Biology means the study of life and it is the science which егэ вариант - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

12643. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning A___________. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in B___________. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, C___________.

In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics E___________. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology, F___________.

1) which made a very important contribution to the study of botany
2) which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine
3) who were very dangerous
4) that is such an important part of biology today
5) which led to an understanding of the causes of disease
6) what were the earliest zoological gardens
7) which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

Источник

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12683. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Reality television is a genre of television programming which, it is claimed, presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations and features ordinary people rather than professional actors. It could be described A_____________. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, B_____________.

Reality television covers a wide range of television programming formats, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-focused productions such as Big Brother. Critics say that the term ‘reality television’ is somewhat of a misnomer C_____________. The participants of these shows are often put in exotic locations or abnormal situations and are sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, whereas the events on screen are manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques.

Part of reality television’s appeal is D_____________. Reality television also has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, mainly in talent and performance programmes such as Pop Idol, E_____________.

Some commentators have said that the name ‘reality television’ is an inaccurate description for several styles of programme included in the genre. In competition-based programmes such as Big Brother and The Real World, producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the environment, F_____________. Producers specifically select the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular behaviours and conflicts.

1) that is rather popular with teenagers
2) because such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality
3) the current explosion of popularity dates from around 2000
4) though frequently Big Brother participants also reach some degree of celebrity
5) creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out
6) as a form of artificial documentary
7) due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations

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12723. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Solar panels on the roof aren’t just providing clean power; they are cooling the house. Using thermal imaging, researchers determined that during the day, a building’s ceiling was 5 degrees Fahrenheit cooler under solar panels than under an exposed roof. At night, the panels help hold heat in, A___________.

As solar panels sprout on an increasing number of residential and commercial roofs, it becomes more important to consider their impact on buildings’ total energy costs. Data for the study was gathered over three days on the roof of the San Diego School of Engineering with a thermal infrared camera. The building is equipped with tilted solar panels and solar panels B___________. Some portions of the roof are not covered by panels.

The panels essentially act as roof shades. Rather than the sun beating down onto the roof, C___________, photovoltaic panels take the solar beating. Then much of the heat is removed by wind blowing between the panels and the roof. The benefits are greater if there is an open gap D___________, so tilted panels provide more cooling. Also, the more efficient the solar panels, the bigger the cooling effect. For the building researchers analyzed, the panels reduced the amount of heat reaching the roof by about 38 percent.

Although the measurements took place over a limited period of time, the team developed a model that allows them to extrapolate their findings to predict cooling effects throughout the year.

For example, in winter, the panels would keep the sun from heating up the building. But at night, they would also keep in E___________.

There are more efficient ways to passively cool buildings F___________. But, if you are considering installing solar photovoltaic, depending on your roof thermal properties, you can expect a large reduction in the amount of energy you use to cool your residence or business.

1) that are flush with the roof
2) such as reflective roof membranes
3) which causes heat to be pushed through the roof
4) where air can circulate between the building and the solar panel
5) that was not covered with panels
6) reducing heating costs in the winter
7) whatever heat accumulated inside

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12763. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

The ancient Greeks coined the term ‘atomos’, meaning the smallest possible separation of matter. In ancient times, both the Greeks and Indians had philosophised about the existence of the atom. However, it was first hypothesised scientifically by the British chemist John Dalton in the early years of the 19th century, A___________. Since then, smaller subatomic particles have been discovered and the part they play as the basic building blocks of the universe is clear. We now know that atoms are made up of differing numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, and these too are made up of even smaller particles.

Dalton’s theory about atoms was not immediately accepted by chemists, although one reason for this was Dalton’s well-known carelessness in experimental procedures. However, we know that Dalton was correct in almost everything he said in his theory of the atom. He described an atom, even though he had never seen one, B___________. It could combine with the atoms of other chemical elements to create a compound.

Almost a century later the first subatomic particles were discovered. By the 1930s, physicists were working with new ideas C___________. In turn, these developments helped them to develop quantum mechanics.

In chemistry, the atom is the smallest part of an element D___________. The difference in the number of subatomic particles makes one atom different from another.

Subatomic particles also have another purpose. If there is the same number of electrons and protons in the atom, E___________. A difference between the two means the atom has an electrical charge. In other words, it produces electricity. This electricity means the electrons can become attracted to each other. In this way, atoms can bond together to form molecules, and when enough molecules are joined together we have matter F___________.

1) as he has no equipment
2) as a particle that cannot change its nature
3) when he suggested it was the smallest particle that could exist
4) that we can see
5) that can still be recognised
6) then it will be electronically neutral
7) which allowed them to investigate the parts of the atom in great detail

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12803. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

On the whole, Cambridge is a much quieter than Oxford, although what really sets it apart from its scholarly rival is ‘the Backs’, providing exquisite views over the backs of the old colleges. At the front, the handsome facades of these same colleges dominate the layout of the town centre, lining up along the main streets. Most of the colleges date back to the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Many of the buildings are extraordinarily beautiful, but the most famous is King’s College, A___________. There are thirtyone university colleges in total. Each one is an independent, self-governing body, proud of its achievements and attracting a close loyalty from its students, B___________.

During the nineteenth century, the university finally lost its ancient privileges over the town, C___________. The university expanded too, with the number of students increasing dramatically. More recently, change has been much slower, D___________. The first two women’s colleges were founded in the 1870s, but it was only in 1947 that women were actually awarded degrees. In the meantime, the city and university had been acquiring a reputation as a high-tech centre of excellence. Cambridge, E___________, has always been in the vanguard of scientific research.

Cambridge is an extremely compact place, and you can walk round the centre, visiting the most interesting colleges, in an afternoon. A more thorough exploration covering more of the colleges and a leisurely afternoon on a punt will, however, take at least a couple of days. If possible you should avoid coming in high summer, F___________. Faced with such crowds, the more popular colleges have restricted their opening times and have introduced admission charges.

1) because of the development of industry
2) whose magnificent chapel is one of the greatest statements of late Gothic architecture
3) whose alumni have received no less than ninety Nobel prizes
4) amongst whom privately educated boys remain over-represented
5) particularly when it comes to equality of sexes
6) which was expanding rapidly thanks to the arrival of the railway
7) when the students are replaced by crowds of sightseers

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12843. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

When you mention the name ‘Hovercraft’ most people think of a helicopter. If someone sees one from the river bank, the term ‘airboat’ comes to their mind because most people are not quite sure A___________. Few people know of the personal sized hovercraft B___________.

A hovercraft is a vehicle, designed to travel over any smooth surface. Hovercraft are unique among all forms of transportation in their ability to travel equally well over land, ice, and water C___________. That is why they are used throughout the world as a means of specialized transport D___________. Hovercraft can be powered by one or more engines. The engine drives the fan, which is responsible for creating high pressure air. The air inflates the ‘skirt’ under the vehicle, causing it to rise above the ground.

The Hovercraft Museum, located in Hampshire, houses the world’s largest library of documents, publications, photographs and drawings on hovercraft, E___________. The museum also contains a large collection of original manufacturer’s hovercraft models including the world’s first working hovercraft model built by Christopher Cockerell.

Cockerell’s idea was to build a vehicle floating on a layer of air, F___________. To test his hypothesis, he put one smaller can inside a larger can and used a hairdryer to blow air into them. Christopher Cockerell was knighted for his achievement in 1969.

Hovercraft have now become much larger, more efficient and are in widespread use all over the world.

1) what they are looking at
2) which would reduce friction between the water and vehicle
3) all of which are available for research
4) where there is the need to travel over multiple types of surfaces
5) that are used worldwide for recreation, racing and rescue
6) so as to entertain the general public
7) because they are supported by a cushion of air

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12883. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

The world of automobiles has made some dramatic changes in the past century. Each year brings more innovative improvements in car technology A___________. However, all that brightness might make someone feel a bit curious about how it all began.

Way back in the 15th century, Leonardo Da Vinci was working diligently on designs and prototypes for transport vehicles B___________. It wasn’t until 1769 that an inventor in France built a working self-propelled vehicle. His name was Nicolas Cugnot, and the vehicle was a steam powered military tractor.

In Scotland, around 1839, Robert Anderson took a ride in his creation, C___________. Today’s modern hybrid cars use technology based upon the ideas first dreamed of almost 170 years ago!

But the legitimate title of Automobile Inventor would have to go to German inventor, Karl Friedrich Benz. It was in 1886 that he received a patent on the world’s first gasoline powered automobile, D___________.

In the United States, the first patent issued for an automobile was granted in 1789, to Oliver Evans. He performed an amazing demonstration of his vehicle in 1805, E___________. Proudly crowned the first amphibious vehicle, it never quite made it to production for the public.

It was in 1893 that Charles Edgar Duryea, and his brother Frank introduced to America the first gasoline powered car that worked the way it was supposed to. These two engineering brothers also started the first American automobile manufacturing plant.

A common belief is that Henry Ford invented the first car. However, Henry created his first car only in 1896. He had formed and lost two car manufacturing plants by 1903, F___________. His most famous contribution to the automotive industry was that he invented the first assembly line conveyer belt that revolutionized the manufacturing of automobiles.

1) which had a combustion engine and three wheels
2) when he showed the crowd that his automobile was able to travel on land, and in
3) because automotive companies are planning to do a lot of scientific research
4) when he started The Ford Motor Company
5) but, unfortunately, none ever came into being
6) the water by using a paddle wheel
7) so the future looks bright for both car buyers and car manufacturers
which he called the Electric Carriage

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12923. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Hogmanay is a Scottish holiday that celebrates the New Year. Observed on December 31, festivities typically spill over into the first couple of days of January. In fact, there’s a tradition known as ‘first-footing’, A___________. Of course, the guest must be dark-haired and preferably male. Redheads and women aren’t nearly as lucky! This tradition stems from the time when a red- or blonde-haired stranger was probably an invading Norseman. Gifts are given to guests, and one of the popular food items on the Hogmanay menu is the black bun, B___________.

In addition to national observance, many local areas have their own customs C___________. In the town of Burghead, Moray, an ancient tradition called ‘burning the clavie’ takes place each year on January, 11. The clavie is a big bonfire, fuelled primarily by split casks. One of these is joined back together with a big nail, filled with flammable material, and lit on fire. Flaming, it’s carried around the village and up to a Roman altar known to residents as the Douro. The bonfire is built around the clavie. When the burnt clavie crumbles, D___________.

In Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, the locals make giant balls of tar, paper and chicken wire. These are attached to several feet of chain or wire, and then set on fire. A designated ‘swinger’ whirls the ball around his head and walks through the village streets to the local harbor. At the end of the festival, any balls still on fire are cast into the water, E___________!

The town of Biggar, Lanarkshire, celebrates with a big holiday bonfire. In the early 1940s, one or two locals complained about the size of the fire, and celebration organizers agreed to have a smaller fire. This was erected as promised, but before it was lit, the local traditionalists trucked in cartload after cartload of coal and wood, making a giant pyre, F___________!

The Presbyterian church disapproved of Hogmanay in the past, but the holiday still enjoys a great deal of popularity.

1) which then burned for a whopping five days before running out of fuel
2) which is quite an impressive sight in the dark
3) where they are able to follow national traditions
4) the locals each grab a lit piece to kindle a fire in their own hearth
5) in which the first person to cross a home’s threshold brings the residents good luck for the coming year
6) when it comes to celebrating Hogmanay
7) which is a really rich fruitcake

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12963. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Walls and wall building have played a very important role in Chinese culture. From the Neolithic period to the Communist Revolution, walls were an essential part of any vil lage or town. Not only towns and villages but the houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also had no windows overlooking the street, A___________. The name for ‘city’ in Chinese (ch’eng) means ‘a wall’, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples presides the god of walls and mounts, whose duties were, and still are, B___________. Thus a great and extremely laborious task such as constructing a wall, C___________, must not have seemed such an absurdity.

However, it is indeed a common mistake to perceive the Great Wall as a single architectural structure, and it would also be erroneous to assume that it was built during a single dynasty. The building of the wall spanned various dynasties, and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the construction of the Great Wall, D___________.

The role that the Great Wall played in the growth of Chinese economy was an important one. Throughout the centuries many settlements were established along the new border. The garrison troops were instructed to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals were built, E___________. All these undertakings greatly helped to increase the country’s trade and cultural exchange with many remote areas. Builders, garrisons, artisans, farmers and peasants left behind a trail of objects, including inscribed tablets, household articles, and written work, which have become extremely valuable archaeological evidence to the study of defence institutions of the Great Wall and the everyday life of those people F___________.

1) thus giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze
2) which constructed the Great Wall
3) whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago
4) which was supposed to run throughout the country
5) to protect and be responsible for the welfare of the inhabitants
6) to mention just a few of the works carried out
7) who lived and died along the wall

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13003. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

To design spacesuits, vehicles and habitats with enough shielding to keep astronauts safe, scientists need to know A___________. They can estimate this radiation dose using computer models, but a computer model and real-life can be two wildly different things. Until now, researchers weren’t sure B___________.

That’s where the Phantom Torso comes in. He’s an armless, legless, human-shaped mannequin C___________. Scientists call him Matroshka, and like his NASA counterpart Fred, this mannequin is an intrepid space traveller.

Matroshka’s plastic body is loaded with over 400 dosimeter sensors D___________. The sensors are placed in the location of vital human organs. All the data collected is being used by scientists to verify the accuracy of computer models used to predict the safety of space missions for human astronauts.

The Phantom Torso has become a regular sight on the International Space Station over the last four months but now the limbless mummy-like humanoid is back home again. The Phantom Torso has provided the real-world test needed to prove E___________. They’re accurate to within ten percent of the measured dose. That means these models can be used to plan NASA’s return to the Moon or even a trip to Mars.

Lessons learned from Fred and Matroshka have major implications for NASA’s plans to set up a manned outpost on the Moon and eventually to send people to Mars. Protecting astronauts from the harmful effects of space radiation will be a critical challenge for these extended missions.

Now that the Phantom Torso has spent four months on the International Space Station, scientists are learning about the space radiation F___________. The results obtained from this experiment could help in the development of countermeasures to the effect of cosmic radiation experienced by astronauts.

