Задание №8761.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.
Chinese tea house in Moscow
The bright building on Myasnitskaya Street in Moscow stands out among others and attracts the attention of passers-by with its non-typical elements for Russian architecture. The tea house resembles a Chinese pagoda and it is considered to be the real office of a company that was involved in tea trade.
This house in the Chinese style was built for the tea merchant Sergei Vasilievich Perlov ___ (A) in order to establish his own business. He bought the land on Myasnitskaya Street in the centre of Moscow in 1875, ___ (B) in 1891. The construction was finished by 1893. The first floor was for Perlov’s tea shop, ___ (C) profitable apartments for rent and the host’s own family.
The front side of the newly built house was redecorated in the Chinese style after several years. A little tower in the form of a pagoda appeared ___ (D) molded dragons, snakes, Chinese umbrellas and lanterns. Some materials for decoration were even brought directly from China. It was made before the visit of the Chinese Ambassador Li Hongzhang, ___ (E) Nikolai II and Alexandra Fyodorovna coronation. The merchant Perlov thought that it might be useful for his tea business ___ (F) at this house. He preferred the house of Perlov’s brother and competitor. But thanks to this case now there is a beautiful exotic building right in the city centre, as if it came right from another part of the world.
1. who was going to visit Moscow for
2. who left the family tea trade company
3. and the other two floors were used for
4. and began to build the new house on it
5. and the front side was decorated with
6. which was imported mainly from China
7. but the Ambassador did not in fact stay
| A | B | C | D | E | F |
Решение:
Пропуску A соответствует часть текста под номером 2.
Пропуску B соответствует часть текста под номером 4.
Пропуску C соответствует часть текста под номером 3.
Пропуску D соответствует часть текста под номером 5.
Пропуску E соответствует часть текста под номером 1.
Пропуску F соответствует часть текста под номером 7.
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19.07.20
Chinese tea house in Moscow
The bright
building on Myasnitskaya Street in Moscow stands out among others and attracts
the attention of passers-by with its non-typical elements for Russian
architecture. The tea house resembles a Chinese pagoda and it is considered to
be the real office of a company that was involved in tea trade.
This house in the Chinese style was built for the tea merchant Sergei
Vasilievich Perlov (A) ______ in
order to establish his own business. He bought the land on Myasnitskaya Street
in the centre of Moscow in 1875, (B) ______ in
1891. The construction was finished by 1893. The first floor was for Perlov’s
tea shop, (C) ______ profitable apartments for rent and the host’s own family.
The front side of the newly built house was redecorated in the Chinese style
after several years. A little tower in the form of a pagoda appeared (D) ______
molded dragons, snakes, Chinese umbrellas and lanterns. Some materials for
decoration were even brought directly from China. It was made before the visit
of the Chinese Ambassador Li Hongzhang, (E) ______
Nikolai II and Alexandra Fyodorovna coronation. The merchant Perlov thought
that it might be useful for his tea business (F) ______ at
this house. He preferred the house of Perlov’s brother and competitor. But
thanks to this case now there is a beautiful exotic building right in the city
centre, as if it came right from another part of the world.
1.
who was going to visit Moscow for
2.
who left the family tea trade company
3.
and the other two floors were used for
4.
and began to build the new house on it
5.
and the front side was decorated with
6.
which was imported mainly from China
7.
but the Ambassador did not in fact stay
Coffee decaffeination processes
Every day it seems
that medical researchers come out with a new study about coffee, how it is
extremely unhealthy for you and/or full of amazing benefits. The focus of most
of these studies is more particularly about the effects of caffeine on human
health. As caffeine, coffee’s most potent element, is a stimulant, it can
produce both positive and negative effects. It can wake you up in the morning,
but it can also lead to sleeplessness, a racing heartbeat, and anxiety.
It is therefore
no surprise that many people have decided to cut caffeine out of their diets.
As for me, I have grown to like the taste of coffee, but to me the main purpose
of drinking it is to get an extra jolt of energy. That is why I will admit to a
certain prejudice against decaf, perhaps prompted by bad experiences with weak
and tasteless brew, because it is true that the actual process of removing
caffeine from coffee can degrade the taste beyond repair.
Early
decaffeination attempts involved soaking the green beans in water and then
using various solvents to separate the caffeine in the resulting water
solution. The beans were then re-introduced to the caffeine-free solution in
order to absorb some of the flavor they had lost. Solvents used included
benzene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene, all of which were later found to
have toxic effects. In the 1970s, dichloromethane came into use to replace the
earlier solvents before it too was deemed possibly carcinogenic.
In response to
these concerns about solvents, some coffee companies began to run the water
solution through charcoal filters as a means of removing the caffeine. The
so-called Swiss Water Process, developed in Switzerland in the 1930s, goes one
step further. After a batch of coffee beans has been steeped in hot water, that
water is filtered, and then is used to soak the next batch of beans to be
processed. In this way, the beans lose caffeine as they soak, but lose less of
their flavor.
Yet another
method that aims to safely remove caffeine from coffee beans involves a
fascinating compound procedure. The solvent used in this method is neither
water nor one of the earlier toxic solvents. Instead, caffeine in the coffee
beans is dissolved by means of carbon dioxide. In order to accomplish this, the
carbon dioxide must become a supercritical fluid, created when it is compressed
and heated to the point that it has the same density in liquid and gaseous
forms.
As this supercritical CO2 is passed through the beans, it can penetrate
them because of its gaseous properties, and yet is able to dissolve the
caffeine they contain because of its liquid properties.
In 2004,
Brazilian scientists identified a new strain of coffee beans with a naturally
low level of caffeine. They found three coffee plants from Ethiopia that
contain almost no caffeine as they seem lack an enzyme necessary to caffeine
production. If these plants can be crossed with commercial strains of coffee
plants, we may one day see more coffee on the market that is naturally low in
caffeine.
With these
advances, and the current methods of decaffeination, decaf junkies are sure to
be able to get their fix of coffee that not only tastes great, but won’t keep
them up half the night.
As for me, I do
want to stay up half the night, so I’ll stick to my full-strength brew.
