Bookcrossing movement егэ

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Источник: Централизованное тестирование по английскому языку, 2013

Every few years or so, I like to look through my books and weed out the ones that have outlived their usefulness to me. Maybe I’ve read them and enjoyed them, but don’t expect to reread them any time soon. Or maybe they’re books I picked up used long ago and simply never got around to reading. After a certain period of time passes—a decade, perhaps—I have to admit that I probably never will read them. So with a great deal of nostalgia and a bit of remorse, I pack up a few boxes and cart them off, sometimes selling them at a used bookstore, sometimes donating them to a library. This pruning process, which I’ve repeated countless times, is crucial because there’s simply no more room for bookshelves (although, I must admit, the problem has become somewhat less severe since I started buying mainly ebooks). No matter how hard I try, I always accumulate books much faster than I can read them. I’m always on the lookout for interesting books, and only my budget keeps my habit from becoming truly intractable.

Well, it’s about time for another round of debookifying (followed, of course, by a small, ritual replenishment). But instead of selling them all for a pittance and then weeping over how much money I’ve lost, I’m going to “set them free.” That’s the lingo used by members of a rapidly growing movement known as BookCrossing, which aims to turn the entire world into a library.

Take My Book, Please

BookCrossing is the brainchild of Ron Hornbaker, an entrepreneur and book lover who was running a software company when the idea came to him in 2001. After learning about websites that enable people to track the movements of other objects around the world, including banknotes and disposable cameras, Hornbaker imagined using a similar process for books. After less than a month of work, Hornbaker and co-founders Bruce and Heather Pedersen turned the idea into a website called BookCrossing.com, which launched in April 2001.

The idea is simple: someone registers a book on this website, and in so doing gets a unique ID number that can be jotted down inside the front cover or on a special label, along with the site’s URL. The owner then hands the book to a friend or leaves it in a public place (such as one of the innumerable Little Free Libraries, of which there are many in my neighborhood), perhaps with a sticky note that says “I’m Free!” Whoever picks up the book next is encouraged to record the find, along with comments on the book, on the website, and then pass it along to another reader. Books that have been left for someone else to find and read are said to be “released into the wild”; someone who picks up a book and writes a journal entry on the website is said to have “caught” it.

Although BookCrossing got off to a slow start, the movement now has nearly a million members, and is growing at an astonishing rate—with well over seven million books released so far. Some books have been through hundreds of hands (the record, as I write this, is over 600) and have traveled many thousands of miles. Although the United States has the largest number of registered books in the wild, BookCrossing participants have released books in at least 137 different countries worldwide.

If You Love It, Set It Free

Tracking the progress of a book and other readers’ comments is one of the most satisfying parts of the BookCrossing experience. Less than 25% of the books released so far have been caught, but participants don’t seem to mind if a book they release vanishes into the ether; they feel they’re doing a public service by making the books available without cost to random people. In fact, the sheer randomness of the entire system is what attracts many people to participate. Although a book you’ve read may disappear, it may also fall into the hands of a celebrity, change someone’s life, or have any number of other unexpected effects.

The BookCrossing website enables you to search for books in a wide variety of ways, read journal entries, and register your own books—all free, and with a tasteful minimum of advertising (for books and other relevant products, of course!). The site earns money primarily by selling labels, stamps, bookplates, and other supplies that make it easier to release books, and more likely that finders will catch them. The whole operation is so refreshingly low-key and straightforward that it easily sucks in anyone who likes books and has even a shred of generosity.

Some authors and publishers have expressed concern that if the BookCrossing phenomenon becomes too large, it could damage sales. But so far, just the opposite appears to be true. (And as an author and publisher myself, I’d be only too happy to have any of my books circulating this way.) Participants frequently buy extra copies of their favorite books just to give away, and people who get excited about a book by reading glowing journal entries are much more likely to purchase it themselves than to go looking for it in the wild. All in all, it’s a fabulously clever and effective recycling program that never runs out of raw materials. Coming soon to a coffee shop near you: the world’s largest library!

Note: This is an updated version of an article that originally appeared on Interesting Thing of the Day on November 27, 2004.

Здравствуйте, дорогие читатели.

Время экзаменов неумолимо приближается, но это, поверьте, не повод впадать в панику или отчаяние! Я думаю, что в течение целого года вы плодотворно трудились, накапливая драгоценные знания. Я в свою очередь, хочу помочь вам систематизировать полученный в процессе подготовки опыт. В этой статье я собрала наиболее часто встречающиеся формулировки в Задании 2 Устной части ЕГЭ.

Напомню, что в этом задании вам предлагается ознакомиться с рекламным объявлением и задать пять прямых вопросов на основе ключевых слов и предложенного рекламного объявления.

Формат задания – условный диалог-расспрос.

Время на подготовку –  1.5 минуты

Время на выполнение задания – 20 секунд на один вопрос

Максимальный балл – 5 баллов 

С критериями оценивания данного задания и примерами выполнения, Вы можете ознакомиться на этой странице.

Model answer

Task 2

Study the advertisement.

You are considering going on this sightseeing tour and now you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask five direct questions to find out the following:

1) duration of the tour

2) the starting point

3) places to visit

4) the price for a group of 10

5) discounts for students  

Sample answer:

1. How long will the tour last?
2. What is the starting point of the tour?
3. What places are we going to visit during the tour?
4. How much does the tour for a group of 10 people cost?
5. Are there any discounts for students?

Внимание! В формате КИМ ЕГЭ 2022 произошли изменения: в Задании 2 нужно задать четыре прямых вопроса вместо пяти. Время, выделяемое на подготовку, не изменилось и составляет по-прежнему 1,5 минуты. Время ответа – 20 секунд для того, чтобы задать один вопрос. Максимальный балл – 4 балла, то есть, за каждый правильно поставленный вопрос учащийся получает 1 балл.

Model Answer EGE 2022

Task 2. Study the advertisement.

                                      Where will it take you?

You are considering taking up biking and now you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask four direct questions to find out about the following.

1. tuition fee;
2. number of students in a group;
3. duration of the course;
4. special clothes.

You have 20 seconds to ask each question.

Sample answer:

1. What is the tuition fee of the biking course?
2. How many students will there be in the group?
3. How long is the course?
4. Are any special clothes required to join the course?

Подборка типичных вопросов

 Устная часть

 Задание 2

1. Location of the shop/school/gym/restaurant/hotel – месторасположения

Where is your shop/school/gym/restaurant/hotel located (situated)?

2. Directions to the shop/school/gym/restaurant/hotel – способ добраться

How can I get to the shop/school/gym/restaurant/hotel?

What is the best way to get to your school?

3. Distance from the city center – удаленность от центра

How far is your gym/hotel/club/school from the city center?

4. Duration / length of the tour/flight/classes – продолжительность тура /перелета / уроков

How long is the tour / flight?

How long are the classes?

How long will the tour last?

5. Dates for departure – даты вылета (отправления)

What are the departure dates? / When does the tour start?

6. Opening hours / working hours / operation hours – часы работы

What are the opening hours of the shop/gym/museum/library?

When is the shop /gym /museum / library open?

When are you open?

When do you work?

What are the working hours of the shop?

When does the shop / gym / museum work?

NB! The shop is closed on Sunday. / The shop is open on weekdays.

“open” и “closed” – это прилагательные

7. Discounts / Reductions for children/for groups/for big orders – скидки

Are there any discounts / reductions for children under 5?

Is it possible to get any discounts?

Are discounts for groups of students available?

What discounts are provided for big orders/ for pensioners /for the elderly?  – Какие скидки предоставляются для больших заказов / для пенсионеров?

Do you provide any family discounts?

8. Special offers – специальные предложения

Are there any special offers available at your school ?

What special offers do you provide in your shop?

9. Price / Cost of the item – цена

What is the price of the bicycle? / What is the best price of the car?

How much is the bicycle? / How much are these trainers?

How much does the phone cost? / How much do these jeans cost?

What is the single/double room price per night?

10. Entrance fee / tuition fee – входная плата / плата за обучение

What is the entrance fee? / What is the tuition fee?

How much is the ticket? / How much are the tickets?

How much does the ticket cost? (3 л., ед.число)

How much do the tickets cost? (мн.число)

11. Courses available – доступные курсы

What kinds of courses are available (at your center)?

What courses do you offer?

Do you offer morning or evening courses?

Are morning/afternoon/evening courses available?

Evening courses are available at your school, aren’t they?

12. Price for a two-week course – стоимость двухнедельного курса обучения

What is the price for a two-week course?

How much is a two-week course?

Is the price for a two-week course reasonable?

How much should I pay for a two-week course at your computer center?

13. If a placement test is included – включен ли тест распределения учащихся по уровню знаний

Is a placement test included in the program of the course?

14. If textbooks are included – включены ли в стоимость курса учебники

Are textbooks included into the price of the course?

15. Number of classes per week / per day – количество уроков в неделю/в день

How many classes are there per week?

How many classes a day do you offer?

How many classes per week do I have to attend at your language school?

16. Number of students in the group – количество студентов в группе

How many students are there in the group?

How many students are going to be in the group?

17. Beginning of the course – начало курса обучения

When does the course start / begin?

Is the course going to start next week / in July?

