller subatomic particles have been discovered and the part they play as the basic building blocks of the universe is clear. We now know that atoms are made up of differing numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, and these too are made up of even smaller particles.
Dalton’s theory about atoms was not immediately accepted by chemists, although one reason for this was Dalton’s well-known carelessness in experimental procedures. However, we know that Dalton was correct in almost everything he said in his theory of the atom. He described an atom, even though he had never seen one, ___ (B). It could combine with the atoms of other chemical elements to create a compound.
Almost a century later the first subatomic particles were discovered. By the 1930s, physicists were working with new ideas ___ (C). In turn, these developments helped them to develop quantum mechanics.
In chemistry, the atom is the smallest part of an element ___ (D). The difference in the number of subatomic particles makes one atom different from another.
Subatomic particles also have another purpose. If there is the same number of electrons and protons in the atom, ___ (E). A difference between the two means the atom has an electrical charge. In other words, it produces electricity. This electricity means the electrons can become attracted to each other. In this way, atoms can bond together to form molecules, and when enough molecules are joined together we have matter ___ (F).
1. when he suggested it was the smallest particle that could exist
2. that we can see
3. as he has no equipment
4. as a particle that cannot change its nature
5. then it will be electronically neutral
6. that can still be recognised
7. which allowed them to investigate the parts of the atom in great detail
| A | B | C | D | E | F |
3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
The current temperature change
1) is less than it was predicted.
2) is too little to cause any concern.
3) makes natural disasters more probable.
4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.
4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because
1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.
2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.
3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.
4) nature has proved the climate change theory.
5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means
1) added.
2) labelled.
3) doubled.
4) showed.
6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree C from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees C of warming.
7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
Global warming has
1) only negative consequences.
2) only positive consequences.
3) more negative than positive consequences.
4) more positive than negative consequences.
Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
Cap-and-trade policy implies that
1) companies will have to cut their emissions.
2) companies could sell their emissions.
3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.
4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.
9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Показать текст. ⇓
According to the IPCC, global warming
1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.
2) will have catastrophic effect.
3) is still uncertain.
4) is inevitable.
(Image credit: FADEL SENNA/AFP via Getty Images)
The effects of global warming can be seen and felt across the planet. Global warming, the gradual heating of Earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere, is caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Already, the consequences of global warming are measurable and visible.
«We can observe this happening in real time in many places,» Josef Werne, a professor of geology and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science. «Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and mountain glaciers. Lakes around the world, including Lake Superior, are warming rapidly — in some cases faster than the surrounding environment. Animals are changing migration patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity,» such as trees budding their leaves earlier in the spring and dropping them later in the fall.
Here is an in-depth look at the ongoing effects of global warming.
Global warming increases average temperatures and temperature extremes
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One of the most immediate and obvious consequences of global warming is the increase in temperatures around the world. The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past 100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Since record keeping began in 1895, the hottest year on record worldwide was 2016, according to NOAA and NASA data (opens in new tab). That year Earth’s surface temperature was 1.78 degrees F (0.99 degrees C) warmer than the average across the entire 20th century. Before 2016, 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally. And before 2015? Yep, 2014. In fact, all 10 of the warmest years on record have occurred since 2005, which tied with 2013 as the 10th-warmest year on record, according to NOAA’s Global Climate Report 2021 (opens in new tab). Rounding out the top 6 hottest years on record across the globe are (in order of hottest to not as hot): 2020, 2019, 2015, 2017 and 2021.
For the contiguous United States and Alaska, 2016 was the second-warmest year on record and the 20th consecutive year that the annual average surface temperature exceeded the 122-year average since record keeping began, according to NOAA. Shattered heat records in the U.S. are increasingly becoming the norm: June 2021, for example, saw the warmest temperatures on record for that month for 15.2%of the contiguous U.S. That’s the largest extent of record warm temperatures ever recorded in the country, according to the National Centers for Environmental Information (opens in new tab).