12. According to
the text (paragraph 1), the effects of caffeine …
A) have not been
studied well enough.
B) can be of
opposite character.
C) are very
dangerous.
D) are not
strong.
13. The author
believes that caffeine in coffee …
A) is part of a
healthy diet.
B) is quite low.
C) can’t be
removed completely.
D) may determine
its taste.
14. We learn
that the early decaffeination processes …
A) were too
complicated.
B) improved the
taste of coffee.
C) were not
effective.
D) could be
dangerous for health.
15. The Swiss
Water Process is described as …
A) a cheaper
method of decaffeination.
B) a way to
avoid using charcoal.
C) a method to
save coffee’s flavour.
D) the easiest
method of decaffeination.
16. The pronoun “its” in “… its liquid properties” (paragraph 6) refers to …
A) caffeine.
B) carbon
dioxide.
C) coffee.
D) coffee bean.
17. It can be
implied that at present the beans from low-caffeine plants …
A) cannot be
used for big-scale sales.
B) taste poorly.
C) are very
vulnerable.
D) lack
necessary properties.
18. Even though
decaffeinated coffee has been improved, the author …
A) is for the
ban of decaffeination.
B) believes that
it’s bad for health.
C) still prefers
the regular one.
D) doesn’t like
its taste.
16.07.2020
Test your listening skills:
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1323793
Test your reading skills:
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1323798
Test your skills in grammar and vocabulary:
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1323811
Test your skills: tasks 1 — 38
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1323819
06.07.2020
A new variant
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1310399
29/06/20
A new variant
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1304894
письмо, эссе, устную часть присылайте в VK
22.06.20
Вариант письменной части
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1297488
Вариант устной части
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1297485
17.06.20
тест ЕГЭ
https://en-ege.sdamgia.ru/test?id=1292691
Traditional school textbooks should be replaced by e-books.
What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement? Writе 200–250 words. Usе thе following plan:
— makе an introduction (statе thе problеm paraphrasing thе givеn statеmеnt)
— exprеss your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position
10.06.20
1. Comment on the following statement.
Space tourism is the most perspective type of tourism.
W hat is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an introduction (state the problem)
— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position
2. You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more
than 2 minutes (12-15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
• where and when the photo was taken
• what/who is in the photo
• what is happening
• why you keep the photo in your album
• why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number..
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more
than 2 minutes (12-15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
• where and when the photo was taken
• what/who is in the photo
• what is happening
• why you keep the photo in your album
• why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number..
03.06.20
Write an essay:
Fashion industry exists to persuade people to spend
money on things they really don’t need.
29.05.20
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of fishing presented in the photos you’d prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of pastime presented in the photos you’ prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
26/05/20
1/ Find a word, which should not be there.
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/editing-cloze/ed010-producing-your-own-music.htm
2/ Word formation
english-grammar.at/online_exercises/word-formation/wf049-make-money-on-tv.htm
where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of celebration presented in the photos you prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
22.05.20
Compare and contrast these two pictures:
deadline; Saturday, May 23, 7 pm
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of activities presented in the photos you prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
20.05.20
AT HOME:
record a voice message ( deadline: Thursday, May 21, 9 am)
There
is an established stereotype among foreigners that Russia is a country of
eternal frost and snow-covered streets. This is all because for many years
foreigners have been frightened by the phrase «Russian winter». But
it’s not all that simple, Russia is a vast country and the weather in different
areas can be completely different. Russia consists of several continental
zones. For example, in the north winters are long and harsh, in some places
there is lots of snow and temperatures fall below -40 degrees Celsius . These
winters are normal, not only in the northern regions of the country but even in
the Far East. Summers in these areas don’t even see three warm months out of
the year.
The closer you get to the south the warmer the Russian
climate gets. In the central part of the country summer becomes warm—even
hot—which makes it possible for a good harvest of grain, fruit and vegetables.
Winters here are not extremely cold and the average winter temperature does not
fall below -15 degrees Celsius. By the way, in Russia the real warmth does not
start until the middle of April. And only at the end of May does everything
start to bloom and people go without their warm clothing.
Reading outloud
1. Charles
Darwin was driven by gastronomic, as well as scientific, curiosity and once ate
an oil. While reading Divinity at Cambridge University, he became a member of
the Glutton club which met once a week and actively sought to eat animals not
normally found on menus. Darwin’s son commenting on his father’s letters, noted
that the Glutton club enjoyed, among other things, hawk and bittern.
Over the years, Darwin sharpened up considerably in
the academic arena and lost his faith in God, but he never lost his taste for
the allure of an interesting menu. In the Galapagos, Darwin wolfed down a few
helpings of giant tortoise. Not realising the importance of giant tortoises to
his later evolutionary theory, forty-eight specimens were loaded aboard the
Beagle. Darwin and his shipmates proceeded to eat them, throwing the shells
overboard as they finished.
2. As
well as mercury, gallium and francium can all be liquids at room temperature.
Gallium was discovered by French chemist in 1875. It was the first new element
to confirm Dmitri Mendeleev’s prediction of the periodic table. Gallium is used
chiefly in microchips because of its strange electronic properties. Compact
disc players also make use of it because when mixed with arsenic it transforms
an electric current directly into laser light.
Francium is one of the rarest elements. It has been
calculated there are only ever thirty grams of it present on Earth. This is
because it is so radioactive it quickly decays into other, more stable
elements. So it is a liquid metal, but not for very long – a few seconds at
most. It was the last element to be found in nature. These elements are liquid
at unusually low temperatures for metals because the arrangement of electrons
in their atoms makes it hard for them to get close enough to each other.
3. Until
fairly recently, it was a mystery how certain large bees, bumblebees in
particular, were able to fly. To scientists who study the physical laws of
flight a bee’s body seemed too heavy and its wings too small for it to become
airborne and remain so. Bees “can’t” fly… but do. The mystery became so
intriguing that a few scientists decided to study it.
Most insects fly by using muscles that flap their
wings with great speed. For example, the locust beats its wings at a rate of
about 20 times per second to fly. Other flying insects have to beat their wings
even faster — some as rapidly as 100 times per second.