18. Availability of something – возможность чего-либо

Is the table for 6 people available for Sunday evening?

Is the audio version of the book available?

Is shipping / delivery to my town available? – Возможна ли доставка товара в мой город?

Can you deliver it (them) into my hometown?

19. Hotel facilities – услуги в отеле

What facilities do you offer at your hotel?

What facilities are available / provided at your hotel?

What facilities does the hotel have?

What kinds of facilities are there at your hotel?

20. Possible accommodation – виды размещения / проживания

What kind of accommodation do you offer?

21. Online reservation / advance booking – бронирование по интернету / предварительный заказ

Can I book tickets in advance?

Can I make a reservation online?

Is it possible to make a reservation online?

22. If a wake—up call available – возможность услуги «звонок для пробуждения», когда сотрудник отеля телефонным звонком будит вас в условленное время

Is a wake-up call at 3 a.m. available?

Can you give us a wake-up call, please?

Is it possible to have a wake-up call at 4 a.m.?

23. If breakfast is included – включен ли завтрак в стоимость

Is breakfast included in the price of the tour?

24. Available kinds of payment – возможные способы оплаты

What kinds of payment are available / possible at your hotel?

Can I pay cash (or in cash: in dollars, in Euros, in roubles )? – Могу я оплатить наличными?

Can I pay by credit card / by check?

to pay with a credit card / to pay by credit card

25. Credit card acceptance – возможность оплаты кредитной картой

Can I use my credit card for payment?

Do you accept / take credit cards for payment?

Is it possible to pay by credit card?

26. Cancellation [ˌkæns(ə)’leɪʃ(ə)n] – отмена бронирования

Is cancellation possible?

Can I cancel the order?

Is there any possibility to cancel the order?

Is it possible to cancel the order?

How can I cancel the order?

to cancel [ˈkænsəl] — отменять

27. Refund for a ticket – возврат денег/компенсация

Can I get a refund for the ticket if I miss the concert / the flight / the train?

Is it possible to get a refund for the ticket?

28. If taking pictures permitted – разрешена ли фотосъемка

Is taking pictures allowed /permitted at the gallery?

Can I take pictures at the museum?

Is it possible to take photos during the performance?

29. Age restriction / minimum age limit – возрастные ограничения

What is the minimum age limit to ride this attraction?

Are there any age restrictions to get this job?

How old should I be to apply for this job?

30. Membership in a movement / club / organization – членство в движении / клубе / организации

How can I join your club?

How can I become a member of your organization?

What do I need to join your movement?

Рекомендации:

— обратите внимание, что если в одном из пунктов, предложенных в задании, присутствует слово «IF», то это сигнал того, что Вам нужно построить вопрос общего типа

— на экзамене задавайте вопросы общего (General Question) и специального типа (Special Question)

— не забывайте употреблять вспомогательные глаголы

— не рекомендуется задавать косвенные вопросы типа: “Could you tell me…”

— не нужно начинать свой ответ с этикетного диалога: “Hello. My name is Ann and I’m calling to find out more information about …”

My bounty for you!

By the way do you know what the word «bounty» means?

Bounty means bonus = prize = award = gift = present

Не забудьте подписаться на мой канал!

Буду рада, если данная статья Вам понравилась.

Спасибо, что читаете!

Вы можете дополнить список вопросов из Задания 2 Устной части, оставив запись в поле комментариев после статьи.

Задание 1

1.  
Improper upbringing

2.   People
have much in common

3.   There is
a time for everything

4.   The best
way to congratulate anyone

5.   Advertisement

6.   The game
to improve your health

7.   Noble
people

8.  
Health problems

A. Are you stuck for ideas on how to entertain your
kids? Outdoor games
could be perfect, enabling your kids to have fun and exercise at the same time.
As you might expect, the games vary considerably in terms of size and price.
Don’t worry though — the biggest, the most expensive toys and games don’t
have to be purchased. Many children are easily satisfied with smaller games.
Starting at the smaller end of the spectrum, a kite can represent a great gift.
There’s nothing quite like the thrill of watching a kite soar up into the sky
and
they are also relatively cheap to purchase.

B.  We all do it at
least once, we say we’re going to stay on budget this
Christmas and then we blow the budget and put everything on our credit cards.
This isn’t unusual, people all over the country have done it and it’s not only
our faults. Retailers make it much easier to get approved for credit cards. In
fact, how many of us have gone into a store and been offered a discount on a
purchase if we apply for a credit card.

C. It is a well-known fact that we tend to spoil
our pets. We want them
to have the best of everything but recent studies have shown that pampering
our pets might actually do as much harm as good. One recent study from an
undisclosed source claims that we are actually making our beloved pets stupid
by spoiling them. We are in such a hurry to make their lives easier that we
take
away their need to solve problems on their own. The less they have to loose
their brains the less they can do on their own.

D. A concern veterinarians have regarding spoiled
pets is weight. The more
we spoil the pet, the more obese it seems to become. The obesity can affect the
skeletal system until hip problems start to develop, it can cause respiratory
and
cardiac problems. The problem with older overweight pets is that every time
they are brought to the vet clinic they are exposed to more bacteria and
viruses
that can lead to still more endless trips to the vet.

E. Have you ever heard of exercises that can help
to improve your eyesight?
This question seems like a little bit absurd, but the answer is quite definite.
Scientific research has been carried out to prove that badminton is beneficial
in improving eyesight. You may like badminton in your leisure hours and
play joyfully with your friends. But before you know the extra function of
badminton, surely you are just treating it as a way of pastime. Of course, it
would be even greater if only you have learned that effect earlier.

F.  As
it is known to all, fruits are rich in nutrients and bioactive substances
which are beneficial to our health. However, not all people know how we can
entirely absorb fruits’ nutrients to the body without adverse effects when
eating
fruits. So you should learn to grasp the different time. In the morning, the
best fruits are apples, pears and grapes. Eating fruits in the morning can help
digestion, absorption and enabling constipation. Some fruits such as cherry,
tomatoes, orange, banana are not allowed to eat before meals. After meals
pineapple, papaya, kiwi, orange and hawthorn are the best fruits you should
choose to eat.

G.Nine
out of ten of us will need blood some time in our lives. In the United
States, more than 40,000 units of blood are used daily. A unit is a pint, about
500 milliliters. The average adult has between eight and twelve pints of blood.
Most adults can easily spare one. People can donate blood every 56 days. The
blood count returns to normal in three or four weeks. Only 5 percent of people
eligible to give blood do so. They fulfill a great need.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

Задание
2

The secret of successful
small talk

1.    Pay compliments

2.    Start with the obvious things

3.    Ask about their personal problems

4.    Turn the attention to others

5.    Avoid difficult themes

6.    It’s not so difficult

7.    Pay attention

8.    Use friendly body language

A.  You’re at a cocktail party. There are lots of people
there but there’s
nobody that you know. What do you do? The good conversationalist would
choose to walk up to someone and introduce yourself. We all know people like
that — people who can talk to anyone about anything. How do they do it?
Well, the good news is that there is no great secret to small talk. There are
just
some simple techniques that anyone can use to start a conversation and keep
it going.

B.   In the film Annie Hall Diane Keaton and
Woody Allen have just met
and they want to impress each other. While they are talking their inner thought
appear in sub-title on the screen. ‘Listen to me-what a jerk. He probably
thinks I’m stupid.’ Thoughts like these kill a conversation. So don’t try to
impress other people. Just relax and be yourself. When you talk to someone
you show that you are interested in them. So you don’t have to talk about
deeply important things. Just talk about simple things like the weather or a
television programme that you saw.

C.   TV journalist Barbara Walters recalls that when she
was younger she
met the author, Truman Capote. She wanted to tell him that she liked his
book. However, she thought that he must be tired of hearing that, so she just
mumbled ‘How do you do?’ and turned away. She forgot that everybody likes
to receive a compliment and it’s an easy way into a conversation, especially if
you follow it up with a question: ‘I really liked your book. How long did it
take
you to write it?’ or ‘That’s a nice jacket. Where did you buy it?’

D.  Your face and your body can communicate much more
than your words.
If you stand with your arms folded or if you keep looking around the room, the
conversation will quickly end because you will look uninterested. Instead, you
should make eye contact; keep an open posture and smile. If you send out
friendly messages, you will get friendly messages back.

E.    A Victorian lady once compared the two British
prime ministers,
Gladstone and Disraeli. ‘When you speak to Mr Gladstone’, she said, ‘you
think he is the most interesting man in the world. But when you speak to Mr
Disraeli, you feel that you are the most interesting woman in the world.’
People
like to talk about themselves and they will think you are fascinating if you
ask
questions that allow them to do so.

F.  But people often don’t listen properly. They are too
busy thinking about
the next thing that they themselves want to say. Good conversationalists listen
carefully and they show that they are listening, too. They ask questions, nod
their head in agreement or say things like ‘Oh, that sounds exciting’.