1) which collect data from galactic cosmic rays and other radiation sources in space
2) whether their models accurately predicted the radiation dose astronauts experience in space
3) that Matroshka endured
4) how much radiation astronauts actually absorb
5) what to do with him
6) that looks like he’s wrapped in a mummy’s bandages
7) that the models used by scientists are essentially correct

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Unit 1

Lesson 1

BIOLOGY – THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

PRE-READING TASKS

I. Answer the following questions

· What is the subject matter of biological science?

· What branches of modern biology can you name?

· Why did you choose to study biology?

II. Listen to the following words and practice their pronunciation

Biology, science, discipline, zoology, botany, molecule, molecular, population, biophysics, biochemistry, nucleic acid, protein, heredity, organismal, cellular, multicellular, developmental, physiology, nervous, neurophysiology, behaviour, ethology, evolutionary, gene, genetics, ecology, natural, habitat, sociobiology, human, biomedicine, anthropology.

READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARYDEVELOPMENT

I. Match each word on the left to its correct definition on the right

1) encompass, v
2) scope, n
3) segregation, n
4) cogent, adj
5) span, v
6) breakthrough, n
7) interaction, n

neglect, n
9) boundary, n
10) habitat, n
11) fluid, adj

a) a mutual or reciprocal action or influence;
b) to stretch or extend across, over, or around;
c) lack of due care or attention; negligence;
d) separation, setting apart;
e) the range of things that a subject, activity, book, etc. deals with;
f) the natural home of a plant or animal;
g) forcefully convincing;
h) something that indicates the farthest limit, as of an area;
i) to include entirely or comprehensively;
j) a significant development or discovery, esp. in science;
k) (1) liquid; (2) constantly changing or apt to change.

II. Read the following text paying attention to the highlighted words. Explain or interpret the contextual meaning of the underlined phrases

Biology is the science of life. The term biology was introduced in Germany in 1800 and popularized by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck as a means of encompassing the growing number of disciplines involved with the study of living forms. The scope of biological science is so broad that it has been subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study. Despite apparent differences, all the subdivisions are interrelated by basic principles that underlie all biological manifestations.

It was once the custom to separate the study of plants (botany) from that of animals (zoology), and the study of the structure of organisms (morphology) from that of function (physiology). The English zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley was the first to insist that the conventional segregation of zoology and botany was intellectually meaningless and that all living things should be studied in an integrated way. Huxley’s approach to the study of biology is even more cogent today, because scientists now realize that many lower organisms are neither plants nor animals. The limits of the science, however, have always been difficult to determine, and as the scope of biology has shifted over the years, its subject areas have been changed and reorganized.

The current approach to the study of living things is based on the levels of biological organization involved — whether molecules, cells, individuals, or populations — and on the specific subject matter under investigation—for example, structure and function, types and classification, and growth and development.

Molecular biology, which spans biophysics and biochemistry, has made the most fundamental contributions to modern biology. Much is now known about the structure and action of nucleic acids and protein, the key molecules of all living matter. The discovery of the mechanism of heredity was a major breakthrough in modern science. Another important advance was in understanding how molecules conduct metabolism, that is, how they process the energy needed to sustain life.

Cellular biology is closely linked with molecular biology. To understand the functions of the cell — the basic structural unit of living matter — cell biologists study its components on the molecular level. Organismal biology, in turn, is related to cellular biology, because the life functions of multicellular organisms are governed by the activities and interactions of their cellular components. The study of organisms includes their growth and development (developmental biology) and how they function (physiology). Particularly important are investigations of the brain and nervous system (neurophysiology) and animal behaviour (ethology).

Population biology became firmly established as a major subdivision of biological studies in the 1970s. Central to this field is evolutionary biology, in which the contributions of Charles Darwin have been fully appreciated after a long period of neglect. Population genetics, the study of gene changes in populations, and ecology, the study of populations in their natural habitats, have been established subject areas since the 1930s. These two fields were combined in the 1960s to form a rapidly developing new discipline often called, simply, population biology. Closely associated is a new development in animal-behaviour studies called sociobiology, which focuses on the genetic contribution to social interactions among animal populations.

Biology also includes the study of humans at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. If the focus of investigation is the application of biological knowledge to human health, the study is often termed biomedicine. Human populations are by convention not considered within the province of biology; instead, they are the subject of anthropology and the various social sciences. The boundaries and subdivisions of biology, however, are as fluid today as they have always been, and further shifts may be expected.

Vocabulary notes

as a means of – як засіб

under investigation – що вивчається

in turn – у свою чергу; у відповідь

III. Use the phrases from the vocabulary notes in the sentences of your own

IV. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text

1. Different branches of biology are connected with each other.

2. According to Huxley it is logical to divide biology into zoology and botany.

3. The subject of biological studies has changed for the past years.

4. Biophysics is a part of molecular biology whereas biochemistry can be referred to cellular biology.

5. The principles and mechanisms of heredity were known to scholars in late middle ages.

6. Energy that is necessary for the maintenance of life in a cell is obtained in a process called replication.

7. Developmental biology, physiology, and ethology are the branches of organismal biology.

8. Population biology and sociobiology are concerned with the studies of humans.

9. Biomedicine is a branch of science that deals with animal treatment.

V. Make up 6-7 questions about the text and ask them to your partner

VI. Find the English equivalents of the following words in the text

Взаємопов’язані; звичайний, традиційний; сучасний, теперішній; внесок; поступ; здійснювати; підтримувати; оцінювати, цінувати; зосереджуватися, концентрувати увагу; застосування.

VII. Use the words from exercise VI to fill in the blanks in the following sentences

1. Is it really necessary to ______ experiments on animals?

2. He did not fully ______ the significance of his invention.

3. All parts of the course are ______.

4. He was unable to ______ lasting relationships with women.

5. Their aim is to reduce ______ pollution levels in the Black Sea.

6. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his ______ to Quantum Theory.

7. ______ in medical science may make it possible for people to live for 150 years.

8. Acupuncture may work, but I still believe in a more ______ approach to medicine.

9. He felt he needed to ______ more on his research.

10. The possible ______ of this invention are limitless.

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Read the following questions and identify their type

1. What is biology?

2. Did life on Earth appear 3 million or 3 billion years ago?

3. Who was the inventor of the first microscope?

4. Is cell considered the basic unit of life?

5. The phenomenon of diversity of life has had a long history of study, hasn’t it?

6. Do all living organisms reproduce?

7. I am going to study hard this semester, aren’t I?

III. Make question-tags

1. Evidence to support the theory of evolution has come primarily from the fossil record, __________?

2. Cuckoos don’t build nests, ________?

3. Evolution itself is a biological phenomenon common to all living things _________?

4. Before the invention of a microscope, people didn’t know anything about cells ________?

5. In agriculture, both asexual and sexual reproduction are important _________?

6. You weren’t listening to the lecture _________?

7. I’m going to become a scientist _________?

8. Keep on working on your project _________?

9. There are a lot of students in the lecture hall __________?

10. This isn’t very interesting __________?

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. You are going to hear two fragments of a lecture about the history of our planet and life on it. Listen to the first fragment and answer the following questions. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

big bang
background radiation
permeate
be tuned to
expand
collapse
gravitational attraction
solid matter
aggregation
dust particles

cluster
compress
melt
radioactive decay
core
crust
mantle
dense
silicate materials
sea bed

mountain range
plain
erode
hydrogen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
water vapour
dissolve
lightning

1. When did the “big bang” occur?

2. Has the universe stopped expanding?

3. How can we “feel” the effects of the original explosion?

4. How do we call our galaxy?

5. When did our solar system shape up?

6. How were most of the planets built?

7. What is the composition of earth’s core and mantle?

8. How thick is earth’s crust?

9. Is the atmosphere we have now the same one that used to surround the earth about 5 billion years ago?

Lesson 2

LIFE

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

turn out – виявитись, виявлятись

set smth apart from smth – відокремлювати

сarry out – здійснювати

by means of – за допомогою

adapt/adjust to – пристосовуватись до

I. You are going to hear four different definitions of life (A, B, C, D). Choose the best summary for each of the definitions. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

excrete revive host animal
alter clement conditions emphasis
oxidation state proteinacious catalysts to confer benefits
sulfur enzymes random processes
boundary counterexample complexity
to remain dormant virus-like

1. The physiological definition is inconsistent because automobiles can “breathe”, “eat”, “excrete”, etc. similarly to living things.

2. The physiological definition has certain drawbacks because some non-living objects (e.g. machines) can “perform” functions similar to those of living beings whereas some living organisms such as certain bacteria do not carry out all processes of life (e.g. breathing).

3. The physiological definition is incorrect because some bacteria don’t breathe.

1. The metabolic definition emphasizes the ability of living organisms to exchange substances and energy with their external environments while preserving their basic characteristics.

2. According to the metabolic definition seeds and spores are not alive because they remain dormant for hundreds of years without any visible metabolism.

3. There are exceptions to the metabolic definition because some living organisms are inclined to change their inner structure and properties during their life cycles.

1. The biochemical definition is inconsistent because viruses cannot reproduce.

2. Modern scientists agree that the biochemical definition is better than other theories and there are virtually no arguments against it.

3. The biochemical definition of life places an emphasis on the fact that all living organisms contain hereditary information in the form of certain biochemical structures such as nucleic acids.

1. The genetic definition relies on such characteristics of living organisms as replication and evolution.

2. The genetic definition concludes that since a replicating organism has no obvious benefits from replication some living beings (e.g. hybrids) do not replicate.

3. According to the genetic definition it is improbable that a variety of modern living forms might have evolved from one common ancestor.

Lesson 3

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

in the presence/absence of – за наявності, у присутності/відсутності чогось

serve as – слугувати, виступати як/у ролі

be capable of – бути здатним, спроможним

in response to – у відповідь на щось, як реакція на щось

I. You will hear a text “Life from Outer Space?” Complete the notes below which summarize it. You will need to write a word or a short phrase in each space. Discuss the words from the box before listening

to gain popularity
entirely absurd
archaea
environmental tolerance
tentative evidence

to be blasted into space
to capture a meteor
crash into a planet
precursor of life
cognizant life

There is a hypothesis that life did not ___________ but emerged elsewhere _____________ and was then transported to our planet.

It is not senseless because the most primitive ______________ have extreme _______________ and some possibly could survive __________.

In _____ a team of NASA scientists announced that _____________ had been found in a 4.5-billion-year-old meteorite _____________.

Mars has much weaker ______________________.

The earth is more likely ________________ than __________.

We may all be ________________________.

It is possible that life __________________ on the earth and Mars.

To answer these questions scientists should:

1) carry out experiments on ______________________;

2) continue exploration for ___________________;

3) search for a source ___________________ from outer space.

WRITING

V. Read the extracts from the Pope John Paul II’s message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on evolution and the origin of life. Consider and discuss the questions following the text in the Discussion section

In celebrating the 60^th anniversary of the Academy’s refoundation, I would like to recall the intentions of my predecessor Pius XI, who wished to surround himself with a select group of scholars, relying on them to inform the Holy See in complete freedom about developments in scientific research, and thereby to assist him in his reflections.

He asked those whom he called the Church’s Senatus Scientificus to serve the truth. I again extend this same invitation to you today, certain that we will be able to profit from the fruitfulness of a truthful dialogue between the Church and science…

I am pleased with the first theme you have chosen, that of the origins of life and evolution, an essential subject that deeply interests the Church, since Revelation, for its part, contains teaching concerning the nature and origins of man. How do the conclusions reached by the various scientific disciplines coincide with those contained in the message of the Revelation? And if, at first sight, there are apparent contradictions, in what direction do we look for their solution? We know, in fact, that truth cannot contradict truth… It is necessary to determine the proper sense of Scripture, while avoiding any unwarranted interpretations that make it say what it doesn’t intend to say. In order to delineate the field of their own study, the exegete and the theologian must keep informed about the results achieved by the natural science…

…The Encyclical Humani generis (1950), considered the doctrine of “evolutionism” a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and in-depth study equal to that of the opposing hypothesis… Today, new knowledge has led to the recognition that the theory of evolution is more than a hypothesis…

…The Church’s Magisterium is directly concerned with the question of evolution, for it involves the conception of man: Revelation teaches us that he was created in the image and likeness of God…this doctrine…is pivotal to Christian thought… St. Thomas observes that man’s likeness to God resides especially in his speculative intellect, for his relationship with the object of his knowledge resembles God’s relationship with what he has created. But even more, man is called to enter into a relationship of knowledge and love with God himself, a relationship which will find its complete fulfillment beyond time, in eternity. All the depth and grandeur of his vocation are revealed to us in the mystery of the risen Christ. It is by virtue of his spiritual soul that the whole person possesses such a dignity even in his body. Pius XII stressed this essential point: if the human body takes its origin from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is immediately crated by God…

It is significant that in St. John’s Gospel life refers to the divine light which Christ communicated to us. We are called to enter into eternal life, that is to say, into the eternity of the divine beatitude.

To warn us against the serious temptations threatening us, our Lord quotes the great saying of Deuteronomy: “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.”

Even more, “life” is one of the most beautiful titles which the Bible attributes to God. He is the living God.

I cordially invoke an abundance of divine blessings upon you and upon all who are close to you.

Discussion

1. How does the Pope interpret the notion of “life” in the message?

2. Prove the authors opinion concerning the importance of cooperation between theology and natural sciences.

3. Why is the problem of the origin of man of extreme importance for the Church?

4. Do any obvious contradictions between the theological and scientific points of view on this problem exist? Is it possible to overcome them?

5. How does St. Thomas regard the nature of man?

6. Explain the meaning of the phrase “truth cannot contradict truth”.

7. Do you agree with the Church’s official position concerning the origin of life and man expressed in the Pope’s message?

Unit 2

Lesson 1

MACROMOLECULES

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

play a role (in) – відігравати роль

both…and… – як…так і…

rich in – багатий на

range from…to… — (коливатися) в межах від…до…

VII. Find the following words and expressions in the text “Macromolecules”. Explain the differences in their meanings and usage. Use these words and expressions to fill in the gaps in the sentences below

a) Constitute; make up.

b) Contain; include; be composed of; consist of.

1. Each cell typically _______ a central, usually spherical, nucleus and an outermore heterogeneous region, termed the cytoplasm.

