Упражнение на грамматическое преобразование слов. Рекомендуем всем, кто готовится к сдачи ЕГЭ по английскому языку.
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста.
ЗаданиеОтвет
Air pollution and climate change
Overloading of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon. Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared-wavelength radiation, leading to warmer air, soils, and ocean surface ( WATER ) — which is good because the planet would be frozen solid without this.
Unfortunately, there’s now too much carbon in the air. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture, and industrial activities ( PUSH ) up atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) 200 years ago, to about 400 ppm today. That’s an unprecedented rise, in both size and speed. The result: climate disruption.
Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution ( CAUSE ) by burning coal, oil, gas and wood. The World Health Organization recently ( ESTIMATE ) that one in nine deaths in 2012 were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and other poisons in polluted air.
Solutions to be taken involve ( REPLACE ) fossil fuels with renewable energy, reducing emissions from agriculture as well as ( CHANGE ) industrial processes.
The good news is that clean energy is abundant — it just needs to be harvested. Many say a 100 percent renewable-energy future is feasible with existing technology now.
But the bad news is that even though renewable energy infrastructure — solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage and distribution systems — are already widespread, and getting cheaper and more efficient all the time, experts say we ( NOT APPLY ) them quickly enough to prevent catastrophic climate disruption. Barriers in policy and fi nance remain to be overcome.
Air pollution and climate change
Overloading of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon. Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared-wavelength radiation, leading to warmer air, soils, and ocean surface WATERS — which is good because the planet would be frozen solid without this.
Unfortunately, there’s now too much carbon in the air. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture, and industrial activities HAVE PUSHED up atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) 200 years ago, to about 400 ppm today. That’s an unprecedented rise, in both size and speed. The result: climate disruption.
Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution CAUSED by burning coal, oil, gas and wood. The World Health Organization recently HAS ESTIMATED that one in nine deaths in 2012 were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and other poisons in polluted air.
Solutions to be taken involve REPLACING fossil fuels with renewable energy, reducing emissions from agriculture as well as CHANGING industrial processes.
The good news is that clean energy is abundant — it just needs to be harvested. Many say a 100 percent renewable-energy future is feasible with existing technology now.
But the bad news is that even though renewable energy infrastructure — solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage and distribution systems — are already widespread, and getting cheaper and more efficient all the time, experts say we ARE NOT APPLYING them quickly enough to prevent catastrophic climate disruption. Barriers in policy and fi nance remain to be overcome.
1) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Air pollution and climate change
Overloading of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon. Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared-wavelength radiation, leading to warmer air, soils, and ocean surface ___ (WATER) — which is good because the planet would be frozen solid without this.
2) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Unfortunately, there’s now too much carbon in the air. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture, and industrial activities ___ (PUSH) up atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) 200 years ago, to about 400 ppm today. That’s an unprecedented rise, in both size and speed. The result: climate disruption.
3) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution ___ (CAUSE) by burning coal, oil, gas and wood.
4) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The World Health Organization recently ___ (ESTIMATE) that one in nine deaths in 2012 were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and other poisons in polluted air.
5) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Solutions to be taken involve ___ (REPLACE) fossil fuels with renewable energy…
6) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
…reducing emissions from agriculture as well as ___ (CHANGE) industrial processes.
7) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The good news is that clean energy is abundant — it just needs to be harvested. Many say a 100 percent renewable-energy future is feasible with existing technology now. But the bad news is that even though renewable energy infrastructure — solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage and distribution systems — are already widespread, and getting cheaper and more efficient all the time, experts say we ___ (NOT APPLY) them quickly enough to prevent catastrophic climate disruption. Barriers in policy and finance remain to be overcome.
Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The need for change in our ___ (DAY) lives and the movements of our government is the and growing.
9) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Because so many ___ (DIFFER) factors come into play; voting, governmental issues, desire to stick to routine, many people don’t consider that what they do will affect future generations.
10) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
If humans continue moving forward in such a ___ (HARM) way towards the future, then there will be no future to consider.
11) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop our ozone layer from ___ (THIN) (and scientists are still having trouble figuring out what is causing it exactly,) there are still so many things we can do to try put a dent in what we already know.
12) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
By raising ___ (AWARE) in your local community and within your families about these issues…
13) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
…you can help contribute to a more Environmentally conscious and ___ (FRIEND) place for you to live.
14) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Scientists call for protection of Canada’s boreal forest
An ___ group of 23 biology and conservation scientists…
1) transnational
2) cosmopolitan
3) international
4) universal
15) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
…is calling on the provincial governments and Ottawa to forever ___ the development of at least 50 per cent of the boreal forest that spans the Canadian north.
1) prevent
2) shut out
3) avoid
4) check
16) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Boreal Conservation Science Panel, made up of scientific heavyweights from Canada, the United States, Australia and Great Britain, will present a paper on Monday at the world International Congress of Conservation BiologyinBaltimore that says the boreal’s value as a carbon store, fresh water source, and wildlife ___ is crucial to global ecology.
1) apartment
2) habitation
3) habitat
4) settlement
17) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Although 80 per cent of the boreal is intact, only 10 per cent of the 1,2 billion acres of forest, tundra, peat lands, rivers and lakes is protected. The new report, a copy of which was ___ by The Globe and Mail, says the ‘rules and regulations for managing industrial extraction of resources in Canada’s boreal forest have not kept pace with the rapidly expanding footprint of industrial activities and plans.’
1) оccupied
2) gathered
3) obtained
4) saved
18) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The boreal contains the world’s ___ densities of terrestrial carbon stores, has the largest surface of fresh water, is the nesting place for billions of song birds, and is home to viable populations of animals like caribou, grizzly bear, lynx and wolf.
1) best
2) top
3) highest
4) most
19) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
‘The boreal forest overall has an overriding potential influence on the global climate, marine productivity, the wildlife in the case of birds that ___ the entire hemisphere.
1) move across
2) go across
3) pass over
4) meet
20) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
So it actually has a huge influence on the rest of the world,’ said Jeff Wells, the science and policy director for the Boreal Songbird Initiative and one of the authors of the report. The science indicates that no less than half of the region should be protected from development, Dr. Wells said. ‘The exact specifics as to how ___ that out across different regions and so forth is beyond the scope of what we talked about in the report and obviously would need to be figured out by people working in those regions. But that is the basic overarching guidance.’ It is not the first pitch of this sort. Back in 2007, the International Boreal Conservation Campaign of the Pew Charitable Trusts also argued for expanding the protected area, saying it was one of the world’s five remaining regions that help preserve the global environmental balance.
1) to load
2) to pack
3) to parcel
4) to bundle
Экзаменационная работа по английскому языку состоит из четырёх разделов («Аудирование, «Чтение», «Грамматика и лексика», «Письмо»), включающих в себя 40 заданий.
На выполнение экзаменационной работы отводится 3 часа (180 минут).
Пробный вариант составлен на основе официальной демоверсии от ФИПИ за 2021 год по русскому языку.
В конце варианта приведены правильные ответы ко всем заданиям. Вы можете свериться с ними и найти у себя ошибки.
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Решать работу: Онлайн
Интересные задания
10. Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Struggle for Survival
2. Ancient Wonder
3. Great Beginning
4. Important Event
5. Tourist Boom
6. Agriculture Success
7. Practical Invention
8. Living Longer
A. Computers have already revolutionized the way we live and work. But it is early days for computers. We do not know how much they are still changing the world. Already, Internet users can buy things and study holiday offers. It’s much easier to edit and print documents using a PC. More computer wonders are yet to come.
B. Only a few years before men were walking on the moon, reputable scientists declared that it was impossible. But in 1969 Neil Armstrong stepped out of his space capsule and made his famous statement, ‘That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.’ However, progress in this area is slower now. Not as much money goes into research as in the 1960s.
C. Surely nothing has done more for the comfort and happiness of mankind than the advance of medical knowledge! Lots of people have benefited from aspirin and lots of lives have been saved by penicillin. Surgeons can perform the most amazing operations. Average life expectancy in Europe has risen dramatically over the last hundred years.
D. In the past, a holiday used to mean simply a day when you did not work. Now millions of holidaymakers travel to all parts of the world. Perhaps, not all people like to see lots of tourists in their countries, but we must admit that a phenomenon which sees the population of Greece treble is a wonder of the world.
E. It is true that the Olympic Games are now commercialized and there is greed and drug abuse. However, it is a competition in which every country of the world takes part. Every four years, for a brief moment, we see these countries come together in peace and friendship. We see people from warring countries shake hands. We feel hope again for the future of mankind.
F. In 1724, Jonathan Swift wrote, ‘Whoever makes two blades of grass or two ears of olcorn grow where only one grew before serves mankind better than the whole race of politicians’. In Europe farmers have done it and we produce enough food to feed the world. If only politicians could find a way to share it with those parts of the world where there is still famine.