Global warming increases extreme weather events
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As global average temperatures warm, weather patterns are changing. An immediate consequence of global warming is extreme weather.
These extremes come in a lot of different flavors. Paradoxically, one effect of climate change can be colder-than-normal winters in some areas.
Changes in climate can cause the polar jet stream — the boundary between the cold North Pole air and the warm equatorial air — to migrate south, bringing with it cold, Arctic air. This is why some states can have a sudden cold snap or colder-than-normal winter, even during the long-term trend of global warming, Werne explained.
Werne received his doctorate in Geological Sciences at Northwestern University in 2000 with an emphasis in Biogeochemistry. He was a postdoctoral research scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research from 2000 to 2002 and on the faculty of the Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (assistant/associate professor) at the University of Minnesota Duluth, before joining the department in 2012. Werne spent a year in Perth, Australia, as a visiting senior fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies of the University of Western Australia, as well as a visiting scientist in the Western Australia Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre at Curtin University.
«Climate is, by definition, the long-term average of weather, over many years. One cold (or warm) year or season has little to do with overall climate. It is when those cold (or warm) years become more and more regular that we start to recognize it as a change in climate rather than simply an anomalous year of weather,» he said.
Global warming is also changing other extreme weather. According to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of NOAA (opens in new tab), hurricanes are likely to become more intense, on average, in a warming world. Most computer models suggest that hurricane frequency will stay about the same (or even decrease), but those storms that do form will have the capacity to drop more rain due to the fact that warmer air holds more moisture.
«And even if they become less frequent globally, hurricanes could still become more frequent in some particular areas,» said atmospheric scientist Adam Sobel, author of «Storm Surge: Hurricane Sandy, Our Changing Climate, and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future (opens in new tab)» (HarperWave, 2014). «Additionally, scientists are confident that hurricanes will become more intense due to climate change.» This is because hurricanes get their energy from the temperature difference between the warm tropical ocean and the cold upper atmosphere. Global warming increases that temperature difference.
«Since the most damage by far comes from the most intense hurricanes — such as typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 — this means that hurricanes could become overall more destructive,» said Sobel, a Columbia University professor in the departments of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics. (Hurricanes are called typhoons in the western North Pacific, and they’re called cyclones in the South Pacific and Indian oceans.)
What’s more, hurricanes of the future will be hitting shorelines that are already prone to flooding due to the sea-level rise caused by climate change. This means that any given storm will likely cause more damage than it would have in a world without global warming.
Lightning is another weather feature that is being affected by global warming. According to a 2014 study (opens in new tab), a 50% increase in the number of lightning strikes within the United States is expected by 2100 if global temperatures continue to rise. The researchers of the study found a 12% increase in lightning activity for every 1.8 degree F (1 degree C) of warming in the atmosphere. NOAA established the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (opens in new tab) (CEI) in 1996 to track extreme weather events. The number of extreme weather events that are among the most unusual in the historical record, according to the CEI, has been rising over the last four decades. Scientists project that extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, blizzards and rainstorms will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity due to global warming, according to Climate Central (opens in new tab). Climate models forecast that global warming will cause climate patterns worldwide to experience significant changes. These changes will likely include major shifts in wind patterns, annual precipitation and seasonal temperatures variations. These impacts vary by location and geography. For example, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (opens in new tab), the eastern United States has been trending wetter over time, while the West – and particularly the Southwest – have become increasingly dry. Because high levels of greenhouse gases are likely to remain in the atmosphere for many years, these changes are expected to last for several decades or longer, according to the EPA.
Global warming melts ice
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One of the primary manifestations of climate change so far is melt. North America, Europe and Asia have all seen a trend toward less snow cover between 1960 and 2015, according to 2016 research published in the journal Current Climate Change Reports. (opens in new tab) According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, there is now 10% less permafrost (opens in new tab), or permanently frozen ground, in the Northern Hemisphere than there was in the early 1900s. The thawing of permafrost can cause landslides and other sudden land collapses. It can also release long-buried microbes, as in a 2016 case when a cache of buried reindeer carcasses thawed and caused an outbreak of anthrax.