2. Up to 70% of your total body weight is _______ of water.

3. Cigarettes which _______ less than 0.8 mg nicotine can be classified as «light».

4. Symptoms of the disease _______ tiredness and loss of memory.

5. Water is ________ hydrogen and oxygen.

6. Doctors are struggling to _______ the epidemic.

7. The environment of an organism also _______ the other organisms in its surroundings.

8. It is sometimes difficult to believe that the different groups living within our borders ________ a single society.

9. Hereditary information is carried by large molecules known as genes which are ________ nucleic acids.

10. The rise in crime ________ a threat to society.

11. Human cells are in many fundamental respects similar to those that ________ all the other animals and plants on the Earth.

GRAMMAR IN USE: WORD FORMATION 1

I. Look at the words below. They are all the derivatives of one word – solve. Explain the meaning of each word. What morphological means have been used to produce these words? What other means of word formation do you know?

Solvent; insoluble; dissolve; soluble.

I. Listen to a fragment of a lecture about DNA structure. Say whether the following statements are true or false according to the text on the tape. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

nucleotides nitrogen base complementary base pairing thriving
deoxyribose double helix junk

k) Nucleotides are the constituent parts of DNA molecules.

l) Each nucleotide is made up of two main components.

m) There are four types of bases in the DNA structure: cytosine, guanine, thymosine, and adenine.

n) The DNA molecule resembles a double helix or a “ladder” in which the “sides” are made up of bases and the “rumps” consist of phosphate and sugar molecules.

o) The bases in the DNA combine randomly with each other.

p) The mode of base pairing is very important for DNA replication and storage of genetic information.

q) An average human gene includes 100 bases.

r) 98% of a DNA molecule is considered “junk” and useless.

Lesson 2

Vocabulary notes

in spite of something (= despite something) – незважаючи на

depend (up)on – залежати від

in order to (do something) – для того, щоб

interfere with – перешкоджати, втручатися

V. Fill in the following table with synonyms (from list A) and opposites (from list B) of the given words. Explain the difference between the synonyms and illustrate it using your own examples

word	synonym	opposites
achieve, v
entire, adj
regenerate, v		———
extend, v
obtain, v
exhibit, v
regard, v
minute, adj
convert, v		———
precise, adj
successive, adj		———

A:accomplish; accurate; acquire; change; complete; consider; display; exact; following; get; microscopic; protrude; reach; renew; reproduce; show; stick out; subsequent; tiny; transform; view; whole.

B:conceal; contract; disregard; enormous; fail; forgo; hide; huge; incomplete; inexact; lose (x2); neglect; partial; shorten; vague.

III. Some of the English words consist of two or more components that function as one word. Match the words from the left and right columns to form such nouns or adjectives making necessary changes. Use these words in your own sentences

1 phosphorus
2 carbon
3 pain
4 head
5 photo
6 sun
7 baby
8 water
9 air
10 fire
11 data
12 soft
13 plasma
14 bone
15 swim

a) ache
b) base
c) brigade
d) lipid -> 1. d) phospholipid
e) condition
f) glasses
g) hydrate
h) kill
i) marrow
j) membrane
k) proof
l) sit 7. l) -> babysitter
m) suit
n) synthesis
o) ware

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. Listen to the following piece of information about origin of the eukaryotes. Choose the correct options to complete the statements below. In some cases more than one answer is possible. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

sediments
to be ingested
to get digested
to sit trapped

to be treated like
to nurture thoughts
successive generations
to account for

to be incomplete
compelling objections
to resolve a matter
to reside in

1. Among the cell organelles that contain their own ribosome and DNA are:

a) chloroplasts; b) lyzosomes; c) vacuoles.

2. The attempts to grow mitochondria in culture out of cells

a) have been successful;

b) have never produced the expected result;

c) have never been made.

3. Eukaryotic cells appeared on earth

a) 2 billion years after prokaryotes;

b) 3 million years after prokaryotes;

c) 2 billion years ago.

4. According to Lynn Margulis, Boston University, about a billion years ago earth was inhabited

a) by photosynthetic prokaryotes;

b) by several types of prokaryotes;

c) by prokaryotes and first eukaryotes.

5. According to Lynn Margulis, Boston University,

a) some prokaryotes “infected” others;

b) some prokaryotes were parasites that lived within others;

c) Some prokaryotes got engulfed by others and survived within them

6. The endosymbiotic theory is incomplete because

a) it does not account for a number of features that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes;

b) chloroplasts and mitochondria lack nuclei;

c) mitochondria and chloroplasts are not the only organelles within the eukaryotic cell.

7. The endosymbiotic theory

a) will soon be rejected as inconsistent;

b) has already been accepted as true;

c) can be further improved and developed.

Lesson 3

CELL STRUCTURE

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

be responsible for – відповідати за щось

be involved in something – брати участь у чомусь

as well as – так само як і; а також…

result in – мати результатом, спричиняти

Lesson 4

CELL DIVISION

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

due to – завдяки, через

referred to as – що називається як

instead of — замість

make it possible (for someone/something) to do something – уможливлювати щось

III. Answer the following questions about the text “Cell Division”

1. What reproductive mechanism in cells provides for the diversity of the offspring?

2. How many stages does mitosis include?

3. What is interphase characterized by?

4. How many steps of karyokinesis are distinguished?

5. At what stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disintegrate?

6. What happens in a cell during telophase?

7. What is cytokinesis?

8. What cells use meiotic pattern of reproduction and why?

9. How do you understand the phrase “the chromatides from different chromosomes cross over”?

10. What are haploid and diploid cells?

IV. Look for the words with the following meanings in the text “Cell Division”

1. To divide a country, building, or room into two or more parts;

2. To make denser or more compact;

3. Either extremity of an axis of a sphere and especially of the earth’s axis;

4. To pull hard;

5. To sink away; vanish;

6. Lacking a definite plan, purpose, or pattern;

7. A flat or level surface;

8. To bring to an end especially in a particular way or with a particular action;

9. To send out in or as if in rays; to spread around from a centre.

VI. Find the following words in the text “Cell Division” and explain their meanings. Then select the synonyms of these words from the list below. Explain the difference between the synonyms using a dictionary

condense, __________, __________, __________;

disperse, __________, __________, __________;

fine, __________, __________, __________;

hollow, __________, __________, __________;

split, __________, __________, __________.

Break, abridge, empty, slender, compress, spread, vacant, crack, diffuse, little, void, separate, minute, contract, scatter.

Discussion

1. What are stem cells?

2. What clinical uses of stem cells do you know about?

3. What are the advantages of stem cell therapy over the traditional methods of treating human diseases?

4. What potential dangers, risks and side effects can the use of stem cell therapy involve?

Student A

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⁵C

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¹²

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Unit 3

Lesson 1

THE PROTISTA

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

within something – в межах/ всередині чогось

either…or… — або… або…

neither…nor… — (а)ні… (а)ні…

from one’s point of view – з (чиєїсь) точки зору

OBSERVE

1. Whittaker observed the absorptive role of the fungi in the natural environment.

2. One student performs the experiment, while his partner observes.

3. Hakeem is currently observing the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, and fasts between sunrise and sunset.

4. You can avoid danger by observing these simple rules.

5. Zella and George observed their 55th wedding anniversary last August.

GAIN

1. The knowledge gained from electronic microscopy and molecular biology caused the demolition of the traditional classification schemes of algae, fungi and protozoa.

2. The sport has gained in popularity in recent years.

3. She has gained a reputation as a good communicator.

4. He gained a doctorate in Genetic Engineering.

5. A new-born baby will gain weight at around one ounce per day.

6. Evangelical Christianity has been gaining ground since the Second World War.

7. The dollar has gained 8% against the yen.

8. Fortunately, the investment banks have managed to gain control of the dividends of only big and new companies.

9. A gene in a splurge-weed cell stands to gain by promoting the reproduction of its cell.

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Complete the table

singular	plural		singular	plural
1) alga 2) ……………. 3) ……………. 4) cilium 5) ……………. 6) crista 7) ……………. ……………. 9) emphasis 10) fish 11) ……………. 12) fungus 13) ……………. 14) helix 15) ……………. 16) larva 17) leaf 18) …………….	1) ……………. 2) analyses 3) bacteria 4) ……………. 5) crania 6) ……………. 7) criteria data 9) ……………. 10) ……………. 11) flagella 12) ……………. 13) genera 14) ……………. 15) hypotheses 16) ……………. 17) ……………. 18) lives		19) medium 20) ……………. 21) ……………. 22) nucleus 23) ……………. 24) paramecium 25) ……………. 26) phylum 27) ……………. 28) plasmodium 29) ……………. 30) species 31) sternum 32) ……………. 33) ……………. 34) taxon 35) ……………. 36) …………….	19) ……………. 20) metamorphoses 21) mitochondria 22) ……………. 23) offspring 24) ……………. 25) phenomena 26) ……………. 27) pili 28) ……………. 29) series 30) ……………. 31) ……………. 32) stimuli 33) syntheses 34) ……………. 35) theses 36) wolves

II. Choose the appropriate word from among those given in Ex. I and use it in the correct number to complete the following sentences. The first letter of each word is given to help you make the right choice

1. _P_________ are unicellular organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length and covered with minute hairlike projections called _c_________.

2. _B_________ are described as prokaryotes, organisms whose cells lack _n_________.

3. Many bacteria feature small protrusions from their outside cell surface known as _p_________. These hairlike outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to various surfaces.

4. Other hairlike extensions called _f_________ are much longer than piliand can be found at either or both ends of a _b_________ or all over its surface.

5. Since the earliest days of plant and animal domestication, around 10,000 years ago, humans have understood that characteristic traits of parents could be transmitted to their _o_________.

6. Pedigree _a_________ can be useful when combined with certain genetic tests.

7. The base level in the taxonomic hierarchy is the _s_________.

8. The many species of organisms in the plant kingdom are divided into several _p_________, or divisions, totaling about 260,000 species.

9. On the next tier of the hierarchy, similar species are grouped into a broader _t_________ called a _g_________.

10. The goals of medicine are to help people live longer, happier, more active _l_________ with less suffering and disability.

11. A _l_________ is an extension of a plant’s stem. Although most _l_________ are flat, broad, or bladelike, they also may be many other shapes, including round, oval, or feathery.

12. During replication, the DNA double _h_________ unwinds and bonds joining the base pairs break, separating the DNA molecule into two separate strands.

13. Unlike plants and animals, _f_________ obtain food by absorbing nutrients from an external source.

14. The interior of each _m_________ consists of an inner membrane that is folded into a mazelike arrangement of separate compartments called _c_________.

15. One of the phyla of _a_________, the green _a_________, is believed to have given rise to the plant kingdom, because its chlorophylls, cell walls, and other details of cellular structure are similar to those of plants.

16. Students are reminded that their _t_________ must be handed in by the end of term.

17. Our _h_________ is that the dolphins ate contaminated fish, and this affected the dolphins’ immune system.

18. Life on Earth is structurally based on carbon and utilizes water as an interaction _m_________.

19. This definition places great _e_________ on the importance of replication.

20. The DNA molecule consists of a long _s_________ of coded messages capable of directing the _s_________ of specific proteins at any time in the cell or life cycle.

21. The first of the wonder drugs, penicillin, was isolated from a _f_________ Penicillium.

22. Biological _c_________ are based on the premise that the structure and function of an aquatic biological community within a specific habitat provide critical information about the quality of surface waters.

23. The _c_________ or skull is made up of over 20 different bones.

24. A _l_________ is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing _m_________ (for example, insects or amphibians).

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. Human pathogens appear in many groups of protists, especially among protozoa. Protozoans of the genus Plasmodium invade red blood cells in humans causing one of the most dangerous infectious diseases – malaria. You are going to hear a text describing some aspects of the disease and ways of its prevention. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

chills
trembling
fever
delirium
to sweat profusely
spleen
relentless
repeated infection
severe anemia

bark
bloodstream
to render unusable
saliva
anticlotting agent
sporozoite
merozoite
Jesuit missionary
remedy

cinchona tree
quinine
eradication campaign
to stem the illness
drug resistance
survelliance
bednet
repellent
circulatory system collapse

Lesson 2

THE BACTERIA

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

as a source of – як джерело

survive something – витримати, перенести, пережити щось

the latter – останній (з двох названих)

VI. Fill in the following table with synonyms (from list A) and opposites (from list B) of the given words. Explain the difference between the synonyms and illustrate it using your own examples

word	synonyms (3 for each word)	opposites
natural, adj		(3)
diverse, adj		(2)
dominant, adj		(2)
acquire, v		(2)
important, adj		(3)
lack, n		(2)
firm, adj		(2)
improve, v		(2)

A:absence; chief; common; contrasting; correct; deficiency; develop; different; essential; gain; hard; innate; obtain; perfect; prevailing; principal; progress; remarkable; shortage; significant; stable; steady; various; wild.

B:abandon; abnormal; abundance; artificial; changeable; decline; deteriorate; identical; inconsiderable; minor; same; slight; soft; subordinate; sufficiency; surrender; unimportant; unnatural.

I. You are going to hear a fragment of a lecture about the best-known prokaryote Escherichia coli (E. coli). Before listening study the following measurements and discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

µm – micrometer = 1/1000 mm = 10^{-6 m (one millionth of a meter)}

nm – nanometer = 1/1000 µm = 10^{-9 m (one billionth of a meter)}

µm³ – cubic micrometer

10^-12g (one-millionth of one-millionth of a gram) = 0,0000000000001g

humble
intestinal tract
length
approximately
weight
tiny
bundle

magnified
human dimensions
nonetheless
favorable
under the conditions
whereas
rapid division

immense
nutritional requirements
health hazard
extensive precautions
differing genet ic strains
potassium (K)

Lesson 3

VIRUSES

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

in fact — фактично

at least – принаймні, щонайменше

act as – виступати, діяти як

unlike something – на відміну від

infect with – заражати (чимось)

in addition (to) – до того ж, на додачу (до)

Discussion

1. What is smallpox?

2. When did mankind free itself from the scourge?

3. Is it safe to store a virus like that in laboratories?

4. What is your answer to the question: “Should we destroy the last smallpox virus?”?

Unit 4

Lesson 1

VASCULAR PLANTS

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

accompanied by – у супроводі/що супроводжується

develop into – розвинутися у

drop/fall off — відпадати

give rise to – давати поштовх до/призводити до зростання

Lesson 2

Vocabulary notes

at this stage – на цій ступені/стадії

take place — відбуватися

more or less – більш менш

at the same time – у той же ж час

Lesson 3

ANIMALS

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

way of life – спосіб життя

rely (up)on – покладатися на/залежати від

control over something – контроль над чимось

Lesson 4

PHYLUM CHORDATA

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

rival something (4) – конкурувати з/рівнятися з

in comparison with (4) – у порівняні з

in proportion to (4) – що є пропорційним до/відносно до

V. Find the following words in the text “Phylum Chordata” and explain their meanings. Then select the synonyms of these words from the list below. Explain the difference between the synonyms using a dictionary

identify, _______, _______, _______;
feature, _______, _______, _______;
moist, _______, _______, _______;

provide, _______, _______, _______;
reduce, _______, _______, _______.