G. The greatest wonder of the modern world is simply that we are still here. We have bombs that could destroy the world but we try our best not to use them. Because of people’s effort no government dares to use such weapons. The year 2001 marked the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Peace Prize, the most famous attempt to raise awareness of the issues of war and peace.
12. The main aim of Sean’s visit to Spain was
1) to climb the highest peak on the Spanish mainland.
2) touring and walking.
3) to try the regional cuisine.
4) to enjoy the country’s robust red wines.
13. At that time of year, the mountain’s snowy trails were
1) icy.
2) slippery.
3) difficult.
4) uncompicated.
14. Megan and Aidan had to wait till morning because
1) Megan didn’t speak Spanish.
2) the chairlifts didn’t work at night.
3) the couldn’t find any help.
4) a hotel clerk’s directions were wrong.
15. Sean
1) reached Mulhacén’s summit by mid-afternoon.
2) lost his way.
3) descended until dawn.
4) decided to spend the night in the wooden hut.
16. Sean could not make the ridge because
1) it was too far.
2) he was very tired.
3) of a blizzard.
4) of a strong wind and poor visibility.
17. Sean fell down the slope because
1) a strong wind was blowing.
2) the slope was too steep.
3) he didn’t have special equipment.
4) he didn’t us his trekking poles.
18. While falling, Sean
1) was not injured.
2) injured his head.
3) shattered his kneecap.
4) broke his leg.
39. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Gloria who writes:
… I’ve always wanted to visit Moscow, to see the sights and to try Russian food so it’ll be great to spend a week at your place. Any ideas as to what we could do? Should I bring any special clothes?
Do let me know if there is anything I can get you from England…
Write back to Gloria.
In your letter
− answer his questions giving relevant details
− ask 3 questions about his birthday party
Write 100–140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
40. Comment one of the following statements.
40.1. The invention of the car changed the world for the better.
40.2 Violence on TW leads to violence in society and, therefore, must be forbidden
Вам будет интересно:
ЕГЭ по Русскому языку 11 класс 2021. Типовой тренировочный вариант №2 от 14 сентября №200914 (задания и ответы)
* Олимпиады и конкурсы
* Готовые контрольные работы
* Работы СтатГрад
* Официальные ВПР
Поделиться:
Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных заданий (40.1 или 40.2). Укажите его номер и выполните согласно данному плану. В ответе на задание 40 числительные пишите цифрами.
40.1 Imagine that you are doing a project on the composition of air. You have collected some data on the subject (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
| Gas | Percentage in the air |
|---|---|
| Nitrogen | 78% |
| Oxygen | 20.9% |
| Argon | 0.93% |
| Carbon dioxide | 0.04% |
Write 200−250 words. Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project work;
— select and report 2−3 main features;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant;
— outline a problem that can arise with the air composition and suggest the way of solving it;
— draw a conclusion giving your personal opinion on the importance of clean air in the modern world
40.2 Imagine that you are doing a project on the number of lakes in various countries. You have collected some data on the subject (see the diagram below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
Write 200−250 words. Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project work;
— select and report 2−3 main features;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant;
— outline a problem that can arise with the quantity of lakes and suggest the way of solving it;
— draw a conclusion giving your personal opinion on the importance of lakes in a country’s area
В школе я всегда любила читать английские тексты по темам. Топик «air pollution», как и другие, связанные с природой, меня привлекали больше всего. Сегодня делюсь с вами подобным текстом, после которого вы можете найти и полезные фразы. Вопросы приветствую 
The main threat to the planet is us. We damage the place where we live, pollute the air we breathe every day and destroy other species’ life, too.
Air pollution is one of the main problems nowadays. Millions of people all over the world live in areas where the air is extremely polluted and dangerous to be breathed. Needless to say, in most cases air pollution is caused by people.
Numerous factories every day release into the atmosphere tons of poisonous chemicals and even heavy metals. This not only affects the atmosphere, but influences man’s health as well. As a result, people suffer from asthma, cough, lung diseases and many other dangerous maladies.
Furthermore, the number of cars and other means of transport is increasing rapidly. Many families today have more than one car and this makes the things even worse. Car emissions destroy the ozon layer which is highly essential for the protection of our planet from light of the Sun.
Finally, the air condition is closely related to the water state. Acid rains occur when sulphur and nitrogen compounds mix with moisture of the air. After these rains, water in lakes and rivers becomes polluted and fish and plants can hardly survive there.