One of the most dramatic effects of global warming is the reduction in Arctic sea ice. Sea ice hit record-low extents in both the fall and winter of 2015 and 2016, meaning that at the time when the ice is supposed to be at its peak, it was lagging. The melt means there is less thick sea ice that persists for multiple years. That means less heat is reflected back into the atmosphere by the shiny surface of the ice and more is absorbed by the comparatively darker ocean, creating a feedback loop that causes even more melt, according to NASA’s Operation IceBridge (opens in new tab).
Glacial retreat, too, is an obvious effect of global warming. Only 25 glaciers bigger than 25 acres are now found in Montana’s Glacier National Park, where about 150 glaciers were once found, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. A similar trend is seen in glacial areas worldwide. According to a 2016 study in the journal Nature Geoscience, there is a 99% likelihood that this rapid retreat is due to human-caused climate change. Some glaciers retreated up to 15 times as much as they would have without global warming, those researchers found.
Sea levels and ocean acidification
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In general, as ice melts, sea levels rise. According to a 2021 report by the World Meteorological Organization (opens in new tab), the pace of sea level rise doubled from 0.08 inches (2.1 millimeters) per year between 1993 and 2002 to 0.17 inches (4.4 mm) per year between 2013 and 2021.
Melting polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, coupled with melting ice sheets and glaciers across Greenland, North America, South America, Europe and Asia, are expected to raise sea levels significantly. Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1870, according to the EPA, and the rate of increase is expected to accelerate in the coming years. If current trends continue, many coastal areas, where roughly half of the Earth’s human population lives, will be inundated.
Researchers project that by 2100, average sea levels will be 2.3 feet (.7 meters) higher in New York City, 2.9 feet (0.88 m) higher at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and 3.5 feet (1.06 m) higher at Galveston, Texas, the EPA reports. According to an IPCC report (opens in new tab), if greenhouse gas emissions remain unchecked, global sea levels could rise by as much as 3 feet (0.9 meters) by 2100. That estimate is an increase from the estimated 0.9 to 2.7 feet (0.3 to 0.8 meters) that was predicted in the 2007 IPCC report for future sea-level rise.
Sea level isn’t the only thing changing for the oceans due to global warming. As levels of CO2 increase, the oceans absorb some of that gas, which increases the acidity of seawater. Werne explains it this way: «When you dissolved CO2 in water, you get carbonic acid. This is the same exact thing that happens in cans of soda. When you pop the top on a can of Dr Pepper, the pH is 2 — quite acidic.»
Since the Industrial Revolution began in the early 1700s, the acidity of the oceans has increased about 25 percent, according to the EPA. «This is a problem in the oceans, in large part, because many marine organisms make shells out of calcium carbonate (think corals, oysters), and their shells dissolve in acid solution,» said Werne. «So as we add more and more CO2 to the ocean, it gets more and more acidic, dissolving more and more shells of sea creatures. It goes without saying that this is not good for their health.»
If current ocean acidification trends continue, coral reefs are expected to become increasingly rare in areas where they are now common, including most U.S. waters, the EPA reports. In 2016 and 2017, portions of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia were hit with bleaching, a phenomenon in which coral eject their symbiotic algae. Bleaching is a sign of stress from too-warm waters, unbalanced pH or pollution; coral can recover from bleaching, but back-to-back episodes make recovery less likely.
Plants and animals
The effects of global warming on Earth’s ecosystems are expected to be significant and widespread. Many species of plants and animals are already moving their range northward or to higher altitudes as a result of warming temperatures, according to a report from the National Academy of Sciences.
«They are not just moving north, they are moving from the equator toward the poles. They are quite simply following the range of comfortable temperatures, which is migrating to the poles as the global average temperature warms,» Werne said. Ultimately, he said, this becomes a problem when the rate of climate change velocity (how fast a region changes put into a spatial term) is faster than the rate that many organisms can migrate. Because of this, many animals may not be able to compete in the new climate regime and may go extinct.