Attribute, cut, damp, decrease, determine, diminish, distinguish, furnish, give, humid, property, recognise, supply, trait, wet.

V. Read the following texts on animal rights. One of the texts is an article from the official website of an American animal protection organization called PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), the other is an extract from a summary on cruelty to animals from the free encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Answer the questions in the Discussion section

WHY ANIMAL RIGHTS?

Almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. Many of us bought our beloved “pets” at pet shops, had guinea pigs, and kept beautiful birds in cages. We wore wool and silk, ate McDonald’s burgers, and fished. We never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. For whatever reason, you are now asking the question: Why should animals have rights?

Australian philosopher, Princeton professor, and author of numerous ground-breaking books — including 1975’s Animal Liberation, Peter Singer states that the basic principle of equality does not require equal or identical treatment; it requires equal consideration. This is an important distinction when talking about animal rights. People often ask if animals should have rights, and quite simply, the answer is “Yes!” Animals surely deserve to live their lives free from suffering and exploitation. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of the reforming utilitarian school of moral philosophy, stated that when deciding on a being’s rights, “The question is not ‘Can they reason?’ nor ‘Can they talk?’ but ‘Can they suffer?’” In that passage, Bentham points to the capacity for suffering as the vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration. The capacity for suffering is not just another characteristic like the capacity for language or higher mathematics. All animals have the ability to suffer in the same way and to the same degree that humans do. They feel pain, pleasure, fear, frustration, loneliness, and motherly love. Whenever we consider doing something that would interfere with their needs, we are morally obligated to take them into account.

Supporters of animal rights believe that animals have an inherent worth — a value completely separate from their usefulness to humans. We believe that every creature with a will to live has a right to live free from pain and suffering. Animal rights is not just a philosophy — it is a social movement that challenges society’s traditional view that all nonhuman animals exist solely for human use. As PETA founder Ingrid Newkirk has said, “When it comes to pain, love, joy, loneliness, and fear, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy. Each one values his or her life and fights the knife.”

Only prejudice allows us to deny others the rights that we expect to have for ourselves. Whether it’s based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or species, prejudice is morally unacceptable. If you wouldn’t eat a dog, why eat a pig? Dogs and pigs have the same capacity to feel pain, but it is prejudice based on species that allows us to think of one animal as a companion and the other as dinner.

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS

Cruelty to animals refers to treatment or standards of care that cause unwarranted or unnecessary suffering or harm to animals. There are many different reasons why individuals abuse animals. Animal cruelty covers a wide range of actions (or lack of action), so one blanket answer simply isn’t possible. Each type of abuse has displayed certain patterns of behaviour that we can use to help understand more about why people commit the crimes we encounter today. Animal cruelty is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive, also referred to as commission and omission, respectively. Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect, where the crime is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Examples of neglect are starvation, dehydration, parasite infestations, allowing a collar to grow into an animal’s skin, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and failure to seek veterinary care when an animal needs medical attention.

Active cruelty implies malicious intent, where a person has deliberately and intentionally caused harm to an animal, and is sometimes referred to as NAI (Non-Accidental Injury). Acts of intentional cruelty are often some of the most disturbing and should be considered signs of serious psychological problems. This type of behaviour is often associated with sociopathic behaviour and should be taken very seriously.

Discussion

1. How do you understand Peter Singer’s statement: “The basic principle of equality does not require equal or identical treatment; it requires equal consideration” (see the text “Why Animal Rights?”). Do you agree with it?

2. Do you believe that lack of care towards animals can be regarded as animal abuse?

3. Do you think that individuals who are cruel to animals are socially dangerous?

4. Which of the following human activities can be classified as animal abuse:

· using animals in experimentation (in medicine, pharmacology, testing cosmetics, etc.);

· vivisection;

· using animals for entertainment (circuses, film making);

· using animals for food;

· killing animals for their skins, fur, etc.;

· using animals in sports (horse racing, corrida, etc.);

· hunting, whaling;

· pets’ sterilization;

· keeping wild animals in captivity (zoos);

· killing pests (sewer rats, house mice, garden slugs, etc.)

5. Why should people be concerned about animal rights and neglect the rights of other living beings, such as plants, fungi, etc.?

VI. Solve the following puzzle and read the saying of Jean Henri Fabre, a French naturalist. The clues below will help you – each number corresponds to a letter in the English words defined in the table below

3-19-15-8-1-7-23 21-2-6-2-5-7-11-8-2-15 8-3-2 5-11-8-8-6-2-13-19-2-6-18-15 10-3-2-7-2-1-17 10-2 14-2-2-8 1-20-7 18-2-11-8-3, 5-20-8 19-8 15-21-1-7-17-15 8-1 15-24-2-11-4 1-13 8-3-2 24-6-1-10-2-18 13-9-2-6-18-15 10-3-2-7-2-5-23 10-2 8-3-7-19-9-2.

19-8 4-17-1-10-15 8-3-2 17-11-14-2-15 1-13 8-3-2 4-19-17-22-15’ 5-11-15-8-11-7-18-15 5-20-8 21-11-17-17-1-8 8-2-6-6 20-15 8-3-2 1-7-19-22-19-17 1-13 10-3-2-11-8.

8-3-19-15 19-15 8-3-2 10-11-23 1-13 3-20-14-11-17 13-1-6-6-23.

A complex tissue in the vascular system of higher plants that consists of vessels, tracheids, or both usually together with wood fibres and parenchyma cells, functions chiefly in conduction of water and dissolved minerals but also in support and food storage, and typically constitutes the woody element (as of a plant stem).	16-23-6-2-14
A complex tissue in the vascular system of higher plants that consists mainly of sieve tubes and elongated parenchyma cells usually with fibres and that functions in translocation and in support and storage.	24-3-6-1-2-14
A stem or branch with its leaves and appendages especially when not yet mature.	15-3-1-1-8
The part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen and is usually borne on a stalk.	11-17-8-3-2-7
A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot.	5-20-18
A longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the lowest chordates (as a lancelet or a lamprey) and in the embryos of the higher vertebrates forms the supporting axis of the body.	17-1-8-1-21-3-1-7-18
Any of numerous cold-blooded strictly aquatic craniate vertebrates that have typically an elongated somewhat spindle-shaped body terminating in a broad caudal fin, limbs in the form of fins when present at all, and a 2-chambered heart.	13-19-15-3
A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries.	9-2-17-8-7-19-21-6-2
Any of a class or division of vascular plants that have the ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary and form the embryo and endosperm by double fertilization — called also flowering plant.	11-17-22-19-1-15-24-2-7-14
A relatively small elongated usually naked and soft-bodied animal; platyhelminth.	13-6-11-8-10-1-7-14
The bony or more or less cartilaginous framework supporting the soft tissues and protecting the internal organs of a vertebrate.	15-3-2-6-2-8-1-17

Unit 5

Lesson 1

ANTHROPOGENESIS

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

as compared with – порівняно із

take account of – враховувати

correspond closely with – бути наближеним, схожим; відповідати

susceptibility to a disease – сприйнятливість до хвороби

be concerned with – бути пов’язаним із

Lesson 2

EVOLUTION

PRE-READING TASKS

Vocabulary notes

account for – відповідати за

with no regard for / without regard for – не зважаючи на

keep something in check – тримати під контролем

VIII. Some of the science-related words can be misused by students of English due to similarities in their meanings. Study the examples below and discuss the difference between the highlighted words. Use a dictionary to find more about their meanings

1. Natural selection can be studied by analyzing its effects on changing gene frequencies; but it can also be explored by examining its effects on the observable characteristics—or phenotypes—of individuals in a population.

2. Paleontologists have recovered and studied the fossil remains of many thousands of organisms that lived in the past.

3. The problem of the origin of Homo sapiens from his Middle Pleistocene forebears is complex; hence, it is valuable to examine in detail those specimens that come from the earliest well-dated sites.

4. Since the 1960s a related scientific discipline, molecular biology, has advanced enormously knowledge of biological evolution and has made it possible to investigate detailed problems that seemed completely out of reach a few years earlier.

5. Investigations of hominid origins are variously concerned with diverse comparative studies of extant higher primates and humans, as well as the search for ancestors in the fossil record.

6. Five major areas of research can be identified in human evolutionary studies: the origins of Hominidae, adaptation and diversification of the genus Australopithecus, the origins of the genus Homo, the emergence of Homo erectus and subsequent hominid occupation of Eurasia, and the origins and dispersals of premodern and modern Homo sapiens.

7. Scientific Officer required to assist with a project researching intracellular events in scrapie-infected cells.

A B

Поможем в ✍️ написании учебной работы

Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification, and behaviors of organisms. Biology explains how species come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the natural environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales, from Biophysics to ecology. All concepts in biology are subject to the same laws that other branches of science obey, such as the laws of Thermodynamics and conservation of mass.

A phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes as described initially by Carl Woese. Trees constructed with other genes are generally similar, although they may place some early-branching groups very differently, presumably owing to rapid rRNA evolution. The exact relationships of the three domains are still being debated.

At the organism level, biology has partially explained phenomena such as birth, growth, aging, death and decay of living organisms, similarities between offspring and their parents (heredity) and flowering of plants which have puzzled humanity throughout history. Other phenomena, such as lactation, metamorphosis, egg-hatching, healing, and tropism have been addressed. On a wider scale of time and space, biologists have studied domestication of animals and plants, the wide variety of living organisms (biodiversity), changes in living organisms over many generations (evolution), extinction, speciation, social behaviour among animals, etc.

While botany encompasses the study of plants, zoology is the branch of science that is concerned about the study of animals and anthropology is the branch of biology which studies human beings. However, at the molecular scale, life is studied in the disciplines of molecular biology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. More fundamental than these fields is biophysics which deals with energy within biological systems. At the next level, that of the cell, it is studied in cell biology. At the multicellular scale, it is examined in physiology, Anatomy, and histology. Developmental biology studies life at the level of an individual organism’s development or ontogeny. Moving up the scale towards more than one organism, genetics considers how heredity works between parent and offspring. Ethology considers the behaviour of organisms in their natural environment. Population genetics looks at the level of an entire population, and systematics considers the multi-species scale of lineages. Interdependent populations and their habitats are examined in ecology and evolutionary biology. A speculative new field is Astrobiology (or xenobiology), which examines the possibility of life beyond the Earth.

Principles of biology.

Biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics. Biological systems have predictable statistical tendencies to behave in certain ways, but these tendencies are usually not as concrete as those described in subjects such as physics. However, biology is still subject to the same physical laws of the universe such as thermodynamics and conservation of mass.

The biological sciences are characterized and unified by several major underlying principles and concepts: universality, diversity, continuity, genetics, homeostasis, and interactions.

Universality: Biochemistry, cells, and the genetic code.

Schematic representation of DNA, the primary genetic material.

Some striking examples of biological universality include life’s carbon-based biochemistry and its ability to pass on characteristics via genetic material, using a DNA and RNA based genetic code with only minor variations across all living things.

Another universal principle is that all organisms (that is, all forms of life on Earth except for viruses) are made of cells. Similarly, all organisms share common developmental processes.

Biology evolution.

The central organizing concept in biology is that all life has a common origin and has changed and developed through the process of evolution (see Common descent). This has led to the striking similarity of units and processes discussed in the previous section. Charles Darwin established evolution as a viable theory by articulating its driving force, natural selection (Alfred Russel Wallace is recognized as the co-discoverer of this concept). Genetic drift was embraced as an additional mechanism of evolutionary development in the modern synthesis of the theory.

The evolutionary history of a species- which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended- together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is called its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology. Biologists organize and analyze evolutionary relationships through various methods, including phylogenetics, phenetics, and cladistics (The major events in the evolution of life, as biologists currently understand them, are summarized on this evolutionary timeline).

In recent years, evolution and other branches of science have come under attack by people who disagree with scientific findings regarding the origins and diversity of life, favoring instead religious explanations. See Creation-evolution controversy for more information.

Biology diversity.

Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle

Classification is the province of the disciplines of systematics and taxonomy. Taxonomy places organisms in groups called taxa, while systematics seeks to define their relationships with each other. This classification technique has evolved to reflect advances in cladistics and genetics, shifting the focus from physical similarities and shared characteristics to phylogenetics.

Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms:

Monera — Protista — Fungi — Plantae — Animalia

However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system:

archaea (originally Archaebacteria) — bacteria (originally Eubacteria) — Eukaryota

These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the cell exteriors.

Further, each kingdom is broken down continuously until each species is separately classified. The order is 1) Kingdom, 2) Phylum, 3) Class, 4) Order, 5) Family, 6) Genus, 7) Species. The scientific name of an organism is obtained from its Genus and Species. For example, humans would be listed as Homo sapiens. Homo would be the Genus and Sapiens is the species. Whenever writing the scientific name of an organism it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the species in lowercase; in addition the entire term would be put in italics. The term used for classification is called Taxonomy.

There is also a series of intracellular parasites that are progressively «less alive» in terms of metabolic activity:

Viruses — Viroids — Prions.

Biology: Continuity and common descent.

Up into the 19th century, it was commonly believed that life forms could appear spontaneously under certain conditions. This misconception was challenged by William Harvey’s diction that «all life [is] from [an] egg» (from the Latin «Omne vivum ex ovo»), a foundational concept of modern biology. It simply means that there is an unbroken continuity of life from its initial origin to the present time.