Перевод:
Основная угроза для планеты – это мы. Мы наносим ущерб тому месту, где живем, загрязняем воздух, которым дышим каждый день, а также разрушаем жизнь других видов.
Загрязнение воздуха – основная проблема современности. Миллионы людей по всему миру живут на территориях, где воздух сильно загрязнен и опасен для того, чтобы им дышать. Само собой разумеется, что в большинстве случаев загрязнение воздуха провоцируется людьми.
Многочисленные фабрики ежедневно выделяют в атмосферу тонны ядовитых химикатов и даже тяжелых металлов. Это не только воздействует на атмосферу, но и также влияет на здоровье человека. Вследствие этого, люди страдают от астмы, кашля, болезней легких и многих других опасных заболеваний.
Более того, число машин и других видов транспорта стремительно увеличивается. Многие семьи теперь имеют более одной машины, и это лишь ухудшает ситуацию. Выхлопные газы разрушают озоновый слой, который очень важен для защиты нашей планеты от солнечного света.
Наконец, состояние воздуха тесно связано с состоянием воды. Кислотные дожди происходят, когда сернистое и азотистое вещества смешиваются влагой воздуха. После этих дождей вода в озерах и реках становится загрязненной и рыба и растения едва ли смогут там выжить.
Фразы и слова:
Threat – угроза
To damage – наносит ущерб
To pollute – загрязнять
To release – испускать, выделять
poisonous chemicals – ядовитые химикаты
to suffer from – страдать от
car emissions – выхлопные газы
destroy the ozon layer – разрушать озоновый слой
disease/malady – болезнь
Готовишься к ОГЭ или ЕГЭ?
- Тренажер ОГЭ и
- тренажер ЕГЭ
будут тебе в помощь! Удачи!
1) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Air pollution and climate change
Overloading of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon. Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared-wavelength radiation, leading to warmer air, soils, and ocean surface ___ (WATER) — which is good because the planet would be frozen solid without this.
2) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Unfortunately, there’s now too much carbon in the air. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture, and industrial activities ___ (PUSH) up atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) 200 years ago, to about 400 ppm today. That’s an unprecedented rise, in both size and speed. The result: climate disruption.
3) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution ___ (CAUSE) by burning coal, oil, gas and wood.
4) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The World Health Organization recently ___ (ESTIMATE) that one in nine deaths in 2012 were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and other poisons in polluted air.
5) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Solutions to be taken involve ___ (REPLACE) fossil fuels with renewable energy…
6) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
…reducing emissions from agriculture as well as ___ (CHANGE) industrial processes.
7) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The good news is that clean energy is abundant — it just needs to be harvested. Many say a 100 percent renewable-energy future is feasible with existing technology now. But the bad news is that even though renewable energy infrastructure — solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage and distribution systems — are already widespread, and getting cheaper and more efficient all the time, experts say we ___ (NOT APPLY) them quickly enough to prevent catastrophic climate disruption. Barriers in policy and finance remain to be overcome.
Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The need for change in our ___ (DAY) lives and the movements of our government is the and growing.
9) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Because so many ___ (DIFFER) factors come into play; voting, governmental issues, desire to stick to routine, many people don’t consider that what they do will affect future generations.
10) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
If humans continue moving forward in such a ___ (HARM) way towards the future, then there will be no future to consider.
11) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop our ozone layer from ___ (THIN) (and scientists are still having trouble figuring out what is causing it exactly,) there are still so many things we can do to try put a dent in what we already know.
12) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
By raising ___ (AWARE) in your local community and within your families about these issues…
13) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
…you can help contribute to a more Environmentally conscious and ___ (FRIEND) place for you to live.
14) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Scientists call for protection of Canada’s boreal forest
An ___ group of 23 biology and conservation scientists…
1) transnational
2) cosmopolitan
3) international
4) universal
15) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
…is calling on the provincial governments and Ottawa to forever ___ the development of at least 50 per cent of the boreal forest that spans the Canadian north.
1) prevent
2) shut out
3) avoid
4) check
16) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Boreal Conservation Science Panel, made up of scientific heavyweights from Canada, the United States, Australia and Great Britain, will present a paper on Monday at the world International Congress of Conservation BiologyinBaltimore that says the boreal’s value as a carbon store, fresh water source, and wildlife ___ is crucial to global ecology.