G. There are some topics that
you should avoid. Don’t ask people about
personal problems, money or religion. It’s also a good idea to avoid the kind
of statements that say ‘I’m right. You’re wrong’. It’s all right to express
your
opinions but soften your comments with expressions such as ‘I’m afraid I have
to disagree with you there’. So, there is no secret to successful small talk.
Just follow these simple rules and you’ll soon find that you can hold a pleasant
conversation with anybody about anything.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

 Henry VII

1.    Unlucky marriage

2.    Mainly care

3.    Closer to the
heart

4.    Severe to everyone

5.    Broken hopes

6.    Disappointed
appearance

7.    Bloody end

8.    Brilliant
beginning

A.
Henry VIII was born in 1491 and became king of England and Wales in 1509. When
he came to the throne he seemed to have everything — he was tall, handsome,
good at hunting, and also religious and musical — he composed several songs
including the famous Greensleeves. He was also happily married to his
new wife Catherine of Aragon. But Henry wanted a son to be his heir, and was
prepared to do anything to get what he wanted . He broke with the Catholic
Church in order to divorce Catherine, and he married five more times, although
his marriages were mostly unsuccessful.

B. Henry’s first
wife was Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of the
king and queen of Spain, so it was really a political marriage. They got
married
in 1509 when she was 24 and he was only 18.King Henry desperately needed
a son, a son who would keep his family in power for another generation. But
although Catherine got pregnant many times, the babies never survived. Years
passed and finally she had a baby daughter called Mary. But Henry wanted a
son, and by this time, Catherine was too old to have more children. Henry now
fell madly in love with Anne Boleyn, one of the Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting,
and he wanted a divorce from Catherine, but the Pope wouldn’t give him one.
Henry broke off relations with the Catholic Church and declared his marriage
to Catherine illegal.

C. Henry’s second
wife was Anny Boleyn. She was a woman who men
found very attractive, and Henry was no exception. Ann was a very clever
woman, and an ambitious too. She made it clear to Henry that she wanted to
be his queen, not just his lover. In the end she got what she wanted in
1533.But
their marriage only lasted three years. A few months after the wedding Ann
gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, who would later become the queen of
England. Soon the relations between her and Henry began to deteriorate.
She was arrested, accused of adultery. On May 19^th 1536 she was
beheaded
outside the Tower of London.

D. Jane Seymour was
Henry’s third wife. They were married just two
weeks after Anne’s execution. She was the woman that Henry loved most, and
during their short marriage he was a devoted husband. In 1537 she gave birth
to a son, Prince Edward. But Jane got ill after the birth, and just two weeks
later she died. Although they had only been married for two years, Henry left
instructions that when he died he was to be buried next to her.

E. Henry’s fourth
wife was Anne of Cleves, she was a German princess.
He needed to remarry mostly for political reasons. Henry had seen only Anne’s
portrait and he liked her. But unfortunately the painter had exaggerated Anne’s
beauty, and when Henry met her in person, just before their wedding, he didn’t
find her attractive at all, in fact he thought she looked like a horse. The
King
was furious, but it was too late to cancel the wedding. But Henry and Anne
never slept together, and Henry used this as a reason for their divorce after
less than six months of marriage.

F.  Henry’s last
wife was Katherine Parr. Henry was now 52, a lonely old
man, but still with a terrifying personality. When Henry met her, she was
in love with another man. But of course she could not say no to the king.
Katherine was a mature intelligent woman of 31, she must have been more
of a nurse than a wife as Henry was now in very bad health. The marriage
lasted four years.

Amazing
Aztecs

1.    Peaceful life

2.    Social inequity

3.    Some social norms
and traditions

4.    Some scientific
achievements

5.    The terrible
figures

6.    Advantageous
differences

7.    The military style
of life

8.    The double system
of chronology

A.
The
Aztecs were great fighters. In fact, they lived to fight. When they arrived to
the Valley of Mexico about 700 years ago, the best lands in the valley had
already been taken by other Indian tribes. But this didn’t stop the Aztecs.
They began to conquer these tribes. By 1500 they had conquered most of Mexico.
Aztec boys were trained to be warriors. They were told, ‘The house you were
born in is not your true home. Your true home is out there — on the
battlefield.’ When they grew up, they stopped cutting their hair until they
killed someone in battle!

B. The Aztecs had
many gods and goddesses. They believed that they
had to give them gifts. They sacrificed about 50000 people a year (that’s a
thousand a week, six an hour or one every ten minutes!). Some of the people
sacrificed were Aztecs. But most of the people they sacrificed were people
captured from other tribes. The Aztecs had many ways of sacrificing people.

C. Aztec life wasn’t
all about sacrifice and wars. They also grew food,
made clothes, pots and jewellery. They built towns, bridges and canals. They
invented ‘floating gardens’, or chinampos. First, they built a series of rafts
and
tied them to the shore. Then they put earth on them. This was a very clever
way to grow vegetables. It’s hard to imagine modern food without the plants
grown in the Valley of Mexico. Thanks to the Aztecs, we can enjoy corn, chilli
pepper, pumpkins, tomatoes, turkeys and chocolate (they grew cacao beans)!

D. Chocolate was a
special drink that only rich Aztecs drank. Emperor
Montezuma, for example, drank 50 cups of hot chocolate every day. It wasn’t
sweet, however. It was bitter. Noble Aztecs wore very beautiful clothes
decorated with ornaments and feathers. They also carried fans made of
feathers. Common people were not allowed to carry fans and wear rich clothes.
The Aztecs did not use letters. They wrote in pictures. Aztec literature was
written down in books which folded like a fan.

E. By 1500
Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Aztec Empire, was
probably the largest city in the world. When Spanish soldiers first arrived in
Tenochtitlan, they were amazed. The streets in the capital city weren’t filled
with rubbish and rotting food like the streets of Europe at that time. They
were
cleaned by thousands of sweepers every day. The Aztecs were the only people
in the world at this time in history to have free schools for boys and girls.
In
Europe only rich people went to school but in the Aztec Empire every child
went to school.

F.  The Aztecs had a code of behaviour for everything.
Here are just some
of their rules. Do not mock the old. Do not mock the sick. Do not set a bad
example. Do not interrupt the speech of another. Do not make wry faces.
Wherever you go, walk with a peaceful air. Do not complain. Aztec boys
could get married only after they reached the age of 20. Weddings were usually
arranged by matchmakers (usually old women), and nobody asked the girl if
she wanted to get married. The girl’s family gave a party for three or four
days
before the wedding.

G.
The
Aztecs had a religious calendar and a solar calendar. The religious year had 20
days and 13 numbers (260 days). The solar year had 18 months each 20 days long
and 5 spare days (365 days). The most important Aztec god was Huitzilopochtli,
their god of sun (and also of war). They truly believed that if they couldn’t
make Huitzilopochtli happy, he would refuse to bring up the sun, and the world
would end.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

Задание 11

1.   
Smart fabrics

2.    Future
trends

3.    Clothing
maintenance

4.    Purposes
of clothing

5.    Gender
differentiation

6.   
First recorded use

7.    Textile
design

8.    Clothing
that provides optimal support

A. Clothing can serve as protection from weather, and can
enhance safety
during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer
from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns
and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment.
Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide
ahygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body.

B.  Knowledge of the origin of clothing remains
inferential, since clothing
materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal
artifacts, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body
louse specifically lives in human clothing and when it diverged from head lice
it
can be inferred that clothing existed at that time. One study estimated that
this
happened between 83,000 to 170,000 years ago, another estimates between
65,000 and 149,000 years ago.

C.  In the majority of societies, skirts, dresses
and high-heeled shoes
are usually seen as women’s clothing, while neckties are usually seen as
men’s clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but
are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical as
they can function well under a wide variety of situations, but a wider range of
clothing styles are available for females. It is generally acceptable for a woman
to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

D. The world of clothing is always changing, as new
cultural influences
meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been
developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well
beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically
adjust their temperature. Besides, they are working on creating textiles with
designer bacteria that survive off of ‘dead’ skin and sweat reducing the need
to
wash cloths.

E.  Humans have developed many specialized methods
for laundering,
ranging from early methods of pounding clothes against rocks in running
streams, to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning. Many
kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove
wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category
(for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look
clean,
fresh and neat.

F.  The
design and constructions of sportswear has changed dramatically
over time. Swimwear used in competitions has even become a controversial
issue because the expense and features of some of the suits can give athletes
a significant advantage. Advances in safety features have also been developed
including foams, synthetic and stretchable tapes, and lightweight materials
with performance characteristics specially designed for various athletics
pursuits have been developed.

G. An electronic textile is a type of fabric that
contains electronic elements.
In general, the development of electronic textiles supports the idea of
wearable
computing. Although the practical applications of this technology are very
new, some projects involving electronic textiles and intelligent garments do
exist now. Many of these are aimed at uses within the health care industry,
where wearable computing elements can be used to monitor vital signs and
otherwise track a person’s health in real time.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

Задание
12

1.    A social structure

2.    A puzzle

3.    Lack of water

4.    Negligence to
nature

5.    Considerable
achievements

6.    Struggle for power

7.    The Mayan
astronomy

8.    Hard-working
people

A. The
Mayan civilization of central America was one of the most
remarkable of the pre-Columbian cultures. The Maya built large cities
with wonderful stone palaces and temples. They observed the heavens and
accurately noted the movements of the planets. They made progress in
mathematics, they invented a writing system and they produced high quality
art.