Additionally, migratory birds and insects are now arriving in their summer feeding and nesting grounds several days or weeks earlier than they did in the 20th century, according to the EPA.
Warmer temperatures will also expand the range of many disease-causing pathogens that were once confined to tropical and subtropical areas, killing off plant and animal species that formerly were protected from disease.
In addition, animals that live in the polar regions are facing an existential threat. In the Arctic, the decline in sea ice and changes in ice melt threaten particularly ice-dependent species, such as narwhals (Monodon monoceros), polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (opens in new tab) noted. Animals in the Antarctic also face serious challenges — in Oct. 2022 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) as endangered due to the threat of climate change.
A 2020 study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (opens in new tab) suggested that 1 in every 3 species of plant and animal are at risk of extinction by 2070 due to climate change.
Social effects
As dramatic as the effects of climate change are expected to be on the natural world, the projected changes to human society may be even more devastating.
Agricultural systems will likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though growing seasons in some areas will expand, the combined impacts of drought, severe weather, lack of accumulated snowmelt, greater number and diversity of pests, lower groundwater tables and a loss of arable land could cause severe crop failures and livestock shortages worldwide.
North Carolina State University (opens in new tab) also notes that carbon dioxide is affecting plant growth. Though CO2 can increase the growth of plants, the plants may become less nutritious.
This loss of food security may, in turn, create havoc in international food markets and could spark famines, food riots, political instability and civil unrest worldwide, according to a number of analyses from sources as diverse as the U.S Department of Defense, the Center for American Progress and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
In addition to less nutritious food, the effect of global warming on human health is also expected to be serious. The American Medical Association has reported an increase in mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever, as well as a rise in cases of chronic conditions like asthma, most likely as a direct result of global warming. The 2016 outbreak of Zika virus, a mosquito-borne illness, highlighted the dangers of climate change. The disease causes devastating birth defects in fetuses when pregnant women are infected, and climate change could make higher-latitude areas habitable for the mosquitoes that spread the disease, experts said. Longer, hotter summers could also lead to the spread of tick-borne illnesses.
Further reading on the impacts of global warming
Many governments and agencies keep up-to-date information on climate change research and statistics online. The most comprehensive and in-depth global reports are produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which released its Sixth Assessment Report (opens in new tab) on the science of climate change in 2021.
For a historical look at the effects of climate change on Earth (and how modern warming compares), read Peter Brannen’s «The Ends of the Earth: Volcanic Apocalypses, Lethal Oceans, and Our Quest to Understand Earth’s Past Mass Extinctions (opens in new tab)» (Ecco, 2017).
For more on the potential impacts of climate change in urban environments, the freely available book chapter Climate Change and its Impacts in the book «Climate Change Resilience in the Urban Environment» (IOP Publishing, 2017) covers the challenges that lay ahead for human populations.
Finally, for a psychological deep-dive on why all of this bad news is hard to take in, try «Don’t Even Think About It: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Ignore Climate Change (opens in new tab)» (Bloomsbury USA, 2015) by climate activist and communicator George Marshall.
Additional resources
- This NASA page (opens in new tab) includes a series of visualizations that illustrate how some of Earth’s key climate indicators — sea ice, sea level, global temperature and carbon dioxide — are changing over time.
- This NOAA sea-level rise learning module (opens in new tab) includes educational videos, background for teachers, learning objectives and more.
- ClimateBrief has gathered (opens in new tab) 10 of the best climate change videos on YouTube.
Bibliography
- EPA: Climate Change: Basic Information (opens in new tab)
- NASA: Global Climate Change (opens in new tab)
- NOAA: Climate News and Data (opens in new tab)
Alina Bradford is a contributing writer for Live Science. Over the past 16 years, Alina has covered everything from Ebola to androids while writing health, science and tech articles for major publications. She has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Alina’s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. To date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children’s book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more.