1) apartment
2) habitation
3) habitat
4) settlement
17) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Although 80 per cent of the boreal is intact, only 10 per cent of the 1,2 billion acres of forest, tundra, peat lands, rivers and lakes is protected. The new report, a copy of which was ___ by The Globe and Mail, says the ‘rules and regulations for managing industrial extraction of resources in Canada’s boreal forest have not kept pace with the rapidly expanding footprint of industrial activities and plans.’
1) оccupied
2) gathered
3) obtained
4) saved
18) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The boreal contains the world’s ___ densities of terrestrial carbon stores, has the largest surface of fresh water, is the nesting place for billions of song birds, and is home to viable populations of animals like caribou, grizzly bear, lynx and wolf.
1) best
2) top
3) highest
4) most
19) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
‘The boreal forest overall has an overriding potential influence on the global climate, marine productivity, the wildlife in the case of birds that ___ the entire hemisphere.
1) move across
2) go across
3) pass over
4) meet
20) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
So it actually has a huge influence on the rest of the world,’ said Jeff Wells, the science and policy director for the Boreal Songbird Initiative and one of the authors of the report. The science indicates that no less than half of the region should be protected from development, Dr. Wells said. ‘The exact specifics as to how ___ that out across different regions and so forth is beyond the scope of what we talked about in the report and obviously would need to be figured out by people working in those regions. But that is the basic overarching guidance.’ It is not the first pitch of this sort. Back in 2007, the International Boreal Conservation Campaign of the Pew Charitable Trusts also argued for expanding the protected area, saying it was one of the world’s five remaining regions that help preserve the global environmental balance.
1) to load
2) to pack
3) to parcel
4) to bundle
Today, the misuse of nature by human beings creates a variety of negative global environmental problems. One of the most negative issues in air is the pollution of air. This article provides a brief overview of issues related to air pollutants, their types and adverse effects.
Key words: pollution, dust, salts, carbon oxide, oxygen.
There is always a certain amount of dust in the atmosphere. It occurs as a result of natural events occurring in nature. These dusts can be divided into three types: mineral (inorganic), organic and cosmic dust. Depletion and dislocation of rocks, volcanic eruptions, fires in thickets and forests, sea water evaporation can cause mineral dusts. Organic dusts are formed by airborne aeroplancton, bacteria, spores, plant seeds, animal humus and waste. The cosmic dust is the result of meteorites burning on the atmospheric air. Atmosphere air is polluted by natural and anthropogenic factors.
Anthropogenic pollution occurs primarily due to waste generated by the use of organic fuels in vehicles, industrial enterprises and power generation networks, and the various discharges in the air basin. Atmosphere air pollution is a concern for all mankind. This problem is one of the most acute problems in the industrialized countries. The harm caused by pollution of atmospheric air is less than the problems that arise as a result of emissions of industrial and household waste into open water bodies. [1]
Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole. “Most air pollution comes from energy use and production,” says John Walke, director of the Clean Air Project, part of the Climate and Clean Air program at NRDC. “Burning fossil fuels releases gases and chemicals into the air.” And in an especially destructive feedback loop, air pollution not only contributes to climate change but is also exacerbated by it. “Air pollution in the form of carbon dioxide and methane raises the earth’s temperature,” Walke says. “Another type of air pollution is then worsened by that increased heat: Smog forms when the weather is warmer and there’s more ultraviolet radiation.” Climate change also increases the production of allergenic air pollutants including mold (thanks to damp conditions caused by extreme weather and increased flooding) and pollen (due to a longer pollen season and more pollen production).
Smog and soot
These two are the most prevalent types of air pollution. Smog, or “ground-level ozone,” as it is more wonkily called, occurs when emissions from combusting fossil fuels react with sunlight. Soot, or “particulate matter,” is made up of tiny particles of chemicals, soil, smoke, dust, or allergens, in the form of gas or solids, that are carried in the air. The sources of smog and soot are similar. “Both come from cars and trucks, factories, power plants, incinerators, engines—anything that combusts fossil fuels such as coal, gas, or natural gas,” Walke says. The tiniest airborne particles in soot—whether they’re in the form of gas or solids—are especially dangerous because they can penetrate the lungs and bloodstream and worsen bronchitis, lead to heart attacks, and even hasten death.
Greenhouse gases
By trapping the earth’s heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases lead to warmer temperatures and all the hallmarks of climate change: rising sea levels, more extreme weather, heat-related deaths, and increasing transmission of infectious diseases like Lyme. According to a 2014 EPA study, carbon dioxide was responsible for 81 percent of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions, and methane made up 11 percent. Atmospheric air is an endless source of resources. However, human activity affects the atmosphere and changes its structure. Such changes are often of such great and permanent significance, and measures to protect it are required.