B. About 3,000 years
ago the Maya were fanners. They lived mainly in
what is modern day Guatemala. Their period of highest development, however,
was from about AD 250 to the year 900. After that, their great cities were
abandoned and became ruins that were lost in the jungle. The reason why
such a great civilization should collapse so quickly is something that has
fascinated archaeologists and historians. Still today, there is no universally
accepted answer to the mystery.

C. The Maya had a
well-organized society. The Mayan civilization was
not a unified one. They lived in city states. Each city state was a kingdom.
The
king was a ruler. And he was also a priest. The Maya believed that the king had
supernatural powers. The king performed religious ceremonies and prayed to
the gods. In this way, the king hoped that the farmers could grow lots of food
and that the Maya could live well.

D. The Maya believed
that the stars and planets affected life of Earth. This
is why they observed the planets very carefully. The Maya became very good at
predicting the movements of the planets. They also calculated when eclipses
would happen. Their observations helped them make several calendars. The
oldest Maya calendar had a cycle of 260 days. They also had a calendar of 365
days.

E. The incredible
thing is that they built everything without the use of metal
tools. Transport was difficult because they didn’t have suitable work animals
like horses or donkeys. And they didn’t have the wheel either. Consequently,
the Maya had to transport everything themselves. They used a hard stone
called obsidian to cut and shape the stones that they used for building.
Clearly,
the Maya needed a lot of manpower to do any kind of work such as building or
farming.

F.  There are different theories about why and how the
Maya civilization
collapsed. Jared Diamond, a geographer at the University of California believes
that the collapse of the Maya culture is partly a result of overexploitation of
the environment. For example, when the Maya cut down the forests on the
hillsides, the soil was eroded. Also, there was less rainfall, which affected
the farmers’ ability to grow food.

G.
The
weather also changed. Archaeologists have now discovered that in the southern
highlands there were several years when there was very little rain, resulting
in drought. Farmers could not grow so much food. People didn’t have enough food
to eat. They probably began to fight to try to get the best land to grow food
and to have fresh water. The society was no longer efficient and
well-organized. This is an important reason why the Mayan civilization
collapsed.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

Freecycle

1.    Exchange of
useless things

2.    Increasing
popularity

3.    Gifts for everyone

4.    Shopping addiction

5.    Site foundation

6.    Simple choice

7.    Easy solution

8.    Satisfaction from
good deals

A.  The temptation
to buy, buy, buy is hard to resist. A new outfit, a
gadget, an item of furniture — someone is buying one right now. Now, guilty
shoppers who are keen to get rid of a no-longer-needed purchase have a
radical new option — simply giving it away. Second-hand technology is
notoriously difficult to offload. So, on a conventional auction site, such as
eBay,
there would be no any takers.

B.  Freecycle is one
of a number of websites that aim to reduce the amount
of rubbish sent to landfill sites by encouraging one of the most efficient
forms
of recycling — simply giving things to people who want them. As the name
suggests, everything advertised on Freecycle must be free — whether it’s an
old sofa, unwanted CDs or even a few hours’ help in the garden. Anyone who
is interested simply replies by e-mail: deal done.

C.  The site is the
creation of Deron Beal, an environmentalist from the US
who started it in mid-2003 as an automated e-mail list. Today Freecycle has
1.2 million members and is a cross between an Internet auction house and a
global chain of charity shops. Mr Beal says his chief aim is to cut waste and
help the environment. They reduce the amount of rubbish sent to landfill sites
by encouraging one of the most efficient forms of recycling — simply giving
things to people who want them.

D.  On the London site, interest in a
decrepit computer is led by Tung, who
wants to get his sixty-seven-year-old mum on the net. Then there’s Kate,
whose son wants it for his schoolwork. There’s also John, who wants it for
his daughter, a nurse on low wage. Money isn’t involved but a kind of auction
is taking place to see whose situation most deserves a free PC.

E. The people giving
it away has to make a difficult choice between several
‘bidders’. Some people may suggest that dishonest individuals could make
up heart-tugging stories in order to get freebies, or even to make a profit by
selling them on. Freecycle embodies some of that old charitable Internet spirit
by asking that before members accept a freebie, they put something up for
offer. And it’s by no means all the junk, you don’t need any more.

F.  They may offer nearly new toys, furniture,
electrical goods, even bikes
and cars. That such high-quality goods are on offer does not surprise Friends
of the Earth campaigner Georgina Bloomfield. She says it reflects the fact that
people are buying more than ever, but don’t want to simply throw things away
when they replace them. ‘People want to feel a bit better about consuming,
and so they’re happy to give things away’, she says.

G. Freecycle has
grown rapidly around the world in countries as diverse
as Mexico, Nepal, France and Romania and it seems to be on the cusp of
breaking through into the mainstream. In the end it would be better if people
simply stopped buying so much. But realistically, until people change their
ways, green groups, guilty consumers and those with an eye for the ultimate
bargain seem more than happy to make the most of Freecycle.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

Задание 7

 Why men won’t go
to the doctor.

At last there is
scientific proof to back up what women have suspected for

years
— that A_______ , men are big babies. Statistics revealed at the recent

Royal
Society of Medicine conference on men’s health confirm that men are

only half as
likely to go to their GP as women and will put off В___________ . Even

when they do
bravely turn up at the surgery, 40% of their appointments have been made by
their wives or girlfriends.

Trevor Jellis, a
psychologist who treats stressed executives, С___________ . ‘I’m

ashamed
to say that as men, many of us do share the childish fantasy of being
immortal’, he says. ‘I was certainly guilty of that. I hadn’t been to the
doctor for four years when I had my first heart attack. I didn’t go because I
hadn’t needed to, and that’s precisely where I and many men go wrong. You
should not wait until then, you should have an annual health check.’

Jane DeVille-Almond, a practice nurse in
the Midlands, recognizes the problem. ‘Men think that being ill is not very
macho, it’s a sign of weakness.

So
they’ll create a big drama about being ill at home D_______________ .
But also

doctors’
surgeries are not male-friendly places. Just look around and you will see
female receptionists, female nurses and women’s magazines on the tables.’

She recently
designed a project aimed at reaching the large numbers of

men
aged between 30 and 60 E_________ unless in an emergency. She decided

that
if the men wouldn’t come to her, she would go to them, so she set up a clinic
in the lounge bar of the Moxley Arms, a working man’s pub in Walsall.

The
men F_______ who need her help: men on low incomes who drink too much

and
eat an unhealthy diet. ‘These are the men we really need to get through to. It
soon became obvious that they were far more comfortable talking about their
problems on home ground surrounded by their mates’, she said.

1.    but they won’t go
public

2.    who arrived were
exactly the sort of people

3.    who likes helping
other people

4.    when it comes to
their health

5.   
admits
to not paying enough attention to his health

6.    who hardly ever
visited her surgery

7.    seeing a doctor
until their symptoms are severe

A	В	С	D	E	F

Задание 8

We arrived at
Gatwick at 11.15 and made our way to the check-in desk.

A______ we had some
free time, so everyone went to the arcade, ate at

Burger
King or looked around the shops. The flight was quiet and almost all of us
played games.

Not
many of us had been to Rome and so we saw a very different environment from the
one we live in. The houses were yellow, there were terracotta tiles on the
floor outside the cafes and the most common transport was the moped. We got to
our hotel, sorted out our rooms unpacked and went out to dinner. The pasta was
exquisite!

Lovely
sunshine and comfortable temperatures were the norm and very

nice
it all was too, В________ — but then we were warm and dry in the coach,

С______ . The
weather was important as most of our visits were to Roman

remains.

The
real Roman bit started with the trips round the Forum, Palatine Hill

and
the Colosseum D________ . On our way back to our hotel we were given a

guided
tour of the Church of San Clemente.

E_____ , took us
back to the level of Nero’s Rome with its streets, alleys

and the best preserved temple to
Mithras in the world.

We
spent time in Ostia, the port of Rome. During the 3^rd century
ВС,
the town was primarily used as a naval base and played an important part in
various wars. The remains of the town itself are in excellent condition, F___________

Everything
we had learned about or seen in pictures, suddenly came to life. We hadn’t been
there before but we felt that we knew it.

1.    reaching down 50
metres below the modern street

2.    considering that
it was on at least one occasion partially destroyed by pirates

3.    which would have
made the group gasp in awe

4.    after we had
confirmed everything

5.    where the cruel
world of Roman entertainment was mixed with the amazing technology below stage

6.    so it didn’t
matter

7.    except for the
coach drive from Rome to Sorrento

A	В	С	D	E	F

Письмо 1

You have 20
minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English
pen-friend Rosa who writes:

I’ve
had an argument with my friend Miranda. I’m very upset about it. We haven’t
been talking to each other for a week. Have you ever been in a similar
situation? What kind of things do you argue about? Do you think I should be the
first one to break the ice?

Write a letter to
Rosa. In your letter

—   answer her
questions

—   ask 3 questions
about her friend and the reason of their quarrel. Write 100- 140 words.

Remember the rules
of letter writing.

Задание 9 Chewing gum

The
habit of chewing gum was first popular with the Ancient Greeks. They
chewed mastic gum, A________ .

