Against is for sky is the limit lack of knowledge is fatal егэ ответы

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.  Controlling skies

2.  Lack of safety

3.  Bicycle is faster

4.  Office at home

5.  Blocked roads

6.  Paid roads

7.  Improving railways

8.  Buses instead of cars

A. The world’s first public passenger railway was built in Great Britain in 1826 and ran between the industrial north-eastern towns of Stockton and Darlington. After 180 years’ experience the British say that their trains still don’t seem to run efficiently or even safely. On average, about 500 accidents with broken rail tracks happen in the country every year.

B. The British government is promising to give £33.5 billion to modernise the railways before 2010. Another £30 billion is to come from the private sector. The main target is to increase safety and speed. For example, new London-to-Scotland high-speed trains significantly reduce journey times and in 2004 a warning system was installed throughout the country.

C. Statistics show that only 12% of all journeys made in Britain are by public transport. The remaining 88% are made by car. Every year British people spend about two weeks travelling to and from work including nine days in their own cars. But anyone will say this isn’t a quick and easy way to travel. In fact, a journey from London to Manchester frequently takes seven hours. A cyclist could get there quicker.

D. Every year there are about half a million traffic jams in Britain. That is nearly 10,000 a week. There are hundreds of big traffic jams every day. According to the forecast, the number of jams will grow by 20 per cent over the next ten years. Nearly a quarter British people find themselves in a jam every day and 55 per cent at least once a week.

E. Nowadays many British people take their children to school by car. Twenty years ago, nearly one in three primary school children made their own way to school. Now only one child in nine makes their own way. During the school year at 08:50 a. m. one car in five on the roads in any British town is taking children to school. The solution could be special school buses widely used in the USA.

F. Many scientists hope that new technologies allowing more people to work at home may help with traffic problems. Fewer people will work from 9 to 5 and travel to and from work during the rush hour. But only 15% of people now want to spend more time working at home. The workplace is, for many people, a place to meet other people and to talk to them, so they would miss it if they worked from home. 

G. In 1903, the Wright brothers made the first aeroplane flight. It only lasted 12 seconds but changed the world forever. A century later, air travel is no longer a miracle, it is part of everyday life. One billion air passengers now fly every year  — that’s equivalent to a sixth of the world’s population. To make sure everything runs smoothly, there are special air traffic control centres in each country which watch every aeroplane.

Текст	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Заголовок

© Любов Е.Б., Зотов П.Б., Положий Б.С., 2020

doi.org/ 10.32878/suiciderus.20-11-01(38)-3-38

УДК 616.89-008

ПАНДЕМИИ И СУИЦИД: ИДЕАЛЬНЫИ ШТОРМ1 И МОМЕНТ ИСТИНЫ

Е.Б. Любов, П.Б. Зотов, Б.С. Положий

Московский НИИ психиатрии — филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр

психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России, г. Москва, Россия

ФГБОУ ВО «Тюменский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, г. Тюмень, Россия

PANDEMICS AND SUICIDE: A PERFECT STORM AND A MOMENT OF TRUTH

Moscow Institute of Psychiatry — branch of National medical research centre E.B. Lyubov, P.B. Zotov, B.S. Polozhy of psychiatry and narcology by name V.P.Serbsky, Moskow, Russia

Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia

Информация об авторах:

Любов Евгений Борисович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор (SPIN-код: 6629-7156; Researcher ID: В-5674-2013; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7032-8517). Место работы и должность: главный научный сотрудник отделения клинической и профилактической суицидологии Московского научно-исследовательского института психиатрии -филиала ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России. Адрес: Россия, 107076, г. Москва, ул. Потешная, д. 3, корп. 10. Телефон: +7 (495) 963 -75-72, электронный адрес: lyubov.evgeny@mail.ru

Зотов Павел Борисович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор (SPIN-код: 5702-4899; Researcher ID: U-2807-2017; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1826-486X). Место работы и должность: заведующий кафедрой онкологии ФГБОУ ВО «Тюменский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. Адрес: Россия, 625023, г. Тюмень, ул. Одесская, д. 54; специалист центра суицидальной превенции ГБУЗ ТО «Областная клиническая психиатрическая больница». Адрес: Тюменская область, Тюменский район, р.п. Винзили, ул. Сосновая, д. 19. Телефон: +7 (3452) 270-510, электронный адрес (корпоративный): note72@yandex.ru

Положий Борис Сергеевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, Заслуженный деятель науки РФ (SPIN-код: 1734-3563; AuthorlD: 959343; Researcher ID: X-9588-2018; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5887-8885). Место работы и должность: руководитель Отделения клинической и профилактической суицидологии Московского НИИ психиатрии — филиала ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России. Адрес: Россия, 119992, г. Москва, Кропоткинский пер., 23. Телефон: +7 (906) 776 -24-68; электронный адрес: pbs.moscow@gmail.com

Information about the authors:

Lyubov Evgeny Borisovich — MD, PhD, Professor (SPIN-code: 6629-7156; Researcher ID: В-5674-2013; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7032-8517). Place of work: Chief Researcher, Clinical and Preventive Suicidology Division, Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, a branch of the National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology named after V.P. Serbsky. Address: Russia, 107076, Moscow, 3/10 Poteshnaya str. Phone: +7 (495) 963-75-72, email: lyubov.evgeny@mail.ru

Zotov Pavel Borisovich — MD, PhD, Professor (SPIN-code: 5702-4899; Researcher ID: U-2807-2017; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1826-486X). Place of work: Head of the Department of Oncology, Tyumen State Medical University. Address: Russia, 625023, Tyumen, 54 Odesskaya str; Specialist of the Center for Suicidal Prevention of Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital. Address: Tyumen region, Vinzili, 19 Sosnovaya str. Phone: +7 (3452) 270-510, email (corporate): note72@yandex.ru

Polozhy Boris Sergeevich — MD, PhD, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (SPIN-code: 17343563; AuthorID: 959343; Researcher ID: X-9588-2018; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5887-8885). Place of work and position: Head of the Clinical and Preventive Suicidology Department of the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, a branch of Ministry of Health of Russia FSBI National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology after V.P. Serbsky. Address: Russia, 119992, Moscow, Kropotkinskiy per. 23. Phone: +7 (906) 776-24-68; email: pbs.moscow@gmail.com

На основе научных, актуальных эпидемиологических данных, документов ВОЗ и свода последних сообщений СМИ в обзоре показаны нейро-психиатрические и суицидологические проявления и последствия пандемиии коронавируса в контексте социально-экономических и психологических потрясений; препятствия и резервы антикризисной помощи с акцентом на возможности дистанционной помощи в общем населении и в группах -мишенях высокого риска психических расстройств и суицидального поведения. В этом свете с определённой долей осторожности предположены пессимальный и оптимальный (предпочтительный) варианты сдвигов в общественном сознании, структуре и функции антикризисных служб с аналогиями опыта пережитых человечеством пандемий.

Ключевые слова: коронавирус, пандемия, психическое здоровье, суицидальное поведение, профилактика

1 Ситуация сложения неблагоприятных факторов, в результате суммарный отрицательный эффект возрастает (полюбившийся экономистам фразеологизм).

На нашей планете существуют бедствия и жертвы, И надо, по возможности, стараться Не встать на сторону бедствия.

А. Камю «Чума»

Связь национальных, местных и личных бедствий с суицидальным поведением (СП), выявляющим наиболее уязвимые к дистрессу группы населения и отдельных граждан, психологически объяснима и трудно доказуема в связи с эпидемиологической редкостью (слава Богу) и биопсихосоциальной природой феномена.

В связи доказательно сильным клиническим фактором риска СП — психическими и медицинскими болезнями [1] — проследим опосредованное влияние пандемии и рассмотрим широкий контекст развития и последствий очередной пандемии в исторической («что было…») и лечебно — профилактической (избежать: «… то и будет») перспективах.

Хроника событий.

На исходе 2019 г. в китайском Ухане сообщено о пневмонии, вызываемой новым типом коронавируса (Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia), а именно, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), стремительно, согласно ритму XXI века, разлетелся по всему миру [1].

Только тогда не посмели назвать болезнь своим именем. Общественное мнение — святая святых: никакой паники, главное — без паники. А. Камю «Чума».

В январе Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) дала официальное название коронавирусу (COVID-19) и в марте признала пандемию (греч. «весь народ»), объявив глобальную вспышку COVID-19 чрезвычайной ситуацией мирового масштаба в общественном здравоохранении [3].

На 26 апреля 2020 г. (время написания статьи) число заражённых COVID-19, по данным обновляемой мониторинговой страницы Covid19info, почти 3 млн человек (0,025% землян), особо в регионах Северной Америки, Европы и Восточного Средиземноморья. При усредненной смертности 7% наибольшая — в Италии, Великобритании (более 10%), минимальная — в замыкающей список России (менее 1% при около 75 тыс. выявленных). Ранжир показательно не соответствует уровню здравоохранения и доле ВВП его финансирования. Не исключено, что в некоторых странах официальная статистика не отражает реальной ситуации. Меньшее внимание привлекают выздоровевшие, более 0,5 млн (не известен приобретённый иммунитет). Болеют в тяжелой — средней форме 15%, но каждый пятый — бессимптомно (и не менее заразен?). Увы, новостные полосы начинаются обычно с данных о вновь заболевших, подключённых к аппаратам ИВЛ и умерших, но сегодня к утру выздоровел почти каждый третий (30%). В отечественной выборке соотношение выздоровевших к умершим примерно 10:1.

There are disasters and sacrifices on our planet, And you should try as much as possible Not to side with the disaster.

A. Camus «Plague»

The connection between national, local, and personal disasters with suicidal behavior (SB) which identifies the groups in the population and individual citizens most vulnerable to distress, is psychologically explainable and difficult to prove due to the epidemiological rarity and the biopsychosocial nature of the phenomenon. Due to the evidence of a strong clinical risk factor for SB — mental and somatic diseases [1] — we will follow the indirect impact of the pandemic and consider the wide context of the development and consequences of the next pandemic in the historical («the way it was …») and treatment-and-prophylactic (to avoid: «… that’s the way it will be «) prospects.

Chronicle of events.

At the end of 2019, Chinese Wuhan reported pneumonia caused by a new type of coronavirus (Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia), namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread around the whole world reflecting the rhythm of the twenty-first century [1].

Only then they did not dare to call the disease by its name. Public opinion is the holy of holies: no panic, the most important thing is to avoid panic. A. Camus «The Plague».

In January, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave its official name to corona-virus (COVID-19) and in March recognized a pandemic (Greek: «the whole people»), declaring the global outbreak of COVID-19 a global public health emergency [3].

As of April 26, 2020 (the time of writing this article), the number of infected with COVID-19, according to the updated monitoring page of Covid19info, is almost 3 million people (0.025% of Earth population), especially in the regions of North America, Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. With an average mortality rate of 7%, the largest is in Italy, the UK (more than 10%), and the lowest is in Russia that is the last on the list (less than 1% with about 75 thousand identified). The ranking is not indicative of the level of healthcare and the share of GDP of its financing. It is possible that in some countries official statistics do not reflect the real situation. The recovered attract less attention, there are less than 0.5 million of those (if they acquired immunity is not known). They form of the disease is usually medium to severe in 15%, but one in five is asymptomatic (are they no less contagious?). Unfortunately, news feeds usually start every day with displaying the data on newly ill patients, those connected to the lung mechanical ventilation and the dead, but by today almost one in three patients has recovered (30%). In the domestic

Пейзаж после битвы: вызовы и надежды.

Мы должны осознать, что наша жизнь изменилась На обложке «Time», апрель 2020, под фото реаниматолога в скафандре.

Альбер Камю распространил образ чумы на бытие в целом. Это зло вообще, неотделимое от бытия, свойственное ему всегда; абсурд, что осмысливается как форма существования зла, трагическая судьба, которая уменьшает переход от одинокого бунтарства к определению сообщества, чью борьбу надо разделять, эволюции в направлении к солидарности.

… чему учит тебя година бедствий: есть больше оснований восхищаться людьми, чем презирать их.

Пессимальный сценарий: уроки экономической и социальной дезорганизации, кризиса медицины.

Психические расстройства и СП на фоне экономических потрясений и пандемии. В каких социально-экономических условиях развивается пандемия, отчасти их и формируя? Страны мира подошли к общей беде в разных и общих позициях. Уровень суицидов (УС) во всех половых и возрастных группах растёт во времена экономических конфликтов и неопределенности. Э. Дюркгейм объяснял всплеск самоубийств давлением экономического кризиса [4].

Человек может жить лишь, если его нужды в соответствии со средствами их удовлетворения, а это подразумевает ограниченность последних. Ограничивает их общество. Всякий кризис мешает обществу выполнять эту функцию, отсюда дезорганизация, аномия, самоубийства.

Экономические спады связаны с более высокими УС [5, 6]. Так, УС в США вырос до рекордно высоких 22 (здесь и далее на 100 тыс. населения) при безработице до 10% в разгар Великой рецессии. После рецессии уровень безработицы снизился до 4%, но самоубийства продолжали расти, противореча традиционной модели и подчеркивая многомерность проблемы и возможную «отставленность» пиков СП. Так, экономический кризис 2007 г в Европе и Северной Америке привел к 10000 дополнительных самоубийств, их число росло и на следующий год. В посткризисный 2009 г УС выросли в среднем на 5%, в основном мужчин, в 27 европейских и 18 американских странах, что объяснено, как обычно, ростом безработицы [7], но и период относительного процветания УС в США вырос за последние 20 лет, достигнув в 2018 г. максимума с 1941 г. [8].

Потребительские настроения важны в объяснении различий УС по сравнению с традиционными показателями доходов и занятости. Показана сильная прямая связь индекса потребительских настроений (эмоциональное восприятие своего финансового положения и экономики в целом, например, опасаясь потери работы) и УС. Постоянные негативные заявления

sample, the ratio between recovered and those who died is approximately 10:1.

Landscape after the battle: challenges and hopes.

We must realize that our life has changed On the Times cover, April 2020, under the photo of the resuscitator in a spacesuit.

Albert Camus extended the image of the plague to life in general. This is general evil, inseparable from the being itself, always characteristic of it; the absurdity which is interpreted as a form of existence of evil, a tragic fate that reduces the transition from lonely rebellion to the definition of a community whose struggle must be shared, evolution towards solidarity.

… what the time of a disaster teaches you: there is more reason to admire people than to despise them.

A pessimal scenario: the lessons of economic and social disorganization, the crisis of medicine.

Mental disorders and SB on the background of economic shocks and a pandemic. In what socio-economic conditions does a pandemic develop, partly shaping them? The countries of the world faced the common disaster with common and different positions. The level of suicides (LS) in all sex and age groups increases during times of economic conflict and uncertainty. E. Durkheim explained the surge of suicides by the pressure of the economic crisis [4].

A person can only live if their needs are in accordance with the means of satisfying them, and this implies a limitation of the latter. They are limited by society. Every crisis prevents society from fulfilling this function, hence we can see the rise of disorganization, anomie, and suicide.

Economic downturns are associated with higher LS [5, 6]. For example, in the midst of the Great Recession the LS in the U.S. population rose to a record high of 22 (hereinafter per 100,000 people) accompanied with unemployment rate of 10%. After the recession, the unemployment rate fell to 4%, but suicides continued to rise, contrary to the traditional model and emphasizing the multidimensionality of the problem and the possible «backwardness» of SB. Thus, the economic crisis of 2007 in Europe and North America led to 10,000 additional suicides, and their number grew the next year. In the post-crisis 2009, LS grew by an average of 5%, mainly men, in 27 European and 18 American countries, which is explained, as usual, by unemployment [7], but the period of relative prosperity in the US has grown over the past 20 years peaking in 2018 since 1941 [8].

Consumer sentiment is important in explaining the differences in the US compared to traditional indicators of income and employment. There is a strong direct relationship

СМИ о растущей безработице, росте цен и разорении ухудшают психическое благополучие. Напротив, повышение индекса потребительских настроений снижает суицидальную активность [9]. Вероятно, государственные расходы на образование и занятость важнее для психического благополучия и более влияют на УС, чем расходы на психиатрию. Потеря работы связана с риском депрессии, тревоги, дистресса и низкой самооценкой, употреблением психоактивных веществ (ПАВ) как средству «самолечения» и результирующему СП.

Апрельский опрос в США показал, что более ‘Л потерявших доход или работу сообщили о беспокойстве или стрессе по поводу коронавируса; люди с более низким доходом чаще сообщают о серьёзных негативных последствиях для психического здоровья [10].

Более Л (54%) потерявших доход или работу сообщили о негативном воздействии на психическое здоровье от беспокойства или стресса по поводу корона-вируса по сравнению с 40% не потерявших доход или работу. 26% потерявших работу или доход сообщили о серьёзных негативных последствиях для их психического здоровья, по сравнению с 15% не испытавших этого [цит. по 10]. Люди с малым доходом чаще сообщают о серьёзных негативных последствиях для психического здоровья, вызванных беспокойством или стрессом по поводу коронавируса: 26% зарабатывающих менее 40000 долл. США (пересчёт на российские руб. напрасен).

В России УС последние 20 лет неуклонно снижается на фоне хронического глобального кризиса, но типичны региональные различия. В результате УС в 2/3 федеральных субъектов высоки и сверхвысоки (> 20); в зоне риска селяне, что усугублено малой доступностью медицинской (психиатрической) помощи и пожилые, наиболее уязвимые последствиям нового вируса. Не детализированные данные не позволяют судить об УС в отдельных социальных группах как безработные, с доходом ниже прожиточного минимума, находящихся в пенитенциарных учреждениях.

Большинство россиян (84%) испытывают тревогу из-за сопряженных экономического кризиса и пандемии (Всероссийский центр изучения общественного мнения). Как ожидают эксперты McKinsey & Company, в лучшем случае российская экономика в этом году уменьшится на 4%, в худшем — на 10%. При таком раскладе рост безработицы составит 2,5-8 млн человек.

Пандемия коронавируса быстро превратилась из кризиса здоровья в финансовый, привела к закрытию предприятий, разрушению отраслей и потрясению финансовых рынков. Даже когда эпидемия под контролем и меры изоляции отменены, экономический эффект пульсации огромен.

between the consumer sentiment index (emotional perception of one’s financial situation and the economy as a whole, for example, fearing a job loss) and LS. Constant negative media statements about the rise of unemployment, prices and bankruptcy worsen mental well-being. On the contrary, an increase in the consumer sentiment index decreases suicidal activity [9]. It is likely that it is more important for mental well-being and more likely to impact LS if the government spend more on education and employment rather than on psychiatry. Job loss is associated with the risk of depression, anxiety, distress and low self-esteem, the use of psychoactive substances as a means of «self-medication» and the resulting SB.

An April survey in the United States revealed that more than / of those who lost their income or job reported anxiety or stress due to coronavirus; lower-income people are more likely to report serious negative mental health consequences [10].

More than / (54%) of those who lost their income or work reported negative effects on their mental health from anxiety or stress due to coronavirus, compared with 40% of those who did not lose their income or work. 26% of those who lost their jobs or income reported serious negative consequences for their mental health, compared with 15% who did not experience this [cit. 10]. Low-income people are more likely to report serious negative mental health consequences caused by anxiety or stress due to coronavirus: 26% earning less than $ 40,000.

In Russia, the LS has been steadily declining in the past 20 years even on the background of the chronic global crisis, but as expected there are regional differences. As a result, LS in 2/3 of federal subjects is high and superhigh (> 20); the villagers are at risk, which is exacerbated by the low availability of medical (psychiatric) care and the elderly, the most vulnerable to the effects of the new virus. Non-detailed data do not allow us to make judgments about certain social groups such as unemployed, with incomes below the living minimum or prisoners.

Most Russians (84%) are worried about the associated economic crisis and pandemic (All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion). As experts at McKinsey & Company expect, in the best case, the Russian economy this year will decrease by 4%, and in the worst case it will drop down by 10%. In this scenario, unemployment will embrace 2.5-8 million people.

The coronavirus pandemic quickly turned from a health crisis into a financial one, leading to the closure of enterprises, the destruction of industries and the shock of financial markets. Even when the epidemic is under

В прощальной записке министр финансов федеральной земли Гессен Томас Шефер (54) глубоко обеспокоен, что не удастся оправдать ожидания населения в финансовой помощи перед кризисом пандемии.

Меры жёсткой экономии, как сокращение расходов на социальное обеспечение и здравоохранение, определены как причина «скачки числа самоубийств» в демографических группах. УС связан с зрелостью страны или стадией экономического развития (роста), особо мужчин и в процветающих развитых странах: увеличение доходов с течением времени оказывает негативное влияние на психическое здоровье.

Министр внутренних дел Закревский принял энергичные, но нелепые меры, всю Россию избороздил карантинами, парализовавшими хозяйственную жизнь страны, а эпидемии холеры (1831 г.) не остановили. Тысячи людей и лошадей с товарными обозами задерживались у застав, высиживая карантин. В тех, кто пытался пробраться через оцепления, приказано было стрелять. Неслыханные запреты на передвижение вызвали недовольство всех сословий и холерные бунты (ср. с чумным бунтом 1771 г), громившие больницы.

Чумной бунт 1771 г. Правительство перед бегством уверяло москвичей о «заразительной горячке», лишь после второй вспышки главнокомандующий сообщил Екатерине II об «опасной болезни». Превентивные меры приняты поздно, а устройство карантинов и изоляторов не было действенным из-за недоверия населения к больницам и докторам.

… Одесса (август 1970). Карантин (официально не объявлен) неполный поначалу. Нужного эффекта это не дало, но в городе началась паника. В распространении холеры обвинили иностранцев (чуть позже — власти); верующие требовали спасительный крестный ход, школьник напечатал листовки, в которых призывал граждан спокойно умирать.

… ступор Привоза. Впавшие в экстремальную ситуацию люди ведут себя непредсказуемо. Ламбада на краю неизвестности, когда хочется испытать неиспытанное, растормошить себя, дать волю застывшим чувствам. А на рейде гигантские океанские лайнеры, гудит истеричный праздник тех, кто пытается выбраться из холерного города. «Одесса», фильм В. Тодоровского, 2019.

Социальная изоляция: психические расстройства и СП. Каранти^ — известная веками противоэпидемическая стратегия, порой усугубляющая насущную и мало разрешимую экзистенциальную проблему одиночества. Также и защитные маски / перчатки становятся метафорами социального разобщения.

. город был очищен от нечистот людьми, нарочно для того назначенными, запрещено ввозить больных, издано множество наставлений о сохранении здоровья. Бокаччо «Декамерон».

… ежели сиделка не будет найдена, девушка наверняка уж умрет, если не от болезни, так от голода, потому что он твердо решил, что никто из его семьи и близко к ней не подступится, а лежит она на чердаке, на высоте пятого этажа, так что оттуда никто не услышит ни её плача, ни криков о помощи. Д. Дефо. «Дневник Чумного Года».

control and isolation measures are canceled, the economic ripple effect is enormous.

In his farewell note, the Minister of Finance of the Federal State of Hesse, Thomas Schafer (54), is deeply concerned that it will not be possible to meet the expectations of the population in financial assistance in the pandemic crisis.

Austerity measures, such as cuts in social security and healthcare costs, are identified as the cause of the «jump in suicides» in demographic groups. The LS is associated with the maturity of the country or the stage of economic development (growth), especially of men and in the prosperous developed countries: an increase in income over time has a negative impact on mental health.