Every year the number of vehicles and industrial enterprises rises, the use of chemicals for agricultural production, as well as the decline in forests, pollution of ocean water by oil products, explosion of nuclear weapons, the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide increases dramatically.
If the amount of carbon dioxide in the air rises and its contamination is not avoided, in 50 years the Earth’s surface temperature may be increased by 1,5–3,0°C. As a result, the melting of glaciers, the rise of the oceanic waters, the flooding of some parts of the Earth and the change of the geographical environment occur.
According to academician A. P. Vinogradov and Francua Ramada, carbon dioxide (II) oxide is increasing year by year. This is equivalent to the amount of oxygen it has lost due to combustion. Since the prehistoric times the amount of oxygen consumed on Earth has reached 273 billion tonnes. Of this, 246 billion tonnes or 90 percent of them happened in the next 100 years.
As a result of rapid evolution of industrial plants, vehicles and the burning of large quantities of fuel, free oxygen in the atmosphere is being released rapidly and the amount of carbon (II) -oxide is increasing dramatically. As a result, carbon’s rotational movement is violated in nature.
According to official data, 50 million tons of various hydrocarbons, 260 million tons of sulfur oxides, 50–60 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than 2 million tons of dust and lubricants are being released into the atmosphere.
Agricultural production has also its contribution to the pollution of atmospheric air, as the widespread use of pesticides in the cultivation of agricultural produce leads to a sharp decline in sanitary and ecological conditions. [2]
Poultry and livestock breeding complexes, meat combines, chemical fertilizers and harmful chemicals are more likely to be affected. In addition, dust, gases and smells emitted by sewerage, car tires, footwear and so on contaminates the atmosphere.
The strong contamination of the atmosphere has a negative impact on human health, and on all living things. One person breathes with 25 kg air on average per day. The harmful dust, organisms, and gases in the air are accumulated in the human organism. As a result, skin and eye diseases, liver serum, increased blood pressure, chronic bronchitis, infections, respiratory tract and renal diseases occur. It was determined that there is a general increase in health problems among children.
Due to the high levels of sulfur oxides in the air, bronchitis and gastritis occur in human organism. Atmospheric air pollution also harms plants and animals. It flows into vegetation leaves, soil and water. Polluted air damages plants and destroys their substance and energy exchange. The agricultural crops and fruit trees also become less fertile. The harmful gases emitted by industry and transport have a negative impact on the process of photosynthesis. [3]
In the last 25–30 years, acid rains have become a real ecological catastrophe in some countries. When burning on any fossil fuel, the exhaust gases release sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the air. These compounds that produce millions of tons of atmosphere into the atmosphere turn hydrogen into acids. In recent years, large areas of woods have begun to dry up in the USA, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Russia and other developed countries, due to the acid rains. These rains reduce soil fertility, destroy buildings, eradicate historical monuments, and harm human health. In the placement of existing industrial plants, deep contaminating factories are of great attention.
In summary, today’s pollution of the atmospheric air is adversely affected by a person’s negative attitude to the environment. This has a direct impact on the origin of various disasters on the planet. Atmosphere air pollution is a concern for all mankind.
References:
- Baratov P. Nature Protection. Tashkent.: Teacher, 1991.
- Rafikov A. Geoecological Problems. Tashkent.: Teacher, 1997.
- Tilovov T. Actual Problems of Ecology. Tashkent.: Gafur Gulam, 2003.
Основные термины (генерируются автоматически): EPA, NRDC, USA.
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загрязнением воздуха и изменением климата
загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата
загрязнение воздуха и изменение климата
загрязнению воздуха и изменению климата
загрязнении воздуха и изменении климата
Предложения
This section in particular considers interlinkages between air pollution and climate change, with sustainable energy development and with other issues.
В этом разделе, в частности, рассматриваются взаимосвязи между загрязнением воздуха и изменением климата, с одной стороны, и устойчивым развитием энергетики и другими проблемами — с другой.
For additional information on the links between energy consumption, air pollution and climate change cf. paragraphs 18-21 above.
It is recommended to bring the assessment and design of policy strategies for air pollution and climate change together and to estimate costs jointly.
Рекомендуется объединить процесс проведения оценки и разработки стратегий в области загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата с целью совместного расчета расходов.