Modern chewing gum, however, originated
around the 1860s in America. A substance called chicle was found in the
sapodilla trees of Mexico and made a smoother, more elastic gum than
previously. William Wrigley, a flour factory

owner,
found a way to flavor it with mint and В____________ .
Nowadays 90% of

chewing
gum is manufactured by Wrigley, and the basic process has changed little since
manufacture began in 1892.

Sales
of chewing gum are at record levels; last year in the UK, £ 317 million was
spent on gum. This figure has risen nearly 40% in the last five years, with the
sugar-free brands now making up three-quarters of the total market. Consumer
analysts say it’s no longer considered just a sweet. It’s become more relevant
to today’s consumer with people regarding it as a kind of two-in-one: a sweet
fix and a breath-fresher at the same time. Stress relief

is
another factor, С_________ . I’ve just heard the most incredible story
about

Britney
Spears’ chewing gum! Apparently, she’s always spitting her chewing

gum out onto the
pavement and one day, D_____________ and decided to sell it

online…
you know, on eBay. Basically they sold her piece of chewed chewing
gum by online auction! Nobody could guarantee it was real, of course, but lots
of people bid for it — and in the end, it was sold for about $ 100.1 can’t
believe
anyone would want chewing gum E_________ — whoever that person is!

An incredible three and half billion
pieces of gum are disposed of the UK every year. Better enforcement of fines
has helped to reduce the problem slightly, but it is almost impossible to catch
people spitting out their gum.

Some
areas have installed special boards F__________ . Meanwhile, biodegradable

gum
is being developed which in the end may well be the ultimate answer to the
seemingly never-ending problem of chewing gum litter.

1.    someone saw her
spit some out, picked up

2.    although not so
many gum users admit to that one

3.    a resin obtained
from the mastic tree

4.    discarded chewing
gum on the pavement

5.    that’s been in
someone else’s mouth

6.    started making the
first mass-produced gum

7.    which people are
invited to stick their used gum to

A	В	С	D	E	F

Письмо 2

You have 20
minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English
pen-friend Bob who writes:

Although
I don’t do any rick sports myself, I admire people who do them. A lot of
teenagers in Britain go mountain climbing, bungee jumping and roofing. It’s
clear they are becoming more and more popular. Have you got any ideas why
people do rick sports? Is it a way to escape from everyday routine? Why don’t
they want to understand the extreme danger of such activities?

Write a letter to
Bob. In your letter

—   answer his
questions

—   ask 3 questions
about his favourite kind of sport

Write 100- 140
words.

Remember the rules
of letter writing.

Задание 10

 Attics in the
capital are mostly rented out as commercial sites by different

firms
or shops, while in the United States and Europe A_______________ . But the

young
loft apartment market is on the march, particularly among well-off Moscovites.

Despite
the industrial facade loft apartments are in some of the trendiest
areas. Lofts are usually located in former factories and warehouses — and
developers tend to stick to an industrially minimalist design. Brick walls with
no plaster, wooden floors and very high ceilings are complemented with large
windows В_______ .

Classic
lofts are apartments converted from industrial premises like
factories, С_______ .

When lofts first
appeared in the US and Europe in the early 20^</l century

they
were snapped up on the cheap by artists and sculptors D____________ .
The vast

space
allowed them to put everything they needed for creativity there and work in the
comfort of the apartment.

Now
they are used not only as apartments but also for creative space. In Moscow
there are plenty of contemporary art centres in attics. The most popular loft
location in the capital is the former chocolate factory, Krasny

Oktyabr.
In 2009 the factory stands on E_________ with showrooms, art galleries,

design
bureaus, nightclubs and restaurants. The area is now one of the trendiest
locations in town, and it is easy F_________ .

1.    but the style of
the site is kept unchanged

2.    allowing lots of
light to enter the apartment

3.    what was converted
into a creative cluster

4.    to spend a day
walking round all the features

5.   
being
popular with innovative commercial firms

6.    due to the low
cost of renovation and rental

7.    they are often
used for offices and apartments

A	В	С	D	E	F

Письмо 3

You have 20
minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English
pen-friend Julia who writes:

I’m
writing to you because it’s become a habit. I spend a lot of time chatting on
Internet where I can share my thoughts and ideas with unknown people but I have
a great problem in my real life. I’m too shy and it’s very difficult for me to
start the conversation first or go dating with a boy. How can I overcome it?
What do you think it would be better to do if you were me? Maybe, should I go
to see a psychologist?

Write a letter to
Julia. In your letter

—   answer her
questions

—   ask 3 questions about her problem

Write 100- 140 words.

Remember the rules
of letter writing.

          Задание 11 Flat-sharing

You’ve
got a problem. You’re going to go to university in a different town and you
need somewhere to live. Or perhaps you just don’t get on with your parents.
What can you do? Have you ever thought of sharing a flat?

I know all about
it because I’ve been sharing flats for the past four years,

A______ . I must
admit my first experience was a bit of a disaster. I saw

an advert in the
newspaper from a girl who had a flat and was looking for a flatmate. When I met
her, she seemed really nice, and noticed that she had lots of great CDs I
wanted to hear and a big TV. However, I changed my mind about her a few days
after I moved in. I came home from college one

day
and В_______ . My
flatmate looked at them, looked at me and shouted:

‘I
hope you’re not going to leave those there!’ It was then I found out that
she was absolutely obsessive about being tidy. It was obvious that we were
incompatible, С________ . I moved
out after the first month.

Then I decided to try sharing a house with
several people. I rented a room in a big old house which I shared with four
other girls (two Brazilians, a

•
Russian, and an Italian). It was great because D_____________ and we had
lots of

parties.
However, there were three problems. Firstly, it was almost impossible to do any
work because the house was so noisy. Secondly, there was only one

bathroom,
and there was always someone in it, E_____________ . But the biggest

arguments
we had were always the day the phone bill arrived.

After a year the foreign girls went home,
and I decided to share with a friend, somebody I already knew well. We’ve been
living here now for nearly

a
year and we get on really well — except for F___________ . But it’s
great having

someone
else to help pay rent, to share their dinner with you when you’re too exhausted
to cook, and who, unlike your parents or your partner, doesn’t mind what time
you get up or if you’ve left your bedroom in a mess. And best of all, when
you’ve had a bad day or you’ve broken up with your boyfriend you know there’s
always someone to talk to.

1.    as I’m definitely
not the world’s tidiest person

2.    her irritating habits
of eating my yoghurts and finishing the coffee

3.    since I moved to
Edinburgh to get my education

4.    the problems are
the same if you live with your family

5.    especially first
thing in the morning when I was already late for class

6.    threw my books and
jacket onto the living room sofa

7.    the house was
always full of young people from all over the world

A	В	С	D	E	F

Письмо 4

      You have 20
minutes to do this task.

You have received
a letter from your English pen-friend John who writes:

/
have just come back from an Eco Holiday. It was great! We lived in the tents.
Besides a lot of activities, we had to clean the bank of the river from the
rubbish. You can’t imagine how many bottles, packets and other things we had
picked up only during a week. Have you got environmental problems in your
country? Is the rubbish recycled in your country? I’ve heard that you have a
tradition to organize ‘subbotnic’ in spring. Do you take part in it?

Write a letter to
John. In your letter

—   answer his
questions

—   ask 3 questions
about his holidays.

Write 100- 140
words.

Remember the rules
of letter writing.

Задание 12

‘Tune
In, Turn On and Drop Out’ was the motto of the hippie movement
that grew partially out of young America’s disillusionment with the Vietnam
War. Hippies were mainly white teenagers and young adults A____________ .

The
immediate precursor to the hippies was the so-called Beat Generation of the
late 1950-s. But where the intellectual beats tended to stay out of politics,
the hippies were known as much for their political outspokenness

В______ . Their opposition to the Vietnam
War became one of the most

significant
aspects of the growing antiwar movement throughout the latter half of the
1960-s.

To
express their protests and to ‘turn on’ others, the hippies used art, street
theatre and particularly music. This culture reached its peak in the summer of
1967, when a concert in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park introduced the
music of the hippies to a wider audience. The concert inspired thousands of
young people around the country to head to San Francisco, С_____________ .

In
the 60’s hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions,
choose their own way and find new meaning in life. This made hippies instantly
recognizable to one another and served D__________ .

Hippies
often chose brightly coloured clothing. Much of hippie clothing
was self-made, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and
second-hand shops. Natural and foreign accessories for both men and women
included Native American jewellery, headbands and long beaded necklaces.
Tie-dyeing was very fashionable E_________ .

Hippie
culture spread worldwide through a fusion of rock music, folk
and blues, it also found expression in literature, fashion and the visual arts,
F______ .

Eventually
the hippie movement extended far beyond the United States, the United Kingdom,
Europe and appeared in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Brazil and many
other countries.

1.    which were against
the war and the government

2.    who shared
distrust towards traditional values and authority

3.    some wearing
flowers in their hair

4.    including film,
posters and album covers

5.    as part of hippie
style and still is today

6.    as a visual symbol
of their willingness to question authority

7.    as for their long
hair and colourful clothing

A	В	С	D	E	F

Письмо 5

You have 20
minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English
pen-friend Andy who writes:

…
Lately I haven’t done very well at school. My
parents are angry with me. I try my best at school but fail to get top marks.
It’s making me unhappy. What can I do? Do you think I should talk to my parents
and explain how I feel? How are you doing at school?