The Minister of Internal Affairs Zakrevsky took energetic, but ridiculous measures, he scoured the whole of Russia with quarantines that paralyzed the country’s economic life, but the cholera epidemic (1831) was not stopped. Thousands of people and horses with freight carts lingered at the outposts undergoing quarantine. Those who tried to get through the cordon were ordered to be shot. Unheard prohibitions on movement caused discontent among all classes and cholera riots (compare to the plague riot of 1771), which ravaged the hospitals.

The plague rebellion of 1771. Before fleeing the government assured the Muscovites that it is only a «contagious fever», only after the second outbreak the commander in chief informed Catherine II about the «dangerous disease.» Preventive measures were taken late, and the arrangement of quarantines and isolators was not effective due to the distrust of the population in hospitals and doctors.

… Odessa (August 1970). Quarantine (not officially announced) is incomplete at first. This did not give the desired effect, but panic began in the city. Foreigners were accused of spreading cholera (a bit later — the authorities); believers demanded a saving religious procession, the student printed leaflets in which he urged citizens to die quietly.

… the torpor of Privoz. People in extreme situations behave unpredictably. Lambada on the edge of the unknown, when you want to experience the untried, stir yourself, let your frozen feelings free. And there are giant ocean liners on the raid, a buzzing hysterical holiday of those who are trying to get out of the cholera city. «Odessa», a film by V. Todorovsky, 2019.

Social isolation: mental disorders and SB. Quarantine1 is a well-known anti-epidemic strategy for centuries, sometimes exacerbating the urgent and little-solvable existential problem of loneliness. Protective masks/gloves also become metaphors for social separation.

… the city was cleaned of sewage by people purposely appointed for that purpose, it is for-

1 Двухнедельная групповая самоизоляция из-за «черной смерти» в Флоренции XIV в — зачин «Декамерона» / Two-week group self-isolation due to the «black death» in Florence XIV century is what the «Decameron» starts with.

… ворота города замурованы, граждане разобщены: «приговорены за неизвестное преступление к неопределённому сроку наказания». Неуверенность в том, как долго эти меры продлятся, привела к тому, что горожане бессильны в планировании будущего. А Камю «Чума».

«Грипп» до поры полагался сродни «простуде».

… Анна Павловна кашляла несколько дней, у нее был грипп, как она говорила (грипп был тогда новое слово, употреблявшееся только редкими). В записочках, разосланных утром с красным лакеем, было написано без различия во всех: если y вас, граф (или князь), нет в виду ничего лучшего и если перспектива вечера у бедной больной не слишком вас пугает, то я буду очень рада видеть вас нынче у себя между семью и десятью часами. Анна Шерер. Л. Толстой «Война и мир».

УС обратно пропорционален, по Дюркгейму, степени интеграции социальных групп, к которым относится индивид: если разрываются узы, соединяющие человека с жизнью, то потому, что ослабла связь его с обществом.

… В это лето газеты всего материка принесли прискорбную весть о том, что в прекрасном городе Париже непонятно откуда вспыхнула чума и город пришлось окружить железным кордоном войск, чтобы не дать эпидемии распространиться по всей Европе. Газеты сообщали о разрухе, воцарившейся в оцепленном городе. В связи с чудовищной смертностью в городе появились признаки массового психоза. Восточными кварталами овладела секта анархистов-нигилистов, поставившая себе целью уничтожение Парижа. Б. Ясенский. «Я жгу Париж».

Затруднённый доступ к социальной и духовной поддержке (коллективным молитвам) снижает антисуицидальный барьер. Ведь еженедельные религиозные бдения пятикратно снижают риск суицида (женщин) [11].

. в этом обострившемся до пределов одиночестве никто из нас не мог рассчитывать на помощь соседа и вынужден был оставаться наедине со всеми своими заботами. Если случайно кто-нибудь из нас пытался довериться другому или хотя бы просто рассказать о своих чувствах, следовавший ответ, любой ответ, обычно воспринимался как оскорбление. А. Камю «Чума».

Незапланированный долгий (в переводе с итальянского, карантин — «сорок дней») досуг в замкнутом помещении под угрозой штрафов, если сродни безделью, оборачивается экзистенциальной скукой, служит триггером тревоги и/или депрессии, сопряженного с ними СП.

Британка Эмили (19) не диагностирована и не сообщала о каких-либо симптомах; покончила с собой в условиях самоизоляции. За несколько дней до трагедии говорила, что карантин убьёт больше людей, чем вирус, всё в мире закрывается и планы рушатся. Семья Эмили сообщила, что её беспокоило психологическое здоровье людей в изоляции.

Более взвешенная информация.

Бывшая звезда Playboy (33) совершила самоубийство; официальную причину смерти не называют до окончания

bidden to bring in patients, because of the many instructions on maintaining health. Bocaccio, The Decameron.

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… the gates of the city are walled up, the citizens are divided: «sentenced for an unknown crime to an indefinite term of punishment.» Uncertainty about how long these measures will last has led to the fact that citizens are powerless in planning the future. A. Camus «The Plague».

… Anna Pavlovna was coughing for several days, she had flu, as she was saying then (flu was then a new rare word used only by few people). In all notes sent out in the morning through the red footman it was written with no exception: if you, count (or prince), do not have any better plans, and if the prospect to spend the evening with a poor patient does not scare you off too much, then I will be very glad to see you today at my home between seven and ten o’clock. Anna Scherer. L. Tolstoy «War and Peace.»

The LS, according to Durkheim, is inversely proportional to the degree of integration of social groups to which the individual belongs: if the ties that connect a person to life are broken, that’s because his connection with society has weakened.

… This summer the newspapers on the whole continent brought the unfortunate news that in the beautiful city of Paris it was not clear where the plague broke out and the city had to be surrounded by an iron cordon of troops to prevent the epidemic from spreading throughout Europe. Newspapers reported the devastation that spread in the cordoned city. In connection with the monstrous mortality in the city there were signs of mass psychosis. The sect of anarchist-nihilists seized the eastern quarters and set itself the goal of destroying Paris. B. Yasensky. «I am burning Paris down «

Difficult access to social and spiritual support (collective prayers) reduces the anti-suicidal barrier. After all, weekly religious vigils reduce the risk of suicide (women) by five times [11].

… in this loneliness exacerbated to the limits, none of us could count on the help of a neighbor and you needed to be left alone with all our worries. If one of us accidentally tried to trust another, or at least just tell us about our feelings, the answer that followed, any answer was usually perceived as an insult. A. Camus «The Plague».

Unplanned long leisure time (quarantine literally translated from Italian means «forty days») in a closed room under the threat of fines, if akin to idleness, turns into existential boredom, serves as a trigger for anxiety and/or depression and SB associated with them.

Emily (19), a British who was not diagnosed and did not report any symptoms; committed suicide under conditions of self-isolation. A few days before the tragedy, she said that quarantine would kill more people than a virus, everything in the world was closing and plans were crumbling. Emily’s family reported that she was worried about

судебно-медицинской и токсикологической экспертизы, которая занимает 30-90 дней. Отмечается, что модель страдала от алкогольной зависимости. Близкие полагают, что на её душевное состояние крайне негативно повлиял карантин и связанное с ним одиночество.

Усугубляет бремя изоляции невозможность общения с близкими (телефон, интернет не всегда и не всем доступны, требуют технических навыков), включая госпитализированных по разным поводам, даже умирающих.

Врач футбольной команды (60), заражённый коронави-русом, покончил с собой в изоляции рядом с инфицированной женой. Содержание предсмертной записки не известно.

Показана связь социальной изоляции и одиночества с плохим физическим (сердечно-сосудистые заболевания) и психическим здоровьем [12].

Сообщено о симптомах посттравматического стресса, растерянности и гневе. Стрессоры включали более длительный карантин, страхи инфекции, разочарование, скуку, недостаточное снабжение, неадекватную информацию, денежные потери и стигму. Возможен долгосрочный неблагоприятный эффект на психическое благополучие [13].

Почти V (47%) искусственно изолированных американцев сообщили о негативных последствиях для здоровья в результате беспокойства или стресса, связанных с коронавирусом, по сравнению с теми, кто не укрыт на месте (37%). Негативные последствия для психического здоровья из-за социальной изоляции особо выражены у пожилых и в домах с подростками, поскольку эти группы изначально подвержены риску депрессии или СП. Каждый пятый (21%) изолированный дома сообщил о серьёзном негативном воздействии на психическое здоровье от стресса и беспокойства по поводу коронавируса по сравнению с 13% не укрывшихся на месте. Большая V (57%) сообщающих, что их жизнь нарушена «намного» или «некоторым образом» (44%) из-за коронавируса, вероятнее сообщат о негативном влиянии на психическое здоровье, чем полагающие, что их жизнь нарушена «мало» или «вовсе нет» (28%). Те же 28% испытывающих значительные нарушения жизни из-за коронавируса сообщили о серьёзных негативных последствиях для психического здоровья по сравнению с 15% испытывающих лишь некоторые нарушениями 10% их отрицающих [цит. по 10].

Моральная паника1

И страх живет в душе, страстьми томимой!

А. С. Пушкин «Пир среди чумы»

Следует оговориться: речь не о ложной тревоге, но

the psychological health of people in isolation.

More balanced information.

An ex-Playboy star (33) commits suicide; the official cause of death is not called until the end of the forensic and toxicological examination that takes 30-90 days. It is noted that the model suffered from alcohol addiction. Relatives believe that her mental state was extremely negatively affected by quarantine and the loneliness associated with it.

The burden of isolation is aggravated by the inability to communicate with loved ones (the phone, the Internet are not always accessible to everyone as they require technical skills), including those hospitalized for various reasons and even dying ones.

A doctor of a football team (60) infected with coronavirus committed suicide in isolation next to an infected wife. The content of the suicide note is not known.

The connection of social isolation and loneliness with poor physical (cardiovascular disease) and mental health has been proven [12].

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress, confusion, and anger have been reported. Stressors included longer quarantines, fears of infection, frustration, boredom, inadequate supply, inadequate information, monetary losses, and stigma. A long-term adverse effect on mental well-being is possible [13].

Nearly ‘ (47%) of Americans forced to isolation reported negative health effects from anxiety or stress associated with coronavirus compared to those are not locked down (37%). The negative effects on mental health due to social exclusion are particularly pronounced in the elderly and households with adolescents, as these groups are initially at risk of depression or SB. One in five (21%) isolated at home reported a serious negative impact on mental health from stress and anxiety due to coronavirus compared to 13% who were not forced to stay in. A large ‘ (57%) of those reporting that their life was infringed «much» or «in some way» (44%) due to coronavirus is more likely to report a negative effect on their mental health than those who believe that their life is infringed «a little» or «not at all» (28%). The same 28% experiencing significant life disorders due to coronavirus reported serious negative consequences for mental health compared with 15% experiencing only some disorders and 10% of those denying them [cit. 10].

Moral panic1 And there live a fear in the soul tormented

by passions!

A. Pushkin «A feast amidst the plague «

1 Социальный феномен, заключающийся в распространении в обществе массовой истерии относительно чего-либо, якобы угрожающего безопасности общества и/или его моральным ценностям. Главной характеристикой является непропорциональность реакции на угрозу, эпизоды широко распространённого беспокойства и страха / A social phenomenon that suggests the spread of mass hysteria in a community regarding something that allegedly threatens the security of society and/or its moral values. The main characteristic is the disproportionate response to the threat, episodes of widespread anxiety and fear

парализующему продуктивную активность нагнетанию общественного напряжения и отчаяния посредством всепроникающей смутно-многозначительной и противоречивой информации из разных источников (от «сарафанного радио» до высказываний государственных мужей).

Тревоги людей до странности усугублялись заблуждениями того времени. пророчествам, астрологическим расчетам, снам, ведьминским сказкам, чем когда-либо до или после. Д. Дефо «Дневник Чумного Года».

По его мнению, что-то действительно начиналось, не могло не начаться, он чувствовал это уже давно и ждал. Его охватила какая-то оторопь. Л. Петрушевская «Гигиена».

Клич «Страх убивает больше, чем болезнь» стала мантрой наций под гнётом «испанки» [14], но более оправдывало бездействие властей и беспомощность медицины.

«Пандемия», по критериям ВОЗ (2020), распространение нового заболевания в мировых масштабах, но слово пронизано страхом, горем и хаосом.

Стоит написать о болезни в газете, как большинство читателей тотчас начинает искать у себя симптомы. К. Чапек «Белая болезнь».

Страх парализует, питает суицидогенные безнадежность и беспомощность. Часть деморализованных и мнимых больных завершают жизнь до уточнения диагноза и начала лечения [15].

Индийцу (50), отцу троих детей, врачи советовали носить маску в связи с простудой. Пациент, заподозрив у себя «китайскую болезнь», нашёл в Сети схожие симптомы; убеждённый, что он смертельно болен и заразит семью и город, — повесился.

Американец Патрик (54) застрелил подругу Шерил (59) и себя. За два дня до гибели Шерил прошла проверку на вирус, поскольку у неё было затруднено дыхание. Результаты вскрытия пары не выявила вирус.

Двойная трагедия напоминает «выход Ланна»:

Е. Ланн (62), хронически больной, и его жена, которой диагностировали рак, отравились морфием. Рака при её вскрытии не обнаружили.

«Страх по поводу гриппа сродни чумному ужасу Средневековья. умирают от жажды из-за того, что колодец заражен паникой». Некий трезвый ученый в 1918 г. внес лепту: «Если эпидемия продолжит развиваться математически, цивилизация может исчезнуть. в течение нескольких недель» [цит. по 16].

Однако страх следовало развеять реальными действиями, а не борьбой с «паникерами».

«Тысячи жертв» повторно предрек Президент Трамп в марте 2020: «люди в депрессии совершают самоубийства в связи с экономическими тяготами». Экономический кризис якобы не столь смертельно опасен, как СОУГО-19. УС в ведущей экономике мира растёт с 1999 г., но Президент подошел к проблеме избирательно. Данные не подтверждают и не опровер-

It should be noted: we are not talking about false anxiety, but about the pressuriza-tion that paralyzes productive activity, escalates social tension and despair through pervasive vaguely meaningful and contradictory information from various sources (from the word of mouth to the statements of government officials).

In his opinion, something was really about to begin, it was just impossible not to, he felt this for a long time and was waiting. He was seized by some kind of rash. L. Petrushevskaya «Hygiene».

The cry «Fear kills more than disease» became the mantra of nations under the yoke of the «Spanish flu» [14], but it was more to justify the inaction of the authorities and the helplessness of medicine.

«Pandemic», according to WHO criteria (2020), is the spread of a new disease worldwide, but the word itself is filled with fear, grief and chaos.

As soon as you write about the disease in a newspaper, most readers immediately begin to look for symptoms in themselves. K. Chapek «White disease.»

The fear paralyzes, it nourishes suicido-genic hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the demoralized and alleged patients take their lives before the diagnosis is clarified and treatment is started [15].

An Indian (50), the father of three children, was advised by doctors to wear a mask due to the common cold. Suspecting a «Chinese disease,» the patient checked out and found similar symptoms on the Web; being convinced that he is mortally ill and will infect his family and city, he hanged himself.

An American Patrick (54) shot dead his girlfriend Cheryl (59) and himself. Two days before their death, Cheryl was tested for the virus, because she had difficulty breathing. The results of the autopsy of the couple did not reveal the virus.

The double tragedy is a reminiscent of «the Lannes’ way out»:

E. Lannes (62), a chronically ill patient, and his wife, who was diagnosed with cancer, took morphine to poison themselves. The cancer at her autopsy was not found.

«The fear of flu is similar to the horror of plague in the Middle Ages … dying of thirst because the well is infected with panic.» A sober scientist in 1918 contributed: «If the epidemic continues to develop mathematically, civilization may disappear … within a few weeks» [cit. 16].

However, the fear should be dispelled by real actions, and not by the fight against the «alarmists».

In March 2020 President Trump re-predicted «thousands of victims»: «Depressed people commit suicide due to economic hard-

гают очередное эпатажное заявление с вполне утилитарной целью — скорейшее оживление деловой активности как прививка от национального бедствия.

.. .Случаи учащались. Кто-то в первый раз уронил звонкое, как монета, слово «эпидемия», которое покатилось в толпу. Никто ему не поверил. В черных туннелях улиц всё чаще и чаще жалобно взвизгивали гудки карет, как одинокие крики о помощи. За истекшую ночь было отмечено восемь тысяч заболеваний чумой, все без исключения со смертельным исходом. На улицах царила пустота и молчание. Проезжали лишь автомобили с флажками красного креста. День поднялся бледный от усталости, жаркий и шаткий. До полудня было зарегистрировано сто шестьдесят тысяч смертных случаев. Частные автомобили, превращённые в кареты скорой помощи, не в состоянии были поспеть повсюду, где требовалась помощь. Ряд общественных учреждений поспешно преображался в больницы. Париж вымирал тихо и с достоинством, под звуки заунывных гудков и сирен. Б. Ясенский «Я жгу Париж».

… За дверью стоял молодой человек, который на свету оказался каким-то больным, с тонкой, блестящей розовой кожицей на лице. Он сказал, что пришел предупредить о грозящей опасности. Что вроде бы в городе началась эпидемия вирусного заболевания, от которого смерть наступает за три дня, причём человека вздувает и так далее. Симптомом является появление отдельных волдырей или просто бугров. Есть надежда остаться в живых, если строго соблюдать правила личной гигиены, не выходить из квартиры, и если нет мышей, поскольку мыши — главный источник заражения, как всегда. Л. Петрушевская «Гигиена».

Президент более близкой во всех отношениях к России страны меж тем задался вопросом:

.сильные мира сего без войны, через этот так называемый коронавирусный психоз, инфодемию в том числе, хотят переделить мир?

Средства массовой информации (СМИ).

. Наутро проснувшийся Париж в ужасе замер над мокрой простыней газеты. С первой страницы громадными черными буквами смотрела пронизывающая холодом надпись: «Чума в Париже» … С утра на улицах появились лихорадочные толпы, вырывая друг у друга свежие обрывки экстренного выпуска… Разгоряченные толпы, жадные до известий, к восьми часам вечера стали осаждать уличные громкоговорители торговых домов, парков и редакций в ожидании последних депеш. Б. Ясенский «Я жгу Париж».

Круглосуточное освещение «беспрецедентных» событий в СМИ вызывает дополнительный дистресс, особо у людей с низкой стрессоустойчивостью. Пресса стран-участников Первой мировой войны, чтобы не повредить моральному духу, о первой волне «не смертельного» гриппа не упоминала (в нейтральной Испании писали, и пандемия известна как «испанский грипп»). В 1917 г. конгрессмен Х. Джонсон заявил: «Первая жертва войны — правда» и поплатился свободой. Пресса сотрудничала с пропагандистской машиной и, сосредоточившись на краткосрочной перспективе, убеждала граждан в безосновательности опасений

ship.» The economic crisis is supposedly not as deadly as COVID-19. At the same time the LS in the world’s leading economy has been growing since 1999, but the President approached the problem selectively. The data do not confirm or refute the next shocking statement with a completely utilitarian goal — the speedy revival of business activity as a vaccine against a national disaster.

… Cases became more frequent. Someone for the first time dropped the word «epidemic», as sonorous as a coin, and it rolled into the crowd. No one believed him. More and more in the black tunnels of the streets, the sound of carriages squealed plaintively, like lonely cries for help. Over the past night, eight thousand plague diseases were noted, all without exception with a fatal outcome. There was emptiness and silence in the streets. Only cars passed with the flags of the red cross … The day rose, pale with fatigue, hot and rickety. One hundred sixty thousand deaths were recorded before noon. Private cars turned into ambulances were unable to keep pace wherever help was needed. A number of public institutions hastily transformed into hospitals … Paris died out quietly and with dignity, to the sounds of mournful beeps and sirens. B. Yasensky «I burn Paris».

… Behind the door there stood a young man who in the light turned out to be somehow sick, with a thin, shiny pink skin on his face. He said he had come to warn of imminent danger. What seems to be the beginning of an epidemic of a viral disease in the city from which death occurs in three days, and a person is inflated and so on. The symptoms are the appearance of some blisters or simply lumps. There is hope to stay alive if you strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene, do not leave the apartment, and if there are no mice, since mice are the main source of infection, as always. L. Petrushevskaya «Hygiene».

The president of the country that is closest to Russia in all respects, meanwhile, posed a question:

… are the powerful ones of this world trying to remake the world without war, through this so-called coronavirus psychosis and infodemia?

The media (media).

… The next morning, Paris woke up in terror, froze over the wet sheet of the newspaper. The inscription in huge black letters looked at them from the front page and pierced with cold: «The Plague in Paris» … In the morning, feverish crowds appeared on the streets, pulling out from each other the snatches of the fresh emergency release … By eight o’clock the heated crowds, eager for news, were besieging street loudspeakers of trading houses, parks and editorial offices in anticipation of the latest dispatches. B. Yasensky «I burn Paris».

Around-the-clock coverage of «unprecedented» events in the media causes additional distress, especially in people with low stress tolerance. The media of the countries that were taking part in the First World War did

«обычного» гриппа. На пике эпидемии газеты уверяли, что худшее позади, но больничная смертность от инфлюэнцы достигла 40% [17].

Сочетание жесткого контроля общественного мнения, недостоверные и противоречивые заверения властей в рупоре СМИ разрушали доверие общества: люди поняли, что им не от кого ждать помощи.

Показательно современное сообщение.

Главная медсестра больницы Полтавской области повесилась дома из-за С0УТО-19. Родственники говорят, потому что руководство хотело переложить на неё ответственность за неготовность больницы в случае распространения корона-вируса. Главврач опроверг обвинения: подчиненная много лет боролась с болезнью, и это могло толкнуть её на суицид.

Сообщения о СП на фоне пандемии, как и вне актуального контекста излишне детализированы (способ суицида, фото жертвы) и обычно не содержат информации о ресурсах помощи.

Обычный приём СМИ — использовать логическую уловку «после этого — из-за этого», но отождествлять корреляцию и причинность нельзя. Так, в СМИ сезонно множатся сообщения о суицидах из-за ЕГЭ.

Живописуются страдания жертв коронавируса, ещё с утра здоровых с жуткими метафорами состояния их лёгких и иных органов.

Утешительные сообщения однотипны: вирус поражает только китайцев (теперь — пожилых с сопутствующими тяжелыми болезнями), смертность меньше, чем при «обычном» гриппе, медицинских ресурсов (СИЗ, аппаратов ИВЛ) предостаточно, «вылечивающие» лекарства (рядом — сообщения об оберегах). Возможны «вбросы» фейковой информации и питающей конспирологические домыслы («вирус изобретён ЦРУ») и легко вписанные в бредовые системы уязвимых граждан.

Один и тот же мальчик (13) в 2017 г. покончивший с собой в ходе онлайн «конкурса самоповреждений», заявлен, с демонстрацией фото, жертвой СОУГО-19 в трёх странах.

В Алматы мужчина «в шутку» инсценировал суицид из-за коронавируса и записал это на видео. Полицейские обнаружили ролик в интернете и провели с алматинцем разъяснительную беседу. После этого «шутник» записал видеообращение, где попросил прощения у соотечественников.

Пандемии и нервно-психические расстройства. Более века изучают психическое действие и последействие пандемий как «естественного средового эксперимента». Карл Меннигер первый связал испанский грипп с поведенческими нарушениями [18], заметив, что вирус чаще поражает дыхательную систему, но бремя нейропсихиатрических заболеваний недостаточно изучено, что верно посейчас.