But bees must work extra hard to become airborne.
Honeybees, for instance, must beat their wings about 200 times a second to fly.
Yet larger bees — like bumblebees — whose bodies are heavier, wider, and longer
— have to do even better.
4. Six of
Earth’s seven continents are inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most
populated continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants. This accounts for 60% of
the worlds population. The two most populated countries of the world are China
and India. These countries together constitute about 37% of the whole
population of our planet. Africa is the second most populated continent. It is
home for about one billion people. This makes 15% of the world’s population.
Europe has 733 million people and this makes up 12%. Latin American and
Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million people (9 %). Northern
America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population
of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about
35 million inhabitants (0.5%). What about Antarctica? Though it is not
permanently inhabited by anybody, Antarctica has a small, changing
international population, living in polar science stations.
5. Medicine has existed for thousands of years. At first,
medicine was rather an art than science. It was little based on skills and
knowledge but, instead, it had connections to the religious beliefs. At the
early stages of medicine, doctors relied on religious rituals in the same way
as on medication. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers
for healing. The first physicians thought that bloodletting was the best
treatment of all. In recent centuries, since the advent of science, most
medicine has become a combination of art and science. Much depends on the
talent of the doctor and on the efficiency of drugs and surgery. Nowadays, we
come to understand more and more about our body and to know what is going on
inside the cells. Also, genetic engineering opens up new perspectives for
treating inherited diseases. And, of course, new medical technologies have
already saved millions of lives.
19.05.20
1. Essay
Smoking should be prohibited.
What would your arguments be? What do you think other people may claim?
2. · where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
AT HOME:
write an essay
Working from home is better than working in an office.
13.05.20
Do you believe in climate change?
This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked
now. The typical discussion starts: «I know that the climate is changing, but hasn’t it always changed
through natural cycles?» Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period
to prove their point.
Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and,
increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy
businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and
they never asked me this before.
Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change
has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is
that they feel better able to express their doubts.
This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an
effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is
confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of
constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have
played a role.
Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases
scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price
for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always
presented objectively by the media. What I don’t think any of us appreciated at the time was the
depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public.
Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is
that it’s not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and
therefore of evidence – and there’s a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people
should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our
own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was:
«Has climate change stopped?» despite that fact that many other regions of the world were
experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For
real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture.
You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even
stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets
and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the
last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely
to be the cause.
Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will
become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some
way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight.
The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare
for those changes? That’s why it’s important that climate scientists continue their work, and
continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their
own minds.
1. Paragraph 1 says that people …
1) think that the climate is not changing.
2) doubt that climate change is man-made.
3) believe that in medieval times climate was harsh.
4) tend to ask strange questions about climate change.
2. According to recent studies of public attitude to climate change, more and more people …
1) refuse to accept the scientific proof of warming.
2)know that there is no clear evidence of climate change.
3) think that scientists are wrong about climate warming.
4) have stopped trusting climate science.
3. What is meant by “uncomfortable truth” in paragraph 4?
1)Scientific reports on climate.
2) Evidence of man-made climate change.
3) World financial crisis.
4)People’s personal beliefs.
4. What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to?
1) Scientific evidence of climate change.
2) Negative public attitude to climate change.
3)The way the climate change used to be presented.
4) The historical impact of climate change.
5. The author gives the example of cold winters in the UK to point out that …
1)the weather in Britain has always been unpredictable.
2) the Met Office doesn’t make public the evidence it collected.
3) there is evidence that the climate change has stopped finally.
4)people draw conclusions based on their own experience rather than scientific evidence.
6. How does the author feel about the evidence of climate change?
1) It’s not enough yet.
2)It’s not very convincing.
3)It soon would become conclusive.
4) It’s irrelevant so far.
7. The author wants climate scientists to continue their work because …
1) they have not shared their findings with the public.
2) people need to know how to get ready for changes.
3)society demands more research in this field.
4)people don’t want to make up their own minds.
13.05.20
Do you believe in climate change?
This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked
now. The typical discussion starts: «I know that the climate is changing, but hasn’t it always changed
through natural cycles?» Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period
to prove their point.
Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and,
increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy
businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and
they never asked me this before.
Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change
has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is
that they feel better able to express their doubts.
This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an
effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is
confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of
constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have
played a role.
Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases
scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price
for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always
presented objectively by the media. What I don’t think any of us appreciated at the time was the
depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public.
Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is
that it’s not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and
therefore of evidence – and there’s a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people
should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our
own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was:
«Has climate change stopped?» despite that fact that many other regions of the world were
experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For
real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture.
You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even
stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets
and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the
last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely
to be the cause.
Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will
become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some
way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight.
The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare
for those changes? That’s why it’s important that climate scientists continue their work, and
continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their
own minds.
1. Paragraph 1 says that people …
1) think that the climate is not changing.
2) doubt that climate change is man-made.
3) believe that in medieval times climate was harsh.
4) tend to ask strange questions about climate change.
2. According to recent studies of public attitude to climate change, more and more people …
1) refuse to accept the scientific proof of warming.
2)know that there is no clear evidence of climate change.
3) think that scientists are wrong about climate warming.
4) have stopped trusting climate science.
3. What is meant by “uncomfortable truth” in paragraph 4?
1)Scientific reports on climate.
2) Evidence of man-made climate change.
3) World financial crisis.
4)People’s personal beliefs.
4. What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to?
1) Scientific evidence of climate change.
2) Negative public attitude to climate change.
3)The way the climate change used to be presented.
4) The historical impact of climate change.
5. The author gives the example of cold winters in the UK to point out that …
1)the weather in Britain has always been unpredictable.
2) the Met Office doesn’t make public the evidence it collected.
3) there is evidence that the climate change has stopped finally.
4)people draw conclusions based on their own experience rather than scientific evidence.
6. How does the author feel about the evidence of climate change?
1) It’s not enough yet.
2)It’s not very convincing.
3)It soon would become conclusive.
4) It’s irrelevant so far.
7. The author wants climate scientists to continue their work because …
1) they have not shared their findings with the public.