A group of organisms shares a common descent if they share a common ancestor. All organisms on the Earth have been and are descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago. Biologists generally regard the universality of the genetic code as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent (UCD) for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (see: origin of life).

Biology: Homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable condition by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. Homeostasis manifests itself at the cellular level through the maintenance of a stable internal acidity (pH); at the organismic level, warm-blooded animals maintain a constant internal body temperature; and at the level of the ecosystem, as when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise and plants are theoretically able to grow healthier and remove more of the gas from the atmosphere. Tissues and organs can also maintain homeostasis.

Biology: Interactions.

Mutual symbiosis between clownfish of the genus Amphiprion that dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protects the clown fish from its predators.

Every living thing interacts with other organisms and its environment. One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on the smallest of scales. A microscopic bacterium responding to a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion is responding to its environment when it searches for food in the African savannah. For any given species, behaviors can be co-operative, aggressive, parasitic or symbiotic. Matters become more complex when two or more different species interact in an ecosystem. Studies of this type are the province of ecology.

Scope and list of biology disciplines.

Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub-disciplines. This article considers four broad groupings. The first group consists of those disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems: cells, genes etc.; the second group considers the operation of these structures at the level of tissues, organs, and bodies; the third group considers organisms and their histories; the final constellation of disciplines focuses on their interactions. It is important to note, however, that these boundaries, groupings, and descriptions are a simplified characterization of biological research. In reality, the boundaries between disciplines are fluid, and most disciplines frequently borrow techniques from each other. For example, evolutionary biology leans heavily on techniques from molecular biology to determine DNA sequences, which assist in understanding the genetic variation of a population; and physiology borrows extensively from cell biology in describing the function of organ systems.

Biology and the structure of life. Molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, and Developmental biology.

Schematic of typical animal cell depicting the various organelles and structures.

molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. This field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly with genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated.

cell biology studies the physiological properties of cells, as well as their behaviors, interactions, and environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology researches both single-celled organisms like bacteria and specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans.

Understanding cell composition and how they function is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important in the fields of cell and molecular biology. These fundamental similarities and differences provide a unifying theme, allowing the principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types.

genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, or the analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules.

genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which in turn play a large role in influencing (though, in many instances, not completely determining) the final phenotype of the organism.

Developmental biology studies the process by which organisms grow and develop. Originating in embryology, modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation, and «morphogenesis,» which is the process that gives rise to Tissues, organs, and Anatomy. Model organisms for developmental biology include the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio, the mouse Mus musculus, and the weed Arabidopsis thaliana.

Physiology of organisms in biology.

Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of «structure to function» is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human species. Plant physiology also borrows techniques from both fields.

Anatomy is an important branch of physiology and considers how organ systems in animals, such as the nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems, function and interact. The study of these systems is shared with medically oriented disciplines such as neurology and immunology.

Diversity and evolution of organisms in biology. Evolutionary biology, biodiversity, botany and zoology.

In Population genetics the evolution of a population of organisms is sometimes depicted as if travelling on a fitness landscape. The arrows indicate the preferred flow of a population on the landscape, and the points A, B, and C are local optima. The red ball indicates a population that moves from a very low fitness value to the top of a peak.

Evolutionary biology is concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many taxonomically-oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, or herpetology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution. Evolutionary biology is mainly based on paleontology, which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, as well as the developments in areas such as Population genetics and evolutionary theory. In the 1990s, Developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology. Related fields which are often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy.

The two major traditional taxonomically-oriented disciplines are botany and zoology. Botany is the scientific study of plants. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, and evolution of plant life. Zoology involves the study of animals, including the study of their physiology within the fields of Anatomy and embryology. The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in molecular biology, molecular genetics, and Developmental biology. The ecology of animals is covered under behavioral ecology and other fields.

Classification of life in biology.

The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy, which includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). A fourth Draft BioCode was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize naming in these three areas, but it has yet to be formally adopted. The Virus cInternational Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode.

Biology, the interactions of organisms, ecology, ethology, behavior and biogeography.

A food web, a generalization of the food chain, depicting the complex interrelationships among organisms in an ecosystem.

ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both its habitat, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as climate and geology, as well as the other the organisms that share its habitat. Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere. As can be surmised, ecology is a science that draws on several disciplines.

Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book The expression of the emotions in animals and men influenced many ethologists.

Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, Climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.

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ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

I. LISTENING

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Соотнесите говорящих и утверждения a — g. Одно утверждение в списке лишнее. Вы услышите высказывания два раза.

a) Everyone travels for learning.

b) Travelling can help to begin the personal changes.

c) Travel broadens the mind, doesn’t it?

d) The best thing about travelling is communication with people.

e) Travel can change your mind about the places.

f) Travelling is the best teacher.

g) There is no place like home.

Говорящий	1	2	3	4	5	6
Утверждение

II. READING

1. Заполните пропуски в тексте 1 — 6 частями предложений A — G. Одна часть в списке лишняя.

The study of life

Biology means the study of life and it is the science that investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning 1) ______. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that they played in the life cycle of plants. The Mesopotamians even kept animals in «ancient zoos» 2) ______. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, 3) ______.

Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, 4) ______. And new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics 5) ______. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

A) who were very dangerous

B) that is such an important part of biology today

C) which had been the basis for the study of botany

D) which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine

E) which led to an understanding of the causes of disease

F) which were the earliest zoological gardens

G) which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

2. Прочитайте текст и выберите подходящий вариант для завершения предложений 1 — 7.

My school life

In the United Kingdom compulsory education ends at the age of sixteen. However, many students stay on and complete two more years. For some (and I include myself in this category) school just becomes a habit, something you don’t want to give up as it is so familiar to you. School is your world and you know nothing else and so you just keep on going.

Imagine my feelings when sixth form was over and there were no more classes to complete! Instead of feeling a sense of joy and relief I panicked — what was I, Jack McHall, to do? The logical and the best option was to go to university and continue my studies there, so that is, of course, what I did.

Unfortunately, the end of secondary education in the U.K. is not marked by any sense of celebration, like in other countries, for example, like the USA where students graduate at the age of 18 and have a fancy ball. (In the UK you have to wait until you finish college or university before you can have that privilege). In the UK you just ‘finish school!’ The lucky ones have a respectable collection of qualifications to their name as souvenirs; the unlucky ones may have slipped through the net somehow and end up going back to education at a later date when they feel more like studying. Education is more than qualifications, I admit that. But they are what count at the end of the day.

Ask anyone what they remember most about school and they’d probably say the teachers. They are what makes education a humanistic experience and, therefore, are the most memorable: the good ones, the bad ones, the kindest ones, the most generous ones… I was sad to leave them all, but I always was far too nostalgic.

School dinners, as for me, are remembered for a lot of wrong reasons: the long queues, the fat dinner ladies, the tasteless food. Thank goodness, they have introduced healthy eating plans in schools! Pupils are luckier nowadays!

Principally, school is all about belonging to a certain community and sitting in and making a contribution. I remember difficult times in the year, trying to find time for musical productions and athletics competitions. I wanted to do everything and make my school proud. What was more – an athlete or a musician? I was both, and a scholar too; an ‘all-rounder’, I suppose you could say. Luckily, I was able to rely on my natural ability to get me through the exams and didn’t have to spend too much time studying. I just listened to my teachers and got through that way. I thank them, really I do.

So, it will come as no surprise to you to find out that I became a teacher after I finished university. I couldn’t get enough of school and so I stayed there! But this time it’s different. Now I can give something back to society. I face many challenges everyday but keep going.

1) When Jack completed sixth form he

a) felt relaxed.

b) started working.

c) went on to further education.

d) took a break from studying.

2) In the UK students have special celebration

a) earlier than in the USA.

b) when they finish school.

c) at the age of 18.

d) on completion of university.

3) In paragraph 3 «slipped through the net» means that some students

a) did not have many qualifications.

b) got a good number of qualifications.

c) were lucky at school.

d) left school later.

4) According to Jack, school dinners

a) were a pleasant experience.

b) are remembered by all students.

c) are bad for you.

d) are better now than before.

5) Jack had difficulty at school

a) deciding what to be.

b) combining the activities.

c) studying for exams.

d) listening to teachers.

6) Jack had returned to school because

a) he wanted to serve the people.

b) school was everything to his children.

c) it was the easiest way to live.

d) he had little experience of education.

7) When Jack says he «couldn’t get enough of school» in the last paragraph, he means that

a) he was tired of it.

b) he really liked it.

c) he found it entertaining.

d) he was afraid to leave.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

1. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) If I (BE) to London, I would have visited Hyde Park.

2) Your way to live is (IMPRESSIVE) than mine.

3) During the current trip he (ASK) to tell his story every day.

4) While she (LISTEN) to the radio, her cat run away.

5) My brother is fond of (BUY) old manuscripts.

6) These (WOMAN) were great scientists.

7) Nobody has seen the (RESTORE) statue yet.

2. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они лексически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) We will discuss all (GLOBE) problems.

2) He is afraid of federal (INVESTIGATE).

3) The editor had rejected my work so I had to (WRITE) the article.

4) She speaks Japanese (RARE).

5) These devices can be used together because of their (COMPATIBLE).

6) Broadway is full of (BELEIVE) performances.

3. Выберите подходящие варианты для заполнения пропусков.

TV for all

After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only obvious to conclude that it is here to stay. There have been many objections to it during this time but it’s still 1) ______ us.

Did it cause eyestrain? Was the screen bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the advertisements 2) ______ special messages, persuading us to buy more? Did children turn to violence through watching it, either because so many programmes taught them how to shoot, rob, and 3) ______? Or did it simply create a passive audience, drugged by glamorous serials and silly situation 4) ______. On the other hand, did it increase anxiety by sensationalising the news and filling 5) ______ living rooms with war and political problems?

All in all, television proved to be the all-purpose scapegoat and object to hate for the second half of the century, criticized for 6) ______, but above all, watched by everyone. It doesn’t matter how much we blamed it, were bored by it, or felt that it took us 7) ______ from the old paradise of family conversation and hobbies such as collecting stamps, we never turned it off. We staring at the screen, aware that our own tiny reflection was in it if we looked carefully.

1) a) of b) from c) with d) out

2) a) contain b) having c) of d) take

3) a) help b) be happy c) look for d) kill

4) a) perhaps b) comedies c) programme d) often

5) a) our b) us c) ourselves d) we

6) a) nothing b) everything c) anything d) something

7) a) on b) in c) up d) away

IV. WRITING

Рассмотрите фотографию, которую прислали в редакцию одной из газет. Какую бы вы написали статью под данным заголовком? Объём письменного высказывания — не менее 15 предложений.

ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

Текст для аудирования

Speaker 1

I’ve learnt from first-hand experience what winter is like, I’ve seen places I’ve heard of or learnt about at school, places I’ve read about in books or seen in the movies. Now I know what it’s like to travel by air, sea and rail and, of course, by road. I can say I’ve interacted with people in Europe, Asia, North America, South America and in the Middle East. I have tried their life and I have seen all the wonders of the world. And I would say that travelling helped me to get more experience and more knowledge about the world we live in than education could give me.

Speaker 2

Lots of people believe that travel broadens the mind. In fact, it can sometimes confirm people in their own prejudices. A friend of mine went to Cyprus and when he came back, he complained bitterly that he could not find English food and everything was so foreign! If one travels with that kind of attitude, this person never learns anything about other places and people. Today many people travel not in order to learn or broaden their mind, but to «have a good time» and usually on their terms. I think travel can broaden the mind; but only when there’s room in it to expand.

Speaker 3

I’ve just got back from a trip to Japan and what I learned by just being there is more than I’ve ever learned on the Internet. There are so many opinions and I found that whatever people had to say about Japan was radically different from my own experience there. Talking to some locals, I rethink my position on this country. Travel lets you see other people’s lives, cultures, customs and traditions from different parts of the world with fresh look. I admit that people who never leave their countries are narrow-minded and ignorant.

Speaker 4

I don’t feel the need to travel anywhere as much I did when I lived in Europe. Canada has a lot of the things I’m looking for: beautiful scenery, quiet places, no beaches full of people with horrible accents demanding fish and chips, nice weather in the summer. I don’t like hot places, so there isn’t really anything I’m missing. I love my house and I don’t like leaving. Seriously, I love hanging on the sofa. My life’s pretty full these days, so when I have the chance to do nothing, I’m as happy as a child.

Speaker 5

I feel sad for those people who have never travelled outside of their own hometown. There’s a whole world of different cultures to meet out there, ninety-nine per cent of which you can’t have by just sitting in the living room in front of the TV. When you travel to other countries you can see, feel and touch other ways of living. Some places will shock you, others will please you, but you will never be untouched by experiencing other cultures. You will then appreciate your own life and see it in a different way. You learn and start thinking and perhaps it will change you forever.

Speaker 6

I’ve been lucky enough to work all around the world and I have to say it has enlightened me in so many ways. The thing for me is that you have to meet people. Why travel if you’re just going to hang out with the same people? For me, learning how other people think, what they do, what’s important for them and how they live is the “mind-expanding“ side of travel that I enjoy. It’s useful because it puts into question all of the habits and beliefs that you take for granted, and shows us that all lifestyles and points of view are equally valid.

ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

ОТВЕТЫ И БАЛЛЫ

I. LISTENING

Каждый верный ответ – 2 балла. Всего – 12 баллов.

Всего за раздел «LISTENING» – 12 баллов.

II. READING

Задание 1

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 2

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «READING» – 13 баллов.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

Задание 1

1) had been 4) was listening 7) restored

2) more impressive 5) buying

3) is asked 6) women

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Задание 2

1) global 3) rewrite 5) compatibility

2) investigation 4) rarely 6) unbelievable

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 3

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY» – 20 баллов.

IV. WRITING

Эссе оценивается по структуре, содержанию и языковому оформлению из максимума в 15 баллов.

ИТОГО: 60 баллов

Перевод баллов в оценку:

54 — 60 баллов – “5” 18 — 39 баллов – “3”

40 — 53 балла – “4” менее 18 баллов – “2”

Presentation on theme: «Biology. What is Biology? Biology is the study of life. Biology is a science, and follows the same principles and methods of other sciences.»— Presentation transcript:

Biology is the study of life. Biology is a science, and follows the same principles and methods of other sciences.