Депрессия, тревога и связанные с психотравмой

not mention the first wave of «non-fatal» flu in order not to damage morale (neutral Spain, however, wrote about the flu and the pandemic is now known as «Spanish flu»). In 1917, congressman H. Johnson declared: «The first victim of the war is the truth» and he paid with his freedom for that. The media then collaborated with the propaganda machine and focusing on the short-term, convinced citizens of the groundless fears of the «ordinary» flu. At the peak of the epidemic, newspapers claimed that the worst had already been passed, but hospital mortality from influenza reached 40% [17].

The combination of tight control of public opinion, false and contradictory assurances of the authorities translated by the media destroyed the trust of society: people realized that they had no one to expect help from.

A representative modern message.

The head nurse of the Poltava region hospital hanged herself at home because of COVID-19. Relatives say, because the hospital leadership wanted to transfer the responsibility for the hospital’s unavailability in case of spread of the coronavirus. The head doctor denied the allegations: the woman had been fighting the disease for many years, and this could push her to suicide.

Messages about the SB on the background of the pandemic, as well as outside the actual context, are unnecessarily detailed (method of suicide, photo of the victim) and usually do not contain information about the help resources.

The usual media method is to use the logical trick «after that — because of that,» but correlation and causality cannot be identified. For example, in the media there are seasonal reports of suicides due to the school unified state exam.

The suffering of the victims of coronavirus, who have been healthy in the morning is described in detail with terrible metaphors of the state of their lungs and other organs.

The comforting messages are identical: the virus infects only the Chinese (now they are saying that only the elderly with concomitant serious illnesses), the mortality rate is lower than with the «ordinary» flu, there are plenty of medical resources (individual protection means, artificial lung ventilation apparatus), and curing means are available (followed by reports of amulets nearby). Fake news that feed conspiracy theories («the virus was invented by the CIA») become reality and easily enter into the ravings systems of vulnerable citizens.

One and the same boy (13) that committed suicide in 2017 during an online «self-harming contest», was re demonstrated with a photo to be a victim of COVID-19 in three countries.

In Almaty, a man «jokingly» staged a suicide because of a coronavirus and recorded it on video. Police officers found the video on the Internet and held an explanatory conversation with the man. After that, the «prankster» recorded a video message, where he apolo-

симптомы связаны со вспышками инфекций, но неясно, с самим ли вирусом или иммунным ответом. После «испанки» участился летаргический энцефалит; вслед вспышек атипичной пневмонии и свиного гриппа -энцефалит, синдром Гийена-Барре и иные нервно -мышечные заболевания. Долгосрочные нервно — психические осложнения инфекции SARS-CoV-2 неизвестны (описано развитие рассеянного склероза). После внутриутробного воздействия вируса риск шизофрении (умственной отсталости?) повышен. Новый коронавирус и иммунологический ответ хозяина могут непосредственно влиять на мозг и поведение от недель (после острых респираторных симптомов) до десятилетий. Отмечены острые нарушения ЦНС переболевших свиным гриппом [19].

В ходе пандемии возможно расширение ряда симптомов заражения и детализация нежелательных действий лечения. Так, всё более пациентов обсуждают проявления болезни в Сети и обнаруживают странный новый: «электрическое жжение кожи». Специалисты пока осторожно оценивают новое поветрие, допуская внушение (киберхондрию). Можно предположить приток псевдозаражённых (хорошо бы так) в приёмные покои с такими симптомами. Некий обратившийся посетовал отказавшему в госпитализации врачу: «Вы отправили меня домой умирать».

Важны понимание патогенеза, траектории и характеристик нервно-психических последствий CoV-2, мониторинг подвергшихся воздействию нового вируса, в том числе в утробе матери, в течение развития. Предстоит и изучение «внутренней картины» болезни в различных группах пациентов, в связи с чем, востребованы качественные анализы.

Скорая передача COVID-19 (на бессимптомной фазе?), смертность в подгруппах риска (пожилых), отсутствие эффективных методов лечения и профилактики, массовые карантинные меры привели к распространенным психическим проблемам, как страху заражения (но-зофобии), депрессии и бессоннице больных COVID-19 и наблюдаемых, медработников, чиновников [20, 21].

Как и суицид, вирус проникает в хижины и дворцы:

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С точки зрения самой чумы, с её олимпийской точки зрения, все без изъятия, начиная с начальника тюрьмы и кончая последним заключенным, были равно обречены на смерть, и, возможно, впервые за долгие годы в узилище царила подлинная справедливость. А. Камю «Чума».

В контрасте данные о первой реакции на «пока ещё» эпидемию в провинции Китая (почти 2000 км от Уханя и за 2 недели до его «закрытия») в относительно малой (263 человека) и, возможно, нерепрезентативной (например, 75% с высшим образованием) выборке людей среднего (около 40 лет) возраста. Половина (53%) одномоментно опрошенных онлайн в январе-феврале не ощущала беспомощность, тогда как другая пребы-

gized to his compatriots.

Pandemics and neuropsychiatry disorders. The psychic effects and the aftereffect of pandemics as a «natural environmental experiment» have been studied for more than a century. Karl Menniger was the first to associate the Spanish flu with behavioral disorders [18], noting that the virus often affects the respiratory system, but the burden of neuropsychiatry diseases is not well understood, which is still true even nowadays.

Depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms are associated with outbreaks of infection, but it is unclear whether they are associated with the virus itself or the immune response. After the «Spanish flu», lethargic encephalitis cases became more frequent; the outbreaks of SARS and swine flu were followed with increased number of encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and other neuromuscular diseases. Long-term neuropsychiatry complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown (the development of multiple sclerosis is described). After intrauterine exposure to virus, the risk of schizophrenia (mental retardation?) is increased. The new coronavirus and host immunological response can directly affect the brain and behavior from weeks (after acute respiratory symptoms) to decades. Acute CNS disorders have been reported in patients who suffered swine flu [19].

During a pandemic, the number of symptoms of infection and a whole bunch of undesirable treatment effects can expand. For example, new phenomena are discussed on the net and a new strange one is found — «electric burning of the skin.» So far experts are cautiously evaluating a new trend expressing it yet as a suggestion (cyberchondria). We can assume the influx of allegedly pseudo-infected in case of such symptoms. Someone who complained to the doctor who refused him of the state-owned hospitalization: «You sent me home to die».

It is important to understand the pathogenesis, trajectory and characteristics of the neuropsychic consequences of CoV-2, to monitor the exposure of new people to the viruses including those under development (in utero). It is necessary to study the «internal pictures» of diseases in different groups of patients; qualitative analyzes are in demand.

Urgent transmission of COVID-19 (what should be done in case of the asymptomatic phase?), mortality in risk subgroups (elderly people), lack of effective treatment and prevention methods, mass quarantine measures led to the common-spread psychiatric problems such as fear of infection (nosophobia), depression and insomnia of patients of COVID-19 and the observed, paramedics, officials [20, 21].

Like suicide, the virus enters both huts, and palaces:

вала в «ужасе». Большинство (78%) заботливо поддерживались семьей и друзьями и ощущали растущее единение [22].

Реакции затронутых эпидемией, прямо и косвенно, включают: страх заболеть и умереть; уклонение от обращений в медицинские учреждения из-за страха заразиться; страх потери средств к существованию, невозможности работать в изоляции, увольнения; страх социальной изоляции / карантина из-за болезни (например, стигма лиц из местностей, затронутых эпидемией или воспринимаемых таковыми); чувство беспомощности в отношении защиты близких и страх их потери; страх разлуки с близкими, опекунами из-за карантина; отказ от заботы о несовершеннолетних, инвалидах или пожилых, родители/опекуны которых на карантине, из-за страха заразиться; чувство беспомощности, скуки, одиночества и депрессии из-за изоляции; страх пережить опыт прошлой эпидемии [23].

Факторы стресса, характерные для вспышки С0УГО-19 включают риск заразиться самому и заразить других, особо, если способ передачи вируса С0УГО-19 непонятен полностью. Общие симптомы других недугов (как лихорадка) могут быть ошибочно приняты за СОУГО-19 и привести к страху заражения. Взрослые могут испытывать тревогу за детей, оставшихся дома из-за закрытия школ без надлежащего присмотра и поддержки. Закрытие школ может иметь различные последствия для женщин, которые обеспечивают большую часть неформального ухода в семьях. Это касается ограничения времени на работе и, соответственно, экономических возможностей. Риск ухудшения физического и психического здоровья уязвимых лиц, например, пожилых и инвалидов, если осуществляющие уход за ними, помещены на карантин и отсутствуют иные формы поддержки.

Пандемии и СП. В «Метаморфозах» Овидия в ответ на беду чумы (парадигмальное эпидемиологическое заболевание) мирные поселяне в отчаянии («мужество слабых») делают нелегкий выбор:

Не тяжела мне и смерть: умерев, от страданий избавлюсь.

Потенциально суицидогенные симптомы вписаны в широкий ряд психиатрических диагнозов (МКБ-10), прежде всего, аффективных и стрессогенных (Б31, 43). Страх есть ожидаемый ответ на известную угрозу, но тревога объяснена неполной информацией в условиях неопределенности. Тревожная (ажитированная) депрессия — одно из наиболее суицидогенных состояний.

Возможны фаталистические самоубийства, по Дюркгейму, в ответ на жёсткую регламентацию и контроль общества (некоторые «суициды в карантине»?).

Рискованное поведение в нарушениях эпидемиоло-

From the point of view of the Plague itself, its Olympic point of view, everybody, with no exception, from the prison keeper to the last prisoner were all sentenced to death, and perhaps for the first time in many years there was genuine justice in the prison. A. Camus «The Plague».

The data on the first reactions to ‘then’ epidemic in the province of China (almost 2,000 km from Wuhan and 2 weeks before its closure) are somewhat contradictory, maybe because the sample is relatively small (263 people) and, possibly, unrepresentative (for example, 75% have higher education) of middle-aged people (about 40 years old). Half (53%) did not feel helpless in January-February, while the others were horrified. Most (78%) were supported by family and friends and felt a growing unity [22].

Reactions of people directly and indirectly affected by the epidemic include: fear of getting sick and dying; avoidance of visiting medical institutions because of fear of infection; fear of loss of means to survive, inability to work in isolation, dismissal; fear of social isolation / quarantine due to illness (for example, the stigma of people from areas affected by the epidemic or perceived as such); a feeling of helplessness regarding the protection of loved ones and the fear of their loss; fear of separation from loved ones, guardians due to quarantine; refusal to care for minors, people with disabilities or the elderly, whose parents/guardians are in quarantine for fear of infection; feeling of helplessness, boredom, loneliness and depression due to isolation; fear of experiencing past epidemics [23].

Stress factors specific to COVID-19 outbreaks include the risk of becoming infected and infecting others, especially if the mode of transmission of the COVID-19 virus is not fully understood. Common symptoms of other diseases (such as fever) can be mistaken for COVID-19 and lead to fear of infection. Adults may be worried about their children who are left at home due to school closures without proper supervision and support. Closing schools can have various consequences for women who provide most of the informal care in families. This refers to limiting time at work and, as a result, economic prospects. The risk of deterioration of the physical and mental health of vulnerable people, for example, the elderly and disabled, if their care-providers are quarantined and there are no other forms of support.

Pandemics and SBP. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, in response to the plague’s misfortune (a paradigmatic epidemiological disease), peaceful villagers in desperation («the courage of the weak») make a difficult choice:

Death is not hard for me either: when I die, I will get rid of suffering.

Potentially suicidogenic symptoms are included in a wide range of psychiatric diag-

гических предписаний , лекарственного режима. Всё, всё, что гибелью грозит Для сердца смертного таит Неизъяснимы наслажденья.

А.С. Пушкин

В широком понимании — употребление ПАВ и СП.

. много пить и наслаждаться, бродить с песнями и шутками, удовлетворять, по-возможности, всякому желанию, смеяться и издеваться над всем, что приключается — вот вернейшее лекарство против недуга. И как говорили, так, по мере сил, приводили и в исполнение, днем и ночью странствуя из одной таверны в другую, выпивая без удержу и меры, чаще всего устраивая это в чужих домах, лишь бы прослышали, что там есть нечто им по вкусу и в удовольствие. Бокаччо. «Декамерон»

Показательны демонстрации протеста против жёстких карантинных мер и агрессивное поведение по отношению к полиции и добровольцев.

Теоретическое обоснование СП. Дистресс перестраивает обычный / привычный жизненный порядок [24].

Стихийное бедствие и на самом деле вещь довольно обычная, но верится в него с трудом, даже когда оно обрушится на нашу голову. В мире всегда была чума, всегда была война. И однако ж, и чума и война, как правило, заставали людей врасплох. А. Камю « Чума».

Потенциально смертельная мучительная болезнь, смерть близкого, потеря работы — наиболее тяжкие стрессогенные жизненные события [25, 26].

Болезнь вызывает каскад социально — психологических последствий, суммирующий риск СП, тогда как «принципиально важные экологические инциденты» часто предшествуют тяжелому недугу [27] как заражению, а изначальная депрессия может ухудшить прогноз и отсрочить лечение.

Гипотезы самоубийств указывают ключевую роль недостаточности социальных связей (одиночества) в суицидогенезе [28]. Так, пандемия ВИЧ 1994 г. показала, что одинокие с высоким уровнем дистресса чаще погибали от самоубийств.

Группы риска СП, возрастные, клинические, частично пересекаются как наиболее уязвимые инфекции и социально. Опустевшие прилавки и улицы, патрули, переполненные отделения неотложной помощи рисуют картину новой реальности. Стресс, тревога и депрессия ожидаемы в контексте пандемии. Большинство людей беспокоятся о том, чтобы иметь доступ к уходу, лекарствам для острого и поддерживающего лечения.

. на самом верхнем этаже Риэ прочёл на двери слева надпись, сделанную красным мелом: «Входите, я повесился». Они вошли. А. Камю «Чума».

noses (ICD-10), primarily affective and stressful (F31, 43). Fear is the expected response to a known threat, but anxiety is explained by incomplete information in conditions of uncertainty. Anxious (agitated) depression is one of the most suicidal states.

Fatalistic suicides are possible, according to Durkheim, in response to strict regulation and control of society (some «quarantine suicides»?).

Risky behavior in violation of epidemiological prescriptions1, drug regimen.

Everything, everything that threatens death.

Brings for the mortal heart

Inexplicable pleasures …

A. Pushkin

In a broad sense — the abuse of surfactants and SB.

… drink and enjoy a lot, wander around with songs and jokes, satisfy, if possible, every desire, laugh and mock at everything that happens — this is the surest remedy for any disease. And as they said, to the best of their ability they also carried it out wandering day and night from one tavern to another, drinking without restraint and measures, most often arranging this in someone else’s houses, if only they heard that there was something to their taste and in pleasure. Bocaccio The Decameron

The protest against harsh quarantine measures and aggressive conduct towards the police and volunteers are indicative.

The theoretical basis of SB. Distress realigns the usual/habitual life order [24].

Natural disaster is actually a fairly common thing, but it is hard to believe in it, even when it falls on our heads. There was always a plague in the world, there was always a war. And yet, however, both the plague and war tended to take people by surprise. Albert Camus. «The Plague».

Potentially fatal painful illness, death of a loved one, loss of work are the most serious stressful life events [25, 26].

The disease causes a cascade of socio-psychological consequences that adds up to the risk of SB, while «fundamentally important environmental incidents» often precede a serious illness [27] as infection, and initial depression can worsen the prognosis and delay treatment.

Suicidal hypotheses indicate the key role of lack of social connections (loneliness) in suicidogenesis [28]. Thus, the 1994 HIV pandemic showed that those with high levels of distress were more likely to die from suicide.

At-risk groups of SB, age-related, clinical, partially overlap as the most vulnerable to infections and socially. The empty stalls

1 Более 90% опрошенных россиян в целом поддерживают меры правительства РФ (сайт: стопкоронавирус.рф) в начале апреля (начала карантина) / More than 90% of Russians surveyed generally support measures taken by the Russian government (stopcoronavirus.ru site) in early April (beginning of quarantine).

Пожилые (>65 лет) чаще молодых страдают серьёзными заболеваниями при заражении коронавиру-сом.Им особо советуют сократить социальные контакты и оставаться дома, но они чувствительны к одиночеству, зависят от повседневной бытовой и социальной поддержки. Ослабление социальных сетей вызывает чувство бесполезности и беспомощности, онеры СП. Из-за повышенной уязвимости к вирусу в этой группе населения особо важно социальное дистанцирование, помимо иных мер безопасности, что ограничивает взаимодействие с помощниками, близкими и ведёт к обострению чувства одиночества и беспокойства в дополнение к общим ощущениям неуверенности и страха из-за пандемии. Пожилые реже молодых сообщают, что беспокойство или стресс, связанные с коронавиру-сом, негативно влияют на их психическое здоровье (31 против 49% соответственно), но они изначально подвержены риску ухудшения психического здоровья из-за переживаний одиночества и тяжелой утраты [цит. по 29].

В 2018 г более % (27%) пожилых США назвали себя одинокими; 14% сообщили о ежедневной — ежемесячной депрессии; 23% испытывают тревогу ежедневно — ежемесячно. Пожилые особо подвержены депрессии, часто неправильно диагностируемой и недооцененной. Распространённость депрессии увеличено среди нуждающихся в домашнем медицинском уходе и госпитализированных. В 2018 г. пожилые совершили каждое пятое самоубийство в США; более 80% самоубийств — мужчин. В России УС пожилых примерно соответствует таковому у мужчин среднего возраста (максимален), представляя уникальную «двугорбую» кривую УС; гендерное соотношение близко к 1:1. Таково же и соотношение попыток и суицидов, что указывает на продуманность СП пожилых и хрупкость их физического состояния [30].

Наряду с одиночеством, ведущим мотивом СП становится чувство обременённости, согласно межличностной теории суицида T. Joiner.

Дети и подростки. Чтобы замедлить распространение коронавируса, закрыты школы, что затронуло сотни миллионов учащихся, их родителей или опекунов. Проблемы с психическим здоровьем могут возрасти из-за отделения от сверстников; доступ к психиатрической помощи может быть затруднен в вакууме советчиков. Каждый десятый подросток 12-17 лет страдают депрессией и / или тревогой. Самоубийство -вторая по значимости причина смертности подростков (УС в этой возрастной группе обычно колеблется, но тенденция к увеличению, особо как зеркальное отражение неблагополучия старших; типичны суицидальные и несуицидальные самоповреждения. Употребление ПАВ подростков часто сочетается с иным риско-

and streets, patrols, crowded emergency rooms draw a picture of the new reality. Stress, anxiety and depression are expected in the context of a pandemic. Most people worry about having access to care, medications for acute and supportive care.

… on the top floor, Rie read on the left door an inscription made in red chalk: «Come in, I hanged myself.» They entered. A. Camus «The Plague».

The elderly (>65 years old) are more likely than young people to suffer from serious illnesses when infected with the corona virus. They are especially advised to reduce social contacts and stay at home, but they are sensitive to loneliness, depend on everyday household and social support. The weakening of social networks causes a sense of worth-lessness and helplessness, which are all associated with SB. Due to the increased vulnerability to the virus in this population group, social distance is especially important, among other safety measures, which limits the interaction with assistants and relatives and leads to an aggravation of feelings of loneliness and anxiety in addition to general feelings of insecurity and fear due to the pandemic. Elderly less often than young people report that anxiety or stress associated with coronavirus negatively affects their mental health (31 versus 49%, respectively), but they are initially at risk of deteriorating mental health due to feelings of loneliness and heavy loss [cit. by 29].

In 2018, more than % (27%) of the elderly in the United States declared themselves lonely; 14% reported daily-monthly depression; 23% experience anxiety daily-monthly. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to depression, often misdiagnosed and underestimated. The prevalence of depression is increased among those in need of home medical care and those hospitalized. In 2018, the elderly committed every fifth suicide in the United States; more than 80% of suicide attempters are men. In Russia, the LS of the elderly approximately corresponds to that of middle-aged men (maximum), representing a unique «two-humped» LS curve; gender ratio is close to 1: 1. The ratio of attempts and suicides is the same, which indicates the reasonableness of the elderly people’s SB and the fragility of their physical condition [30].

Along with loneliness, the leading motive of SB is a sense of burden, according to the interpersonal theory of suicide T. Joiner.

Children and teens. Schools were closed to slow down the spread of coronavirus, affecting hundreds of millions of students, their parents or guardians. Mental health problems may increase due to separation from peers; access to psychiatric care can be difficult in the vacuum of counselors. One in ten teenagers

ванным поведением и может привести к зависимости в зрелом возрасте.

В связи с долгосрочным закрытием детских садов и школ многие родители испытывают нарушения повседневной жизни: среди родителей с детьми до 18 лет три из пяти (57%) женщин говорят, что беспокойство или стресс, связанные с коронавирусом, негативно повлияли на их психическое здоровье, по сравнению с 36% женщин две недели назад. Женщины с детьми до 18 лет чаще сообщают о негативных последствиях психического здоровья, чем контроль мужчин (57 против 32%, соответственно) [цит. по 10].

Больные с сопутствующими телесными болезнями. Факторами риска тяжелого течения и смерти от С0УГО-19 служат ожирение, сахарный диабет и сосудистая гипертензия, нередко сочетанные у пожилых.

«Нью-Йорк пост»: больной раком повесился в больнице после положительного теста на коронавирус.

После вспышки атипичной пневмонии 2003 г. всплеск самоубийств пожилых.

Телесные болезни могли развиться на фоне психического недуга, затем проторившего дорогу и новому вирусу.

«Страх и печаль, надолго овладевшие человеком, располагают к болезням». Гиппократ.

Расстройства психического здоровья часто сопутствуют этим и другим хроническим заболеваниям. Более ‘Л (53%) людей с удовлетворительным или плохим состоянием здоровья сообщили, что беспокойство или стресс, связанные с коронавирусом, негативно повлияли на их психическое здоровье, по сравнению с 44% с отличным, очень хорошим или хорошим состоянием здоровьем. Из имеющих удовлетворительное или плохое здоровье, 29% сообщили о серьёзном негативном влиянии на их психическое здоровье, по сравнению с 17% с отличным или хорошим здоровьем [цит. по 10].

Лица с ограниченными возможностями различной природы изначально страдают от одиночества, хронических болезней, нуждаются в сторонней бытовой помощи и лекарственного обеспечения. Чрезмерная опека усугубляет выученную беспомощность. Можно, по примеру 90-х гг.. ХХ века, временный рост не только соматической, но и психиатрической инвалидности в связи с длительным ухудшением психического состояния и ограничением рынка труда (особо важно для больных с неустойчивым трудоустройством).

Зависимые от психоактивных веществ (ПАВ). Один из трёх жертв самоубийств в момент смерти в опьянении. Напротив, ограничение употребления спиртного ведёт к снижению УС [31]. Национальный институт по борьбе со злоупотреблением наркотиками США отметил потенциальную связь тяжелого СОУГО-19 и злоупотребления ПАВ.

aged 12-17 suffer from depression and / or anxiety. Suicide is the second leading cause of mortality among adolescents (LS in this age group usually fluctuates, but the tendency is to increase, especially as a mirror image of elder’s distress); suicidal and non-suicidal self-injuries are typical. The use of surfactants by adolescents is often combined with other risky behaviors and can lead to addiction in adulthood.

