By the second half of the 15th century moscow became the undisputed егэ

By
the second half of the 15th century, especially after the annexation
of Novgorod in 1478, Moscow
had become the undisputed centre of a unified Russian state. During
the reign of the grand prince of Moscow
Ivan
III the Great,
the Kremlin was again enlarged and given brick walls more than a mile
in length and in places up to 60 feet high. From this period also
date the rebuilt Cathedral of the Assumption and the equally
beautiful Annunciation and (also rebuilt) Archangel cathedrals, the
Palace of Facets, and the bell tower of Ivan III. In 1534–38 the
Kitay-gorod, previously protected only by earth banks and palisades,
was also surrounded by a brick wall, with 12 towers. The town
continued to grow and spread outside the walls to form what became
known as the Bely
Gorod
(“White City”) in a semicircle around the Kremlin and
Kitay-gorod.

Despite
its new fortifications, Moscow
remained subject to disaster and attack. In 1547 two fires destroyed
much of the town. In the mid-16th century Ivan
IV the Terrible
conquered the Tatar (Mongol) khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan
(1556), but in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow,
burning everything but the Kremlin. The annals record that only
30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived. A further attack was launched
by the Crimean Tatars in 1591, but they failed to overcome Moscow’s
stubborn resistance. The defense was helped by the new walls, built
between 1584 and 1591 to protect the Bely Gorod, made of stone and
some five miles long. The walls’ lines are marked today by the strip
of parkland and tree-lined streets of the Boulevard Ring. In 1592 an
outer earth rampart with 50 towers was thrown up around the city,
including an area on the right bank of the Moskva. This encompassed a
further extension of Moscow
that had grown up beyond the Bely Gorod; known at first as Skorodom,
this outer sector came to be called the Zemlyanoy Gorod, or Earthen
City. The Garden Ring traces the line of its fortifications. As an
outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries
was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east,
principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy (Don), Danilovsky,
Simonov, Novospassky, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now
house museums.

With
much improved security, trade and craft manufacture flourished.
Distinct quarters were occupied by particular trades; for example,
the suburbs of Bronnaya by armour makers, Kuznetskaya by blacksmiths,
and Kotelniki by kettle makers. Across the Moskva was the weavers’
suburb. These artisan sectors are commonly commemorated today by
street or quarter names. State workshops cast cannon and made weapons
and gunpowder. The tsar’s court and its attendant nobility provided
patronage for luxury crafts. Increasingly the boyars took over the
Kitay-gorod, with artisans and traders moving to the outer parts; the
Kremlin became solely the seat of temporal and ecclesiastical
authority. The centre of commercial activity was the market in Red
Square
between the Kremlin and the Kitay-gorod, where there were rows of
stalls, each handling a specific variety of goods; the Russian word
for “red” (krasnaya)
also means “beautiful,” which was the original name for the
square. Trade with western Europe (especially England and Holland),
as well as with Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Persia, and the Black
Sea coast, was brisk, furs forming a major staple in this
international commerce. Foreign merchants lived in the Nemetskaya
Sloboda (“German suburb”), and a flourishing cultural life was
marked by the growth of the book trade and the founding in 1553 of
the first printing house.

At
the turn of the 17th century Moscow,
like the rest of Russia, suffered severely during the Time
of Troubles.
In the reign of Boris
Godunov
there were severe famines from 1601 to 1603. After Boris’ death in
1605, the first False
Dmitry
seized Moscow
with Polish help, and, though he was killed in 1606 and the Poles
were driven out, they reoccupied Moscow
with a second False Dmitry in 1608–10. In May 1611 the Muscovites
attacked the Poles, and the invaders retreated into the Kremlin.
Under the energetic leadership of a boyar, Prince Dmitry Mikhaylovich
Pozharsky, and a merchant, Kuzma Minin, the Russians forced the Poles
to surrender in October 1612.

With
the establishment in 1613 of the Romanov dynasty under Michael,
relative peace returned to Moscow
and with it further economic advance. Nevertheless the conditions of
the poor of the town often led to riots and uprisings; similar events
had occurred also in 1382, 1445, and 1547. In 1648, as a result of an
increase in the salt tax, and again in 1662 (the so-called Copper
Riots) there were disturbances by artisans, labourers, and tradesmen.
The great revolt of Stenka
Razin
in southern Russia (1667–71) was echoed by unrest in the capital,
and in 1671 Razin was executed in Moscow
as a warning to its inhabitants. The revolts were put down by the
hereditary militia, the streltsy,
who in 1698, early in the reign of Peter
I the Great,
themselves revolted and were suppressed only with great slaughter.
Despite the frequent upheavals, however, culture flourished. Russia’s
first higher educational institution, the Slavonic-Greek-Latin
Academy attached to the Zaikonospassky Monastery in the Kitay-gorod,
dates from 1687. In 1701 Peter founded a School of Mathematics and
Navigation. The first newspaper in Russia began publication in Moscow
in 1703.

Соседние файлы в предмете Английский язык

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

Moscow’s ‘Universal Provider’

Teatralnaya Square in Moscow is dominated by three imposing buildings: the Bolshoi Theatre, the Maly Theatre and TsUM – Central Universal Department Store. All of them have a rich and fascinating history.

The building that has been known for almost 100 years as TsUM was built in 1908 as the famous Muir & Mirrielees Dpartment Store and is celebrating its 110th anniversary this year. Back at the turn of the 20th century, the building was owned by a Scottish family which was very well-known in Moscow.