Biology Biology, from the level of the molecule to the level of the biosphere is connected to our daily life. The study of Biology offers us a more profound understanding of ourselves and the planet, inturn it gives us a greater appreciation and value of life and our planet.

Life – is the combination of physical and chemical processes that exist within an organism. Eg. A Dog that breathes and one that doesn’t. Life is difficult to define but defining it helps us to differentiate between what is alive and what is not.

Characteristics of Living Things Complex, organized structure consisting of organic molecules Response to stimuli Active maintenance of complex structure and internal environment (homeostasis) Metabolism Conversion of one form of energy to another Growth Reproduction using DNA: keeping patterns Have the capacity to evolve

Characteristics of Living Things Living things have a metabolism, produce energy, respond to stimuli, adapt to environment, and maintain Homeostasis. Homeostasis is the equilibrium of the internal environment of the organism with the external environment. Eg. temperature in reptiles, hormones. The liberation of glucose by the liver to maintain the level of sugar in the blood.

Excercise Is a computer virus a synthetic living being? Why? –Join in teams of three students to answer in a sheet of paper (include ID numbers) Is the “Doomsday machine” a synthetic living being? Why? –Join in teams of three students to answer in the sheet of paper (include ID numbers) What would be a synthetic living being? Why? –Join in teams of three students to answer in a sheet of paper (include ID numbers)

Branches of Biology ZoologyBotanyGeneticsEcologyMicrobiologyPaleontologyEntomologyPhysiologyEmbryologyAnatomyBio-statisticsCytologyHistology

Zoology The study of Animals Food crisis, Evolution, Disease

Botany Study of Plants Agriculture, Genetics, Food crisis

Genetics The study of heredity in organisms. Disease, Psychology, Evolution, Transgenic organisms.

Ecology The study of the relation between living things and their environment. Environmental Damage assessment, Cause and Effect relationships

Micology The study of Fungus Brain Function, Historical Diets, Medical/Health Benefits

Paleontology Study of Fossils Evolution, History, Climate Change

Physiology The study of the systems in a living thing and the relation between systems. Disease, Treatment (Medicines), Athletics, Extreme sports

Embryology The study of organisms in the womb, or the study of embryos. Disease, Disfigurement, Maximizing the health of the child

Anatomy The study of structure Prosthetics, Reconstructive Surgery, Aesthetic Surgery, Evolutionary Patterns

Citology The study of cells. Drug Uptake, Disease (Cancer etc.), Evolution, Cell Recognition

Histology The study of tissue Disease, Differentiation, Cell recognition, cancer identification.

Revolutions in Biology During a good deal of time Biology has been “stagnant”, however the 19 th and 20 th centuries were important for the revolution of science during this time these important discovers about the history of biology were made. DNA DISCOVERY: –Genetic Manipulation –Human Genome –Cloning, Test Tube Baby

Revolution in Biology Nutrition – control of pests Identification of 2 million living things Origin of life Classification of diverse forms of life New pathogens such as HIV More efficient and complicated microscopes

Revolution in Biology Advances in the field of Medicine VaccinesAntibiotics New illnesses and cures for others.

Areas of Application Medicine – antibiotics, new medicines Food Sciences – new foods for animals Agriculture — Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and biological control agents). Environment – contamination of air, water y soil. Recycling. Investigation — genetics, botany, zoology, etc. Food Science – More resilient seeds.

Источник

ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

I. LISTENING

a) Everyone travels for learning.

b) Travelling can help to begin the personal changes.

c) Travel broadens the mind, doesn’t it?

d) The best thing about travelling is communication with people.

e) Travel can change your mind about the places.

f) Travelling is the best teacher.

g) There is no place like home.

Говорящий	1	2	3	4	5	6
Утверждение

II. READING

1. Заполните пропуски в тексте 1 — 6 частями предложений A — G. Одна часть в списке лишняя.

The study of life

A) who were very dangerous

B) that is such an important part of biology today

C) which had been the basis for the study of botany

D) which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine

E) which led to an understanding of the causes of disease

F) which were the earliest zoological gardens

G) which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

2. Прочитайте текст и выберите подходящий вариант для завершения предложений 1 — 7.

My school life

1) When Jack completed sixth form he

a) felt relaxed.

b) started working.

c) went on to further education.

d) took a break from studying.

2) In the UK students have special celebration

a) earlier than in the USA.

b) when they finish school.

c) at the age of 18.

d) on completion of university.

3) In paragraph 3 «slipped through the net» means that some students

a) did not have many qualifications.

b) got a good number of qualifications.

c) were lucky at school.

d) left school later.

4) According to Jack, school dinners

a) were a pleasant experience.

b) are remembered by all students.

c) are bad for you.

d) are better now than before.

5) Jack had difficulty at school

a) deciding what to be.

b) combining the activities.

c) studying for exams.

d) listening to teachers.

6) Jack had returned to school because

a) he wanted to serve the people.

b) school was everything to his children.

c) it was the easiest way to live.

d) he had little experience of education.

7) When Jack says he «couldn’t get enough of school» in the last paragraph, he means that

a) he was tired of it.

b) he really liked it.

c) he found it entertaining.

d) he was afraid to leave.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

1. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) If I (BE) to London, I would have visited Hyde Park.

2) Your way to live is (IMPRESSIVE) than mine.

3) During the current trip he (ASK) to tell his story every day.

4) While she (LISTEN) to the radio, her cat run away.

5) My brother is fond of (BUY) old manuscripts.

6) These (WOMAN) were great scientists.

7) Nobody has seen the (RESTORE) statue yet.

2. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они лексически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) We will discuss all (GLOBE) problems.

2) He is afraid of federal (INVESTIGATE).

3) The editor had rejected my work so I had to (WRITE) the article.

4) She speaks Japanese (RARE).

5) These devices can be used together because of their (COMPATIBLE).

6) Broadway is full of (BELEIVE) performances.

3. Выберите подходящие варианты для заполнения пропусков.

TV for all

After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only obvious to conclude that it is here to stay. There have been many objections to it during this time but it’s still 1) ______ us.

1) a) of b) from c) with d) out

2) a) contain b) having c) of d) take

3) a) help b) be happy c) look for d) kill

4) a) perhaps b) comedies c) programme d) often

5) a) our b) us c) ourselves d) we

6) a) nothing b) everything c) anything d) something

7) a) on b) in c) up d) away

IV. WRITING

ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

Текст для аудирования

Speaker 1

Speaker 2

Speaker 3

Speaker 4

Speaker 5

Speaker 6

ENGLISH-11 OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

ОТВЕТЫ И БАЛЛЫ

I. LISTENING

1	2	3	4	5	6
f	c	e	g	b	d

Каждый верный ответ – 2 балла. Всего – 12 баллов.

Всего за раздел «LISTENING» – 12 баллов.

II. READING

Задание 1

1	2	3	4	5	6
D	F	C	E	B	G

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 2

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
c	d	a	d	b	a	b

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «READING» – 13 баллов.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

Задание 1

1) had been 4) was listening 7) restored

2) more impressive 5) buying

3) is asked 6) women

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Задание 2

1) global 3) rewrite 5) compatibility

2) investigation 4) rarely 6) unbelievable

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 3

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
c	a	d	b	a	b	d

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY» – 20 баллов.

IV. WRITING

Эссе оценивается по структуре, содержанию и языковому оформлению из максимума в 15 баллов.

ИТОГО: 60 баллов

Перевод баллов в оценку:

54 — 60 баллов – “5” 18 — 39 баллов – “3”

40 — 53 балла – “4” менее 18 баллов – “2”

Источник

Контрольно—измерительные материалы для проведения промежуточной аттестации

по учебному предмету «Английский язык»

Класс: 11

Форма: Итоговая контрольная работа

Тема: Роль изучения английского языка. Человек и место, где он живет. «Работа на всю

жизнь?» «Тайны» «Быть иль не быть ТV?» «Мир науки» «Учимся понимать искусство»

«Преступление и наказание» «Как мы живем?» «Чей это мир?»

Пояснительная записка.

Контрольная работа для проверки знаний учащихся по курсу «Английский язык»

11 класс, составлены в соответствии с основной образовательной программой основного

общего образования и предназначенные для проверки уровня освоения учащимися

основного содержания курса английского языка 11—го класса за год обучения.

Представленные контрольно—измерительные материалы (КИМы) по английскому

языку для 11 класса тематически сгруппированы, соответствуют школьной программе и

требованиям ФГОС.

На выполнение работы по английскому языку отводится 40 минут.

Работа включает в себя два варианта по 6 заданий. Контрольная работа состоит из 3

частей: А — «Чтение», В — «Лексика и грамматика» и С — «Письмо».

Часть А — «Чтение» – базовый уровень. Состоит из двух заданий. Задание 1

считается выполненным, если ученик верно соотнес содержание текста с рубрикой.

Задание 2 считается выполненным, если ученик дополнил пропущенные места в тексте

соответствующими фразами.

Часть В — «Лексика и грамматика» — повышенный уровень. Состоит из 3 заданий.

Задание 1 считается выполненным, если ученик выбрал правильный вариант формы

слова/словосочетания из четырех. Задание 2 считается выполненным, если ученик

правильно преобразовал выделенные слова. Задание 3 считается выполненным, если

ученик правильно изменил глагол в скобках.

Часть С – «Письмо» — высокий уровень. Задание считается выполненным, если

коммуникативная задача решена, объем письма соответствует заданному.

Распределение заданий итоговой работы по уровням сложности

Уровень

сложности

заданий

Максимальный

первичный

балл

Процент максимального

первичного балла за выполнение

заданий данного уровня

сложности от максимального

первичного балла за всю работу,

равного 40

Кодификатор элементов содержания и требований (умений), составлен на основе

Обязательного минимума содержания основной образовательной программы ООО и

Требований к уровню подготовки выпускников основной школы.

Назначение работы:

оценить уровень подготовки обучающихся 11 класса по предмету «Иностранный

(английский) язык» в соответствии с планируемыми результатами основного общего

образования, представленными в Федеральном государственном образовательном

стандарте основного общего образования.

Критерии оценивания контрольной работы

Максимальный балл за выполнение всей работы – 58.

Перевод баллов в отметку по 5—балльной системе

Инструкция по выполнению работы

Итоговая работа состоит из 6 заданий. На выполнение работы по английскому

отводится 40 минут.

В задании А1 необходимо соотнести текст с рубрикой

В задании А2 необходимо прочитать текст и дополнить пропущенные места

фразами, соответствующими содержанию.

В задании В1 необходимо заполнить пропуски буквами a, b, c или d, выбрав

правильный вариант формы слова/словосочетания

В задании В2 необходимо преобразовать слова, написанные заглавными буквами,

чтобы они лексически и грамматически соответствовали тексту.

В задании В3 необходимо поставить глагол в скобках в правильную форму.

В задании С необходимо написать ответное письмо.

Постарайтесь выполнить как можно больше заданий и набрать наибольшее

количество баллов.

Желаем успеха!

Итоговая контрольная работа

Вариант I

А. Чтение

Задание 1

Прочитайте тексты 1—6 и установите их соответствие рубрикам A-G, которым они могут быть

отнесены. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании

имеется одна лишняя рубрика.

A. EDUCATION

B. ECONOMY

C. HISTORY

D. POLITICAL NEWS

E. TRAVELLING

F. ECOLOGICAL NEWS

G. MEDICINE

1. In 2004 Australia was ranked the fourth most competitive economy in the world, up from the

seventh place in 2003 and the tenth in 2002.

2. Australia is one of the world’s oldest landmasses and has been populated for an estimated

60 000 years. Before the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples inhabited most

areas of the continent. Australia’s contemporary history is quite short, with the first European

settlement established by England in 1788.

3. On average, Australians spend more years in primary and secondary school than in many

other countries, including Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. Each year Australia

welcomes an increasing number of international students.

4. Australia’s system of government reflects the British and North American models of liberal

democracy, but has uniquely Australian features.

5. A great number of Australia’s native plants, animals and birds exist nowhere else in the

world. Australia is committed to conserving its unique environment and natural heritage by a

wide range of protecting measures.

6. State and Territory government have primary responsibility under the Constitution for the

actual position of health services.

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными

цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую

соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things.

Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants

and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning A___________. Farming would not have

developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and

eggs. The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects

and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in

B__________________. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the

world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor,

Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, C__________________.

Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation

of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, D__________________. And

new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of

treating illnesses. In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk

Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics

E__________________. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin

was formulating the central principle of modern biology natural selection as the basis of

evolution. In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and

pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of

developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology,

F__________________.

1. who were very dangerous

2. that is such an important part of biology today

3. which made a very important contribution to the study of botany

4. which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine

5. what were the earliest zoological gardens

6. which led to an understanding of the causes of disease

7. which is an area of ever)growing knowledge

В. Лексика и грамматика

Задание 3 Грамматика

В следующем тексте необходимо заполнить пропуски, обозначенные цифрами 1 – 6.

Вариант ответа (a), b), c), d) ) выберите из предложенных ниже и запишите его в таблицу.

In 1801, when he was just twenty years of age, Roderick Armstrong 1 _____________ to

transportation for the term of his life. All through the unspeakable eight month’ voyage to New

South Wales he proved 2 _____________ a difficult prisoner. When he arrived 3

_____________ Sydney in 1803 his behavior worsened, so he was shipped to Norfolk Island.

They starved him and he laughed at them. At first opportunity he and ten 4 _____________

convicts killed their guards and ran away. They stole a longboat and set off across 5

_____________ without food, water or sails. He never spoke about that incredible journey, but it

was whispered that the three had survived by 6 _____________ and _____________ their

weaker companions.

1 a) sentenced b) was sentenced c) is sentenced d) had been sentenced

2 a) be b) to be c) is d) are

3 a) at b) for c) in d) to

4 a) another b) the other c) other d) others

5 a) Tasman Sea b) a Tasman Sea c) the Tasman Sea d) of Tasman Sea

6 a) kill, eat b) killed, ate c) killing, eating d) kills, eats

Задание 4 Лексика, повышенный уровень

Прочитайте текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они

соответствовали содержанию текста лексически и грамматически. Впишите образованные Вами

слова в таблицу.