Health effects of air pollution and climate change were highlighted and close cooperation with WHO was recommended.
Рабочее совещание уделило особое внимание воздействию загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата на здоровье человека и рекомендовало продолжать тесное сотрудничество с ВОЗ.
International watersheds, fisheries, acid rain, air pollution and climate change are transboundary environmental challenges that require cooperation between countries in order to be addressed effectively.
Международные водосборные бассейны, рыболовные промыслы, кислотный дождь, загрязнение воздуха и изменение климата — это трансграничные экологические проблемы, для эффективного решения которых необходимо международное сотрудничество.
The CSD also emphasized the need for integrated approaches to combating air pollution and climate change.
Several Parties reported that they applied a multi-pollutant management approach, and applied measures to simultaneously address air pollution and climate change.
Несколько Сторон сообщили о том, что ими применяется подход, основанный на регулировании широкого круга загрязнителей, и что они применяют меры, направленные на параллельное решение проблем, связанных с загрязнением воздуха и изменением климата.
For example, in Cyprus, air pollution and climate change were addressed by two separate ministries.
Spain noted that air pollution and climate change policies were integrated only in certain sectors, such as transport and energy.
Contacts between experts in air pollution and climate change should be enhanced.
This issue was related to the work to study the linkages between regional air pollution and climate change.
The representative of EC also welcomed the proposed work to examine the synergies between air pollution and climate change policies.
Current science emphasizes the urgent need to address air pollution and climate change in an integrated way.
В рамках нынешней системы научных знаний особое внимание уделяется неотложной необходимости в комплексном рассмотрении проблем, касающихся загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата.
Stockholm Workshop on co-benefits and interactions of air pollution and climate change
The adverse effects of air pollution and climate change demand increased energy efficiency and the rapid development and deployment of advanced, cleaner low-carbon energy technologies.
В связи с негативными последствиями загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата возникает потребность в повышении энергетической эффективности и в скорейшей разработке и внедрении передовых, более чистых низкоуглеродных энергетических технологий.
Following discussions, the Steering Body agreed that to analyse links between air pollution and climate change, it would be useful to consider long-term targets.
В ходе последовавшей дискуссии Руководящий орган согласился, что в целях анализа взаимосвязей между загрязнением воздуха и изменением климата было бы целесообразно ориентироваться на долгосрочные цели.
For better development and implementation of linked air pollution and climate change policies, the workshop recommended:
Mr. H. Eerens (ETC/ACC) described the results of a project exploring air pollution and climate change trends and projections using a linked model approach.
Г-н Х. Эренс (ЕТЦ/АИК) описал результаты проекта по изучению трендов и прогнозов загрязнения воздуха и изменения климата с использованием подхода связанной модели.
As well as the synergies in emission controls for air pollution and climate change, it should be noted that there might also have to be trade-offs.
Следует отметить, что в процессе борьбы с загрязнением воздуха и изменением климата меры по ограничению выбросов дают не только синергический эффект, — они могут приносить и обратные результаты.
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In December 2015 the world’s leaders met in Paris to determine the fate of our planet’s climate. Until recently the policy and scientific debates around air pollution and climate change tended to take place separately. However, it is increasingly understood that the two are inexorably linked.
Sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions are also sources of air pollution and there are certainly opportunities, political leverage and cost savings to be made by tackling both together. Burning of fossil fuels, for example, is a major source of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Air pollution also has a short term regional climate effect – pollutants like black particles, ozone and its precursors contribute to warming and are thus recognized as short-lived climate pollutants. While the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions may have important co-benefits for decreasing air pollution, especially in the energy and industry sectors, some measures to mitigate climate change may have negative impacts on air quality. Such examples can be particularly found in the transport and residential heating sectors (use of biomass and biofuels).
There are gains to be made across both climate and air pollution policy, as in some cases technological improvements in the same target sector may serve both objectives. Thus, policy-makers can achieve substantial gains by approaching the challenges of air pollution and climate change conjointly.
What we do
The Convention’s Gothenburg Protocol is the first legally-binding agreement containing obligations to reduce the broader spectrum of short-lived climate pollutants, including ground-level ozone precursors and black carbon, and is thus an example of an integrated approach tackling both air pollution and climate change.
The Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution under the Convention develops a better understanding of the intercontinental transport of air pollution across the Northern Hemisphere, including estimates of specific air pollutants. It also works on the interactions between greenhouse gases and air pollution. This integrated approach will benefit countries when they strive to achieve the targets under Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.