Archibald Mirrielees was a 25-year-old ambitious Scotsman when he came to St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1822 to gain fame and fortune. Having started as a representative of a British company, in 1843 he founded a business under his own name. In 1852 he was joined by his young brother-in-law Andrew Muir, and so the Muir & Mirrielees company was bom.

At first, the company was operating in St. Petersburg as a whole-sale business. Andrew Muir traveled all over Europe choosing the best fabrics, clothes and other fashionable goods which were then imported into Russia and sold to local shops. In 1867 the firm opened its first office in Moscow, which had played second fiddle to St. Petersburg from the time of Peter the Great, but now was rapidly developing its industries. By that time Archibald Mirrielees had already been retired for ten years and lived in England. Now his sons Archie and Fred were helping Andrew Muir to run the company.

In the middle of the 19‘ century the first Department stores appeared in Europe: first, The Bon Marche in Paris, and then, Whiteley’s in London. At the time when most shops were small, this was an innovation that was characterized by fixed prices, the possibility to exchange goods or get a refund, seasonal sales and daily deliveries to every part of the city. William White ley, who was first to open such a store in London, called his shop a ’Universal Provider’ and indeed managed to find anything a client could ever fancy to buy.

This was the example that Muir & Mirrielees in Moscow were going to follow. In 1885, they bought a three-storey building in Petrovka, across the street from the Bolshoi. By 1892 the store had 25 departments, and in 1891 Muir & Mirrielees gave up wholesale trading and focused entirely on their Department store – Moscow’s true ‘Universal Provider’.

Nobody knows how the big fire started. Some believe that it was jealous rivals from the smaller shops that set Muir & Mirrielees on fire. In any case, early in the evening on November 24, 1900, while Feodor Shalyapin was singing one of his leading roles across the street, the famous store went up in flames. By midnight, to the audience of both Bolshoi and Maly theatres’s spectators who’d deserted their performances in favour of a more dramatic spectacle, the building burnt down completely.

In 1908, the new Muir & Mirrielees store with 80 departments was erected in the same place, designed by the well-known architect Roman Klein. It was the first building in Russia to use walls of reinforced concrete – a technique invented in America for sky-scrapers. It allowed for thinner walls and bigger windows. Moscow had never seen a building quite like this before. One of the attractions of the new store were two lifts that held 8 passengers each. This was also a novelty in Moscow, and not everyone trusted them.

Among the loyal customers of Muir & Mirrielees were Anton Chekhov, Leo Tolstoy’s wife and daughter, the Tsvetayev family and many more.

1. The word ‘ambitious’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to the word
1) determined.
2) aggressive.
3) arrogant.
4) hopeful.

2. Archibald Mirrielees lived in
1) Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.
2) Moscow in the second half of the 19th century.
3) St Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century.
4) St Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century.

3. According to the 4th paragraph, Andrew Muir
1) was responsible for the quality of imported goods.
2) started selling musical instruments in Moscow.
3) spent his holidays in different European countries.
4) had two grown-up sons who were helping him.

4. According to the article, which of the following was NOT a novelty that made a Department store different from an ordinary small shop?
1) Clients could order goods from stores to be delivered to their homes.
2) Clients could return goods to the store and get their money back.
3) Client could pay much less if they negotiated the price at the store.
4) Clients could buy things cheaper at the store at certain seasons.

5. William Whiteley called his store a ‘Universal Provider’ because
1) he sold his goods all over the country.
2) of the variety of goods that were sold there.
3) his clients came from all social classes.
4) he provided many smaller shops with goods.

6. According to paragraph 7, on November 24, 1900
1) Feodor Shalyapin was watching the fire from across the street.
2) Feodor Shalyapin had fewer admirers listening to him than usually.
3) there was a drama played at the Bolshoi, rather than an opera.
4) performances in the Bolshoi and Maly theatres ended at midnight.

7. The new Muir & Mirrielees building seemed unusual to Muscovites because
1) from the outside it looked like a sky-scraper.
2) of the modem technologies that were used in it.
3) it was designed by an American architect.
4) of the attractive decorations on the lifts.

Дайте пожалуйста качественный перевод, пожалуйста, хороший перевод

Moscow: forever young and beautiful

Alexander is a Muscovite and he knows a lot about the history of Moscow. Moscow is the capital of Russia and of the Moscow region. It is the administrative centre of the Central district. It is situated on the Moscow River. Moscow is Russia’s largest city and the leading economic and cultural centre. Moscow is governed by a city council and a mayor and is divided into boroughs. The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin, a walled city

in itself. Its walls represent the city limits as of the late 15th century. The hub of

the Russian railway network, Moscow is also a port and has several civilian and

military airports.

Adjoining the Kremlin in the east there is Red Square. It originally was a marketplace and a meeting spot for popular assemblies. Red Square is still used as a parade ground and for demonstrations. One of the most wonderful examples of Russian architecture is St Basil’s Cathedral. In front of the cathedral there stands a monument to the liberators Minin and Pozharskiy.

The village of Moscow was first mentioned in the Russian Chronicles in 1147. And this year it was founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy In the 15th century Moscow became the capital of the Russian national state, and in 1547 Grand Duke Ivan IV became the first Tsar.

Built largely of wood until the 19th century, Moscow suffered from numerous fires. The most well-known of them occurred during Napoleon’s occupation in 1812. Rebuilt, Moscow developed as a major textile and metallurgical centre. During the 19th and early 20th centuries it was the principal centre of the labour movement and social democracy.