Write a letter to
Andy. In your letter

—   answer his
questions

—   give some advice
on the situation

—   ask 3 questions
about Andy’s free time Write 100- 140 words.

Remember the rules
of letter writing.

Задание
4

(By E.L. Doctorow)

I
was born on Clinton Street in the Lower East Side. I was the next to youngest
of six children, two boys, four girls. The two boys, Harry and Willy, were the
oldest. My father was a musician, a violinist. He always made a good living. He
and my mother had met in Russia and they married there, and then emigrated. My
mother came from a family of musicians as well; that is how, in the course of
things, she and my father had met. Some of her cousins were very well known in
Russia; one, a cellist, had even played for the Tsar. My mother was a very
beautiful woman, petite, with long golden hair and the palest, blue eyes. My
father used to say to us, ‘You think, you girls, you’re beautiful? You should
have seen your mother when she and her sisters walked down the street in our village.
Every head turned, they were so slim, their bearing so elegant.’ I suppose he
did not want us to get conceited.

I
was four when we moved up to the Bronx, a big apartment near Claremont Park. I
was a good student, I went to primary school on Washington Avenue; when I was
graduated from there I went to Morris High School. I completed all my courses
and graduated, and reenrolled to take the program of commercial courses there
and got enough credits to graduate all over again if I chose. I knew now how to
type, how to keep books, I knew shorthand. I was very ambitious. I had paid for
my own piano lessons by playing for silent movies. I watched the screen and
improvised. My brother Harry or my father used to sit right behind me to see
that nobody bothered me; movie houses were still primitive and they attracted a
bad element. After my courses, I found a job as private secretary to a
well-known businessman and philanthropist named Sigmund Unterberg. He had made
his money in the shirt business and now spent a good deal of his time doing
work for Jewish organizations, social welfare, that kind of thing.

I was a good
secretary, Mr Unterberg would dictate a letter to me and I could take it right
on the typewriter, without an error, and so when he was finished I was finished
and the letter was ready for him to sign. He thought I was wonderful. His wife
was a lovely woman and used to invite me to tea with them, to socialize with
them. I suppose I was by now nineteen or twenty. They introduced me to one or
two young men, but I never liked them.

I
by now was interested in my future husband. We had known each other since high
school. He was extremely handsome, dashing, he was a good athlete; in fact,
that’s how I met him, on the tennis courts, there were clay courts on Morris
Avenue and 70^th Street
and we were each playing there. You played tennis in long skirts in those days.
I was a good tennis player, I loved sports, and that’s how we met. He walked me
home.

My
mother did not like Dave. She thought he was too wild. If I went out with
another boy he would ruin the date. He would hang around outside our house even
if we hadn’t arranged to do anything together and when he saw another boy
coming to pick me up he’d do terrible things, he’d pick a fight, or stop us and
talk when I was with this other boy. He would warn the other boys to treat me
with respect or he would come after them.

I 1  1
The author had_____________ in her
family.

1)   four
brothers and two sisters

2)   four
brothers and a sister

3)   two
brothers and three sisters

4)   one
brother and four sisters

I 2 I
Her father was a musician and the
children____________________ .

1)   lived
in poverty

2)  
had all that was necessary for living

3)  
seldom saw their father at home

4)   dreamt
of musical career

I 3
I
When the author’s father told the
daughters about the beauty of their
mother, he wanted them____________ .

1)  
not to be very boastful of their
prettiness

2)  
to be proud of their mother

3)  
to pay more attention to their
appearance

4)   to
be confused

4    I
After school the author earned money_______________ .

1) typing                                                               2)
keeping books

3) doing shorthand                                               4)
playing for silent movies

5       Her
brother and father used to be near her in the movie house in order

1)  
to protect her from bad guys

2)   to
assist her

3)   to
watch a new film

4)  
to make sure she wouldn’t be cheated

6~~|
Mr Unterberg’s wife was____________ with the author.

1)
hostile                                                              2) rude

3)
friendly                                                             4)
arrogant

7~1
The author’s mother did not like Dave
because________________

1)   he
was silly

2)   he was hot-tempered

3)  
he
came from a poor family

4)   he was rude

Задание 5

The
dinner party

by Nickolas Monsarrat

A
full thirty years ago, I myself was fifteen. That is not really important,
though it was important to me at the time, on the threshold of superb adult
world. More important to this story, my uncle Octavian was then a rich man.

He was a charming host whose villa on the
Riviera was an accepted meeting of the great. And he was a hospitable,
contented, and most amiable man — until January 3^r(^, 1925.

There was nothing special about that day
in the life of my uncle Octavian, except that it was his fifty-fifth birthday.
As usual on such day, he was giving a dinner party, a party for twenty people.
All of them were old friends. I, myself, aged fifteen, was deeply privileged, I
was staying with my uncle at his exquisite villa, and as a special concession
on this happy day, I was allowed to come down to dinner. It was exciting to me
to be admitted to such company, which included a newspaper proprietor and his
fabulous American wife; a recent prime minister of France and a Habsburg prince
and princess of exceptional eloquence.

At
that age, on holiday from school, you will guess that I was staggered. Even
today, thirty years later, one may fairly admit that the company was
distinguished. But I should also stress that they were all old and intimate friends
of my uncle Octavian.

Towards
the end of a wonderful dinner when dessert had been brought in and the servants
had left, my uncle learnt forward to admire a magnificent diamond ring on the
princess’ hand.

Across
the table the newspaper proprietor leant across and said: ‘May I also have a
look, Therese?’ She smiled and nodded. Then she took off the ring and held it
out to him. There exclamations of delight and admiration. The ring was passed
from hand to hand.

It
was some twenty minutes later when the princess stood up, giving the signal to
the ladies to withdraw. She looked round us with a pleasant smile. Then she
said: ‘Before we leave you, may I have my ring back?’

I
remember my uncle Octavian murmuring: ‘Ah, yes — that wonderful ring!’ Then
there was a pause while each of us looked expectantly at his neighbor. Then
there was an aggravating silence. The princess was still smiling, though less
easily. She was unused to asking for things twice.

When
no one responded and the silence continued I still thought that it could only
be a practical joke and that one of us — probably the prince himself — would
produce the ring with a laugh, perhaps chiding her for her nonchalance. But
when nothing happened at all, I knew that the rest of the night would be wretched.

I
am sure that you can guess the sort of scene that followed. There was the
dismay, immediate and shattering, of the guests — all of them old and intimate
friends. There was the freezing politeness of the prince, the near-tears of the
princess. There were the demands to be searched, the overturning of chairs, the
minute scrutiny of the carpet, and then the whole room.

All
these things happened, but they didn’t bring the princess’ ring back again. It
had vanished. Uncle Octavian’s face was pale and tremendously tense, as if he
had been dealt a mortal blow. No servants had entered the room. No one had left
it for a moment. The thief was one of us; one of my uncle Octavian’s cherished
friends.

J__ I The author
tells us a story which happened___________ .

1) at his dinner
party                                       2) at his fifteenth birthday party

3) at his uncle’s
birthday party        4) at his uncle’s friends’ villa

2 J This event
absolutely changed__________ .

1) the princess’s
life                                         2) the uncle’s life

3) the author’s
life                                             4) the friends’ lives

1 3 I That day the
author felt___________ .

1) a bit nervous                                                2)
very unconfident

3) a little
worried                                              4) enough mature

I 4 I The uncle’s villa
was___________ .

1) in modern style                                            2)
tastefully made

3) in the suburb                                                 4)
of huge size

I 5 I One of the guests
wanted____________ .

1) to thank the
uncle for dinner        2) to talk to the princess

3) to joke with
princess                                   4) to examine the princess’ ring

I 6 I The princess went
on smiling because_____________ .

1)   it was funny joke

2)   she tried to show
good manners

3)   she was afraid

4)   she gave the
signal that way

I 7 I The ring vanished
because____________ .

1)   one of the uncle’s
friend stole it.

2)   the servant stole
it

3)   it was lost in the
room

4)   the princess lost
it in the room

Задание 6

{from ‘Taking the veil’ by Katherine Mansfield)

It
seemed impossible that anyone should be unhappy on such a beautiful morning.
Nobody was, decided Edna, except herself. The windows were flung wide in the
houses. From within there came the sound of pianos, little hands chased after
each other and ran away from each other, practicing scales. The trees fluttered
in the sunny gardens, all bright with spring flowers. Street boys whistled, a
little dog barked; people passed by, walking so lightly, so swiftly, they
looked as though they wanted to break into a run. Now she actually saw in the
distance a parasol (=an umbrella which protects from the sun), peach-coloured,
the first parasol of the year.

Perhaps even Edna did not look quite as
unhappy as she felt. It is not easy to look tragic at eighteen, when you are
extremely pretty, with the cheeks and lips and shining eyes of perfect health.
Above all, when you are wearing a French blue frock and your new spring hat
trimmed with cornflowers. True, she carried under her arm a book bound in
horrid black leather. Perhaps the book provided a gloomy note, but only by
accident; it was the ordinary Library binding. For Edna had made going to the
Library an excuse for getting out of the house to think, to realize what had
happened, to decide somehow what was to be done.