Australia works with international organizations,

including the World Health Organization and the

Organization for Economic (1)_______________ COOPERATE

and (2)_______________, health ministries in DEVELOP

other countries, and with (3)__________________ DEPENDENCE

research institutes to prevent and control the spread

of disease, in (4)_______________ international SET

health standards and in (5)__________________ SUPPORT

health promotion (6)__________________ . ACTIVE

Задание 5 Грамматика

Запишите глагол в скобках в правильную грамматическую форму.

1. We (1) _______(GO) to the flea market yesterday.

2. Have you typed the contract yet? – Actually I just (2) ____________ (START) before you (3)

__________(WALK) in.

4. I’m tired of (4) ____________ (PLAY) computer games.

5. I can’t stand (5) ________________ (WATCH) horror films.

6. I can’t wait (6) ______________ (TELL) Tina the good news.

7. He is old enough (7) _____________ (DRIVE) a car.

8. The Great Sphinx (8) _____________ (BUILD) thousands of years ago.

9. I think there’s someone behind us. – Yes, we (9) ____________ (FOLLOW).

10. The new hospital (10) _________________(OPEN) by the Prime minister next Monday.

Напишите Мери ответное письмо, в котором ответьте на ее вопросы и задайте ей 3

вопроса о ее предстоящих летних каникулах. Напишите 100—140 слов.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Mary who writes:

…Summer is coming and I want to look my best: healthy, energetic and physically fit. So

I’m trying to eat plain, simply cooked natural food, have enough sleep at night and I have

recently joined our local fitness club. Do you do anything special to stay healthy? What makes

people healthy and strong? What do you think about a healthy lifestyle? By the way, I m going to

spend a month at the seaside this summer…

Вариант II

А. Чтение

Задание 1

Прочитайте тексты 1—6 и установите их соответствие рубрикам A-G, которым они могут быть

отнесены. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании

имеется одна лишняя рубрика.

A. ARTICLE ON HIGHER EDUCATION

B. JOBS

C. INFORMAL LETTER TO A TEENAGE MAGAZINE

D. TRAVELLING

E. HEALTH

F. FILM BLURB

G. ADVERTISEMENT FOR A CELLULAR PHONE

1. Hi, CLICK, We are two friends, Dario and Michele. We sit together at school. We are

eleven years old. We live in a village near Florence. …

2. Join us for the trip of a lifetime, cycling 400 km across this most beautiful of Caribbean

islands. Enjoy the lush, tropical landscapes, soft, sandy beaches, fine architecture and warm,

friendly welcome of Cuba.

3. The Man in the Iron Mask. Leonardo Di Caprio takes on the dual role of the evil Louis XIV

and his kind twin brother in this Hollywood adaptation of the Dumas classic. With Gepardieu,

John Malkovich and Jeremy Irons as the three musketeers, this should be a belter. Sadly, it isn’t.

4. We are looking for new staff to join our friendly dedicated team and have a variety of posts

available. You should have good communication skills, great personality and a strong will.

5. The new Motorola has a built-in digital camera, Multi-media messaging, quality ringtones and

downloadable games. Play more, say more and explore the world with Motorola.

6. The world is changing around us. To stay ahead we need to keep learning. In many cases our

careers depend on it. The Open University has become a leading provider of learning for people

who need to develop their careers.

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными

цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую

соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Reality television is a genre of television programming which, it is claimed, presents

unscripted dramatic or humorous situations and features ordinary people rather than professional

actors. It could be described A________________. Although the genre has existed in some form

or another since the early years of television, B_____________. Reality television covers a wide

range of television programming formats, from game or quiz shows to surveillance focused

productions such as Big Brother. Critics say that the term ‘reality television’ is somewhat of a

misnomer C___________________. The participants of these shows are often put in exotic

locations or abnormal situations and are sometimes coached to act in certain ways by offscreen

handlers, whereas the events on screen are manipulated through editing and other

post)production techniques. Part of reality television’s appeal is D_______________. Reality

television also has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, mainly in talent

and performance programmes such as Pop Idol, E________________. Some commentators have

said that the name ‘reality television’ is an inaccurate description for several styles of

programme included in the genre. In competition based programmes such as Big Brother and

The Real World, producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities

and the environment, F_________________. Producers specifically select the participants, and

use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular

behaviours and conflicts.

1.the current explosion of popularity dates from around 2000

2.though frequently Big Brother participants also reach some degree of celebrity

3.that is rather popular with teenagers

4.because such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality

5.as a form of artificial documentary

6.creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out

7.due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations

В. Лексика и грамматика

Задание 3 Грамматика

В следующем тексте необходимо заполнить пропуски, обозначенные цифрами 1 – 6.

Вариант ответа (a), b), c), d) ) выберите из предложенных ниже и запишите его в таблицу.

Time for the parade. Behind the scenes at Warner Brothers Movie World Benjamin and his

friends (1) _____ ready for the daily parade. He (2) _____ the train with the little carriages

packed with the theme park’s cuddly stars through the park. Porky Pig (3) _____ already his

position, Sylvester the Cat joins him. Star rabbit Bugs Bunny (4) _____ the parade in a golden

stretch cabriolet. The daily parade with the stars of the theme park in Bottrop-Kirchhellen (5)

_____ always a part of Benjamin’s job. The show (6) _____ three times a day.

1 a) get b) gets c) are getting d) got

2 a) droved b) drives c) is driving d) drive

3 a) has taken up b) took up c) take up d) takes up

4 a) head b) heads c) is heading d) was heading

5 a) is b) has been c) was d) had been

6 a) performs b) is performed c) performed d) was performed

Задание 4 Лексика, повышенный уровень

Прочитайте текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они

соответствовали содержанию текста лексически и грамматически. Впишите образованные Вами

слова в таблицу.

I always wanted to be a great (1) _______________ . I had the SCIENCE

dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of

hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never very good at

(2) _______________ at school and the teacher used to be very CHEMIST

cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an inventor

and design an amazing new (3) _______________ which would PRODUCE

become a household name. My parents were encouraging but told

me not to be so (4) _______________ . A few weeks later I had a AMBITION

brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my

(5) _______________ a friend of mine pointed out that it DISAPPOINT

was not a new (6) _______________ . DISCOVER

Задание 5 Грамматика

Запишите глагол в скобках в правильную грамматическую форму.

Life story

He was born in a little town in a family that could hardly (1) _____ (CALL) a sporty one.

The parents and four kids (2) __________ (LIVE) in a tiny flat and that was probably one of the

reasons that (3) __________ (MAKE) Yuri choose his hobby.

While most of his classmates were watching TV, practicing music or making model aircraft,

the kid (4) _____________ (KICK) a ball in the yard whatever the weather.

Once a professional coach, who (5) __________ (ARRIVE) at the town for a qualifying

round, spotted him when he (6) __________ (PLAY) in an amateur football game. He found the

boy promising and Yuri (7) __________ (INVITE) to join a junior club in Moscow. In fact, he

was a bit too old for professional sport, and not many people believed that he (8) ____________

(GAIN) any profound success. But he did. In several years Yuri (9) ___________ (BECOME)

one of the most popular professional footballers. “I (10) _________ (NEVER/SEE) a person so

dedicated to football,” says one of his fans, and the others definitely share the opinion.

Напишите Шейле письмо, в котором ответьте на ее вопросы и задайте ей 3 вопроса о ее

любимых книгах. Напишите 100—140 слов.

You have received a letter from your New Zealand pen-friend Sheila who writes:

…You know, my idea of a perfect weekend is to do absolutely nothing, just read a

book. A walk in the park is not bad if the weather is nice. I don’t understand people who spend

Sunday in a gym or a fitness centre. What is your idea of a perfect weekend? What do you like to

do in your free time after the lessons? What is your hobby?. Soon I’m going on vacation and I

can’t decide what books to take with me…

Источник

Пример #2. ЕГЭ 2019. Английский язык. Чтение

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A __________! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers B __________. But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, C __________.

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D __________. They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E __________ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F __________.

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

because they see and touch them close up

such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

that is not counting every ant in the colony

Источник

Задание №6979.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

London Zoo London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and ___ (A)! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers ___ (B). But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, ___ (C).

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals ___ (D). They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events ___ (E) unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, ___ (F).

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs
2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo
3. which take place every day, from
4. because they see and touch them close up
5. despite the serious side to our work
6. which demand much time and effort
7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Решение:
Пропуску A соответствует часть текста под номером 7.
Пропуску B соответствует часть текста под номером 1.
Пропуску C соответствует часть текста под номером 5.
Пропуску D соответствует часть текста под номером 4.
Пропуску E соответствует часть текста под номером 3.
Пропуску F соответствует часть текста под номером 2.

Правильный ответ: 715432.

Источник: ЕГЭ. Английский язык: типовые экзаменационные варианты. Под ред. М.В. Вербицкой
Сообщить об ошибке

Источник

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски a f частями предложений обозначенными цифрами 1 7 london zoo

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1. through a small hole in the floor

2. through the hole for the hamster

3. and locked the runaway hamster

4. to come out of the hole

5. to look after the pet

6. to try and locate the missing hamster

7. and left it under the floorboards

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

А−6: missing hamster(по смыслу и грамматически to try and locate).

B−1: through a small hole in the floor (по смыслу).

C−4: refused to come out (смысл).

D−7: and left it (по смыслу.

E−2: dropped food. for the humster.

F−3: found and locked.

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

7. learned at a very early age

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

A−3. По смыслу, в предыдущем предложении говорится о привычке есть. Половина людей из опрошенных сказала, что у них есть привычка есть быстро.

B−6. По смыслу, 100% набирают вес те женщины, которые едят быстро.

C−2. По смыслу, по многим причинам может быть плохо для вашего веса.

D−1. По смыслу, в предложении говорится о животе и в ответе просто переполнять ваш живот.

E−7. По смыслу, привычка есть быстро может быть приобретена в очень раннем возрасте.

F−5. По смыслу, и в итоге детей должны учить есть так медленно, как только возможно.

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1. than any other group

2. watching television

3. in the company of someone else

4. than two computers in the home

5. communicated with their families

6. helping them communicate

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

A−6: помогают им общаться. are helping (Present Cont.) + по смыслу речь идет о средствах связи.

B−1: сравнение, чем. (than any other group).

C−4: more than two computers. (опять сравнение — более чем 2 компьютера. )

D−7: владеющих мобильным телефоном, стоит запятая, подсказывая Ving + по смыслу, (чтобы сказать Hello и поболтать) — owning a mobile.

E−2: По смыслу, речь в этом параграфе идет о телевизоре.

F−3: выходят в интернет с кем-либо еще. (по смыслу).

The Power of ‘Hello’

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

1. it has become a way of life.

2. when it passes you on the street.

3. when you see him and talk to him.

4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

6. however small or simple the greeting is.

7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Источник

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски a f частями предложений обозначенными цифрами 1 7 london zoo

Источник

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски a f частями предложений обозначенными цифрами 1 7 london zoo

Lots of fun in Cardiff

As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A _________________________. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _________________________. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С _________________________. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D _________________________.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _________________________.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F _________________________. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

1. from international names to family-run guest houses

2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

A−7: August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, beating with dance and theatrical performances

B−5: In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff ‘s Festival of the Arts, which features music, film, literature and graphics

C−2: Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

D−6: And there is entertainment for all the family, from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

E−4: Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows with the heart of the city that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

F−1: The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive,from international names to family—run guest houses.

Источник

11-й – 20-й тесты, английский язык, ЕГЭ, 2023, на базе материалов ФИПИ

Составитель Игорь Николаевич Евтишенков

ISBN 978-5-0059-0884-1

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

***

Данный сборник тестов составлен на основе предварительных требований ФИПИ (www.fipi.ru). Задания составлены на основании текстов, находящихся в свободном доступе в Интернете.

Таблица ответов размещена в конце сборника.

Для аудиочасти составлены 10 аудиофайлов.

Ссылка на архив:

https://disk.yandex.ru/d/xPhAZ5VZzAecPw

***

1. Внесены изменения в аудирование, письменную часть и устную части согласно рекомендациями ФИПИ. Иллюстрации цветные (в электронном варианте).

2. Ответы находятся в конце файла.

TEST 11

Раздел 1. Аудирование

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. Sleeping well is important to be healthy.

2. The quality of your sleep depends on where you are.

3. Sleeping problems are connected with ageing.

4. Modern gadgets can negatively affect your sleep.

5. Everybody must improve their sleeping habits.

6. Sports can help people to sleep better.

7. Thinking too much before bedtime is a bad idea.

2. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A. Emily’s history class requires a lot of effort.

B. Grandparents of Sam’s friend are his grandparents’ neighbours.

C. Sam didn’t see his parents for two months.

D. Emily wouldn’t want to spend her summer like Sam.

E. In June Emily was away from home.

F. Emily’s family plan to visit Greece again.

G. Emily won’t be able to show Sam her photos.

***

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3. Samuel Jeffrey is NOT introduced by the presenter as…

1) a teacher.
2) a traveler.
3) a patriot.

Ответ:

4. Samuel Jeffery considers teaching abroad to be…

1) a way of getting to know the world.

2) a risky experience.

3) the best way to earn one’s living.

Ответ:

5. What encouraged Samuel Jeffrey to start teaching English?

1) The improvement of his teaching skills.

2) Desire to work abroad.

3) His work with Korean students.

Ответ:

6. Which of the following is TRUE about Samuel Jeffrey’s teaching English in Korea?

1) It was poorly paid.

2) The students were boring.

3) It left him time for other activities.

Ответ:

7. Which of the following does Samuel Jeffrey NOT mention as something the teacher’s salary depends on?

1) Teacher’s experience.
2) Teacher’s age.
3) Teacher’s qualifications.

Ответ:

8. According to Samuel Jeffrey, what advantage is unique to teaching abroad and not found by simply traveling?

1) An ability to save money.

2) A better study of a new culture.

3) Feeling of belonging in a local community.

Ответ:

9. What advice does Samuel Jeffrey give to those wishing to teach English abroad?

1) Try to learn everything there is to about the prospective school.

2) Stay away from ESL industry.

3) Learn how to recognize the tricky operators.