2) people need to know how to get ready for changes.
3)society demands more research in this field.
4)people don’t want to make up their own minds.
Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way
Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy
glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan
skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There
is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt.
Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization
that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it
B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new
research C__________.
Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way,
grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls
D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin
coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to
the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to
39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases
due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.
While it is true that being outside and active
is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health
still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct
sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all
times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy
hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.
Another advice is to look into sunless tanners:
They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t
bake it!
1. takes
a lot of time and effort to tan
2. have
been turning to tanning beds
3. they
are actually quite classy accessories
4. better
to avoid indoor tanning
5. have
inspired people to get their skin checked
6. will
eventually turn into a tan
7. has
taken the healthy out of healthy glow
12.05.20
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
— give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
— say what the pictures have in common
— say in what way the pictures are different
— say which way of shopping presented in the pictures you’d prefer
— explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say which of thе profеssions presented in the pictures you’d prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of activities presented in the photos you prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
11.05.20
ТРЕНАЖЁР УСТНОЙ ЧАСТИ ЕГЭ:
https://gosexam.online/ege/
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
8.05.20
You have received
a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Ann who writes:
..More and more
young people get involved in environmental protection. Could you tell me what
measures young people in your country take to save the environment? What kind
of support do you get from your local community and family? Is there any Green
Party/Movement where you live? Wouldn’t you like to start one, if there isn’t?
I am very happy
now because I have just passed my last exams.
Write a letter to
Ann. In your letter
answer her
questions
ask 3 questions
about her plans for the coming holiday
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
7.05.20
Back to the opinion essay
1. Friendship
is the greatest gift of life.
2. University
education is essential for young people.
3. Some
people think that you can have only one true friend.
4. The best
teacher is one who is very knowledgeable
Связки для выражения своего мнения:
I believe/ I consider that…/ I am convinced that …
I personally favour …
To my mind…/ In my opinion…/ It seems to me that…
I can’t but agree that…
I am against…/ I do not approve of…/ I do not support
the idea of…/ I personally frown
on…
It is said/ believed that…
It goes without saying that…
Связки для выражения аргументов:
Firstly/ first and foremost/ first of all …
A major benefit is that …
To begin/start with, it is important to emphasize
that…
Furthermore/ Moreover/ What is more/ Besides, …
A further convincing argument is that …
Another (positive/ negative) aspect of …
Связки для выражения противоположного
мнения.
However, not all people share my point of view. They say that …
They are in favour of…/ They approve of… / They
favour…
There is another side to the issue/question of …
There are people who have the opposing opinion./ Not
all people share my viewpoint.
Связки для выражения контраргументов.
To a certain extent it is right, but we should not
forget that… / we should consider the fact that… / one should not disregard… /
one should take into account …
However veracious it sounds, I would not agree with
the above mentioned idea.
However, I disagree with these contentions.
I am afraid I cannot agree with these people here as I
think …
Выражения для завершающего абзаца:
To conclude/ sum up/ summarise
All in all…
All things considered…
Taking all this into account/ consideration…
3.05.20
Contrast and compare these two pictures:
Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of work presentedin the photos you prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
28/04/2020
Home task ( on April 29)
1. compare and contrast two pictures
2. write a letter to Olivia
Compare and contrast these two pictures:
give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
say what the pictures have in common
say in what way the pictures are different
Say which way of performing you’d prefer. Why?
Write a letter to Olivia
You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Olivia who writes:
… I know it’s often cold in Russia in winter. What do you usually do not to catch a cold? What is a healthy lifestyle for you? How can you catch up with the class if you do fall ill?
My cousin is coming to stay with us for Thanksgiving …
Write a letter to Olivia.
In your letter
answer her questions
ask 3 questions about her cousin
Write 100140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
You have received a letter from your pen-friend Ann who writes:
…At school I won an annual prize for the best research into the culture of a freign country…
As for our news we decided to move into a house in a new neighbourhood which is considered the best in our city…
Write a letter to Ann.
In your letter:
— congratulate her
— ask 3 questions about her new house
Write 100- 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing
Assess this letter:
Moscow, Russia
15 December, 2013
Dear Ann,
Thank you for your letter. It was nice to get a reply from you so soon.
First of all, congratulations on your victory! You fellow, you win Prize for the best research culture of another country. This country — Russia? In any case, you’re asking me a lot about my country.
As for me, I have a success in the sport. Our school football team will be playing in a city school tournament! We had to beat three strong teams from other schools.
You write about moving to a new home. This multi-story home? As the name of your microdistrict? How far is your home from the school located?
Well, I have to go because my mom is calling.
Best wishes to you and your family,
Alex
Источник: https://ctege.info/angliyskiy-yazyik-teoriya-ege/pismo-ege-po-angliyskomu-obrazets.html?ddexp4attempt=1
Источник: https://ctege.info/angliyskiy-yazyik-teoriya-ege/pismo-ege-po-angliyskomu-obrazets.html?ddexp4attempt=1
23.04.20
You are considering visiting the fair and now you are calling to find out more information.
Ask direct questions:
— location
— duration
— car parking
— if the fair is a regular event
— entertainment
— organic products
— if it is an indoor fair
— things to buy
— number of stalls
— local products
— a possibility to lunch at the fair
— handmade gifts
— if fun and safety are guaranteed
You have
received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Jasper who writes:
… My friends have just come back
from a trip to Africa. It’s been my dream for years! What is your dream trip,
where would you like to go and why? Whom would you like to take with you? What
is the most difficult thing for you when you travel?
My sister is getting married …
Write a letter to Jasper. In
your letter:
— answer his questions;
— ask 3 questions about his
sister. Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
22.04.20
Summer
holidays in the countryside are best for teenagers.
What is your opinion? Do you agree with this
statement?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing
the given statement);
– express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons
for your opinion;
– express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for
this opposing opinion;
– explain why you do not agree with the opposing
opinion;
– make a conclusion restating your position
21.04.20
Для Полины Ш., Насти Л., Сони П.
Установите
соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только
один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
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Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски AF частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 17. Одна из частей в списке 17 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Europe’s best hidden gems
There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland A __________.
Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre, B __________ old buildings.
The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.
Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!
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Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски AF частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 17. Одна из частей в списке 17 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Beautiful cities of Italy
The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.
The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of
La Scala.
The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F __________.
In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.
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Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15–А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Avoidance activity I am in Birmingham, sitting in a cafe opposite a hairdresser’s. I’m trying to find the courage to go in and book an appointment. I’ve been here three quarters of an hour and I am on my second large cappuccino. The table I’m sitting at has a wobble, so I’ve spilt some of the first cup and most of the second down the white trousers I was so proud of as I swanked in front of the mirror in my hotel room this morning. I can see the hairdressers or stylists as they prefer to be called, as they work. There is a man with a ponytail who is perambulating around the salon, stopping now and then to frown and grab a bank of customer’s hair. There are two girl stylists: one has had her white blonde hair shaved and then allowed it explode into hundreds of hedgehog’s quills; the other has hair any self-respecting woman would scalp for: thick and lustrous. All three are dressed in severe black. Even undertakers allow themselves to wear a little white on the neck and cuffs, but undertakers don’t take their work half as seriously, and there lies the problem. I am afraid of hairdressers. When I sit in front of the salon mirror stuttering and blushing, and saying that I don’t know what I want, I know I am the client from hell. Nobody is going to win Stylist of the year with me as a model. ‘Madam’s hair is very th …’,they begin to say ‘thin’, think better of it and change it for ‘fine’—ultimately, coming out with the hybrid word ‘thine’. I have been told my hair is ‘thine’ many times. Are they taught to use it at college? Along with other conversational openings, depending on the season: ‘Done your Christmas shopping?’ ‘Going away for Easter?’ ‘Booked your summer holiday?’ ‘You are brown, been way?’ ‘Nights are drawing in, aren’t they?’ ‘Going away for Christmas?’ I am hopeless at small talk (and big talk). I’m also averse to looking at my face in a mirror for an hour and a half. I behave as though I am a prisoner on the run. I’ve looked at wigs in stores, but I am too shy to try them on, and I still remember the horror of watching a bewigged man jump into a swimming pool and then seeing what looked like a medium sized rodent break the surface and float on the water. He snatched at his wig, thrust it anyhow on top of his head and left the pool. I didn’t see him for the rest of the holiday. There is a behavior trait that a lot of writers share—it is called avoidance activity. They will do anything to avoid starting to write: clean a drain, phone their mentally confused uncle in Peru, change the cat’s litter tray. I’m prone to this myself, in summer I deadhead flowers, even lobelia. In winter I’ll keep a fire going stick by stick, anything to put off the moment of scratching marks on virgin paper. I am indulging an avoidance activity now. I’ve just ordered another cappuccino, I’ve given myself a sever talking: For God’s sake, woman! You are forty-seven years of age. Just cross the road, push the salon door open, and ask for an appointment! It didn’t work. I’m now in my room, and I have just given myself a do-it-yourself hairdo, which consisted of a shampoo, condition and trim, with scissors on my Swiss army knife. I can’t wait to get back to the Toni & Guy salon in Leicester. The staff there haven’t once called my hair ‘thine’ and they can do wonders with the savagery caused by Swiss army knife scissors. The narrator was afraid to enter the hairdresser’s because she |
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18.04.20
Home task:
1
You are considering going to the mountains and now you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask five direct questions to find out about the following:
1) departure dates
2) duration of the trip
3) size of the group
4) accommodation
5) price
You have 20 seconds to ask each question.
2
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes
and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). In your talk
remember to speak about:
· where
and when the photo was taken
· what/who
is in the photo
· what
is happening
· why
you keep the photo in your album
· why
you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk
continuously, starting with: “I’ve chosen photo number …”
3
Task
4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and
contrast the photographs:
· give
a brief description of the photos (action, location)
· say
what the pictures have in common
· say
in what way the pictures are different
· say
which way of preparing for classes presented in the pictures you
prefer
· explain
why
You
will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have
to talk continuously
ТРЕНАЖЁР ПО УСТНОЙ ЧАСТИ:
https://gosexam.online/ege/
ВАРИАНТ ЕГЭ ОНЛАЙН
https://neznaika.info/ege/english/1083-variant-17.html
13/04/20
VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR ISSUES
******
Разница между remind, remember, recall,
recollect, memorize
Глаголы remind,
remember, recall, recollect, memorise так или иначе связаны с запоминанием информации.
1. REMEMBER
Слово remember встречается чаще других синонимов.
По данным Cambridge Dictionary, глагол remember означает
«возможность восстановить или хранить в своей памяти какую-либо информацию».
Remember употребляется, когда нужно:
1. сказать о том, что вы помните какое-то действие — to
remember doing smth
I remember
walking into the pub. — Я помню, как заходил в бар.
уточнить, что помните какой-то факт — to remember (that)
I remember
that I ordered a cup of tea. — Я помню, что я заказал чашку чая.
2. сказать, что вы точно что-то помните — to remember rightly/correctly
It was
August, 2nd, if I remember correctly. — Это было 2 августа, если я правильно
помню.
3. рассказать
о точных, ярких воспоминаниях — clearly/vividly/distinctly remember или не
очень четких — vaguely/dimly remember
I clearly
remember whiskey was Johnny Walker. — Я четко помню, виски был Джонни Уокер.
I dimly remember what was happening next.
— Я с трудом помню, что происходило дальше.
4. рассказать о деталях какого-то воспоминания — to remember when/where/how
I even
remember when I got home! — Я даже помню, когда я пришел домой.
сказать о чем-то, что вы обещали сделать, попросить кого-то
не забыть о чем-то — to remember to do something
Moreover, I
remembered to lock the front door. — Более того, я не забыл закрыть входную дверь.
Здесь важно подчеркнуть, что после глагола remember может стоять как инфинитив
(глагол в начальной форме), так и герундий (глагол с окончанием —ing).
Смысл сказанного будет
зависеть от формы глагола, например:
I remember to visit my grandmother.
— Я помню, что нужно навестить бабушку.
I remember
visiting my grandmother. — Я помню, как навещал бабушку.