An
awful thing had happened. Quite suddenly, at the theatre last night, when she
and Jimmy were seating side by side in the dress-circle, without a moment’s
warning — in fact, she had just finished a chocolate almond and passed the box
to him again — she had fallen in love with an actor. But — fallen in — love…

The
feeling was unlike anything she had ever imagined before. It wasn’t in the
least pleasant. It was hardly thrilling. It was — really, it was absolutely —
oh, the most — it was simply — in fact, from that moment Edna knew that life
could never be the same. She drew her hand away from Jimmy’s leaned back, and
shut the chocolate box forever. This at last was love.

Edna
and Jimmy were engaged. She had had her hair up for a year and a half; they had
been publicly engaged for a year. But, they had known they were going to marry
each other ever since they walked in the Botanical Gardens with their nurses,
and sat on the grass with a wine biscuit and a piece of barley-sugar each for
their tea. It was so much an accepted thing that Edna had worn a wonderfully
good imitation of an engagement-ring out of a cracker all the time she was at
school. And up till now they had been devoted to each other.

But
now it was over. It was so completely over that Edna found it difficult to
believe that Jimmy did not realize it too. How much better to know it now than
to wait until after they were married! Now it was possible that Jimmy would get
over it. No, it was no use deceiving herself; he would never get over it! His
life was wrecked, was ruined; that was inevitable. But he was young…

1   It was
wonderful spring day_________ .

1)   Edna felt very
exciting.

2)   Edna thought
everyone was sad.

3)   everyone was happy
besides Edna.

4)   everybody was
happy.

I 2 1________ she was
very nice girl.

1)   In spite of her
sadness

2)   Because of her
up-to-date clothes

3)   Thank for good
weather

4)   Because of her age

Edna went out
because she_________ .

1)   wanted to
understand herself.

2)   was going to the
library.

3)   borrowed a book
from the library.

4)   had decided to do
it before.

The feeling of
love was_______ for Edna.

1) familiar                                                          2)
absolutely new

3) unpleasant                                                     4)
enjoyable

What was the
relationship between Edna and Jimmy?

1)   Edna had known
Jimmy since childhood

2)   Edna and Jimmy had
been married for a year

3)  
Edna
and Jimmy had loved each other for year and a half

4)   Edna had broken up
with Jimmy

6   Edna thought

1) Jimmy
understood everything      2) Jimmy suspected her
3) Jimmy couldn’t believe her                        4) Jimmy noticed nothing

7 I Edna worried that
her behavior _

1)    would break the
engagement

2)    would ruin him

3)    could finish their
relationship

4)    could be taken by
him easily

Задание 7

The
Pot of Gold

(an extract from The Pot of Gold by
H. Melville) Ralph worked
nights on a plan that promised him a well-paying job in Texas, but through no
fault of his own this promise was never realized. In the third year of his
marriage with Laura, a firm that was almost identical in size and character with
the firm Ralph worked for underwent a change of ownership, and Ralph was
approached and asked if he would be interested in joining the overhauled firm.
His own job promised only meager security after a series of slow promotions and
he was glad of the chance to escape. He met the new owners, and their
enthusiasm for him seemed intense. They were prepared to put him in charge of a
department and pay him twice what he was getting then. The arrangement was to
remain tacit for a month or two, until the new owners had secured their
position, but they shook hands warmly and had a drink on the deal, and that
night Ralph took Laura out to dinner at an expensive restaurant.

They
decided to look for a larger apartment, to have a child and to buy a secondhand
car. They faced their good fortune with perfect calm, for it was what they had
expected all along. The city seemed to them a generous place, where people were
rewarded either by a sudden and deserved development like this or by the
capricious bounty of lawsuits, eccentric and peripheral business ventures,
unexpected legacies and other windfalls.

He
was twenty-eight years old; poverty and youth were inseparable in his
experience, and one was ending with the other. The life they were about to
leave had not been hard, and he thought with sentiment of the soiled tablecloth
in the Italian restaurant where they usually went for their celebrations, and
the high spirits with which Laura on a wet night ran from the subway to the bus
stop. But they were drawing away from all this. Shirt sales in department —
store basements, lines at meat counters, weak drinks, the roses he brought her
up from the subway in the spring, when roses were cheap — these were all
unmistakably the souvenirs of the poor, and though they seemed to him good and
gentle, he was glad that they would soon be memories.

The
reorganization and Ralph’s new position hung fire, but they talked about it
freely when with friends. ‘All we need is patience,’ Laura would say. There
were many delays and postponements, and they waited with the patience of people
expecting justice. He decided to telephone his potential employers. Their
secretary told him they were both out. This made him apprehensive. He called
several times from the telephone booth in the lobby of the building he worked
in and was told that they were busy, they were out, they were at conference
with lawyers, or they were talking long-distance. This variety of excuses
frightened him. He said nothing to Laura that evening and tried to call them
the next day. Late in the afternoon, after many tries, one of them came to the
phone. ‘We gave the job to somebody else’ he said. Like a saddened father, he
spoke to Ralph in a hoarse and gentle voice. ‘Don’t try to get us on the
telephone any more. We’ve got other things to do besides answer the telephone.
This other fellow seemed better suited. That’s all I can tell you, and don’t
try to get me on the telephone any more.’

I 1 I What type of firm
was Ralph offered a job in?

1) Same type as
the previous job.     2) Overhauled firm.
3) Identical in size.                                           4) Security
firm.

I 2 I Ralph decided to
accept the job offer because____________ .

1)   he would have been
given a reward

2)   he would have been
given a promotion

3)   he wanted to
escape boredom

4)   the owners were
very enthusiastic

3~| Ralph and Laura
looked forward to the new position________

1)   with excitement

2)   with dreams about
this challenging job

3)   with indifference

4)   with the feeling
that they deserved it

4~| Ralph bought
Laura roses because__________ .

1)   they were her
favourite flowers

2)   they were cheap

3)   they were sold
nearby

4)   he liked them

5~| According to the
author_________ .

1)   Ralph didn’t want
to leave the life he led

2)   Ralph regretted
his departure

3)   Their life was
full of pleasant things

4)   Ralph was eager to
escape but was sentimental

6_J What was Laura reaction
at delays of the new position?

1)   She telephoned the
employers.

2)   She was patient.

3)   She was worried.

4)   She kept silent
about it.

7_J The new owners’
attitude to Ralph__________ .

1)   remained as
enthusiastic as before

2)   was sympathetic

3)   changed with time

4)   was rude

Задание 8

(By S. Maugham)

Susie felt it impossible to stay in the
deserted studio any longer, and accepted a friend’s invitation to spend the
winter in Italy. Margaret had not written to her, and she could not make
herself write to her. In Rome Susie had news of Oliver Haddo and his wife. They
had spent some time there, and the little English circle was still talking of
their eccentricities. Oliver Haddo had excited attention by the extravagance of
his costume and manner; and Margaret by her beauty. She was seen in her box at
the opera every night, and her diamonds were the envy of all women. But
suddenly the pair had disappeared without saying a word to anybody. It was
reported that they were now in Monte Carlo.

Susie
had intended to pass the spring on the Riviera, but when she heard that the
Haddos were there, she hesitated. She did not want to run the risk of seeing
them, and yet she had a strong desire to find out exactly how things were
going. At last curiosity won and she went to Monte Carlo. After two or three
days she saw them at the tables, but they were so absorbed in their game that
they did not notice her. Margaret was playing, but Haddo stood behind her and
directed her movements. Susie was unable to recognize in her the girl who had
been her friend. What struck her most was that there was in Margaret’s
expression an extraordinary likeness to Haddo’s. In spite of her beauty, she
had Oliver’s evil look which suggested that she saw with his eyes.

They
had won great sums that evening. Taking up the money, Haddo touched her on the
shoulder, and she followed him.

Susie
learned that the Haddos had rooms at the most expensive of the hotels. They
knew few English except those who had bad reputations, but seemed to prefer the
society of those foreigners whose wealth and eccentricities made them the
centre of that little world. Margaret moved among all those odd people with a
cold mysteriousness that excited everybody’s curiosity. Oliver’s eccentric
imagination invented whimsical festivities and orgies that were held in the
dark sitting-room of the hotel. He wanted to revive the mystical ceremonies of
old religions imitating those he had seen in Eastern places.

No
one understood his true relations with his wife, and it was said that he was
sometimes very cruel to her. Susie’s heart sank when she heard this; but
several times when she saw Margaret, she seemed in the highest spirits. Then
the same thing that had happened in Rome happened here again; they suddenly
disappeared.

Susie
had not been to London for some time, and as the spring advanced she remembered
that her friends had invited her. Though she would not confess it to herself,
her desire to see Arthur was the strongest of her motives. She knew that he
would never care for her, but she was glad to be his friend.

In
London she wrote to Arthur, and he invited her to the opera. Susie was
terrified at the change that had taken place in him. He looked ten years older,
he had lost weight, and his hair was white. But what most struck her was the
change of his expression. The look of pain which she had seen on his face that
last evening in the studio has now become settled, so that it changed its
countenance. He was more silent than ever, and when he spoke, it was a strange
low voice that seemed to come from a long way off.

I 1 I Margaret’s__________ was
(were) the envy of all women.