Due to the long-term closure of kindergartens and schools, many parents experience disruptions in their daily lives: among parents with children under 18, three out of five (57%) women say that anxiety or stress associated with coronavirus negatively affected their mental health, compared to 36% of women two weeks ago. Women with children under 18 are more likely to report negative mental health consequences than male control (57 vs. 32%, respectively) [cit. by 10].

Patients with concomitant bodily diseases. Risk factors for severe course and death from COVID-19 are obesity, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension, often combined in the elderly.

New York Post: A cancer patient hangs herself in a hospital after a positive coronavirus test.

After the outbreak of SARS in 2003, there was a surge in suicides of the elderly.

Physical illnesses could develop on the background of a mental illness that paved the way for a new virus.

«Fear and sorrow that have possessed a man for a long are conducive to disease.» Hippocrates.

Mental health disorders often accompany these and other chronic diseases. More than / (53%) of people with satisfactory or poor health reported that anxiety or stress associated with coronavirus negatively affected their mental health, compared to 44% with excellent, very good or good health. Of those with satisfactory or poor health, 29% reported a serious negative effect on their mental health, compared to 17% with excellent or good health [cit. by 10].

Persons with disabilities of various nature initially suffer from loneliness, chronic illnesses, and need third-party household assistance and drug provision. Excessive care exacerbates learned helplessness. It is possible, following the example of the 90s. of the twentieth century to see a temporary increase not only in somatic, but also in psychiatric disability due to the long-term deterioration of the mental state and limitation of the labor market (especially important for patients with unstable employment).

Substance-addicted. One of three victims of suicide at the time of death were intoxicated. On the contrary, limiting the use of alcohol leads to a decrease in LS [31]. The

Психически больные. Пандемия COVID-19 и экономический спад неблагоприятно влияют на зарегистрированных психически больных и, вероятно, повысит психиатрическую заболеваемость, вызывают новые препятствия помощи. Во время неопределённости и страха будут усугубляться проблемы психических расстройств, злоупотребления ПАВ. Эпидемии вызывают общий стресс населения и могут привести к возникновению проблем психического здоровья и употребления ПАВ: около / (45%) взрослых в США сообщают о тревоге и стрессе по поводу вируса [цит. по 10].

Угроза COVID-19 усугубила психические расстройства лиц с изначально низкой стрессоустойчиво-стью. Можно предвидеть включение в бредовую структуру версий «злоумышленного заражения», при бредовой депрессии идей «расплаты» за грехи человечества перед природой (матерью-Землей), культивируемых гипотезой Геи.

Психически больные подвержены заражению COVID-19 в лечебницах и интернатах. Сотни психически больных заражены в Китае [32].

По мере распространения пандемии бремя психического нездоровья, вероятно, будет увеличиваться, так как меры для замедления распространения вируса, как социальное дистанцирование, закрытие предприятий и школ, заказы на дому, ведут к большей изоляции и финансовым трудностям. Хотя эти меры общественного здравоохранения необходимы для предотвращения гибели людей в связи с COVID-19, они подвергают многих людей испытанию изоляции и потери работы. Чувство тревоги все более распространено, так как люди боятся заболеть собой или близкими и последствий пандемии.

В 2018 г менее / (44%) больных «серьёзными»1 психиатрическими расстройствами сообщили о посещении специалиста в прошлом году. Они реже застрахованы и не могут позволить себе психиатрическую помощь, особо при сопутствующем злоупотреблении ПАВ. Безработные теряют страховое покрытие, лишь некоторые восстанавливают его через Medicaid и др.

Ограниченный доступ к психиатрической помощи объясняют нехваткой специалистов, которая усугубится пандемией.

Психические расстройства и СП медиков. УС профессионалов повышен [33].

Выгорание и напряжение «передовых работников здравоохранения». Медработники боятся заразиться и заразить семьи, друзей и коллег, (само-) стигматизированы; обдумывали увольнение и сообщили о высоком уровне дистресса, тревоги и депрессии с долгосрочными психологическими последствиями.

U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse noted a potential association between severe COVID-19 and substance abuse.

Mentally ill. The COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn adversely affect registered mentally ill patients and are likely to increase psychiatric morbidity and cause new barriers to care. During uncertainty and fear, problems of mental disorders and abuse of surfactants will be exacerbated. Epidemics cause general stress in the population and can lead to mental health problems and substance abuse: about ‘/2 (45%) of adults in the USA report anxiety and stress about the virus [cit. 10].

The threat of COVID-19 exacerbated the mental disorders of individuals with initially low stress tolerance. One can foresee the inclusion of «malicious infection» versions in the ravings structure, with delusional depression of the ideas of «reckoning» for the sins of mankind.

Mentally ill patients are exposed to COVID-19 infection in hospitals and boarding schools. Hundreds of mentally ill people are infected in China [32].

As the pandemic spreads, the burden of mental ill-health is likely to increase, as measures to slow the spread of the virus, such as social distance, shutting down businesses and schools, and home orders, lead to greater isolation and financial difficulties. Although these public health measures are necessary to prevent deaths due to COVID-19, they expose many people to isolation and job loss. A sense of anxiety is becoming more common, as people are afraid of both getting sick of themselves or loved ones, and the consequences of a pandemic.

In 2018, less than / (44%) of patients with serious1 psychiatric disorders reported a visit to a specialist last year. They are less likely to be insured and cannot afford psychiatric care, especially with concomitant substance abuse. Unemployed people lose insurance coverage, only a few restore it through Medicaid and alike.

Limited access to mental health services is attributed to a lack of specialists, which will be exacerbated by the pandemic.

Mental disorders and SB in doctors. LS of professionals increased [33].

Burnout and stress of «advanced healthcare workers». Health workers are afraid of becoming infected and infecting their families, friends and colleagues, they are often stigmatized by themselves; pondered dismissal and reported high levels of distress, anxiety and depression with long-term psychological consequences.

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1 Обычно к ним относят аффективные расстройства и группу шизофрении в связи с высоким риском хронификации и инвалидности / They usually include affective disorders and a group of schizophrenia due to the high risk of chronicity and disability.

Сотни профессионалов инфицированы в Китае [32].

На заре COVID-19 в конце января — начале февраля 2020 г. в поперечном опросе 1257 врачей и медсестер (62%) 25-40 лет (77% женщин) из 34 больниц выявлены симптомы депрессии у 50%, тревоги (45%), бессонницы (34%), психологического дистресса (71,5%), особо у медсестер, непосредственно вовлечённых в диагностику, лечение и уход за больными COVID-19 или находящимися под наблюдением [34]. В конце февраля — у каждого пятого (18%) [цит. по 35].

Для сравнения, при вспышке SARS в 2003 г. большинство (89%) медработников «первой линии помощи» зараженным отметили психиатрические симптомы [36], и более 1/3 (35%) — спустя год [37, 38].

Источники потенциально суицидогенного дистресса в уязвимости и потере контроля, страхе самозаражения и причинения вреда близким, напряженной работе и тщете усилий по спасению безнадежных, обособленности в коллективе [39].

Новым вирусом заражены более 6000 медицинских работников: 10% заболевших в Италии.

У медсестры (49), работавшей с больными COVID-19, появился жар, тестирована на коронавирус. После двух дней самоизоляции покончила с собой, не дождавшись результата.

Медсестра отделения интенсивной терапии Даниэла (34) покончила с собой на карантине в страхе, что заразила окружающих.

Национальная федерация медсестёр выразила боль и смятение: «Состояние и стресс наших специалистов у всех на виду».

В день смерти Даниэлы покончила с собой медсестра (20) из Великобритании, тоже боец передней линии борьбы с пандемией.

… В Польше инфицированный коронавирусом врач покончил жизнь самоубийством.

Вал подтверждённых и подозреваемых случаев болезни, чрезмерная рабочая нагрузка, нехватка средств индивидуальной защиты и реанимационного оборудования, лекарств и чувство недостаточной поддержки усугубляют бремя работы на переднем крае борьбы с COVID-19.

Нехватка материалов и растущий приток подозреваемых и фактических случаев COVID-19 способствуют давлению и проблемам работников здравоохранения [40].

Медсестры, лечащие пациентов с COVID-19, подвержены наибольшему риску заражения из-за их тесного и частого контакта с пациентами и работы дольше, чем обычно. Большинство (71,5%) неопытных медсестер [35]. При вспышке атипичной пневмонии медсестры отделений неотложной помощи были более склонны к дистрессу и разобщению, чем врачи [39].

На ранней стадии эпидемии медсестры менее вероятно предупреждены о воздействии или обеспечены надлежащими средствами защиты [41].

Hundreds of professionals are infected in China [32].

At the dawn of COVID-19 in late January-early February 2020, a cross-sectional survey of 1257 doctors and nurses (62%) 2540 years old (77% women) out of 34 hospitals revealed symptoms of depression in 50%, anxiety (45%), insomnia (34%), psychological distress (71.5%), especially in nurses directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with COVID-19 or under supervision [34]. At the end of February, it was one in five (18%) [cit. by 35].

For comparison, during the SARS outbreak in 2003, the majority (89%) of first-line care workers reported psychiatric symptoms [36], and more than 1/3 (35%) did so a year later [37, 38].

Sources of potentially suicidogenic distress are vulnerability and loss of control, fear of self-infection and harm to loved ones, hard work and futility of efforts to save the hopeless, isolation in the team [39].

More than 6,000 medical workers are infected with the new virus: 10% of cases in Italy.

A nurse (49) who worked with COVID-19 patients developed fever and was tested for coronavirus. After two days of self-isolation, she committed suicide without getting the results.

Intensive care unit nurse Daniela (34) committed suicide in quarantine in fear that she had infected others.

The National Federation of Nurses expressed pain and confusion: «Everybody can see the condition and stress of our specialists.»

On the day of Daniela’s death, a nurse from the UK committed suicide (20), also a front-line fighter against the pandemic.

… In Poland, a coronavirus-infected doctor committed suicide.

A bunch of confirmed and suspected cases of illness, excessive workload, lack of personal protective equipment and resuscitation equipment, drugs and a feeling of lack of support exacerbate the burden of work at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19.

Lack of materials and a growing influx of suspected and actual cases of COVID-19 contribute to the pressure and problems of health workers [40].

Nurses treating patients with COVID-19 are at greatest risk of infection due to their close and frequent contact with patients and longer than usual working hours. The majority of nurses are (71.5%) inexperienced [35]. During the outbreak of SARS, emergency room nurses were more prone to distress and dissociation than doctors [39].

At an early stage of the epidemic, nurses are less likely to be warned of exposure or provided with appropriate protective equipment [41].

У «столпов силы» накапливается усталость от сострадания — эмоциональное истощение от заботы о пациентах с мрачным прогнозом, вынуждены принимать трудные этические решения в отношении распределения ограниченных ресурсов.

Неудовлетворительное психическое здоровье медработников, повышенная тревожность или психические расстройства людей с плохим физическим здоровьем, с психическими заболеваниями и употреблением ПАВ до пандемии, лицам, недавно пострадавшим требуются услуги по охране психического здоровья и употреблению психоактивных веществ. Пандемия высвечивает существующие и новые барьеры на пути к услугам по охране психического здоровья и расстройств, связанных с употреблением ПАВ [10].

Медсестры, врачи, водители «скорой помощи», медрегистраторы и другие специалисты, оказывающие непосредственную помощь пострадавшим от COVID-19, могут быть подвержены дополнительным факторам стресса: стигматизация; строгие меры биобезопасности: физическая нагрузка от защитного снаряжения; физическая изоляция, снижающая уровень комфорта больных; постоянные ответственность и напряжение; соблюдение строгих процедур, исключающих спонтанность и независимость; повышенные требования как удлинение рабочего дня, количества пациентов; необходимость отслеживания последней информации по COVID-19; снижение возможности социальной поддержки из-за напряжённого графика работы и стигматизации; недостаточность личных ресурсов или возможности заботы о себе, особо инвалидов; недостаточность информации о длительности воздействия на инфицированных COVID-19; страх заражения COVID-19 близких и друзей [здесь и далее цит. по 23].

Половина (51%) домочадцев работников здравоохранения сообщили о беспокойстве и стрессе по поводу коронавируса и негативном влиянии на их психическое здоровье по сравнению с 44% не живущих с медиком [10]. Данные высвечивают проблему бремени любой болезни в аспекте т.н. неуловимых потерь как дистресс, страх, (само) стигматизация.

В любой эпидемии обычно испытывают стресс и беспокойство на национальном и личном уровнях, отмечает мартовский документ ВОЗ.

Косвенные отрицательные эффекты пандемии.

Даже по миновании актуальной медицинской угрозы в мире будут бороться с психологическими травмами и разглаживать шрамы травмы многие лета, наученные опытом выживших. У короновируса возможен волнообразный эффект на СП на местном, государственном и международном уровнях, особо на основе истерических общественных реакций, включая озадачивающее недоверие к медицинским профессионалам.

Чума лишила их способности оценочных суждений. И

The «pillars of power» accumulate fatigue from compassion — emotional exhaustion from caring for patients with a gloomy prognosis, forced to make difficult ethical decisions regarding the distribution of limited resources.

Unsatisfactory mental health of health workers, increased anxiety or mental disorders of people with poor physical health, mental illness and substance abuse before the pandemic, people who have recently suffered trauma need mental health services and help with substance abuse. A pandemic highlights the existing and new barriers to mental health and substance abuse disorders services [10].

Nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers, medical registrars and other specialists who provide direct assistance to victims of COVID-19 may be subject to additional stress factors: stigma; strict biosafety measures: physical activity from protective equipment; physical isolation that reduces patient comfort; constant responsibility and stress; adherence to strict procedures that exclude spontaneity and independence; increased requirements like lengthening of the working day, the number of patients; the need to keep track of the latest COVID-19 information; reduced opportunities for social support due to busy schedules and stigmatization; lack of personal resources or the possibility of caring for oneself, especially people with disabilities; lack of information on the duration of exposure to infected COVID-19; fear of acquiring COVID-19 relatives and friends [hereinafter cit. by 23].

Half (51%) of health workers families reported anxiety and stress about coronavirus and a negative impact on their mental health compared with 44% of those not living with a physician [10]. The data highlight the burden of any disease in the aspect of the so-called subtle losses like distress, fear, (self) stigmatization.

In any epidemic, they usually experience stress and anxiety at the national and personal levels, the WHO March report notes.

Indirect negative effects of a pandemic.

Even after the current medical threat is over, the world will fight psychological trauma and smooth out the scars of trauma for many years, taught by the experience of survivors. The coronavirus may have a wavy effect on SB at the local, state and international levels, especially on the basis of hysterical public reactions, including a puzzling distrust of medical professionals.

The plague robbed them of value judgments. And this was evident at least because no one was now interested in the quality of clothes or food purchased. They took everything indis-

это было видно хотя бы потому, что никто уже не интересовался качеством покупаемой одежды или пищи. Принимали всё без разбора. А. Камю « Чума».

Препятствия медицинской помощи. Медицинские учреждения поднимают вопросы общей и дифференцированной проверки COVID-19. В некоторые лечебницы вход посетителей и спонтанных больных запрещен, отменены плановые операции. Острые и хронические больные откладывают обращение к врачу из-за опасений контакта с Covid-19, как и родители больных детей. Возможный дефицит лекарств. Возможен неадекватный выбор (антивирусных) препаратов с малоизученными (депрессогенными) нежелательными действиями без учёта межлекарственного взаимодействия (востребован клинический фармаколог). Возможны случайная и намеренная передозировка новых -старых препаратов. Неофобы с опаской оценивают новые назначения. «Нет ничего обманчивее очевидного факта»: «эпигенетические часы» тикают в приёмных покоях и реанимационных палатах. Реален дефицит, отток медперсонала (обученного и «хоть какого»), ме-доборудования (от средств индивидуальной защиты до аппаратов искусственного дыхания) при отсутствии навыков и организации работы в уникальных условиях. Вследствие ошибочного диагноза (ложно положительной пробы) возможно ятрогенное усиление риска СП.

Препятствия психиатрического лечения (например, отменённые встречи с врачом, процедуры, нехватка и перебои с лекарствами, перегруженность врачей и психиатрических палат, ограничения визитов к больным и их передвижение в отделении). СМИ следует указать приоритет охраны психического здоровья наряду с анализом практических трудностей общественного здравоохранения. Переполненные скоропо-мощные и психиатрические отделения негативно сказываются на помощи суицидентам как пациентам «второго сорта», а врачи в цейтноте могут не выявить своевременно суицидальный риск «непрофильного» пациента. При зауженности на COVID-19 у психиатра (консультанта) соблазн упростить и психологически объяснить аффективное расстройство, чтобы нормализовать позицию пациента: «депрессия, подобная депрессии, или депрессия-облегченная» и заявить нетерпеливо: «следующий» (эвфемизм «get out of my emergency room», GOMER). Возможна и гипердиагностика депрессии с недифференцированным назначением «безопасных новых» антидепрессантов как средства «пси-хофармакокосметики». При фасадном поведенческом и субъективном раннем ответе (ослабление дисфории) возможна неспецифическая активизация с повышением риска СП и самоповреждений.

Итак, постоянный страх, беспокойство, чувство неопределённости и дистресс могут привести к долгосрочным последствиям для населения, семей и уязвимых лиц [цит. по 23]: ослабление социальных связей, местной динамики и экономики; стигма по отношению

criminately. A. Camus «The Plague.»

Obstacles to medical care. Medical facilities raise the issue of COVID-19 general and differential testing. In some hospitals, visitors and spontaneous patients are prohibited, scheduled operations are canceled. Acute and chronic patients postpone treatment due to fears of contact with Covid-19, as well as the parents of sick children. There can be deficiency of drugs. Inadequate selection of (antiviral) drugs with poorly studied (depressogen-ic) undesirable effects without taking into account different drugs interaction is possible (a clinical pharmacologist is in demand). An accidental and intentional overdose of new-old drugs is possible. Neophobes cautiously evaluate new appointments. «There is nothing more deceptive than an obvious fact»: «epige-netic clocks» are ticking in emergency rooms and intensive care units. There is a real shortage, outflow of medical staff (trained and «at least somewhat trained»), medical equipment (from personal protective equipment to artificial lung respiration apparatus) in the absence of skills and organization of work in unique conditions. Due to an erroneous diagnosis (false positive tests), an iatrogenic increase in the risk of SB becomes possible.

Obstacles to psychiatric treatment (for example, canceled appointments with a doctor, procedures, shortages and interruptions in medicine, overloaded doctors and psychiatric wards, restricting visits to patients and moving them to the ward). The media should indicate the priority of mental health along with an analysis of the practical difficulties of public health. Overfilled, fast-moving and psychiatric departments adversely affect the care of suicides as second-class patients, and doctors under time limit may not identify the suicidal risk of a non-core patient in a timely manner. When the psychiatrist (consultant) is narrowed by COVID-19, the temptation is to simplify and psychologically explain the affective disorder in order to normalize the patient’s position: «depression, similar to depression, or light depression» and ask impatiently for the next patient (euphemism «get out of my emergency room», GOMER). It is also possible to over-diagnose depression with the undifferentiated administration of «safe new» antidepressants as a means of «psychopharmacocosmet-ics». With a facade behavioral and subjective early response (weakening of dysphoria), nonspecific activation is possible with an increased risk of SB and self-harm.

So, constant fear, anxiety, a sense of uncertainty and distress can lead to long-term consequences for the population, families and

к выздоровевшим, приводящая к отторжению; гнев и агрессия по отношению к правительству и специалистам, оказывающим непосредственную помощь пострадавшим; против детей, меж супругами, партнерами и членами семьи (рост домашнего насилия1); недоверие к информации, предоставленной правительством и другими органами власти. Люди с развивающимися или уже имеющимися психическими расстройствами и расстройствами, связанными с употреблением ПАВ, могут претерпеть рецидивы и другие негативные последствия при избегании медицинских учреждений или затрудненном доступе к медицинским услугам.

Некоторые страхи проистекают из реальных опасностей, но многие реакции и поведение порождены недостатком знаний, слухами и дезинформацией.

Облегчённый доступ к средствам суицида. СМИ сообщают о росте продаж оружия в США по мере продвижения COVID-19 («мой дом — моя крепость»?). Огнестрельное оружие наиболее распространённый (и самый смертоносный) метод самоубийства в США, и владение огнестрельным оружием или доступ к нему и небезопасное хранение связаны с повышенным риском

[42].

Целые селения, целые города и народы заражались и сумасшествовали. Все были в тревоге и не понимали друг друга, всякий думал, что в нём в одном и заключается истина, и мучился, глядя на других, бил себя в грудь, плакал, ломал себе руки. Не знали, кого и как судить, не могли согласиться, что считать злом, что добром. Не знали, кого обвинять, кого оправдывать. Люди убивали друг друга в какой-то бессмысленной злобе. Собирались друг на друга целыми армиями, но армии, уже в походе, вдруг начинали сами терзать себя, ряды расстраивались, воины бросались друг на друга, кололись и резались, кусали и ели друг друга. В городах целый день били в набат: созывали всех, но кто и для чего зовет, никто не знал того, а все были в тревоге. Ф. Достоевский «Преступление и наказание».

Для России актуальнее ограничение бесконтрольных продаж и неадекватных назначений (фармакоэпи-демиологический аудит), хранения лекарственных (психотропных) средств; продажи спиртного (если уж не борьба с самогоноварением).

Социальная стигма и дискриминация в связи с COVID-19, в том числе в отношении инфицированных, их семей, медработников и других специалистов, оказывающих помощь пострадавшим от COVID-19. Необходимо предпринимать меры для устранения стигмы и дискриминации на всех этапах реагирования на COVID-19; позаботиться о ресоциализации пострадавших от COVID-19.

О птим и с ти ч е с ки й с це н ар и й: вызовы и надежда.

vulnerable people [cit. by 23]: the weakening of social ties, local dynamics and the economy; stigma towards survivors leading to rejection; anger and aggression against the government and specialists who provide direct assistance to the victims; aggressiveness towards children, spouses, partners and family members (domestic violence1 tends to increase); distrust to the information provided by the government and other authorities. People with developing or existing mental disorders and substance abuse disorders may experience relapses and other negative consequences when avoiding medical facilities or having difficulty accessing medical services.

Some fears stem from real dangers, but many reactions and behavior are caused by a lack of knowledge, rumors and misinformation.

Facilitated access to suicide. The media reports an increase in firearms sales in the United States through the promotion of COVID-19 (Is it literally «my home is my fortress»?). Firearms are the most common (and deadliest) suicide method in the United States, and possession or access to firearms and unsafe storage are associated with its increased risk [42].

Entire villages, entire cities and peoples became infected and insane. Everyone was anxious and did not understand each other, everyone thought that the truth lies in it alone, and was tormented by looking at others, beating himself in the chest, crying, breaking their hands. They did not know who and how to judge, could not reach agreement in what to consider evil, what to consider good. They didn’t know who to blame and who to justify. People were killing each other in some kind of senseless malice. They gathered together in whole armies, but the armies, already on the march, suddenly began to torment themselves, the ranks were upset, the soldiers rushed at each other, pricked and cut, bit and ate each other. In the cities they beat the alarm all day: they convened everyone, but who and why was calling, nobody knew that, and everyone was in alarm. F. Dostoevsky «Crime and Punishment».

For Russia, it is more relevant to limit uncontrolled sales and inadequate appointments (pharmaceutical-epidemiological audit), storage of medicines (psychotropic) drugs; sales of alcohol (at least the fight against home brewing).