В первом предложении мы говорим о том, что нужно не забыть
выполнить действие в будущем, а во втором примере мы вспоминаем, как уже
выполнили действие.
2. REMIND
Глагол remind переводится как
«напоминать».
Отличие remind от remember
заключается в том, что remind означает «побудить кого-то вспомнить информацию»,
а remember — «помнить какую-либо информацию».
Рассмотрим наиболее популярные случаи
употребления глагола remind:
1. напомнить кому—то сделать что—то — to remind someone to do
something, to remind (somebody) that, to remind somebody about something
My mom always reminds me to put my hat on. — Моя мама постоянно напоминает мне
надевать шапку.
Dustin reminded me that I forgot my laptop at
his house. — Дастин напомнил мне, что я забыл свой ноутбук у
него дома.
Can you remind me about your plans for the
weekend? — Можешь напомнить мне
о своих планах на выходные?
2. когда одна
ситуация/предмет/человек напоминают другую ситуацию/предмет/человека — to remind somebody of, to remind someone what/when/where/how
My colleague reminds me of my classmate. — Мой
коллега напоминает мне моего одноклассника.
Mary reminded me how I acted at the restaurant.
— Мэри напомнила мне, как я вел себя в ресторане
3. RECALL / RECOLLECT
Recall означает «восстанавливать в
памяти какие-либо события или факты, чтобы этим поделиться».
I can still recall how Margareth entered the
room. — Я до сих пор помню, как Маргарет зашла в комнату.
Recall используется:
1. когда что-то вызывает
определенную ассоциацию
This building recalls the baroque style. — Это здание
напоминает стиль барокко.
2. когда какие-то события или
предметы вызывают определенные воспоминания
This song recalls that wonderful evening. — Эта песня
напоминает мне тот чудесный вечер.
Recollect и recall — синонимичные
слова, но стоит учесть, что recollect чаще используется в формальной беседе.
I can hardly recollect the events
of that evening. — Я с трудом могу восстановить в памяти события того вечера.
MEMORIZE
Memorize переводится как
«запоминать», «заучивать».
Этот глагол предполагает проделывание определенных
усилий для запоминания чего-либо наизусть.
Sally memorized all her
coworkers’ names just in a week! — Салли запомнила имена всех своих коллег
только через неделю!
CHECK YOURSELF:
1.
Напомни
мне, пожалуйста, удалить мои сообщения из Facebook.
a.
Please remember me to delete my
messages from Facebook.
b.
Please remind me to delete my
messages from Facebook.
c.
Please recall me to delete my
messages from Facebook.
2.
На
уроках актерского мастерства нам приходилось заучивать длинные монологи.
a.
During the acting class we had to
memorize long monologues.
b.
During the acting class we had to
recall long monologues.
c.
During the acting class we had to
recollect long monologues.
3.
Мозговой
штурм был напрасен. Я не могу вспомнить ни одной из идей.
a.
Brainstorming has been in vain. I
can’t remind any of the ideas.
b.
Brainstorming has been in vain. I
can’t recollect any of the ideas.
c.
Brainstorming has been in vain. I
can’t memorize any of the ideas.
4.
Я
просила тебя больше не устраивать драку в театре, ты помнишь?
a.
I asked you not to pick a fight in
the theatre anymore, do you remind?
b. I asked you not to pick a fight in
the theatre anymore, do you memorize?
c. I asked you not to pick a fight in
the theatre anymore, do you remember?
5.
Это
пугало напоминает мне фильм «Джиперс Криперс»!
a.
This scarecrow recalls me Jeepers
Creepers movie!
b.
This scarecrow remembers me of
Jeepers Creepers movie!
c.
This scarecrow reminds me of Jeepers
Creepers movie!
6.
Его новая песня напоминает один из
хитов the Beatles.
a.
His new song remembers one of the
Beatles hit songs.
b.
His new song memorize one of the
Beatles hit songs.
c.
His new song recalls one of the
Beatles hit songs.
7.
Даже
не пытайся запомнить мой пароль. Я завтра его поменяю.
a.
Don’t even try to remind my password.
I’ll change it tomorrow.
b.
Don’t even try to memorize my
password. I’ll change it tomorrow.
c. Don’t
even try to recall my password. I’ll change it tomorrow.
8.
Я
до сих пор помню каждую деталь его костюма.
a.
I can still recollect every single
detail of his costume.
b.
I can still remind about every single
detail of his costume.
c.
I can still memorize every single
detail of his costume.
9.
Мое
мобильное приложение напоминает мне придерживаться диеты.
a.
My mobile app recalls me to stick to
the diet.
b.
My mobile app reminds me to stick to
the diet.
c.
My mobile app remembers me to stick
to the diet.
10. Я четко помню, как сохранил документ
на диске.
a.
I can clearly remember how I saved
the document on the hard drive.
b.
I can clearly remind about how I
saved the document on the hard drive.
c.
I can clearly memorize how I saved
the document on the hard drive.
11. Ты помнишь о том, что надо проверять
почту каждый день?
a.
Do you remember to check your mail
every day?
b.
Do you memorize to check your mail
every day?
c.
Do you recall to check your mail
every day?
12. Можешь мне напомнить о нашей поездке?
a.
Can you remember me about our trip?
b.
Can you remind me of our trip?
c.
Can you remind me about our trip?
********
HOWEVER
However means ‘but’.
However is
normally used at the beginning of a sentence, before a
comma (,) and after a full stop (.) or
a semicolon (;).
- We didn’t like the hotel. However, we
had a good time. - I would like to have a dog; however, my
husband is allergic to dogs.
ALTHOUGH
Although means ‘despite the fact that’, or ‘but’.
Although can be used at the beginning or in the middle of
a sentence. We do NOT use a comma after
although; we use although + subject + verb.
- Although he had a bad leg, he still won the game.
- I passed the exam, although I
hadn’t studied.