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| Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В11-В16 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 10 (part 2) |
Environmental Protection
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B11 |
Nowadays more and more people are worried about our environment. Journalists discuss these problems on the pages of their newspapers. Scientists hold special conferences in order to find a solution and make the right decision how to help our planet. |
DECIDE |
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B12 |
If we want to continue living happily on our planet, we should understand the importance of environmental protection. |
IMPORTANT |
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B13 |
First of all, we ought to find an opportunity to reduce the amount of air pollution and build special water treatment facilities. |
TREAT |
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B14 |
We must also stop unlawful killing of birds and animals and we should not destroy their natural habitats in order to build homes or to make farmlands. |
LAWFUL |
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B15 |
Finally, we must ensure the safety of nuclear power plants as nuclear accidents have disastrous consequences. |
DISASTER |
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B16 |
If we do not take any action now, the life on our planet may end tragically. |
TRAGIC |
Erupting volcanoes, earthquakes, dust storms and meteorites smashing into the Earth’s crust are natural phenomena that can cause climate change and air pollution: dinosaurs may have met their end after a giant meteorite kicked up so much dust that it blocked out the sun for decades, reducing photosynthesis and preventing the growth of plants.
Adding to these potential threats, we have also been contributing to air pollution and global warming through our resource-intensive lifestyles. We’re producing and consuming more than ever before, and we’re generating more greenhouse gases as a result, as well as air pollutants in the form of chemicals and particulate matter, including “black carbon”.
Although they may seem to be two very different issues, climate change and air pollution are closely interlinked, so by reducing air pollution we also protect the climate. Air pollutants include more than just greenhouse gases—principally carbon dioxide but also methane, nitrous oxide and others—but there’s a big overlap: the two often interact with each other.
For instance, air pollution in the form of particulate matter from diesel engines is circulated around the globe, ending up in the most remote places, including the polar regions. When it lands on ice and snow it darkens them slightly, leading to less sunlight being reflected back into space, and contributing to global warming. The slightly warmer temperatures encourage plants in the sub-Artic region to grow a tiny bit bigger, and as they grow through the snow they cast a shadow, which, when multiplied over millions of small plants, also has the effect of darkening the Earth’s surface, leading to further warming.
The good news is that immediate changes to air pollution levels also have immediate effects. Quick action on reducing highly potent, short-lived climate pollutants — methane, tropospheric ozone, hydrofluorocarbons and black carbon—can significantly decrease the chances of triggering dangerous climate tipping points, like the irreversible release of carbon dioxide and methane from thawing Arctic permafrost.
Meanwhile, we should continue cutting down on the release of long-lived greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
“When addressing air pollution, we also address a critical and easy-to-implement solution to climate change. Short-lived climate pollutants are negative in all senses, and we have proven technologies and policies to economically and immediately reduce air pollution,” says UN Environment climate change specialist Niklas Hagelberg.
A recent concern is trichlorofluoromethane, or CFC-11, which is to be phased out worldwide under the Montreal Protocol, the global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The industrial gas, used illegally, for example, in insulation material, also contributes to global warming.
Aerosols, the atmospheric pollutant with an effect on the climate
The October 2018 report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights the importance of keeping global temperature rises to 1.5˚C below pre-industrial era levels. Urgent action is need over the next 12 years if there is to be any chance of achieving this target.
Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin and can influence climate in several ways: “through both interactions that scatter and/or absorb radiation and through interactions with cloud microphysics and other cloud properties, or upon deposition on snow- or ice-covered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback,” says the Panel’s report.
It defines aerosols as “a suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometres and 10 μm that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours.”
The report defines air pollution as “degradation of air quality with negative effects on human health or the natural or built environment due to the introduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the atmosphere of substances (gases, aerosols) which have a direct (primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect.”
Air pollution is the theme for World Environment Day on 5 June 2019. The quality of the air we breathe depends on the lifestyle choices we make every day. Learn more about how air pollution affects you, and what is being done to clean the air. What are you doing to reduce your emissions footprint and #BeatAirPollution?
The 2019 World Environment Day is hosted by China.
For further information, please contact Niklas Hagelberg: Niklas.Hagelberg@un.org
The UN Climate Action Summit will take place in New York City on 23 September 2019 to increase ambition and accelerate action on the global climate emergency and support the rapid implementation of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. The 2019 UN Climate Action Summit is hosted by UN Secretary-General António Guterres.