Social stigma and discrimination in connection with COVID-19, including in relation to the infected, their families, health workers and other professionals providing assistance to victims of COVID-19. Measures must be taken to eliminate stigma and discrimination at all stages of the response to COVID-19; take care of the resocialization of the victims of

1 Картинка в Сети: женщина, изнемогающая в карантине с мужем: «Перестань хлопать ресницами. Бесит» / An image on the Web: a woman who is exhausted in quarantine with her husband: «Stop clapping your eyelashes. It pisses me off.»

Нет ни одного даже самого прискорбного события, в котором не было бы своих хороших сторон.

А. Камю «Чума»

Будущее туманно, но не фатально и однозначно мрачно.

Пандемии изменяют взгляды на здоровье и смерть, делая жизнь более ценной, смерть — более страшной, а самоубийства — менее вероятными.

Единственный способ объединить людей — это наслать на них чуму. А. Камю «Чума».

УС снижается во время войн и национальных бедствий, сплачивающих и мобилизующих нацию, по Дюркгейму, востребованному при макроэкономическом и социологическом анализе СП. «Эффект мобилизации» укрепляет социальную связанность. Так, Первая мировая война («травматическая эпидемия», по Н.И. Пирогову) не увеличила УС в США, в отличие от (увы) последующей пандемии гриппа 1918 г. [43].

… факты далеко не подтверждают обыденного мнения, что самоубийства вызываются главным образом тяготами жизни; наоборот, число их уменьшается по мере того, как существование становится тяжелее … Э. Дюркгейм «Самоубийство».

Разрозненные данные подтверждают снижение психиатрической заболеваемости и УС в СССР в 194145 гг.

Люди могут испытать позитивный опыт во время вспышки СОУГО-19 [цит. по 23], например, гордость, что проявили жизнестойкость и справились с трудно-стям^. Столкнувшись с бедствием, люди часто альтруистичны и готовы помочь друг другу, испытывая глубокое удовлетворение. Примерами подобного поведения в охране психического здоровья и психосоциальной поддержке могут быть: поддержка социального контакта с находящимися в изоляции, с помощью телефонных звонков, текстовых сообщений и радио; обмен информацией, особо с не пользующимися социальными сетями; помощь разлученными с семьями и опекунами.

Меры общественного здравоохранения и предотвращение самоубийств:

«… надо быть спокойным и упрямым.».

Ключевыми элементами противодействия пандемии служит интегрированная национальная система здравоохранения с мощным эпидемиологическим мониторингом и лабораторным потенциалом. Наша система здравоохранения имеет сильную стационарную часть и систему мер, направленную на профилактику (министр здравоохранения РФ, апрель 2020).

Признавая последствия пандемии СОУГО-19 для психического здоровья, Департамент психического здоровья ВОЗ опубликовал, с опорой на доказательные

COVID-19.

Optimistic scenario: challenges and hope.

There is not even a single most unfortunate event in which there would be no good sides.

A. Camus «The Plague «

The future is foggy, but not fatal and definitely bleak.

Pandemics change attitudes to health and death, making life more valuable, death more terrible, and suicides less likely.

The only way to bring people together is to send plague on them. Albert Camus. «The Plague».

LS is reduced during wars and national disasters, uniting and mobilizing the nation, according to Durkheim, demanded by the macroeconomic and sociological analysis of SB. The «mobilization effect» strengthens social cohesion. For example, the First World War («traumatic epidemic» according to N.I. Pirogov) did not increase the LS in the United States, unlike (alas) the subsequent influenza pandemic of 1918 [43].

… the facts are far from confirming the common opinion that suicides are caused mainly by the hardships of life; on the contrary, their number decreases as existence becomes heavier … Durkheim. «Suicide».

Scattered data confirm a decrease in psychiatric morbidity and diabetes in the USSR in 1941-45.

People may experience positive experiences during the outbreak of COVID-19 [cit. by 23], for example, pride for showing vitality and coping with difficulties1. Faced with disaster, people are often altruistic and willing to help each other, experiencing deep satisfaction. Examples of such behaviors in protecting mental health and psychosocial support include: maintaining social contact with those in isolation through phone calls, text messages and radio; exchange of information, especially with people who do not use social networks; help those separated from their families and guardians

Public health measures and suicide prevention:

«… you have to be calm and stubborn …».

A key element of the pandemic response is the integrated national health system with strong epidemiological monitoring and laboratory capacity. Our healthcare system has a strong inpatient unit and a system of measures aimed at prevention (Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, April 2020).

Recognizing the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO Department of Mental Health has published, based

1 Показателен вал юмористических мемов, гифок, «жаб», анекдотов и скороспелых стихов и песен в Сети по поводу «короны» и карантина: «Мир выжил, потому что смеялся» / The splash of humorous memes, gifs, jokes and early poems and songs on the Web based on the «crown» and quarantine is indicative: «The world survived because it laughed.»

систематизированные данные, отчасти приведённые выше, список соображений, касаемо психического и психосоциального благополучия населения в целом и групп высокого риска, включая работников здравоохранения, детей и пожилых [цит. по 23]

В рекомендациях ВОЗ ни слова о риске СП, но их можно рассматривать как свод общих профилактических антикризисных мер и на различных организационно — функциональных уровнях, включая группы риска в рамках селективной профилактики [44].

Психическое здоровье и психосоциальная поддержка в условиях COVID-19.

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Общая профилактика.

Он открыл шкаф, вынул из стерилизатора две гигроскопические маски, протянул одну Рамберу и посоветовал надеть. Журналист спросил, предохраняет ли маска хоть от чего-нибудь, и Тарру ответил: нет, зато действует на других успокоительно. А. Камю « Чума».

Правительствам и здравоохранению предстоит безотлагательно разработать инициативы в области охраны психического здоровья, направленные на обучение общественности и работников здравоохранения, как наилучшим образом справляться с огромным давлением и тревогой; это может минимизировать психосоциальные потери в кризисные времена [цит. по 1]. Мы должны осуществлять целенаправленное наблюдение за психическим здоровьем групп риска, включая пациентов с диагнозом психического нездоровья и пожилых, с эффективным вмешательством для минимизации риска СП. Разработать программы охраны психического здоровья, специально для этой пандемии. Психосоциальные потребности пострадавших общие и уникальные, и вмешательства для психической реабилитации должны быть разработаны. Лечение должно быть ориентировано на кризис [цит. по 23].

Сообщения ВОЗ для населения [цит. по 23].

1. COVID-19 влияет на людей многих стран во многих географических точках. Не приписывайте заболевание лицам конкретной этнической или национальной принадлежности. Будьте чуткими ко всем пострадавшим, в любой стране и за её пределами. Пострадавшие от COVID-19, не сделали ничего плохого и заслуживают нашей поддержки, сострадания и доброты.

2. Не называйте людей с COVID-19, лечащихся от COVID-19 или «выздоравливающих — «больными», «случаями COVID-19», «жертвами», «семьями COVID-19». По выздоровлению их жизнь будет продолжаться на рабочих местах с семьями и близкими. Важно отделить человека от личности, определённой COVID-19, чтобы уменьшить стигму.

3. Минимизируйте просмотр, чтение или прослушивание новостей о COVID-19, вызывающих беспокойство; ищите информацию из надёжных источников, чтобы могли предпринять практические шаги, плани-

on evidence-based, systematic evidence, partly cited above, a list of considerations regarding the mental and psychosocial well-being of the general population and high-risk groups, including health workers, children and the elderly [cit. by 23]

The WHO recommendations do not say a word about the risk of SB, but they can be considered as a set of general preventive anticrisis measures and at various organizational and functional levels, including risk groups in the framework of selective prevention [44].

Mental health and psychosocial support in COVID-19.

General prevention.

He opened the cabinet, took out two hygroscopic masks from the sterilizer, handed one to Rambera and advised him to put it on. The journalist asked if the mask protects at least something, and Tarru replied: no, but it has a calming effect on others. A. Camus «The Plague».

Governments and healthcare system will have to urgently develop mental health initiatives to educate the public and health workers on how to best deal with tremendous pressure and anxiety; this can minimize psychosocial losses in times of crisis [cit. by 1]. We must conduct targeted monitoring of the mental health of risk groups, including patients with a diagnosis of mental illness and the elderly, with effective intervention to minimize the risk of SB. We need to develop mental health programs specifically for this pandemic. The psychosocial needs of the victims are both common, and unique, and interventions for mental rehabilitation should be developed. Treatment should be crisis oriented [cit. 23].

WHO messages to the public [cit. 23].

1. COVID-19 affects people in many countries in many geographical locations. Do not attribute the disease to individuals of a particular ethnic or national origin. Be sensitive to all affected people, in any country and beyond. The victims of COVID-19 have done nothing wrong and deserve our support, compassion and kindness.

2. Do not call people with COVID-19, those treated for COVID-19 or recovering from it «sick», «cases of COVID-19», «victims», «families with COVID-19». Upon recovery, their lives will continue in the workplace with families and loved ones. It is important to separate the person from the personality identified by COVID-19 in order to reduce stigma.

3. Minimize the viewing, reading, or listening to disturbing COVID-19 news; look for information from reliable sources so that you can take practical steps, plan and protect yourself and your loved ones. Look for information updates at specific times during the day, once or twice. A sudden and constant stream of

ровать и защитить себя и близких. Ищите обновления информации в определённое время в течение дня, один или два раза. Внезапный и постоянный поток новостных сообщений о вспышке может вызвать у кого-то беспокойство. Получать факты, а не слухи, а дезинформация. Регулярно получайте сообщения веб-сайта ВОЗ и местных органов здравоохранения, чтобы отличить факты от слухов и уменьшить напрасные страхи.

4. Защитите себя и поддерживайте других. Помощь другим в трудную минуту может принести пользу получающему и дающему. Например, уточните соседей, нуждающихся в дополнительной помощи. Работая вместе, будем солидарны.

5. Найдите возможности усиления позитивных и обнадеживающих историй и позитивных образов, например, выздоровевших или поддержавших любимого и готовых делиться опытом.

6. Уважайте ухаживающих за больными и работников здравоохранения, поддерживающих пострадавших от COVID-19. Признайте их роль в спасении жизней и обеспечении безопасности ваших близких.

Физическое — не социальное разобщение. Более 90% россиян поддерживают меры правительства РФ в пандемии (сайт стопкоронавирус.рф).

… для любящего знать в подробностях, что делает любимое существо, есть источник величайшей радости. А. Камю « Чума».

Жизненно важно поддерживать значимые отношения по телефону или в Сети, особо в группах риска СП. Социальные сети полезны для этих целей. Подавленные кризисом коронавируса должны искать общения и помощи с помощью звонков или видеоприложений, проводить время с семьёй дома. Рекомендованы регулярные физические упражнения (риск прибавки веса в связи с вынужденной адинамией), ограничение потребление алкоголя, витамин D (в связи с дефицитом инсоляции). Добровольческая деятельность, продуктовые карточки нуждающимся и выражение благодарности медработникам полезны психическому здоровью.

Селективная и указующая профилактика СП [44].

… в жизни человека не существует несчастий, влекущих его неизбежно к самоубийству, если он в силу чего-либо другого не склонен к нему сам. Э. Дюркгейм.

Особое внимание психическому здоровью женщин и медсестер лечащих пациентов с COVID-19 и в эпицентре эпидемии [34], работа передового медицинского работника с непосредственным участием пациентов с COVID-19 — независимый фактор риска для всех симптомов.

Скрининговая оценка дистресса и суицидоопасных психических расстройств. Patient Health Questionnaire (9 вопросов; ранжир 0-27 баллов), Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (7 вопросов, ранжир 0-21), Insomnia Severity Index (7 вопросов, 0-28 баллов), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (22 вопросов; 0-88 баллов). Суммарные

news reports about an outbreak can cause concern for someone. Receive facts, not rumors or misinformation. Receive regular reports from the WHO website and local health authorities to distinguish facts from rumors and reduce fears.

4. Protect yourself and support others. Helping others in difficult times can benefit the receiver and the giver. For example, check in with neighbors who need extra help. Working together, we will be in solidarity.

5. Find opportunities to enhance positive and encouraging stories and positive images, for example, recovered or supporting a loved one and ready to share experiences.

6. Respect caregivers and healthcare workers supporting COVID-19 victims. Recognize their role in saving lives and ensuring the safety of your loved ones.

Physical is not social isolation. More than 90% of Russians support the Russian government’s measures in a pandemic (stopkoronavirus.ru site).

… for the lover to know in detail what the beloved creature does, there is a source of great joy. A. Camus «The Plague».

It is vital to maintain meaningful relationships over the phone or through the Web, especially in SB risk groups. Social networks are useful for these purposes. Suppressed by the coronavirus crisis, they should seek communication and assistance with the help of calls or videocalls, and spend time with their families at home. Regular exercise is recommended (there is a risk of weight gain due to forced adynamia), limitation of alcohol consumption, vitamin D (due to deficiency of insolation). Volunteering, grocery cards for those in need, and expressing gratitude to health workers are good for mental health.

Selective and indicative prophylaxis of SB [44].

… in a person’s life there are no misfortunes that inevitably entail suicide if, by virtue of something else, he is not inclined to it. Durkheim.

Particular attention is paid to the mental health of women and nurses in treating patients with COVID-19 and at the epicenter of the epidemic [34], the work of an advanced medical worker with the direct participation of patients with COVID-19 is an independent risk factor for all symptoms.

Screening assessment of distress and suicidal psychiatric disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire (9 questions; ranking 0-27 points), Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (7 questions, ranking 0-21), Insomnia Severity Index (7 questions, 0-28 points), Impact of Event Scale — Revised (22 questions; 0-88 points). Total points: PHQ-9, absence (0-4 points), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), severe (15-21) degrees of depression; GAD-7, normal

баллы: PHQ-9, отсутствие (0-4 баллов), лёгкая степень (5-9), умеренная (10-14), тяжелая (15-21) степени депрессии; GAD-7, норма (0-4), лёгкая (5-9), умеренная (10-14), тяжелая (15-21) тревога; Ш, отсутствие (0-7), подпороговая (8-14), умеренная (15-21), тяжелая (2228) бессонница; отсутствие (0-8), лёгкий (9-25), умеренный (26-43), тяжелый (44-88) дистресс. Нижняя граница оценки симптомов клинической депрессии, тревоги, бессонницы, дистресса 10, 7,15, 26 соответственно. Нужны валидизированные русскоязычные версии и предстоит уточнение набора опросников и шкал, заполняемых перед кабинетом интерниста и в медицинских коллективах.

Важно мониторировать соматическое и психическое состояние близких («выживших») перенесших инфекцию и/или находящихся в группе риска СП, а также жертв вируса и суицида, потенциально суицидо-опасных.

В рамках указующей профилактики необходимо последовательное ведение суицидентов (в пред- и постсуицидальном периодах) на последовательных этапах общемедицинской и психиатрической (суицидологической) помощи.

Сообщения для медработников1 [цит. по 23].

7. Чувство стресса, вероятно, переживание для вас и многих ваших коллег. Вполне нормально чувствовать себя так в нынешней ситуации. Стресс и связанные с ним чувства ни в коем случае не указывают невозможность работать и слабость. Управление вашим психическим здоровьем и психосоциальным благополучием в это время так же важно, как и управление физическим здоровьем.

8. Берегите себя. Выбирайте полезные стратегии совладания, как достаточный отдых и передышки в работе и меж сменами, есть достаточно и здоровую пищу, заниматься физическими упражнениями и общаться с семьей и друзьями. Избегайте вредных стратегий совладания, как курение табака, спиртного и иных наркотиков. В долгосрочной перспективе это ухудшит ваше психическое и физическое благополучие. Вспышка COVID-19 является уникальным и беспрецедентным сценарием для многих работников. Тем не менее, стратегии, работавшие в прошлом, чтобы справиться со стрессом, могут быть полезными сейчас. Вы человек, который, скорее всего, знает, как снять стресс и поддерживать себя психологически. Это не спринт, но марафон.

9. К сожалению, некоторых медработников избегают из-за стигмы и страха близкие и окружающие, что усложнит и так сложную ситуацию. По возможности, общайтесь с близкими посредством цифровых технологий. Обратитесь к коллегам, руководству или другим доверенным лицам за социальной поддержкой — у кол-

(0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), severe (15-21) anxiety; ISI, absence (0-7), subthreshold (8-14), moderate (15-21), severe (22-28) insomnia; IES-R, absence (0-8), mild (9-25), moderate (26-43), severe (44-88) distress. The lower bound for assessing the symptoms of clinical depression, anxiety, insomnia, distress is 10, 7.15, 26, respectively. Validated Russian-language versions are needed, and a set of questionnaires and scales to be filled before going to the internist’s office and in medical teams is to be clarified.

It is important to monitor the somatic and mental state of loved ones («survivors») who have had the infection and / or are at risk of SB, as well as victims of the virus and suicide, potentially suicidal.

As part of the indicated prophylaxis, consistent management of suicides (in the pre- and post-suicidal periods) at the successive stages of general medical and psychiatric (suicidal) care is necessary.

Messages for health workers1 [cit. 23].

7. Feeling stress is probably an experience for you and many of your colleagues. It is quite normal to feel like this in the current situation. Stress and feelings associated with it no way prove your inability to work and weakness. Managing your mental health and psychosocial well-being at this time is just as important as managing your physical health.

8. Take care of yourself. Choose useful coping strategies, like enough rest and respite at work and between shifts, eat healthy enough food, exercise, and socialize with family and friends. Avoid harmful coping strategies like smoking tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. In the long run, this will worsen your mental and physical well-being. The COVID-19 flash is a unique and unprecedented scenario for many workers. However, strategies that have worked in the past to deal with stress can be useful right now. You are the person who most likely knows how to relieve stress and support yourself psychologically. This is not a sprint, but a marathon.

9. Unfortunately, some health workers are being avoided due to stigma and fear by relatives and friends, which will complicate an already difficult situation. Whenever possible, communicate with loved ones through digital technologies. Contact colleagues, management, or other trusted individuals for social support — colleagues may have similar experiences.

10. Use understandable ways to exchange messages with people with intellectual, cogni-

1 В документе ВОЗ группа указаны первыми (возможно, не по ранжиру значимости) среди иных групп риска психосоциального дистресса и психических расстройств / In the WHO document, the group is listed first (possibly not by ranking) among other risk groups for psychosocial distress and mental disorders.

лег могут быть схожие переживания.

10. Используйте понятные способы обмена сообщениями с людьми с интеллектуальными, когнитивными и психосоциальными нарушениями. Где возможно, используйте общение, не основанное исключительно на письменной информации.

11. Знать, как оказывать поддержку затронутым COVID-1 9 и как связать их с доступными ресурсами. Это особо важно для нуждающихся в психиатрической помощи и психосоциальной поддержке. Стигма может вызвать нежелание обращаться за поддержкой в связи с COVID-19 и психическими расстройствами. Руководство по гуманитарному вмешательству mhGAP (mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guidei) представляет клиническое руководство для ведения приоритетных психических расстройств медработниками общего профиля.

Сообщения для руководителей медицинских учреждений [цит. по 23].

12. Обеспечение защиты персонала от хронического стресса и психического нездоровья означает, что вы способны выполнять свои функции. Текущая ситуация не исчезнет в одночасье, и следует сосредоточиться на долгосрочных профессиональных возможностях, а не на повторных краткосрочных реакциях на кризис.

13. Убедитесь, что у всех сотрудников качественная связь и обновления точной информации. Связь неопытных с более опытными коллегами, дружеские отношения обеспечат поддержку, контроль стресса и безопасность. Инициируйте, поощряйте и контролируйте перерывы работы. Внедрите гибкие графики работникам, подвергающимся воздействию или имеющему близкого, пострадавшего от стрессового события. Убедитесь, чтобы коллеги оказывали друг другу социальную поддержку.

14. Информировать сотрудников, где и как они могут получить психиатрическую помощь и психосоциальную поддержку, облегчить доступ к таким услугам. Руководители сталкиваются со стрессами сотрудников и могут испытывать дополнительное давление своей роли. Важно, чтобы вышеуказанные положения и стратегии были применимы как для работников, так и администраторов, и чтобы последние могли быть образцами подражания для совладания со стрессом.

15. Ориентируйте медсестер, водителей скорой помощи, волонтеров, сотрудников на карантинных участках, как обеспечить базовую эмоциональную и практическую поддержку пострадавшим через первую психологическую помощь.

16. Помощь при психических расстройствах (например, делирий, психоз, тяжелые тревога и депрессия) в учреждениях неотложной или общей медицинской помощи: может потребоваться обученный квалифицированный персонал для психиатрической и психо-

tive and psychosocial disabilities. Where possible, use communication that is not based solely on written information.

11. Know how to support those affected by COVID-19 and how to cater them to available resources. This is especially important for those in need of psychiatric care and psychosocial support. Stigma can lead to a reluctance to seek support in connection with COVID-19 and mental disorders. The mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guide1 provide clinical guidance for the management of priority mental disorders by general health care providers.

Messages for heads of medical institutions [cit. 23].

12. Protecting your staff from chronic stress and mental illness means that you are able to perform your functions. The current situation will not disappear overnight, and should focus on long-term professional opportunities, and not on repeated short-term reactions to the crisis.

13. Make sure all employees have good communications and accurate updates. Communication between inexperienced and more experienced colleagues, friendships will provide support, stress control and safety. Initiate, promote, and control work breaks. Introduce flexible schedules to workers who are exposed or have a loved one affected by a stressful event. Make sure colleagues give each other social support.

14. Inform employees where and how they can receive psychiatric care and psychosocial support, facilitate access to such services. Leaders face employee stress and may experience additional pressure from their role. It is important that the above provisions and strategies are applicable to both employees and administrators, and that the latter can be role models for coping with stress.

15. Train nurses, ambulance drivers, volunteers, employees in quarantine areas how to provide basic emotional and practical support to victims through the first psychological aid.

16. To help with mental health problems in emergency or general care settings (such as delirium tremens, psychosis, severe anxiety and depression) trained and qualified personnel may be required for psychiatric and psychosocial support (see mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guide )

17. Ensure the availability of essential, generic psychotropic drugs at all levels of healthcare. Chronically mentally ill or with epileptic seizures will require continuous ac-

1 Требует перевода, оценки и возможной адаптации к реалиям отечественного здравоохранения / Requires translation, evaluation and possible adaptation to the realities of domestic health care.

социальной поддержки (см. Руководство по гуманитарному вмешательству mhGAP).

17. Обеспечить наличие основных, непатентованных психотропных препаратов на всех уровнях здравоохранения. Хронически психически больным или с эпилептическими припадками потребуется непрерывный доступ к их лекарствам, и следует избегать внезапного прекращения их приёма.

Сообщения воспитывающим детей [цит. по 23].

18. Помогите детям найти позитивные способы выражения чувств, как страх и грусть. У каждого ребёнка свой способ выражения эмоций. Иногда участие в творческой деятельности, как игра или рисование, может облегчить этот процесс. Дети чувствуют облегчение, если могут выражать и передавать чувства в безопасной и благоприятной обстановке.

19. Держите детей рядом с родителями и семьей, если это безопасно. Если ребёнка необходимо разлучить с основным опекуном, убедитесь, что ему предоставлен соответствующий альтернативный уход, и социальный работник (или выполняющий его роль) будет регулярно следить за ребёнком. Убедитесь, что в разлуке сохранены регулярные контакты с родителями и опекунами, как запланированные дважды в день телефонные или видеозвонки или посредством социальные сети.