CHECK YOURSELF
1. We need to buy
a new car. _____, we can’t afford it right now.
a.Although
b.So
c.However
2. ______ he is very rich and famous, he lives a very
normal life.
a.Although
b.However
c.Because
3. They had to cancel the concert _____ the bad weather.
a.so
b.because
of
c.however
4. We’ll go out ______ it stops raining.
a.although
b.while
c.as
soon as
5. He didn’t have his car, _____ he had to take a taxi.
a.because
b.so
c.however
10.04.2020
Home task
•Study
the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the
photographs:•
give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say which way of keeping fit presented in the pictures you’d prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk
continuously.
•Study
the
two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the
photographs:
•
give
a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say which way of travelling presented in the pictures you preferred
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk
continuously.
05.04.2020
Начинаем дистанционное обучение!
GO!
КАК РАБОТАТЬ ПРИ ДИСТАНЦИОННОМ ОБУЧЕНИИ
1. Подключаемся к трансляции за 10 минут до начала.
2. Заходим под своим именем и фамилией, НИКАКИХ НИКОВ!
3. Выходим со включенной видеокамерой, преподаватель должен видеть ученика. Для этого при входе соглашаемся на»Подключится с видео» и » Использовать звук вашего компьютера»
4. Перед началом урока отключаем микрофон. (Кнопка в левом нижнем углу экрана) , чтобы избежать звуковых помех.
5. В чате используем значки: + , если все ясно, — , если что-то непонятно, ?, если возник вопрос.
6. Микрофон включает ТОЛЬКО конкретный ученик , когда учитель задает ему вопрос
7. После окончания занятия в течение 15 минут, фотографируем то, что сделали на уроке и присылаем фотографию через VK.
8. Домашнее задание присылается ДО начала следующего урока.
9. ПОМНИМ, что занимаемся по обычному расписанию НЕЗАВИСИМО, от того был ли видео урок или нет.
Задание от 6.04
№1 (для сдающих)
Записать 4 аудиофайла (3+1)
Срок сдачи до 18.00 7.04.
№2 (для не сдающих)
смотри на странице Form XI
Задания 3 и 4 устной части ЕГЭ
Task 3. These are photos from your photo album. Choose one photo to describe to your friend.
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes
(1215 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
Task 4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
· give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
· say what the pictures have in common
· say in what way the pictures are different
· say which of the ways of having family meals presented in the pictures you’d prefer
· explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (1215 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
19.03.2020
Home task for March 20
deadline: TODAY 18.00
audiofiles sent later will not be checked
Human evolution is a lengthy process of change by which people originated from their apelike
ancestors. The traits that we today recognize as human evolved over a period of approximately
six million years. One of the earliest human traits was the ability to walk on two legs. This ability
evolved some four million years ago. A large and complex brain, the ability to use tools and the
capacity for language have developed more recently. Some studies lead us to believe that humans
have some relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Scientists say that humans
and the great apes of Africa — chimpanzees and gorillas — share a common ancestor who lived
between 8 and 6 million years ago. However, researchers do not all agree about how these
species are related to the modern human. Genetic research into this relationship has produced
some controversial results and more discoveries, perhaps sensational ones, are to be expected.
19.03.2020
Home task for March 20
deadline: TODAY 18.00
audiofiles sent later will not be checked
Human evolution is a lengthy process of change by which people originated from their apelike
ancestors. The traits that we today recognize as human evolved over a period of approximately
six million years. One of the earliest human traits was the ability to walk on two legs. This ability
evolved some four million years ago. A large and complex brain, the ability to use tools and the
capacity for language have developed more recently. Some studies lead us to believe that humans
have some relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Scientists say that humans
and the great apes of Africa — chimpanzees and gorillas — share a common ancestor who lived
between 8 and 6 million years ago. However, researchers do not all agree about how these
species are related to the modern human. Genetic research into this relationship has produced
some controversial results and more discoveries, perhaps sensational ones, are to be expected.
17/03/20
home task
deadline: March 18, 10 am
record your reading
Islands
that appear and disappear are certainly part of the world’s legends. But in
1963, with the aid of cameras and scientific observers, some of those legends
were given a solid basis of fact. For example, on November 13, 1963, a kind of
miracle occured. An island was born.
On
that day a fishing boat sailed into waters that were boiling and rolling and
foul with a strong smell. The world still had a hard time believing the miracle
that was to occur. It was the first time that scientists were to witness the
unexpected birth of an underwater island.
First
the engineer, then the captain, and at last the cook were aware of awful smell
and the peculiar roll of the sea. But it was the cook who first noticed the
smoke. He thought there was a ship in trouble somewhere on the seas.
05.03.20
Task 3. These are photos from your photo album. Choose one photo to describe to your friend.
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes
(1215 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
· where and when the photo was taken
· what/who is in the photo
· what is happening
· why you keep the photo in your album
· why you decided to show the picture to your friend
Task 4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
· give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
· say what the pictures have in common
· say in what way the pictures are different
· say which of the ways of spending free time presented in the pictures you’d prefer
· explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (1215 sentences). You have to talk continuously.
2/03/20
1.03.20
ENGLISH PRONOUNS
complete the test to check your knowledge
http://www.correctenglish.ru/tests/grammar/pronouns/
TEST ON PRONOUNS
1. Выберите правильную форму пропущенного местоимения.
1. Whose dog is that? ……………… is
always in our garden.
a) she b) he c) it d) one
2. He is much taller than ……………….
but I am much stronger.
a) I b) me c)
my d) mine
3. He was the eldest in the family. He had good
advice for ……………… of us.
a) each b) every
c) either d) no
4. He enjoyed ……………… minute of his
holiday.
a) each b) all c)
either d) every
5. The guests sat on ……………… side of
a long table.
a)
neither b) each c) either d)
every
6. I didn’t like the sisters, though they seemed
nice. It was a pity I liked …. of them.
a)
neither b) every c) either d) each
7. I’d like to try one of ………………
shirts on.
a) this b) these c) that d) those
8. I’ve
known him for many years. He is an old friend of …..
a) me b)
I c) my d) mine
2. Вставьте возвратное местоимение, где нужно: myself, himself, yourself, herself, -.
1. He came in and introduced
………………………
2. She cut……………………..so badly
that she had to be taken to hospital.