1) beautiful voice                                             2)
handsome husband

3) sense of humour                                           4)
wealth and beauty

I 2 I Susie learnt some
details about the Haddo’s life_____________ .

1) from newspapers                                         2)
from common friends

3) from Margaret’s
letters                                4) from different people

I 3 I Thinking of
possibility to meet Margaret Susie_____________ .

1)   was excited

2)   had controversial
feelings

3)   felt curiosity

4)   was frightened

I 4 I Susie was struck
to see that Margaret_____________ .

1)   had not changed at
all

2)   had got many
features of her husband

3)   looked unhappy

4)   did not recognize
her

I 5 I When Susie heard
that Haddo was sometimes very cruel to Margaret

1)   she got upset

2)   she felt
satisfaction

3)   she thought it was
a lie

4)   she could not
believe it

6    I Susie went to
London because she__________ .

1)   was eager to see
Arthur

2)   was afraid of
meeting Arthur

3)   knew Arthur needed
her help

4)   wanted to tell
Arthur about the Haddos

7    I Seeing Arthur
Susie could understand easily that

1)   he was satisfied
with his life

2)   he was quite a happy
man

3)   he had been
suffering much

4)   he was not glad to
see Susie

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1. through a small hole in the floor

2. through the hole for the hamster

3. and locked the runaway hamster

4. to come out of the hole

5. to look after the pet

6. to try and locate the missing hamster

7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

6. put on weight

7. learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1. than any other group

2. watching television

3. in the company of someone else

4. than two computers in the home

5. communicated with their families

6. helping them communicate

7. owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

1. it has become a way of life.

2. when it passes you on the street.

3. when you see him and talk to him.

4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

6. however small or simple the greeting is.

7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

1. but we did anyway.

2. whenever a need arises.

3. they did not really care.

4. whenever they need your help.

5. could not guarantee would even last.

6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3. and relying instead on actual call charges

4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

3. which take place every day, from

4. because they see and touch them close up 

5. despite the serious side to our work

6. which demand much time and effort

7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

1. which could reveal

2. which they stood

3. which it was once made up

4. that this stretch of the river Avon

5. that there might have been something

6. that it should be considered as integral part

7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

1. that once stood here

2. that is almost continent long

3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

1. which is contacted by radio

2. that familiar figure of the London scene

3. for they are accustomed to military bands

4. which possesses its own separate police force

5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

1. up for the optional module, part of

2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

4. such as the response of the writer

5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

6. to growing demand from the student

7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

6. while their caretakers tickled them

7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

3. the environment is under pressure

4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

2. alarm about these changes

3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

4. change is due to

5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

2. who do not hunt elephants

3. when they detected the smell of clothes

4. who carried out the research

5. the amount of risk they sense

6. spearing elephants

7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1. to perform other actions

2. outnumber traditional telephones

3. to communicate with each other 

4. combined with the Internet

5. to serve basic needs

6. banned in some countries

7. carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

1. like she was a rag doll

2. whether I was good at it or not

3. wished I, too, could be on stage

4. and I designed the rest

5. and I was star struck

6. so Heather could do her tap routine

7. because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

1. on the look-out for more treats

2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

6. when her son is having a lie-in

7. collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

1. whatever it costs

2. most excellent impression

3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

5. would never know it really well

6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

7. and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

3. which is invisible to the human eye.

4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

5. so it has a clear view of space.

6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

7. but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

1. and finally measure them.

2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

5. as they study mechanical forces.

6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

1. the chocolate consumed today is made

2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3. central and southern America for

4. of the world’s most popular flavours

5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7. many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

1. due to basic human instinct that

2. is still early to judge

3. are simply the cycles of fashion

4. but more usually the stars are members

5. that the television phenomenon

6. is a type of programme that

7. seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

5. the contemporary European powers in

6. are marked by special events and festivities at

7. famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

1. not like to spend our time

2. that it’s probably not quite

3. that particular day turned

4. our real shopping in

5. sometimes go shopping for real

6. anything you want and there is

7. but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

1. me to take a print of your credit card

2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

3. if I would even see her when

4. although it seemed virtually identical

5. so sure was I that nobody would

6. me to help you with your luggage

7. as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

5

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

5. that needed public attention and a new building

6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

7. through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

1. that are offered to the visitors

2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

4. by joining our e-community

5. that was sweeping the country

6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

7. to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

6. that young people should stay on at school, as

7. but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

1. from international names to family-run guest houses

2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

2. which let me know he approved of me

3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

4. which I needed to become a professional skier

5. which I would happily spend as I liked

6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

1. elegant meals were served to passengers

2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

3. who rode the train

4. who wrote about it

5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

6. that served dishes and wines

7. there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

1. that nature has ever created in the wild

2. that none of the others have

3. hovering over the magnificent lake

4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

1. as party influence has declined

2. against the spirit of the Constitution

3. being so large (435 members)

4. empowered to make laws

5. unlike the British Parliament

6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

2. for the first time in history

3. thus replacing them forever

4. as territories became interdependent

5. the use of covered wagons

6. by taking land from Native peoples

7. forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

1. who is not a member of any political party

2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

3. but it was not a total shock to her

4. being a politics student at the university

5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

1. has been developed very quickly

2. not understand why they are doing it for

3. as Americans call them

4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

5. just because they can

6. can also be used to take and send photos

7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

2. which includes language teaching and learning

3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

5. funding a number of educational programmes

6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

1. the essentials of starting

2. that awaits when you step

3. trials and tribulations of employment

4. establishing and conducting

5. preparing a business plan

6. waiting to be acquired

7. undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

1. that existed long before the invention of writing

2. that nearly every object made by humans

3. what those people were really like

4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

7. and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

1. that are displayed during the nesting season

2. while the city has grown up around them

3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

7. that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

1. as well as education and the law

2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

4. many being able to speak Welsh only

5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

1. make it a healthy diet

2. other parts of the world

3. four times higher than the average

4. have a cultural tradition

5. sends a signal to the body

6. the rest of the population

7. makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

1. where one can enjoy close contact with

2. which meet every need of their users

3. than to discover them once for oneself

4. who has never been to this wonderful city

5. which is ideal for various water sports

6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

7. who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. try to avoid the boredom of life

2. that has consistently remained part of society

3. that they are not alone

4. going through something difficult

5. without having to bear any responsibility

6. that range from unlikely to impossible

7. at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

3. which was the burial place of Russian

4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

5. as the most protected part of the city

6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

7. that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

2. whenever it rains

3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7. that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2. showing the original width of the avenue

3. which was not as straight as it was planned

4. which were built by famous architects and

5. connecting these two important structures with

6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track and identify their habitats

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

4. which has the second largest concentration of

5. to be a place of many water sources

6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

7. that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

1. read the book to find out what happens

2. some food and water on the lifeboat

3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

4. received an award for being strong

5. sold seven million copies worldwide

6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

2. became the subject of many legends

3. began dressing up unemployed men in

4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

5. was only a matter of time

6. stretches all the way back to

7. appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

7. and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

1. which is now called the West building

2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

5. as well as partnership with private organizations

6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

1. such as Easter and Christmas

2. visiting a local farm

3. local, fresh and organic where possible

4. provide good quality food

5. definitely improve after a good meal

6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

7. when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

1. part in the project

2. taking exercise

3. gave marked health benefits

4. in fitness levels

5. on simply getting people to take exercise

6. not enough to get fit

7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

2. use double-decker buses for public transport

3. double-decker city buses are less common

4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

6. have an open upper deck

7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____. 

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____. 

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____. 

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____. 

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

1. I never quite leave home

2. but human nature does not

3. that we are now harvesting

4. but we as well as our heart did not

5. not worse than those who came before us

6. just as the farmers who came before me did

7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

1. I could be playing down there someday

2. and set real close together

3. which were so old and posh

4. and he had a beard and moustache

5. I wasn’t that good at music

6. getting ready and warming up

7. laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

1. who are more interested in the past

2. and girls in blue uniforms

3. that were generally better

4. was not particularly unusual as

5. went on camping expeditions

6. interact with other people

7. had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

2. have been turning to tanning beds

3. they are actually quite classy accessories

4. better to avoid indoor tanning

5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

6. will eventually turn into a tan

7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

1. who is appointed by the president

2. but of other countries of the world

3. but in every aspect of social sciences

4. who are also appointed by the president

5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

1. differences in traditions

2. children and hope that they

3. the day for fireworks lovers

4. the explosion lights up the sky

5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

6. waits at home though: sparklers

7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

1. are built on the ground

2. are usually very organic

3. is being built facing south

4. being environmentally friendly

5. building materials and lifestyle

6. is that these homes are safe from fire

7. can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

1. Australia is one of the most

2. were born in other countries

3. Australia also defines itself by

4. many animal species that occur here

5. may have travelled from Asia across

6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

1. which is felt all year round

2. which take place in Madeira all year round

3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

1. cause lots of problems

2. in the city and take them back

3. walk in the street and cause traffic

4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

6. have been many reports in newspapers and

7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

1. that is the largest in Venice

2. which was built in the early I century

3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

6. the venue for major international festivals

7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

2. which is a former royal countryside residence

3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

1. and the views that open from it

2. which is built on the top to give visitors

3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

1. that is built on hundreds of islands

2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

1. that they are particularly interested in

2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

55