20. Поддерживайте привычный образ повседневной жизни, насколько возможно, или создавайте новые правила, если дети должны остаться дома. Обеспечьте увлекательные занятия детям с учётом возраста, в том числе обучение. Побуждайте, по возможности, детей играть и общаться с другими, хотя бы только в семье, при ограничении социальных контактов.

21. Во времена стресса и кризиса дети обычно стремятся к большей привязанности и более требовательны к родителям. Обсудите СОУГО-19 со своими детьми честно и с учётом возраста. Если у ваших детей проблемы, совместное решение может ослабить беспокойство. Дети будут наблюдать за поведением и эмоциями взрослых, чтобы понять, как управлять своими эмоциями в трудную минуту.

Сообщения для пожилых, людей с сопутствующими болезнями и их помощников [цит. по 23].

22. Пожилые, особо в изоляции, люди с когнитивным снижением / деменцией могут стать взволнованными, рассерженными, напряжёнными, замкнутыми. Обеспечить практическую и эмоциональную поддержку через неформальные сети (семьи) и медработников.

23. Делитесь простыми фактами, что происходит, и дайте чёткую информацию, как снизить риск заражения, словами, которые могут понять пожилые с / без когнитивных нарушений. Повторите информацию по необходимости. Инструкции должны передаваться четко, лаконично, уважительно и терпеливо. Может быть полезной информация в письменном виде или в виде картинок. Привлекать членов семьи и другие сети под-

cess to their medications, and the sudden cessation of their intake should be avoided.

Messages to those raising children [cit.

23].

18. Help children find positive ways to express feelings like fear and sadness. Each child has their own way of expressing emotions. Sometimes participating in a creative activity, like a game or drawing, can facilitate this process. Children feel relieved if they can express and transmit feelings in a safe and supportive environment.

19. Keep children close to parents and family if safe. If the child needs to be separated from the main guardian, make sure that they are provided with appropriate alternative care, and the social worker (or someone alike) will regularly monitor the child. Make sure that you keep regular contact with your parents and guardians in separation, such as scheduled phone or video calls twice a day through social networks.

20. Maintain your daily routine as much as possible, or create new rules if children should stay at home. Provide age-appropriate fun activities for children, including learning. Encourage, if possible, children to play and communicate with others, at least in the family if social contacts are limited.

21. In times of stress and crisis, children tend to be more attached and more demanding of their parents. Discuss COVID-19 with your children honestly and age-appropriate. If your children have problems, a solution taken together can ease anxiety. Children will observe the behavior and emotions of adults to understand how to manage their emotions in difficult times.

Messages for the elderly, people with concomitant diseases and their assistants [cit. 23].

22. Elderly people with cognitive decline / dementia, especially in isolation, can become agitated, angry, tense, withdrawn. Provide practical and emotional support through informal networks (families) and healthcare providers.

23. Share simple facts about what is happening and give clear information on how to reduce the risk of infection, in words that older people with / without cognitive impairment can understand. Repeat the information as many times as necessary. Instructions should be communicated clearly, concisely, respectfully and patiently. Information in writing or in the form of pictures may be helpful. Involve family members and other support networks in information and assistance with preventive measures (e.g. hand washing).

24. If you initially suffer from a disease, make sure you have access to the right medi-

держки к информации и помощи в применении мер профилактики (например, мытье рук).

24. Если изначально страдаете какой-либо болезнью, убедитесь в доступе к необходимым лекарствам. Активируйте социальные контакты, чтобы получить помощь.

25. Узнайте заранее, где и как получить практическую помощь, например, вызов такси, доставку еды и медицинскую помощь. Убедитесь, что у вас есть двухнедельный запас обычных лекарств.

26. Научитесь простым ежедневным физическим упражнениям дома, в карантине или в изоляции, чтобы поддержать подвижность и уменьшить скуку.

27. Соблюдайте по возможности привычные распорядки и помогайте создавать новые, включая регулярные физические упражнения, уборку, пение, рисование. Постоянно общайтесь с близкими (по телефону, электронной почте, в социальных сетях).

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

Сообщения для изолированных [цит. по 23].

28. Оставайтесь на связи и поддерживайте социальные сети. Постарайтесь сохранить ежедневные привычки или создать новые, если обстоятельства изменились. Если медики рекомендовали ограничить физический и социальный контакт, оставайтесь на связи по телефону, электронной почте, в социальных сетях.

29. В стрессе обращайте внимание на свои потребности и ощущения. Занимайтесь здоровыми занятиями по душе, расслабляйтесь. Регулярно занимайтесь физическими упражнениями, следите за регулярным сном и здоровым питанием.

30. Непрерывный поток новостей о COVID-19 может вызвать беспокойство. В определённые дни и в течение дня обращайтесь к специалистам здравоохранения и на веб-сайт ВОЗ за обновленной информацией, практическими рекомендациями и избегайте угнетающих и безрадостных слухов.

Развитие психиатрической и суицидологической помощи. Чрезвычайные ситуации могут привести к притоку ресурсов, что создает возможность для укрепления долгосрочных служб психического здоровья, социальной помощи и социального обеспечения [23]. Так, недавний Закон о коронавирусной помощи и экономической безопасности (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, CARES) в США может удовлетворить растущую потребность в услугах по охране психического здоровья и токсикомании [цит. по 10], включая телемедицину.

Во время испытаний можно улучшить усилия по предотвращению самоубийств. Поддержание существующих усилий тоже возможно.

… считаете, что в чуме есть свои положительные стороны, что она открывает людям глаза, заставляет их думать? — Как и все болезни мира. А. Камю « Чума».

Дьявол: «Я закрыл твои церкви». Бог: «Я открыл её в каждом моём доме».

Важно учитывать экономические, психосоциаль-

cation. Activate social contacts to get help.

25. Find out in advance where and how to get practical help, for example, calling a taxi, food delivery and medical care. Make sure you have a two-week supply of ordinary medicines.

26. Learn simple daily physical exercises at home, in quarantine or in isolation to maintain mobility and reduce boredom.

27. Follow your usual routines whenever possible and help create new ones, including regular exercise, cleaning, singing, and drawing. Constantly communicate with loved ones (via phone, email, on social networks).

Messages for the isolated [cit. 23].

28. Stay connected and support social networks. Try to maintain daily habits or create new ones if circumstances change. If doctors recommended limiting physical and social contact, stay in touch via phone, email, and social networks.

29. In stress, pay attention to your needs and feelings. Engage in healthy activities to your liking, relax. Exercise regularly, keep an eye on regular sleep and healthy eating habits.

30. The continuous flow of news about COVID-19 can be troubling. On certain days and throughout the day, contact health professionals and the WHO website for updated information, best practices, and avoid oppressive and bleak rumors.

The development of psychiatric and sui-cidological care. Emergencies can lead to an influx of resources, which creates an opportunity to strengthen long-term mental health, social assistance and social security services [23]. For example, the recent Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, CARES in the United States can meet the growing need for mental health and substance abuse services [cit. 10], including telemedi-cine.

During trials, suicide prevention efforts can be improved. Maintaining existing efforts is also possible.

… do you think that the plague has its positive aspects, that it opens people’s eyes, makes them think? — Like all the diseases of the world. A. Camus «The Plague».

Devil: «I have closed your churches.» God: «I discovered it in every house of mine.»

It is important to consider the economic, psychosocial risk factors of SB [45].

In early February 2020, the State Council of China (!) Announced the creation of a nationwide hotline for psychological assistance. By the end of the same month, more than 20 special guidelines were distributed, including on the basis of expert consensus for emergen-

ные факторы риска СП [45].

В начале февраля 2020 г. Государственный совет Китая (!) объявил о создании общенациональных горячих линий психологической помощи. К концу того же месяца распространены более 20 особых руководств, в т ч на основе экспертного консенсуса для неотложной психиатрической помощи в эпицентре эпидемии. Распространены услуги онлайн-образования, психологического консультирования, включая телефонные, интернет- и прикладные консультации или вмешательства.

Наряду с мерами предосторожности к СОУГО-19 в медицинских учреждениях важно антикризисное лечение. Процедуры скрининга и профилактики СОУГО-19, затрудняющие доступ к медицинской помощи (например, отмены визитов, преждевременная выписка), могут включить скрининг кризисов психического здоровья, выгорания персонала.

Онлайн профилактика СП. Развиваются методы дистанционного лечения психического здоровья суи-цидентов с опорой на научные данные, особо селян и иных групп с проблематичным доступом к помощи как подростки, инвалиды, представители нацменьшинств, ЛГБТ сообщества [46].

«Эффект Вертера» представляет литературоведческую придумку, но так называемый эффект Папагено (антисуицидальный эффект Сети) задействован недостаточно. Однако накоплен и систематизирован свод доказательных данных о лечебно-профилактических антикризисных вмешательствах с частично пересекающимися группами-мишенями пациентов, уклоняющихся от обычной помощи (как подростки) или дискриминированных в связи с проблематичным доступом (селяне, пожилые, инвалиды).

Региональные различия в компьютерном и высокоскоростном доступе к Сети должны быть устранены. Исследования, культурные изменения и, возможно, законодательная защита необходимы.

Телефоны доверия. По данным DailyMail.com, в крупных городах США (Лос-Анджелес, Бостон, Портленд) в марте многократно выросло количество звонков на горячую линию кризисной помощи, прямо и косвенно связанные с коронавирусом. Более трети (37%) абонентов старше 45 лет; женщины на 66% чаще звонили (более открыты помощи и тревожны?). Каждый пятый звонок о намерении суицида. Основными проблемами были беспокойство, стресс (43%), здоровье (25%), отношения (21%), одиночество или изоляция (19%).

Выделены линии, специально для переживающих по поводу коронавируса. В России: информация о ситуации с коронавирусом на сайтах стопкоронавирус.рф и доступвсем.рф. Телефон горячей линии: 8-800-2000112.

Последующий контакт особо важен для людей с положительным тестом на СОУГО-19 и с факторами риска суицида.

cy psychiatric care at the epidemic’s center. The services of online education and psychological counseling are widespread, including telephone, Internet, and applied counseling or interventions.

Along with the precautionary measures for COVID-19 in medical institutions, anticrisis treatment is important. COVID-19 screening and prophylaxis procedures that impede access to medical care (e.g., cancellation of visits, premature discharge) may include screening for mental health crises, burnout.

Online prevention of SB. Methods of remote treatment of mental health of suicides are being developed based on scientific evidence, especially villagers and other groups with problematic access to help like adolescents, people with disabilities, representatives of national minorities, and the LGBT community [46].

The «Werther effect» represents a literary notion, but the so-called Papageno effect (the anti-suicidal effect of the Net) is not sufficiently involved. However, a body of evidence has been accumulated and systematized on treatment and prophylactic of anti-crisis interventions with partially overlapping target groups of patients who shy away from ordinary care (like teenagers) or are discriminated against due to problematic access (peasants, elderly, disabled people).

Regional differences in computer and high-speed access to the Network should be eliminated. Research, cultural change, and possibly legislative protection are needed.

Help lines. According to DailyMail.com, in major US cities (Los Angeles, Boston, Portland) in March, the number of calls to the crisis assistance hotlines, directly and indirectly related to coronavirus, increased many times. More than a third (37%) of subscribers were older than 45; women are 66% more likely to call (more open to receive help and more anxious?). Every fifth call was about the intent of suicide. The main problems were anxiety, stress (43%), health (25%), relationships (21%), loneliness or isolation (19%).

Lines have been provided, especially for those suffering from the coronavirus. In Russia: information about the situation with coronavirus on the sites of stopcoronavirus.rf and dostupvsem.rf. Hotline phone: 8-800-2000112.

Follow-up contact is especially important for people with a positive COVID-19 test and suicide risk factors.

Offices of socio-psychological support should be deployed in population employment

Кабинеты социально-психологической поддержки следует развернуть в центрах занятости населения и центрах социального обслуживания, при территориальных поликлиниках развить антикризисную помощь для злоупотребляющих ПАВ, «проваливающихся меж ячей» типовой психиатрической службы, а также дифференцированные научно доказательно эффективные подходы для частично пересекающихся групп высокого риска СП (как подростков, правонарушителей, представителей нацменьшинств). С учетом гендерного парадокса СП очередной группой-мишенью лечебно-профилактических усилий становятся женщины.

Кризисные отделения. Пандемия подчеркивает важность междисциплинарного взаимодействия и важность развития сети кризисных отделений при многопрофильных больницах.

Важно неизменно обучение «вахтеров» (преподавателей, социальных работников, добровольцев). Все более активна онлайн форма обучения, тестирования, консультирования, особо во время пандемии и всегда -с учетом обширности страны.

СМИ обязаны соответствовать руководящим принципам профессионального освещения событий: открыто и откровенно сообщать об эпидемии на государственном и региональном уровнях, бороться с мифами и конспирологическими версиями («заговора»), бороться с паническими настроениями.

Популяризованный пандемией Н. Талеб [47] среди заблуждений, ведущих к необоснованной уверенности в способности прогноза, выделяет нарративные -склонность больше верить в информации из своего окружения и/или информационного поля, чем в сухую статистику.

Многие СМИ стремятся к деликатному освещению терроризма, преступности с применением оружия и стихийных бедствий, чтобы избежать нежелательной паники. Следует рассмотреть вопрос ответственного сбалансированного информирования о проблемах экономики с учётом психического здоровья и благополучия.

Должностные лица должны четко обосновать необходимость и длительность карантина, обеспечив достаточными припасами и напоминая об общественной пользе изоляции [13].

Мало сообщается в экономических новостях, что за спадами всегда следуют подъёмы, а статистика пандемии начинают с умерших. Циклические закономерности в экономических показателях нормальны и ожидаемы. И в этом смысле они могут быть хорошими временами, чтобы использовать возможности обучения и образования перед следующим подъемом.

Косвенные положительные эффекты пандемии. Урок «испанки»: при любом кризисе важно сохранять доверие, объединяющее общество.

В то время было много людей, по всей видимости, глубоко благодарных за избавление; было не слышно брани на

centers and social service centers, at territorial polyclinics to develop anti-crisis assistance for those who abuse substances as usually get passed a typical psychiatric service, as well as differentiated scientifically effective approaches for partially overlapping cross-sectional groups of high risk of SB (as adolescents, offenders, representatives of national minorities). Given the gender paradox of SB, women become the next target group of treatment and prevention efforts.

Crisis branches. The pandemic emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the importance of developing a network of crisis departments at multidiscipli-nary hospitals.

It is important to constantly train the «watchmen» (teachers, social workers, volunteers). The online form of training, testing, counseling is becoming more active, especially during a pandemic, and always — taking into account the vastness of the country.

The media must comply with the guidelines for professional coverage of events: openly and frankly report the epidemic at the state and regional levels, fight myths and conspiracy theories («conspiracies»), and fight panic.

Popularized by the pandemic N. Taleb [47], among the misconceptions leading to an unreasonable confidence in the ability of forecasting, he distinguishes narratives — the tendency to trust more the information from your environment and/or information field than dry statistics.

Many media outlets seek delicate coverage of terrorism, gun crime and natural disasters to avoid unwanted panic. Consideration should be given to responsible balanced reporting on economic issues, taking into account mental health and well-being.

Officials must clearly substantiate the need and duration of quarantine, providing sufficient supplies and recalling the public benefits of isolation [13].

There is little economic news reporting that recessions are always followed by upturns, and pandemic statistics begin with the news about those who died. Cyclic patterns in economic indicators are normal and expected. And in this sense, they can be good times to take advantage of the opportunities for training and education before the next climb.

Indirect positive effects of a pandemic. Spanish flu lesson: in any crisis, it is important to maintain the trust that unites society.

Of course, not everything goes smoothly. But at least we are all sitting in the same pit. A.Camus «The Plague».

The experience of illness and overcoming

устах… даже самые дурные люди находились под этим впечатлением. Д. Дефо «Дневник Чумного Года».

Опыт болезни и преодоления кризиса физически изолирует страны, но диалектически затем объединяет народы взаимопомощью («вакцина для всех»), повышая порог конфронтации.

Конечно, не всё идет гладко. Но зато хоть все мы в одной яме сидим. А. Камю «Чума».

Сегодня же мы должны (принуждены, обречены?) заботиться о себе и окружающих более, чем когда-либо. Ойкумена в очередной недобрый час оказалась до боли невелика. И человечество опять убедилось, что живёт в одном доме, и переезд в лучший (забудем пока Федорова и Циолковского) отложен.

Если бы страх всегда безраздельно владел людьми, никогда не было бы войн. К. Чапек «Белая болезнь»

Беби-бум. Большие семьи не роскошь, без которой можно обойтись и которую может себе позволить только богатый; это насущный хлеб, без которого нельзя жить. Как бы ни был беден человек, во всяком случае, самое худшее помещение капитала — и притом с точки зрения чисто личного интереса — капитализация части своего потомства.

Активизация общественных ресурсов. Развитие благотворительных, религиозных организаций и фондов, групп самопомощи, добровольческого движения отражает меру развитости общества и способность к консолидации в кризисе.

Повышение престижа медика и учёного (биологических наук, биотехнологий), добровольца, священнослужителя (духовника).

То, что врачи умирали от общего бедствия, вовсе не умаляет их трудов и стараний … они рисковали собственной жизнью — и действительно теряли её — в служении человечеству. Д. Дефо «Дневник Чумного Года».

Расширение онлайн информационных, обучающих (как навыкам расслабления, преодоления дистресса) программ, в том числе, в сфере психиатрии (суицидо-логии) с обратной связью и возможностями самотестирования (депрессии, риска СП) и консультации профессионалов, потенциальных пациентов и коллег.

Что делать до полного выяснения кто виноват.

Самый удобный способ познакомиться с городом — попытаться узнать, как здесь работают, как здесь любят и как здесь умирают. А. Камю «Чума».

Даже по исчезновению медицинской угрозы, людям предстоит бороться с психологическими шрамами много лет.

Для снижения риска негативных психологических последствий пандемии Центральный орган здравоохранения Китая и национальные академические общества интегрировали вмешательства по сохранению психического здоровья в развертывание общей профилактики и лечения [35].

Необходимы междисциплинарное и межведомственное международное сотрудничество и комплексный подход, учитывающий сопряженные приоритеты

the crisis physically isolates countries, but then dialectically unites peoples with mutual assistance («vaccine for all»), raising the threshold for confrontation. Today, we must (forced, doomed?) to take care of ourselves and others more than ever. Oikumena at the next unkind hour was again painfully small. And mankind again became convinced that they live in one house and the move to the best one is yet postponed (let’s forget Fedorov and Tsiolkov-sky for now).

If fear had always reigned supreme in people, there would have never been a war. K.Chapek «White disease».

Baby boom. Large families are not a luxury that can be avoided and which only the rich can afford; it is daily bread without which one cannot live. No matter how poor the person is, in any case, the worst placement of capital — and, moreover, from the point of view of purely personal interest — is capitalizing part of your offspring.

Revitalization of public resources. The development of charitable, religious organizations and foundations, self-help groups, and volunteer movements reflects a measure of the development of society and the ability to consolidate in a crisis.

Raising the prestige of a physician and scientist (biological sciences, biotechnology), volunteer, clergyman (confessor).

Expansion of online informational, educational programs (such as skills for relaxation, overcoming distress), including in the field of psychiatry (suicidology) with feedback and the possibility of self-testing (depression, risk of SB) and consultation of professionals, potential patients and colleagues.

What to do until we fully understand who is to blame.

The most convenient way to get to know the city is to try to find out how they work here, how they love here and how they die here. A.Camus «The Plague».

Even with the disappearance of the medical threat, people have to deal with psychological scars for many years.

To reduce the risk of negative psychological consequences of a pandemic, the Central Health Authority of China and national academic societies integrated mental health interventions into the deployment of general prevention and treatment [35].

An interdisciplinary and interdepartmental international cooperation and integrated approach is needed, taking into account the conjoint priorities of public health as the protection of mental health and the prevention of suicide during the global and local crises of

общественного здравоохранения как охрана психического здоровья и предотвращение самоубийств во время общемирового и местного кризисов пандемии СОУГО-19.

Специалисты в области охраны психического здоровья сталкиваются с трудностями из-за отсутствия руководств, скудных ресурсов и неадекватной подготовки для психиатрических услуг в изолированных инфекционных отделениях и больницах.

Следует обсудить ключевые моменты ведения и профилактики психических расстройств, вызванных или проявившихся пандемией [20].

Рассмотреть, развить и по необходимости адаптировать китайский протокол неотложной психиатрической помощи при СОУГО-19. Международные и национальные организации, как Всемирная психиатрическая ассоциация и Российское общество психиатров, должны разработать руководящие принципы кризисных психологических вмешательств, организовать группы экспертов для координации ресурсов психической (суицидологической) помощи.

Масштабные эпидемиологические обследования должны проводиться для изучения психических расстройств и СП, связанных с пандемией СОУГО-19 в возрастных, профессиональных и клинических группах риска (как пожилые, перенесшие СОУГО-19, персонал передовой линии медицинской помощи).

Ведущие научно-исследовательские организации, обладающие экспертным опытом в области охраны психического здоровья и кризисных вмешательств (как НМИЦ ПН им. В.П. Сербского), поделятся рекомендациями со странами с низким и средним уровнем дохода, затронутыми СОУГО-19 (прежде всего, страны СНГ, для которых НМИЦ ПН — базовое учреждение). При своевременном и тесном сотрудничестве с различными странами и учреждениями проблемы психического здоровья и СП, актуализированные пандемией СОУГО-19, могут быть адекватно решены.

У пандемий краткосрочные и долгосрочные взаимосвязанные социально — экономические и медицинские (психолого-психиатрические) последствия. Пандемия высвечивает существующие и новые препятствия на пути к услугам. Лицам с психическими заболеваниями и расстройствами, связанными с употреблением ПАВ до пандемии, а также недавно пострадавшим требуются специализированная помощь.

Уроки пандемий: окольцевать «чёрного лебедя».

Никогда такого не было, и вот опять. В. Черномырдин.

Пандемия коронавируса медицинская проблема и травмирующая реальность нового века. Пока вряд ли пройден пик пандемии и уточняется источник СоУ-2 (не схож с вирусом инфлюэнцы, и предыдущие и дальнейшие сопоставления с пандемиями гриппа в аспектах масштабов, динамики и последствий доста-

the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mental health professionals face difficulties due to the lack of guidelines, scarce resources and inadequate training for psychiatric services in isolated infection wards and hospitals.

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The key points to manage and prevent mental disorders caused by or resulting in a pandemic should be discussed [20].

Consider, develop, and adapt as needed the Chinese emergency psychiatric protocol with COVID-19. International and national organizations, such as the World Psychiatric Association and the Russian Society of Psychiatrists, should develop guidelines for crisis psychological interventions and organize expert groups to coordinate mental (suicidologi-cal) care resources.

Large-scale epidemiological studies should be conducted to study the mental disorders and SB associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in age, occupational and clinical risk groups (such as the elderly who have undergone COVID-19, front-line medical care personnel).

Leading research organizations with expert experience in the field of mental health and crisis interventions (such as V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology» of the Ministry of Health of Russia) share recommendations with low-and middle-income countries affected by COVID-19 (primarily, CIS countries for which V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology» of the Ministry of Health of Russia is the basic institution). With timely and close cooperation with various countries and institutions, mental health problems and SB updated by the COVID-19 pandemic can be adequately addressed.

Pandemics have short-term and long-term interconnected socio-economic and medical (psychological-psychiatric) consequences. A pandemic highlights existing and emerging barriers to services. Individuals with mental illnesses and disorders associated with substance abuse before the pandemic, as well as recently injured people, need specialized help.