Ответ:

По окончании выполнения заданий 1—9 не забудьте перенести ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ №1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов на задания 1 и 2 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Раздел 2. Чтение

10. Установите соответствие между текстами A—G и заголовками 1—8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Circles on the Water

2. Ancient Ancestor

3. Different Explanations

4. Unexpected Invention

5. Solution to the Problem

6. Hidden Menace

7. Artificial Eye

8. Significant Benefits

A. Chocolate chip cookies were actually a mistake! One day in 1903, Ruth Wakefield, while baking a batch of cookies, noticed she was out of bakers’ chocolate! As a substitute she broke some semi-sweetened chocolate into small pieces and put them in the dough. She thought that the chocolate would melt in the dough and the dough would absorb it. When she opened up the oven, she realized she had invented the tasty treat called chocolate chip cookies!

B. Computers originally began as calculators. The first calculator was made by Blaise Pascal. It only had eight buttons, and it could only do addition and subtraction. There was a set of wheels, and all of the wheels had the numbers zero through nine on them. The wheels were connected by gears and each turn of one wheel would turn the next wheel one-tenth of a turn. This machine was completed in 1642 when Blaise was twenty-one years old.

C. A helicopter has a big advantage over an airplane, especially when people might be trapped in a tight place like on a mountain, where there is not much space to land, or on the water. They are also used for rescuing people from burning buildings or from trees when there are floods. Without the helicopter as a rescue vehicle, many people would lose their lives because the rescuers would be unable to reach them if they were in a difficult area.

D. Cars have always caused air pollution. In the past, there was a lot more air pollution created by cars than there is today. In the future, there will probably be even less. Two good ways for pursuing the dream of less air pollution are cars that run on solar energy and cars that run on fuel cells. Solar energy and fuel cells don’t cause pollution because they do not give off any exhaust.

E. Reporter Rob Spence is planning to have a camera embedded in his eye socket and become a «bionic reporter’. Spence, who lost one of his eyes when he was young, says he has a prototype in development and that one day the replacement of even healthy eyes with bionic ones may become commonplace. «It seems shocking now, but it will become more and more normal,» he said.

F. Crop circles have been appearing in fields all over the world for the past 30 years. There have been suggestions that they are made by flying saucers landing and flattening the crops, or even that they are messages left by visiting aliens. Others think they are created by microwave beams from satellites orbiting the Earth. Other more rational suggestions are that crop circles are man-made hoaxes, attempting to convince the public of extra-terrestrial life on Earth.

G. The Egyptian Pyramids have always been surrounded by mystery. When Egyptologists began to open the tombs of the pharaohs, rumours abounded that anyone who raided them would be cursed. Many think a curse was to blame for the death of Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to open King Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1923. He died of pneumonia after being bitten by a mosquito a few weeks after the tomb was opened.

***

11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

The Study of Life

Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning ___ (A). Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in ___ (B). The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, ___ (C).

In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics ___ (E). At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

1. who were very dangerous

2. that is such an important part of biology today

3. which made a very important contribution to the study of botany

4. which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine

5. what were the earliest zoological gardens

6. which led to an understanding of the causes of disease

7. which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

***

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

The Hitchhiker

As Andrea turned off the motorway onto the road to Brockbourne, the small village in which she lived, it was four o’clock in the afternoon, but already the sun was falling behind the hills. At this time in December, it would be completely dark by five o’clock. Andrea shivered. The interior of the car was not cold, but the trees bending in the harsh wind and the patches of yesterday’s snow still heaped in the fields made her feel chilly inside. It was another ten miles to the cottage where she lived with her husband Michael, and the dim light and wintry weather made her feel a little lonely.

She was just coming out of the little village of Mickley when she saw an old lady, standing by the road, with a crude hand-written sign saying «Brockbourne’ in her hand. Andrea was surprised. She had never seen an old lady hitchhiking before. However, the weather and the coming darkness made her feel sorry for the lady, waiting hopefully on a country road like this with little traffic. Normally, Andrea would never pick up a hitchhiker when she was alone, thinking it was too dangerous, but what was the harm in doing a favor for a little old lady like this? Andrea pulled up a little way down the road, and the lady, holding a big shopping bag, hurried over to climb in the door which Andrea had opened for her.

When she did get in, Andrea could see that she was not, in fact, so little. Broad and fat, the old lady had some difficulty climbing in through the car door, with her big bag, and when she had got in, she more than filled the seat next to Andrea. She wore a long, shabby old dress, and she had a yellow hat pulled down low over her eyes. Panting noisily from her effort, she pushed her big brown canvas shopping bag down onto the floor under her feet, and said in a voice which was almost a whisper, «Thank you dearie. I’m just going to Brockbourne.»

«Do you live there?» asked Andrea, thinking that she had never seen the old lady in the village in the four years she had lived there herself. «No, dearie,» answered the passenger, in her soft voice, «I’m just going to visit a friend. He was supposed to meet me back there at Mickley, but his car won’t start, so I decided to hitchhike. I knew some kind soul would give me a lift.»

Something in the way the lady spoke, and the way she never turned her head, but stared continuously into the darkness ahead from under her old yellow hat, made Andrea uneasy about this strange hitchhiker. She didn’t know why, but she felt instinctively that there was something wrong, something odd, something.. dangerous. But how could an old lady be dangerous? It was absurd. Careful not to turn her head, Andrea looked sideways at her passenger. She studied the hat, the dirty collar of the dress, the shapeless body, the arms with their thick black hairs.. Thick black hairs? Hairy arms? Andrea’s blood froze. This wasn’t a woman. It was a man.

At first, she didn’t know what to do. Then suddenly, an idea came into her terrified brain. Swinging the wheel suddenly, she threw the car into a skid, and brought it to a halt. «My God!» she shouted, «A child! Did you see the child? I think I hit her!» The «old lady’ was clearly shaken by the sudden skid. «I didn’t see anything dearie,» she said. «I don’t think you hit anything.» «I’m sure it was a child!» insisted Andrea. «Could you just get out and have a look? Just see if there’s anything on the road?» She held her breath. Would her plan work?

It did. The passenger slowly opened the car door, leaving her bag inside, and climbed out to investigate. As soon as she was out of the vehicle, Andrea gunned the engine and soon she had put a good three miles between herself and the awful hitchhiker.

It was only then that she thought about the bag lying on the floor in front of her. Maybe the bag would provide some information about the real identity of the old woman who was actually not an old woman. Pulling into the side of the road, Andrea lifted the heavy bag onto her lap and opened it curiously. It contained only one item – a small hand axe, with a razor-sharp blade. The axe, and the inside of the bag, were covered with the dark red stains of dried blood. Andrea began to scream.

12. Andrea shivered because…

1) the sun was falling behind the hills.

2) it was chilly inside the car.

3) it was snowing outside.

4) the weather was wintry.

Ответ:

13. Andrea decided to give the old woman a lift because…

1) she normally picked up hitchhikers.

2) she didn’t think it was dangerous.

3) had never seen an old lady hitchhiking before.

4) she was alone.

Ответ:

14. The old lady seemed strange to Andrea since…

1) she wore old shabby clothes.

2) her behaviour was unnatural.

3) she didn’t take off her yellow hat

4) she had a big shopping bag.

Ответ:

15. Andrea suddenly stopped her car because…

1) she thought she had hit a child.

2) the car skidded as there was ice on the road.

3) she wanted to make the passenger get out of the car.

4) she intended to frighten her passenger.

Ответ:

16. Andrea opened the bag because…

1) she was going to find the address of «the old lady’.

2) she would like to use her things.

3) she intended to throw her things away.

4) she wanted to find out who the passenger was.

Ответ:

17. Andrea felt terrified because the hitchhiker turned out to be…

1) a thief.
2) a smuggler.
3) a murderer.
4) a woodcutter.

Ответ:

18. According to the story, Andrea was…

1) resourceful.
2) suspicious.
3) cold-hearted.
4) persistent.

Ответ:

По окончании выполнения заданий 10—18 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ №1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов на задания 10 и 11 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—24, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—24.

School Uniforms

Many people believe that uniforms are better than casual clothes for children at school. Uniforms remind the children that they have to follow rules at school.

19. Casual clothes ___________ this. NOT DO

20. With all the children at school ___________ the same clothes, children from rich families dress the same way as children from poorer families. WEAR

21. A uniform also ___________ a feeling that everyone at the same school is part of the same community. CREATE

22. In the 1960s and 1970s, many schools in Britain ___________ having a school uniform because of the expense for parents. STOP

23. Since then, however, a number of these schools ___________ uniforms back. BRING

24. Their new uniforms are more comfortable and more fashionable than uniforms ___________ forty years ago. BE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 25—29, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 25—29.

The Longest River in the World

25. Many encyclopаedias state with _________ that the River Nile in Africa is the longest river in the world. CONFIDENT

26. Its lengthis often given as being 6, 695 kilometres. However, there are _________ who would question that. SCIENCE

27. Indeed, some would argue that the River Amazon in South America is in fact longer than the Nile. At first sight it seems _________ that we don’t know exactly how long the rivers are. BELIEVE

28. The situation becomes more _________, though, when we consider. UNDERSTAND

29. that there is not always _________about where a river actually starts. AGREE

***

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 30—36. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 30—36, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Space Programmes

The main argument used against the space programme is that the enormous amount of money it costs I could be better spent on solving problems such as poverty and environmental damage here on Earth.

Initially, this view 30 ___________ persuasive, particularly when confronted with how huge the amounts of money we are talking about actually are. Surely, the argument goes, if, instead of sending I hundreds of billions of dollars up into space for a pointless walk on the Moon or a few glossy colour photographs of Mars, we channelled the funds into 31 ___________ projects on our own planet, we could solve all the world’s problems in about as short a time as it takes for the space shuttle to circle the globe.

How appealing and – perhaps sadly – how untrue. The fallacy of that argument is in the idea that all of the money allotted to the space programme is wasted in space. It isn’t. None of the money goes into space at 32 ___________. It stays right here on Earth and is fed back into the economy.

Take the astronauts and tens of thousands of other people who are involved in whatever way with the space programme. They spend their salaries – and pay tax on them – here on Earth. That tax is used by governments to do a number of important things: build hospitals and schools, 33 ___________ pensions, pay for the police service and, yes, fund the space programme. Take the cost of all the spacecraft, the technology inside them and the research that’s done to create that technology. All of that money goes to companies here on Earth, companies which pay tax if they 34 ___________ a profit, and pay salaries to their workers, who then pay tax to the government, which builds hospitals, etc.

Looking at it the other way round, what would happen if all the governments in the world which have a space programme 35 ___________ their programmes down tomorrow? Would they have a lot more money to spend on other things? Only for a very short time, because along with the 36 ___________ savings there would be enormous costs from the increased unemployment and reduction in taxes received.

30. 1). sees. 2). sounds. 3). views. 4) hears

Ответ: ____

31. 1). generous. 2). pleasant. 3). worthwhile. 4) optimistic

Ответ: ____

32. 1). once. 2). best. 3). last. 4) all

Ответ: ____

33. 1). provide. 2). donate. 3). contribute. 4) sponsor

Ответ: ____

34. 1). make. 2). build. 3). construct. 4) manufacture

Ответ: ____

35. 1). finished. 2). ended. 3). turned. 4) closed

Ответ: ____

36. 1). urgent. 2). immediate. 3). hurried. 4) fast

Ответ: ____

По окончании выполнения заданий 19—36 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ №1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов на задания 19—29 буквы записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую букву или цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Проверьте, чтобы каждый ответ был записан рядом с номером соответствующего задания.

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Биология означает изучение жизни и это наука , которая исследует все живые существа. До тех пор , как люди смотрели на мир вокруг них, люди изучали биологию. Даже за несколько дней до записанной истории, люди знали и передавали информацию о растениях и животных. Доисторические люди выжили обучения , какие растения были хорошо поесть , и которые могут быть использованы для медицины. Сельское хозяйство не развивались бы , если бы они не начали понимать , какие животные могут производить продукты питания , как молоко и яйца.

В прошлом, более 2000 лет назад, люди на Ближнем Востоке поняли ту часть , что насекомые и пыльца играли в жизненном цикле растения. Древние египтяне изучали жизненный цикл насекомых и были особенно заинтересованы в изменениях , которые они прошли через , как они росли от личинок взрослых насекомых. Древние Месопотамцы даже держали животных в том, что были самыми ранними зоологические сады. Древние греки тоже были очень заинтересованы в понимании мира вокруг них. Аристотель записал свои наблюдения растений и животных, и его преемник Теофраст, написал первые книги о жизни растений, которая сделала очень важный вклад в изучение ботаники.

После падения Римской империи, центром научного мира переехал на Ближний Восток.

Арабский ученый Аль-Джахиз написал книгу животных в 9 — м веке. Он был лишь одним из большого числа арабских, персидских и турецких ученых , которые изложены основы современной науки биологии. Еще позже, в Европе, особенно в Германии, ученые , такие как Альберт Великий обсудили свойства жизни. Магнус написал семь книг о растениях и двадцать шесть на животных.

Современная биология действительно началась в 17 веке. В то время, Левенгук, в Голландии, изобрел микроскоп и Уильям Харви, в Англии, описал циркуляцию крови. Микроскоп позволил ученым обнаружить бактерии, что приводит к пониманию причин заболевания, а новые знания о том , как работает человеческое тело позволило другим , чтобы найти более эффективные способы лечения болезней. Все эти новые знания необходимо привести в порядок и в 18 — м веке шведский ученый Карл Линней классифицировал все живые существа в биологические семьи , которых мы знаем и используем сегодня.

В середине 19 — го века, незаметно кто — либо другой, австрийский монах Грегор Мендель, создал свои законы наследования, начиная изучение генетики , которая является такой важной частью биологии сегодня. В то же время, во время путешествия по всему миру, Чарльз Дарвин был сформулировать главный принцип современной биологии. — Естественный отбор в качестве основы эволюции

Трудно поверить, но природа вирусов стала очевидной только в последней половине 20 — й век , и первым шагом на этом пути открытий было принято русский ботаник Ивановский в 1892.

в 20 — м веке биологи начали осознавать , как растения и животные живут и передают их генетически закодированную информацию следующему поколению. С тех пор, отчасти из — за событий в области компьютерных технологий, произошли большие достижения в области биологии; это область постоянно растущего знания.

переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..

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