Lessons from pandemics: ring the «black swan».

This has never happened, and here it comes again. V. Chernomyrdin.

Coronavirus pandemic is a medical problem and the traumatic reality of the new century. So far, the peak of the pandemic is unlikely to have been passed and the source of SARS-CoV-2 is being specified (the influenza virus is not similar, and previous and further com-

точно условны).

Но,

Тот, кто не помнит своего прошлого, осуждён на то, чтобы пережить его вновь. Сантаяма,

Наука начала ХХ века полагала, что две пандемии гриппа — не последние и беспомощно наблюдала за смерчем «испанки», унесшей более людей (возможно, 50-100 млн1), чем любая война в истории. Население мира в 1918 г. составляло менее трети (28%) нынешнего. Сравнимые потери сегодня составили бы 175-350 млн. Для сравнения: СПИД убил около 25 млн человек, и, оценочно, 40 млн заражены. Возможно, штамм пандемии H1N1 (свиной грипп) — наследие 1918-19 гг. Человечество приобрело опыт пандемий, знание вирусов гриппа, вакцины и противовирусные препараты, что не прибавило «сверхуверенности».

Опустошения COVID-19 не сопоставимы с шлейфом эпидемии SARS 2003 г. более 8000 инфекций и 800 смертей в мире в 26 странах [48] и обузданной за 9 месяцев.

Симптомы посттравматического стресса умеренной — тяжелой степеней отмечены в наиболее пострадавших от эпидемии атипичной пневмонии районах [49].

Отмечено и влияние эпидемий MERS, H1N1 и Эболы на психическое здоровье, включая депрессию и расстройства, связанные с употреблением ПАВ [13].

Нехватка ресурсов и перебои продовольствия, дискриминация, недостаточный опыт работы с потоком инфицированных и больных усугубили страдания и психические проблемы в отдельных группах уязвимых граждан.

Данные вышеупомянутого опроса Y. Zhang и Z. Ma (2020) неделю вслед «закрытия» Уханя соответствуют данным J. Lau и соавт. [50] о качестве жизни и психическом здоровье жителей Гонконга после эпидемии SARS-2003.

Усиление финансового и семейного гнета в бедствии способствует избегающему поведению, пассивному образу жизни, приводящему к отказу и отсрочке помощи. Напротив, усиление социальной и семейной поддержки, позитивные сдвиги образа жизни служат защитными и терапевтическими факторами психического благополучия и качества жизни. Одной из возможных причин этих выводов было то, что во время пандемии темпы развития всего общества замедлились. Это могло бы создать больше возможностей и времени среди членов сообщества для поддержки и заботы друг о друге.

При пандемии 1918-19 гг. молодые составили группы наибольшего риска смерти (они же неизменно — в группе наибольшего риска суицида).

parisons with influenza pandemics in terms of scale, dynamics and consequences are rather arbitrary).

But,

He who does not remember his past is condemned to relive it again. Santayama.

Science at the beginning of the twentieth century believed that two pandemic flues were not the last and helplessly watched the tornado of the Spanish flu that claimed more people (perhaps 50-100 millionsl) than any war in history. The world population in 1918 was less than a third (28%) of the current. Comparable losses today would amount to 175-350 million. For comparison: AIDS killed about 25 million people, and 40 million are estimated to be infected. Perhaps the H1N1 pandemic strain (swine flu) is a legacy of 1918-19. Mankind gained the experience of pandemics, knowledge of influenza viruses, vaccines and antiviral drugs, which did not add «overconfi-dence».

The devastation of COVID-19 is not comparable with the plume of the 2003 SARS epidemic of more than 8,000 infections and 800 deaths worldwide in 26 countries [48] and curbed in 9 months.

Symptoms of moderate to severe posttraumatic stress were noted in the areas most affected by the SARS epidemic [49].

The effect of the MERS, H1N1, and Ebola epidemics on mental health was also noted, including depression and substance abuse disorders [13].

Lack of resources and food shortages, discrimination, lack of experience with the flow of infected and sick people exacerbated the suffering and mental problems in certain groups of vulnerable citizens.

The data of the aforementioned survey of Y. Zhang and Z. Ma (2020) a week after the «closure» of Wuhan correspond to the data of J. Lau et al. [50] on the quality of life and mental health of Hong Kong residents following the SARS 2003 epidemic.

Strengthening financial and family oppression in distress contributes to avoiding behavior, a passive lifestyle, leading to the refusal and delay of assistance. On the contrary, increased social and family support, positive changes in lifestyle serve as protective and therapeutic factors for mental well-being and quality of life. One possible reason for these findings was that during the pandemic, the pace of development of the whole society slowed down. This could create more opportunities and time among community members to support and care for each other.

1 По подсчетам Ф. Бёрнета, лауреата Нобелевской премии по иммунологии / According to estimates by F. Burnett, Nobel laureate in immunology.

Звезда кинематографа Вера Холодная (25) «сгорела», как жила — за несколько дней. «В Одессе была настоящая эпидемия, и болезнь протекала очень тяжело, а у Веры как-то особенно тяжко, — делилась сестра Софья. — Профессора говорили, что «испанка» протекает у неё как лёгочная чума. Всё было сделано для её спасения. Как ей хотелось жить!».

Заболел подростком и книжный, но такой тёплый Саня Григорьев, а вслед — менингитом.

Я был при смерти, дважды меня как безнадёжного отгораживали от других больных ширмой. Синюха — верный признак смерти — была у меня такая, что все доктора, кроме одного, махнули рукой. В. Каверин «Два капитана».

Скоро за юной беременной женой умер от «испанки» художник Эгон Шиле (28).

В нынешней пандемии происходит сдвиг смертности к лицам до 65 лет и молодым в широком диапазоне 20-500 на 100000 человек [51].

Но если пандемия коронавируса будет похожа на пандемию 1957 или 1968 гг., ответ не очевиден. Пандемический возрастной сдвиг поднимает ключевой вопрос, известный при сортировке: кто должен первым получать вакцины и противовирусные препараты при их дефиците. Видимо, с позиции ресурсосбережения, у молодых трудоспособных приоритет . и детей, чтобы косвенно уменьшить влияние вируса на пожилых. Но как объяснить отсрочку помощи всем желающим в панике, как при посадке на последнюю спасательную шлюпку.

Смертность не подобна девятому валу с последующим штилем: в пандемиях некий знак предупреждения. В трёх пандемиях гриппа ХХ века большинство смертей пришлось в первые 6-12 месяцев появления вируса. В 1918 г. волна смертности прошла за полгода до основной.

Неоднозначен «побочный» эффект кризиса коро-навируса в аспекте СП. Невозможно точно предсказать воздействие пандемии, но нет доказательств, что УС резко возрастёт или число погибших превысит смерти от коронавируса. Показатели безработицы, бедности и бездомности связаны с риском СП, но опосредованно, и риск СП, как и вируса не носит всеобщий характер. «Само собой» у самоубийства последствия для семьи жертвы, окружающих, но не передается как вирус, что усложняет прогноз масштабов СП.

Молодые несоразмерно заражены пандемическими новыми штаммами, и интенсивный и своевременный эпиднадзор за вирусом в изолятах детей и молодых с тяжелыми последствиями инфекции поможет обнаружению пандемической активности, даст время для производства и распространения вакцин и противовирусных препаратов. То же верно и для мониторинга СП в группах риска (клинических, возрастных). В зоне

During the pandemic of 1918-19 the young constituted the groups at greatest risk of death (they are invariably at the highest risk of suicide).

The movie star Vera Kholodnaya (25) «burned out» in just a few days, just like she lived. «There was a real epidemic in Odessa, and the disease ran with complications, and for Vera it was somehow especially difficult,» sister Sophia shared. «The professors said that the Spanish flu took form of pneumonic plague for her … Everything was done to save her. How much she wanted to live!»

Bookish but so homey Sanya Grigoryev fell ill being a teenager, and after that he got ill with meningitis.

I was dying, twice as a hopeless I was fenced off from other patients with a screen. My skin was so blue — a sure sign of death — that all the doctors but one didn’t even try to save me… V. Kaverin «Two captains «.

Soon after his young pregnant wife, Egon Schiele the artist died of the Spanish flu (28).

In the current pandemic, there is a shift in mortality to people under 65 years of age and young people in a wide range of 20-500 per 100,000 people [51].

But if the coronavirus pandemic is similar to the 1957 or 1968 pandemic, the answer is not obvious. The pandemic age shift raises a key question known in sorting: who should be the first to receive vaccines and antiviral drugs when they are deficient. Apparently, from the standpoint of resource-saving, young able-bodied people have priority … and children, in order to indirectly reduce the effect of the virus on the elderly. But how to explain the delay in helping everyone in panic, like when boarding the last lifeboat.

Mortality is not like the ninth shaft followed by a still: pandemics itself is a warning sign. In three twentieth-century influenza pandemics, most deaths occurred in the first 6-12 months of the virus. In 1918, there was a wave of mortality for six months before the main one.

The side effect of the coronavirus crisis in the aspect of SB is ambiguous. It is impossible to accurately predict the impact of the pandemic, but there is no evidence that the LS will increase dramatically, or the death toll will exceed death from coronavirus. Indicators of unemployment, poverty and homelessness are associated with the risk of SB, but indirectly, and the risk of SB, like the virus, is not universal. Of course, self-murder has consequences for the victim’s family, others, but is not transmitted as a virus, which complicates the prognosis of the extent of SB.

Young people are disproportionately infected with pandemic new strains, and intensive and timely surveillance of the virus in isolation places for children and adolescents with severe consequences of the infection can

риска социально уязвимые группы (их высвечивает любое национальное бедствие) как психически больные, но зарегистрированные — позволяют некоторое наблюдение и помощь. Особого внимания требуют теснящиеся в казармах, пенитенциарных учреждениях, больницах, интернатах. Увы, из эпиднадзора (и антикризисного лечения) ускользают наиболее нуждающиеся и не охваченные какой-либо помощью (бездомные, безработные).

Оценка «вклада» коронавируса в суицидологическую ситуацию на национальном и региональном (более реально) осложнена в связи с многофакторностью и относительной эпидемиологической редкостью СП. Так, повышение УС на одну единицу означает «прирост» 10 суицидов за год в городе-миллионнике или 10в поселении на 10 тыс. человек. Важно выявить тенденцию, а не кратковременную вспышку. Более зрима динамика УС в регионах с относительно малыми показателями суицидов. В рецессивных регионах с хронической экономической стагнацией и депопуляцией «вклад» короновируса может быть не столь заметен при некой адаптации к стрессовым событиям («не жили богато — не придётся и привыкать»), малой доступности медицинской помощи и эпидемиологического учета. Показатели смертности и УС могут быть повышены ряд лет. Более того, региональные УС могут быть повышены отставлено, по миновании острой фазы пандемии, особо в группах риска СП.

Пандемии гриппа 1957 и 1968 гг. соответствовали моделям сезонности, давая одному полушарию дополнительные 6 месяцев на подготовку. В северном полушарии УС, как правило, наибольший — в конце весны и начале лета, что совпадет с пиковыми усилиями профилактики СОУГО-19.

События подчеркивают научно-практическую важность регионального суицидологического регистра [52] для обоснования и организации целевой антикризисной помощи.

Будет ли грядущая пандемия похожа на пережитые и переживаемую? Специалисты следят за психическим здоровьем нации и отдельных граждан, чтобы увидеть первыми, сохранятся ли тенденции прошлого в будущем. Миру людей предстоит жить с новым глобальным вызовом в обозримом будущем и должно соответственно адаптироваться, ибо нет гарантий, что вакцина от этого штамма вируса будет разработана в ближайшие годы.

Поэтому о панацее.

… В завершение волны чумы (и это проходит) доктор Риэ задаётся вопросом: сможет ли человечество ценою страданий обрести душевный покой. Луч

detect pandemic activity, will give time for the production and distribution of vaccines and antiviral drugs. The same is true for monitoring SB in risk groups (clinical, age). Socially vulnerable groups (they are highlighted by any national disaster) such as mentally ill are in the risk zone, but if they are registered it allows some observation and help. Crowding in the barracks, prisons, hospitals, and boarding schools require special attention. Alas, the most needy and not covered by any help (homeless, unemployed) are slipping out of surveillance (and anti-crisis treatment).

Assessing the «contribution» of corona-virus to the suicidological situation at the national and regional (more realistic) levels is complicated due to the multifactorial nature and relative epidemiological rarity of SB. Thus, an increase of LS by a single unit means an «increase» of 10 suicides per year in a million population city or 10 in a settlement of 10 thousand people. It is important to identify a trend, not a short-term outbreak. The dynamics of the LS is more visible in regions with relatively low suicide rates. In recessive regions with chronic economic stagnation and depopulation, the «contribution» of coronavirus may not be so noticeable with some adaptation to stressful events («you haven’t lived richly -you don’t have to get used to it»), the availability of medical care and epidemiological records is low. Mortality rates and the LS can be increased for a number of years. Moreover, regional LS can be delayed in increase, bypassing the acute phase of the pandemic, especially in risk groups for SB.

1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics corresponded to seasonality models, giving one hemisphere an additional 6 months to prepare. In the northern hemisphere, the LS is usually the highest in late spring and early summer, which coincides with the peak prevention efforts of COVID-19.

Events emphasize the scientific and practical importance of the regional suicidological registrar [52] for the justification and organization of targeted anti-crisis assistance.

Will the upcoming pandemic resemble those experienced and the one being experienced? Specialists monitor the mental health of the nation and individual citizens to see first whether trends in the past will continue in the future. The world of people has to live with a new global challenge in the foreseeable future and must adapt accordingly, because there is no guarantee that a vaccine for this strain of the virus will be developed in the coming years.

Therefore, a panacea.

… At the end of the plague wave (and this will pass), Dr. Rie wonders if humanity can find peace of mind at the cost of suffering.

надежды меж абсолютно чёрными поверхностями (это и есть жизнь) скептик Камю нам дарит:

есть на свете нечто, к чему нужно стремиться всегда, и, что иногда даётся в руки, — человеческая нежность.

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Camus the skeptic gives us a ray of hope between absolutely black surfaces (this is life):

there is something in the world that one must always strive for, and sometimes that is sometimes given to us — human tenderness.

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23. Психическое здоровье и психосоциальные аспекты в условиях вспышки COVID-19. Версия 1.5 17 марта 2020 г. Рабочая группа Межведомственного постоянного комитета по психическому здоровью и психосоциальной поддержке в условиях чрезвычайной ситуации, ВОЗ, 2020: 16. [Mental health and psychosocial aspects in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak. Version 1.5 March 17, 2020 Interagency standing Committee working group on mental health and psychosocial support in an emergency, who, 2020: 16] (In Russ)

24. Dohrenwend B.P. Inventorying Stressful Life Events as Risk Factors for Psychopathology: Toward Resolution of the Problem of Intracategory Variability. Psychol Bull. 2006; 132 (3): 477495.

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26. Holmes T.H., Rahe R.H. The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosom Res. 1967; 11: 213-218.

27. Meyer A. The life chart and the obligation of specifying positive data in psychopathogical diagnosis. Winters EG, ed. The collected papers of Adolf Meyer. Medical teaching. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 1951; 3: 53.

28. Van Orden K.A., Witte T.K., Cukrowicz K.C., et al. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010; 117 (2): 575-600.

29. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults Opportunities for the Health Care System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2020.

30. Любов Е.Б., Магурдумова Л.Г., Цупрун В.Е. Суицидальное поведение пожилых. Суицидология. 2016: 8 (26): 3-16. [Lyubov E.B., Маgurdumova L.G., Tsuprun V.E. Suicide behavior in older adults. Suicidology. 2016: 8 (26): 3-16.] (In Russ)

31. Разводовский Ю.Е. Влияние ценового регулирования доступности алкоголя на уровень суицидов в России. Девиан-тология. 2019; 3 (2): 9-12. [Razvodovsky Y.E. The effects of alcohol pricing policy on suicide rates in Russia. Deviant Behavior (Russia). 2019; 3 (2): 9-12.] (In Russ)

32. Xiang Y.-T., Zhao Y.-J., Liu Z.-H., et al. The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform. Int J Biol Sci. 2020; 16 (10): 1741-1744.

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

33. Dutheil F., Aubert C., Pereira B., et al. Suicide among physicians and health-care workers. PLoS One. 2019; 14 (12): e0226361.

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35. Xiang Y.T., Jin Y., Cheung T. Joint International Collaboration to Combat Mental Health Challenges During the Coronavirus Dis-

ease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online April 10, 2020.

36. Bai Y., Lin C.C., Lin C.Y., et al. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55 (9): 1055-1057.

37. Chua S.E., Cheung V., Cheung C., et al. Psychological effects of the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong on high-risk health care workers. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49 (6): 391-393.

38. Lee A.M., Wong J.G., McAlonan G.M., et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry. 2007; 52 (4): 233-240.

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40. Chan-Yeung M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and healthcare workers. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004; 10 (4): 421-427.

41. Mok E., Chung B.P., Chung J.W., Wong T.K. An exploratory study of nurses suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Int JNursPract. 2005; 11 (4): 150-160.

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pects). M.: RIO «FGU GNC SSP im. V.P. Serbskogo», 2010.] (In Russ)

45. Reger MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE. Suicide Mortality and Coro-navirus Disease 2019 — A Perfect Storm? JAMA Psychiatry. 2020.

46. Любов Е.Б., Палаева Р.И. «Молодые» суициды и интернет: хороший, плохой, злой. Суицидология. 2018; 9 (2): 72-81. [Lyubov E.B., Palayeva R.I. Suicides of youth and internet: the good, the bad and the ugly. Suicidology. 2018; 9 (2): 72-81.] (In Russ)

47. Taleb N.N. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable» New York Times, April 22, 2007.

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50. Lau J.T., Yang X., Tsui H.Y., et al. Positive mental health-related impacts of the SARS epidemic on the general public in Hong Kong and their associations with other negative impacts. J. Infect. 2006; 53: 114-124.

51. The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Knobler S.L., Mack A., Mahmoud A., Lemon S.M., eds. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2005.

52. Зотов П.Б. Опыт системного суицидологического учета: первичная документация. Академический журнал Западной Сибири. 2011; 6: 13-16. [Zotov P.B. Experience of system sui-cidological accounting: primary documentation. Academic journal of Western Siberia. 2011; 6: 13-16.] (In Russ)

PANDEMICS AND SUICIDE: A PERFECT STORM AND A MOMENT OF TRUTH

E.B. Lyubov1, P.B. Zotov2, 1Moscow Institute of Psychiatry — branch of National medical research centre of psychiatry q q Polozh 1 and narcology by name V.P. Serbsky, Moskow, Russia; lyubov.evgeny@mail.ru

2Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia; note722yandex.ru

Abstract:

Based on scientific, relevant epidemiological data, WHO documents and a summary of recent media reports, the review shows the neuro-psychiatric and suicidological manifestations and consequences of the coronavirus pandemic in the context of socio-economic and psychological shocks; obstacles and reserves of anti-crisis assistance with an emphasis on the possibility of remote assistance in the general population and in target groups — of high risk of mental disorders and suicidal behavior. From this perspective, with a certain degree of caution, pessimal and optimal (preferred) options for shifts in the public consciousness, structure and functions of crisis services with analogies of the experience of pandemics experienced by humanity are suggested.

Keywords: pandemic, coronavirus, mental disorders, suicidal behavior, prevention

Вклад авторов:

Е.Б. Любое: разработка дизайна исследования, обзор публикаций, написание и редактирование текста рукописи; П.Б. Зотов: обзор публикаций по теме статьи, написание и редактирование текста рукописи; Б.С. Положий: редактирование текста рукописи.

Authors’ contributions:

E.B. Lyubov: developing the research design, reviewing of publications, article writing, article editing; P.B. Zotov: reviewing of publications of the article’s theme; article writing, article editing; B.S. Polozhy: article editing.

Финансирование : Данное исследование не имело финансовой поддержки. Financing: The study was performed without external funding.

Конфликт интересов: Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Статья поступила / Article received: 26.04.2020. Принята к публикации / Accepted for publication: 11.05.2020.

Для цитирования: Любов Е.Б., Зотов П.Б., Положий Б.С. Пандемии и суицид: идеальный шторм и момент истины. Суицидология. 2020; 11 (1): 3-38. doi.org/10.32878/suiciderus.20-11-01(38)-3-38

For citation: Lyubov E.B., Zotov P.B., Polozhy B.S. Pandemics and suicide: a perfect storm and a moment of truth. Suicidol-

ogy. 2020; 11 (1): 3-38. (In Russ) doi.org/10.32878/suiciderus.20-11-01(38)-3-38

Новый пробный тренировочный вариант №7 КИМ №211129 в форме решу ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку 11 класс для подготовки на 100 баллов от 29 ноября 2021 года. Данный тренировочный тест составлен по новой демоверсии ФИПИ экзамена ЕГЭ 2022 года, к тренировочным заданиям прилагаются правильные ответы и решения.

скачать вариант с ответами

Решу ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку 11 класс вариант №211129:

Задания и ответы для варианта ЕГЭ 2022:

1)Peer-pressure, as described by the author, is … 1) a strong factor which can predetermine a student’s career choice. 2) a fashion with teens who are choosing a career path. 3) a temporary phenomenon which ends with school without any further effect. 4) a serious problem when a student suffers bullying from their peers.

2)The author warns students against … 1) having role-models. 2) relying on themselves. 3) being demanding to their parents. 4) blindly following authoritative advice

3)The aim of a psychometric test is … 1) to suggest a range of interests for the student to choose from. 2) to give a general psychological portrait of the student. 3) to match the student’s abilities and interests. 4) to place the student into the right kind of job.

4)By ‘anti-propaganda’ the author means that a career counselor has the right … 1) to label some jobs as less preferable. 2) to show the downside of the students’ hasty decisions. 3) to point to ill-advised choices. 4) to forbid the students to dream about a certain job.

5)The major role of a career counselor in schools is … 1) to test students. 2) to raise the students’ potential. 3) to navigate the students’ search for a dream career. 4) to encourage students in their career choices.

6)At the stage of accommodation, the students may treat career counseling as … 1) humiliating. 2) odd. 3) annoying. 4) unnecessary.

7)They came for me. Ungraciously and ungently, with blow and curse, they ____________ me forth, and I faced Captain Jamie and Warden Atherton, themselves arrayed with the strength of half a dozen state-bought, tax-paid brutes of guards who lingered in the room to do any bidding. (HALE)

8)But they ___________________. “Sit down,” said Warden Atherton, indicating a stout armchair. (NOT NEED)

9)I, beaten and sore, without water for a night long and a day long, faint with hunger, weak from a beating that ____________ to five days in the dungeon and eighty hours in the jacket, oppressed by the calamity of human fate, apprehensive of what was to happen to me from what I had seen happen to the others— (ADD)

10)I, a wavering waif of a human man and an erstwhile professor of agronomy in a quiet college town, I ________ to accept the invitation to sit down. (HESITATE)

11)Warden Atherton __________ a large man and a very powerful man. (BE)

12)His hands flashed out to a grip on my shoulders. I was a straw in his strength. He lifted me clear of the floor and crashed me down in the chair. “Now,” he said, while I ______ and swallowed my pain, “tell me all about it, Standing. Spit it out—all of it if you know what’s healthy for you.” (GASP)

13)“I don’t know anything about what ___________________ . . .”, I began. That was as far as I got. With a growl and a leap he was upon me. Again he lifted me in the air and crashed me down into the chair. (HAPPEN)

14)Why, toward the last I would have given a large portion of my ______________ soul for a few pounds of dynamite to which I could confess. (MORTAL)

15)I do not know how many chairs were broken by my body. I fainted times without number, and toward the last the whole thing became _________ (NIGHTMARE)

16)I was half-carried, half-shoved and dragged back to the dark. There, when I became _____________, I found a stool in my dungeon. He was a pallid-faced, little dope-fiend of a short-timer who would do anything to obtain the drug. (CONSCIENCE)

17)The outburst of imprecations that went up would have shaken the fortitude of a __________ man than Ignatius Irvine. (BRAVE)

Другие пробные варианты ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку 11 класс:

Тренировочные варианты ЕГЭ по английскому языку 11 класс задания с ответами

ПОДЕЛИТЬСЯ МАТЕРИАЛОМ

Раздел 1. Аудирование

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. I’m afraid of becoming overweight.
2. I want a stable financial position.
3. I might get held at gunpoint.
4. I’m concerned about my parents.

1. I want to stay fit for years to come.
2. I feel upset by my friend’s problems.
3. I’m anxious to get a decent job.

Говорящий	A	В	С	D	E	F
Утверждение

1. Вы услышите разговор подруг. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений 1-7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. Carter wants to discuss with Holly professor Label’s lectures.

1) True        2) False        3) Not stated

2. Holly is ready to give her notes to Carter till tomorrow.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

3. Carter is too tired during the morning classes.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

4. Carter failed his last exam.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

5. Holly and Carter are going to meet in the library later
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

6. Holly and Carter like Professor Label’s slides.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

7. Holly and Carter are going to have some ice cream in the evening.

1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

1. Вы услышите рассказ студента. В заданиях 8-14 обведите цифру 1, 3, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите дважды.

8    Fred describes the outgoing year as the one which

1. brought him new financial problems.
2. seriously changed his whole life.
3. marked the end of his construction business.

9    Fred worked with the children who

1. lacked some physical ability.
2. attended a weekend school.
3. had to stay in a hospital.

10    When dealing with the children Fred was instructed to

1. be aware of their depression.
2. try to avoid getting them excited.
3. behave in the usual way.

ll    The new experience helped Fred to become more

1. persistant.
2. determined in doing what he wanted.
3. patient.

12    Fred says that before becoming a father he was particularly good at

1. loosing the time.
2. spending the leisure hours.
3. entertaining his friends.

13    The parenthood made Fred

1. pay more attention to sports activities.
2. spend less time at work.
3. more responsible.

14    Fred mentions as his special father’s talent the ability

1. to understand his wife.
2. for a sound sleep.
3. to calm down a crying child.

Раздел 2. Чтение

1. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Controlling skies
2. Lack of safety
3. Bicycle is faster
4. Office at home

1. Blocked roads
2. Paid roads
3. Improving railways
4. Buses instead of cars

A.        The world’s first public passenger railway was built in Great Britain in 1826 and
ran between the industrial north-eastern towns of Stockton and Darlington. After
180 years’ experience the British say that their trains still don’t seem to run
efficiently or even safely. On average, about 500 accidents with broken rail tracks
happen in the country every year.

B.        The British government is promising to give £33.5 billion to modernise the
railways before 2010. Another £30 billion is to come from the private sector. The
main target is to increase safety and speed. For example, new London-to-Scotland
high-speed trains significantly reduce journey times and in 2004 a warning system
was installed throughout the country.

C.        Statistics show that only 12% of all journeys made in Britain are by public
transport. The remaining 88% are made by car. Every year British people spend
about two weeks travelling to and from work including nine days in their own
cars. But anyone will say this isn’t a quick and easy way to travel. In fact, a
journey from London to Manchester frequently takes seven hours. A cyclist could
get there quicker.

D.        Every year there are about half a million traffic jams in Britain. That is nearly
10,000 a week. There are hundreds of big traffic jams every day. According to
the forecast, the number of jams will grow by 20 per cent over the next ten years.
Nearly a quarter British people find themselves in a jam every day and 55 per
cent at least once a week.

E.        Nowadays many British people take their children to school by car. Twenty years
ago, nearly one in three primary school children made their own way to school.
Now only one child in nine makes their own way. During the school year at 08:50
a.m. one car in five on the roads in any British town is taking children to school.
The solution could be special school buses widely used in the USA.

F.        Many scientists hope that new technologies allowing more people to work at home
may help with traffic problems. Fewer people will work from 9 to 5 and travel to
and from work during the rush hour. But only 15% of people now want to spend
more time working at home. The workplace is, for many people, a place to meet
other people and to talk to them, so they would miss it if they worked from home.

G. In 1903, the Wright brothers made the first aeroplane flight. It only lasted 12 seconds but changed the world forever. A century later, air travel is no longer a miracle, it is part of everyday life. One billion air passengers now fly every year — that’s equivalent to a sixth of the world’s population. To make sure everything runs smoothly, there are special air traffic control centres in each country which watch every aeroplane.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

1. Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания 1-6.В каждом задании обведите букву a, b, c или d, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Cry-Baby

It was almost midnight before they got around to giving the Oscars to the really well-known personalities. At first a series of guest stars had awarded the prizes: to the best designer, to the best special-effects man, for the best technical invention for motion pictures during the year, and to all the other people, so unknown outside the industry, but so significant within it.

I looked around the theatre, recognizing most of the weighty faces in the business, but not caring much. You see, I was pretty nervous. Myra Caldwell, whom I had brought to the ceremony, was sitting there beside me, and right across the aisle was Joan Weyland. Now, to get the picture properly, you have to remember that during that particular year Myra had played the sensational supporting role in The Devil Loses and had been called the greatest find in the history of pictures. But that was the same year that Joan Weyland had stolen a big picture called Calumet Centre right out from under the nose of one of the most famous female stars in the industry. The only other actress nominated was not given much chance. Now in a few minutes, they were going to announce who had won the Oscar for the Best Supporting Actress of the year. It was the hottest Contest and everybody was aware of it. Furthermore, it was no secret that the two leading contestants would be delighted to boil each other in oil — win, lose, or draw. And here they were across the aisle from each other. Do you get why I was nervous?

Then the lights went down. They were going to run short scenes from the pictures for which the actors and actresses had been nominated. The supporting-actress pictures were coming on, and here was Joan Weyland in her grand scene from Calumet Centre. The audience started to applaud as soon as they saw her.

After that they ran a short episode from Whirlwind, showing the other nominee, a refugee actress called Tanya Braden. I had never seen the picture of the actress, and the picture hadn’t made much money, but there was no doubt she could act! She played the star’s mother and she made you believe it.

Then they ran Myra’s big moment in The Devil Loses. After it was over, I tried to guess who had the biggest chance.

«I think I won,» Myra said to me.

The lights went up. The old actor, who had won the Supporting Actor award the year before, came through the curtains and prepared to present the award. I didn’t see how I was going to live through the next few minutes. He got the envelope and began opening it very slowly.

He was loving every second of it, the old man. Then he looked at the little piece of paper.

«The Winner,» he said, then paused again, «is Miss Tanya Braden, for her performance in Whirlwind.»

Well, I’m not too sure about the sequence of events that followed. I don’t reme: the applause, because Joan let out a loud cry from across the aisle that drownec everything else. Then Myra started to cry. I don’t mean cry like the ordinary pei but I mean cry so that the building shook.

Then Joan jumped to her feet and started out, and her mother accompanied But I couldn’t do anything with Myra. The show was interrupted and the v theatre was staring at her. I picked her up and carried her out.

It wasn’t a very pleasant performance, but I think there is some excuse. Afte: Joan is 8 years old, and Myra is only 6, and she isn’t used to being up so late, a little on her side anyway. And why not? I’m her father.

1.    At the beginning of the Oscar ceremony prizes were awarded

1. to the most famous stars among the winners.
2. to the best director.
3. for the best film.
4. to the secondary members of shooting crews.

2.     Joan Weyland and Myra Caldwell were present at the ceremony because they

1. had both played in one film which had an Oscar nomination.
2. had been nominated as two of the Best Supporting Actresses of the year.
3. wanted to see the well-known personalities of the film industry.
4. accompanied the nominees.

3.     The phrase Myra «had been called the greatest find in the history of pictures» n that

1. she found the best way to perform her role.
2. she was awarded with a prize for the best performance in the history of cine
3. her debut was called very successful.
4. she revealed sensational facts in the film «The Devil Loses».

4.    «Calumet Centre» was

1. a picture by some popular artist.
2. a film in which a famous actor starred.
3. a picture painted by a famous female star.
4. a film in which Joan was given a role instead of a famous actress.

1.     The narrator describes the relations between Joan and Myra as

1. friendship.
2. rivalry.
3. sympathy.
4. partnership.

1.   The narrator liked the performance of the third nominee, Tanya Braden, becaux

1. played her part very convincingly.
2. was very beautiful.
3. was a well-known actress.
4. played as a partner of a world-famous star.

Раздел3. Грамматика и лексика.

1.  Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 1-7. Эти, номера соответствуют заданиям 1-7, в которых представлены возмог варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Father Feels Starved

In the summers, when we went to the country, we usually hired a temporary to go with us, so that Margaret could stay in town. We hated to leave her, but the idea was that somebody must stay to (1) _________ care of the house.

But this didn’t work well. No matter how few the substitute’s faults were, Father had no patience with them. One summer, I remember, there was a nice woman Delia who got on well with Mother because she was so obliging and pleasant, but who didn’t (2) _________ Father at all. «I don’t give a damn how obliging she is,» he (3) _________ to say. «If she won’t oblige me by cooking something fit to eat, she can go.»

This didn’t sound unreasonable, but to (4) _________ the truth, Delia cooked well enough for the rest of us. Mother tried to ((5) ___________ no attention to Father’s

grumbling. At breakfast Father would put down his coffee cup in disgust and roar: «Does she call this confounded mess coffee? Take it away!» And while Mother and Delia were frantically making a fresh pot, he would eat all of his omelet and bacon, and then declare that he was starved.

The longer Delia stayed with us, the more alarmed Father became. He ate heartily, but he said he didn’t feel nourished. At last Mother had to (6) _______

that it was impossible to go on like this. «This is Delia’s last night. I do hope you will like Tobo they say, he is a very good cook.»

The next night, Father found out, that the first dish was too Oriental and the meat underdone. So Mother sent for Margaret. She knew she could always depend (7) _______ Margaret.

1)        help

1)        agree

1)        held

1)        speak

1) pay

1) dremt

2)make 2) suit

2) kept 2) talk

2) draw 2)adopt

3) give

3) fit

3) used

3) say

3) bring 3)decide

4) take

4) match

4) took

4) tell

4) turn

4) promise

1) in                     2) on                  3) at                     4) of

1. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 8-12, так чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 8-12.

The Climate of Russia

Russia has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia _____________ in the North Temperature Zone.	SITUATE
The climate is continental; however, the fluctuations in temperature are          than in other European countries.	GREAT
The extreme north is a cold bare region — the tundra. For more than six months it ___________________in snow.	BURY
This region can be called the land of ____________ rivers.	FREEZE
In May the temperature begins to rise.  The gloomy nights is succeeded by continuous daylight, when the sun ___________ below the horizon for several month.	NOT SINK

1. Прочитайте  приведенный  ниже  текст. Образуйте от  слов,  напечатаннъ заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 13-17, однокорень слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали сс жанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый прот соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 13—17.

Tourism in Australia

The growth of tourism infrastructure related to the base of Ayer Rock, or Uluru began in the 1950s. Soon it started to produce adverse          impacts.	ENVIRONMENT
It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all                   accommodation-related tourist facilities and re-establish them    outside the park. In 1975, a ________________of 104 square   kilometres of land beyond the park’s northern boundary was chosen as the site for a new resort.	RESERVE
The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the luxurious resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort.	GOVERN
Since listing the park as a World Heritage Site, the annual number of__________________ rose to over 400,000 people by the year 2000.	VISIT
A year or two later, the ___________________of a tourist facility and an associated airport, to be known as Yulara started.	DEVELOP

1. Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 18-24. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 18-24, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Mausoleum of Mausolus

The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) was a tomb built in 350 ВС for king Mausolus and Artemisia, his wife.

In 377 ВС, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom on the coat of Anatolia. In that year the ruler of the region diedand left the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Before his death the father king (18)___________ control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. Mausolus (19) ____________ the territory of the kingdom as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Mausolus and Artemisia ruled from their capital over the surrounding territory(20)__________ twenty-four years. Mausolus, although he was descended from local people, spoke Greek and (21)__________ the Greek way of life and government.

   He founded many cities of Greek design along the coas and (22)_________ Greek democratic traditions.

     Mausolus decided to build a new capital, a city as safe from capture as magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Mausolus and Artemisia spent huge (23)__________ of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Mausolus planned to place a resting place for his body after his death. It would be a tomb that would forever show how rich he and his queen were.

In 353 ВС Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb, a structure so famous that it became one of the Seven Wonders of the (24)___________Word.

18	captured	took	achieved	required
19	extended	lengthened	prolonged	doubled
20	by	in	with	for
21	worshiped	admired	beloved	fancied
22	insisted	suggested	encouraged	persuaded
23	amounts	numbers	quantities	figures
24	Archaic	Prehistoric	Antique	Ancient

1. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных главными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 25-30, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 25—30.

Invention of Potato Chips

The potato chip was invented in 1853 by George Crum who was a chef at a restaurant in New York. Fried potatoes were popular at the restaurant because they were rather___________________, but one day a visitor complained that the slices were too thick.	EXPENSIVE
Crum made thinner slices, but the ____________________ customer was still dissatisfied.	NERVE
Crum finally made fries that were too thin to eat with a fork, hoping to annoy the          difficult customer.	EXTREME
But the customer was happy – and hat was the_________________ of potato chips!	INVENT
manufacturing of potato chips began in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1895.	INDUSTRY
The chips gained even more ___________________ in 1926 when a wax paper potato chip bag was invented that helped to keep them fresh and crisp.	POPULAR

        Раздел 4. Письмо

Обратите внимание на необходимость соблюдения указанного объема текста. Тексты недостаточного объема, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объем — не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (1, 2), а затем ответ на него.

1.  Вы получили письмо от своего друга по переписке Тома, который пишет:

… In our city we have an annual competition for teenagers who make their own short films. This year I got the second prize for a film about my grandparents. Do you think it’s important to record family history? Who do you think should do it? How can it be done best?

This month is my mom’s birthday and now I am thinking about a gift for her. I want it to be very special…

Write a letter to Tom. In your letter

• answer his questions
• ask 3 questions about his mom

Write 100 — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

1. Прокомментируйте следующее заявление.

Some people think that learning foreign languages is a waste of time and money.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200 — 250 words.

Use the following plan:

• make an introduction (state the problem)
• express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
• express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opir
• explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
• make a conclusion restating your position

Keys

        Раздел 1. Аудирование.

1. 2 4 7 1 3 5
2. 2 2 1 3 1 2 3
3. 2 1 3 3 1 3 2

Раздел 2. Чтение.

1. 2 7 3 5 8 4 1
2. 4 2 3 4 2 1 3

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика.

1. 3 4 1 2 1 4 3
2. issituated

greater

isburied

frozen

doesn’t sink

1. blowing

further

environment

reservation

development

visitors

1. 2 1 4 2 3 1 4
2. inexpensive

nervous

extremely

invention

industrial

popularity.

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1. through a small hole in the floor

2. through the hole for the hamster

3. and locked the runaway hamster

4. to come out of the hole

5. to look after the pet

6. to try and locate the missing hamster

7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

6. put on weight

7. learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1. than any other group

2. watching television

3. in the company of someone else

4. than two computers in the home

5. communicated with their families

6. helping them communicate

7. owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

1. it has become a way of life.

2. when it passes you on the street.

3. when you see him and talk to him.

4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

6. however small or simple the greeting is.

7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

1. but we did anyway.

2. whenever a need arises.

3. they did not really care.

4. whenever they need your help.

5. could not guarantee would even last.

6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3. and relying instead on actual call charges

4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

3. which take place every day, from

4. because they see and touch them close up 

5. despite the serious side to our work

6. which demand much time and effort

7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

1. which could reveal

2. which they stood

3. which it was once made up

4. that this stretch of the river Avon

5. that there might have been something

6. that it should be considered as integral part

7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

1. that once stood here

2. that is almost continent long

3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

1. which is contacted by radio

2. that familiar figure of the London scene

3. for they are accustomed to military bands

4. which possesses its own separate police force

5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

1. up for the optional module, part of

2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

4. such as the response of the writer

5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

6. to growing demand from the student

7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

6. while their caretakers tickled them

7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

3. the environment is under pressure

4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

2. alarm about these changes

3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

4. change is due to

5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

2. who do not hunt elephants

3. when they detected the smell of clothes

4. who carried out the research

5. the amount of risk they sense

6. spearing elephants

7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1. to perform other actions

2. outnumber traditional telephones

3. to communicate with each other 

4. combined with the Internet

5. to serve basic needs

6. banned in some countries

7. carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

1. like she was a rag doll

2. whether I was good at it or not

3. wished I, too, could be on stage

4. and I designed the rest

5. and I was star struck

6. so Heather could do her tap routine

7. because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

1. on the look-out for more treats

2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

6. when her son is having a lie-in

7. collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

1. whatever it costs

2. most excellent impression

3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

5. would never know it really well

6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

7. and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

3. which is invisible to the human eye.

4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

5. so it has a clear view of space.

6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

7. but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

1. and finally measure them.

2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

5. as they study mechanical forces.

6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

1. the chocolate consumed today is made

2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3. central and southern America for

4. of the world’s most popular flavours

5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7. many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

1. due to basic human instinct that

2. is still early to judge

3. are simply the cycles of fashion

4. but more usually the stars are members

5. that the television phenomenon

6. is a type of programme that

7. seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

5. the contemporary European powers in

6. are marked by special events and festivities at

7. famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

1. not like to spend our time

2. that it’s probably not quite

3. that particular day turned

4. our real shopping in

5. sometimes go shopping for real

6. anything you want and there is

7. but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

1. me to take a print of your credit card

2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

3. if I would even see her when

4. although it seemed virtually identical

5. so sure was I that nobody would

6. me to help you with your luggage

7. as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

5

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

5. that needed public attention and a new building

6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

7. through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

1. that are offered to the visitors

2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

4. by joining our e-community

5. that was sweeping the country

6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

7. to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

6. that young people should stay on at school, as

7. but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

1. from international names to family-run guest houses

2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

2. which let me know he approved of me

3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

4. which I needed to become a professional skier

5. which I would happily spend as I liked

6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

1. elegant meals were served to passengers

2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

3. who rode the train

4. who wrote about it

5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

6. that served dishes and wines

7. there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

1. that nature has ever created in the wild

2. that none of the others have

3. hovering over the magnificent lake

4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

1. as party influence has declined

2. against the spirit of the Constitution

3. being so large (435 members)

4. empowered to make laws

5. unlike the British Parliament

6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

2. for the first time in history

3. thus replacing them forever

4. as territories became interdependent

5. the use of covered wagons

6. by taking land from Native peoples

7. forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

1. who is not a member of any political party

2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

3. but it was not a total shock to her

4. being a politics student at the university

5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

1. has been developed very quickly

2. not understand why they are doing it for

3. as Americans call them

4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

5. just because they can

6. can also be used to take and send photos

7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

2. which includes language teaching and learning

3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

5. funding a number of educational programmes

6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

1. the essentials of starting

2. that awaits when you step

3. trials and tribulations of employment

4. establishing and conducting

5. preparing a business plan

6. waiting to be acquired

7. undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

1. that existed long before the invention of writing

2. that nearly every object made by humans

3. what those people were really like

4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

7. and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

1. that are displayed during the nesting season

2. while the city has grown up around them

3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

7. that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

1. as well as education and the law

2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

4. many being able to speak Welsh only

5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

1. make it a healthy diet

2. other parts of the world

3. four times higher than the average

4. have a cultural tradition

5. sends a signal to the body

6. the rest of the population

7. makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

1. where one can enjoy close contact with

2. which meet every need of their users

3. than to discover them once for oneself

4. who has never been to this wonderful city

5. which is ideal for various water sports

6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

7. who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. try to avoid the boredom of life

2. that has consistently remained part of society

3. that they are not alone

4. going through something difficult

5. without having to bear any responsibility

6. that range from unlikely to impossible

7. at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

3. which was the burial place of Russian

4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

5. as the most protected part of the city

6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

7. that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

2. whenever it rains

3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7. that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2. showing the original width of the avenue

3. which was not as straight as it was planned

4. which were built by famous architects and

5. connecting these two important structures with

6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track and identify their habitats

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

4. which has the second largest concentration of

5. to be a place of many water sources

6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

7. that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

1. read the book to find out what happens

2. some food and water on the lifeboat

3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

4. received an award for being strong

5. sold seven million copies worldwide

6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

2. became the subject of many legends

3. began dressing up unemployed men in

4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

5. was only a matter of time

6. stretches all the way back to

7. appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

7. and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

1. which is now called the West building

2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

5. as well as partnership with private organizations

6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

1. such as Easter and Christmas

2. visiting a local farm

3. local, fresh and organic where possible

4. provide good quality food

5. definitely improve after a good meal

6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

7. when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

1. part in the project

2. taking exercise

3. gave marked health benefits

4. in fitness levels

5. on simply getting people to take exercise

6. not enough to get fit

7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

2. use double-decker buses for public transport

3. double-decker city buses are less common

4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

6. have an open upper deck

7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____. 

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____. 

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____. 

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____. 

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

1. I never quite leave home

2. but human nature does not

3. that we are now harvesting

4. but we as well as our heart did not

5. not worse than those who came before us

6. just as the farmers who came before me did

7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

1. I could be playing down there someday

2. and set real close together

3. which were so old and posh

4. and he had a beard and moustache

5. I wasn’t that good at music

6. getting ready and warming up

7. laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

1. who are more interested in the past

2. and girls in blue uniforms

3. that were generally better

4. was not particularly unusual as

5. went on camping expeditions

6. interact with other people

7. had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

2. have been turning to tanning beds

3. they are actually quite classy accessories

4. better to avoid indoor tanning

5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

6. will eventually turn into a tan

7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

1. who is appointed by the president

2. but of other countries of the world

3. but in every aspect of social sciences

4. who are also appointed by the president

5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

1. differences in traditions

2. children and hope that they

3. the day for fireworks lovers

4. the explosion lights up the sky

5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

6. waits at home though: sparklers

7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

1. are built on the ground

2. are usually very organic

3. is being built facing south

4. being environmentally friendly

5. building materials and lifestyle

6. is that these homes are safe from fire

7. can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

1. Australia is one of the most

2. were born in other countries

3. Australia also defines itself by

4. many animal species that occur here

5. may have travelled from Asia across

6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

1. which is felt all year round

2. which take place in Madeira all year round

3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

1. cause lots of problems

2. in the city and take them back

3. walk in the street and cause traffic

4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

6. have been many reports in newspapers and

7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

1. that is the largest in Venice

2. which was built in the early I century

3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

6. the venue for major international festivals

7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

2. which is a former royal countryside residence

3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

1. and the views that open from it

2. which is built on the top to give visitors

3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

1. that is built on hundreds of islands

2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

1. that they are particularly interested in

2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

55

Подробности

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