3. I even didn’t know how to
behave…………………….. in his presence.
4. She isn’t
feeling……………………..well. She can’t talk to you now.
5. Wash and dress…………………….., you
are not a child any more.
6. Don’t worry, I can take care of……………………..
.
3. Вставьте местоимения: a) all; b) the whole; c) everything; d)
everybody; e) both
1. She
believed that……………………was watching her.
2…………………….
city is being reconstructed.
3. You and I, we …………………… know
the truth.
4. He reads a lot and
remembers……………………the details.
5. How was……………………the
information collected?
6. I told you ……………………There is
hardly anything to add.
4. Вставьте местоимения: a) much; b) many; c) little; d) few; e) a
little; f) a few
1. I tried to keep it a secret. Very …………………… people know about
it.
2. Leave the child alone. There is …………………… harm in it.
3. My sister spends so …………………… money on her
clothes. It costs her husband
4. Ann has had
……………………visitors lately. She looks tired.
5. Why don’t you eat? Try …………………… of everything.
6. The station looked almost deserted. There
were …………………. people
waiting for the last train, a woman and three men.
5. Вставьте местоимения: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) none; e) no one
1. I wanted to find some coffee but there
was………………….. in the house.
2. He is here all day. You can find him
…………………..time between nine and six.
3. You are expecting …………………..to
call, are you?
4. Would you have………………….. more
tea? — Thank you.
5. I see………………….. cucumbers in the
salad; why haven’t you added any?
6. There isn’t ………………….. milk
left. Will you buy some?
7. Why are………………….. people so
boring?
8. That’s the only way out. There is
………………….. other choice.
6. Переведите выделенные слова в предложениях, используя слова: other, another, the other, others, the
others.
1. Дома на другой
стороне реки были построены из белого камня.
2. Почему ты один?
Где остальные?
3. Служитель
открыл дверь и впустил еще одного посетителя.
4. Щенок пил
молоко, но отказывался от другой пищи.
5. Она часто
получала письма, они приходили одно за другим.
6. Я потеряла
ручку, нужно купить другую.
7. Один мальчик
ушел, а другие мальчики продолжали работать.
8. Другие люди
рассказывали мне ту же историю.
27.02.20
Список прилагательных для выполнения заданий
39, 40, 43, 44 ЕГЭ
| С положительным значением | С отрицательным значением | С нейтральным значением |
| perfect — идеальный, совершенный charming — очаровательный fantastic — фантастический awesome – крутой, классный gorgeous — непревзойденный magnificent — величественный fascinating – обворожительный, пленительный glamorous — гламурный brilliant — блистательный amazing — изумительный smart – находчивый, нарядный, умный marvelous – чудный, удивительный remarkable – замечательный, выдающийся unforgettable — незабываемый incredible — невероятный pleasant — приятный enjoyable — приятный cheerful — радостный exciting — захватывающий grateful — благодарный successful — успешный romantic — романтический impressive — впечатляющий stunning — ошеломляющий spectacular — зрелищный ideal — идеальный confident — уверенный luxurious — шикарный reliable — надежный unique — уникальный well-built – хорошо сложенный creative — творческий artistic — артистичный sporty — спортивный sympathetic — сочувственный energetic — энергичный |
boisterous — неистовый suspicious — подозрительный stressful – стрессовый, напряженный rebellious – непослушный dramatic- разительный disastrous — бедственный exhausting — истощенный miserable – жалкий, несчастный boring — скучный scary — страшный frightening — пугающий devastated — опустошенный selfish — эгоистичный outrageous — неистовый tedious — утомительный disgusting — отвратительный untidy — неопрятный terrible – ужасный, страшный awful — ужасный horrible – ужасный, противный annoying — надоедливый tiring — изнурительный embarrassing — стеснительный mischievous – озорной, вредный alarming — тревожный exhausted — истощенный wrinkled — сморщенный |
responsible — ответственный suitable — подходящий skillful — умелый determined — решительный decisive — решительный typical — типичный simple — простой ordinary – обычный, ординарный potential — потенциальный expensive — дорогой valuable — ценный priceless — бесценный mature – зрелый, матерый confused — смущенный casual – случайный, небрежный persuasive — убедительный active — активный independent — независимый freckled — веснушчатый weird — странный bizarre — причудливый peculiar — особенный significant — существенный enormous — огромный predictable — предсказуемый huge — огромный tiny — крошечный massive — массивный extraordinary — экстраординарный surprising — поразительный hilarious – веселый, шумный emotional — эмоциональный touching — трогательный |
10/02
It’s interesting to know….
Future of the British Crow:
What will the Next Kings be Called?
6.02
Задание для 11б и 11в на 7.02
1.НАПИСАТЬ ЭССЕ
Preparing for holidays is more fun than celebrating them.
5/02/2020
Who can you see in these pictures?
26.01.
Сравнение фотографий
Task 4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
· give a brief description (action, location)
· say what the pictures have in common
· say in what way the pictures are different
· say which way of spending your free time you’d prefer
· explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes. You have to talk continuously.
19/01
The Siege of Leningrad
The Siege of Leningrad, also known as the Leningrad Blockade was a prolonged military operation by the German Army Group North and the Finnish Defence Forces to capture Leningrad in the Eastern Front theatre. It started on 8 September 1941, when the last land connection to the city was severed. Although the Soviets managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the total lifting took place on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and the most costly in terms of casualties.
«This documentary shows the strength of the soviet peoples back in the day, they never gave up, they just kept fighting, always moving forward, not even one step back»
http://www.saint-petersburg.com/history/great-patriotic-war-and-siege-of-leningrad/
16/01/2020
What is Homeschooling?
In the simplest of terms, homeschooling is simply schooling your children at home. Homeschooling has become quite the progressive movement in recent years with more and more parents choosing to homeschool instead of sending their children to public school. There are a number of reasons why a parent might choose to homeschool their child – here are a few:
- The family might have different religious beliefs that those taught (or not taught) in public school. Homeschooling allows you to choose whether to incorporate religion or not.
- Homeschool might offer more specialized educational attention for special needs children.
- Parents may have different educational philosophies than public school administrators and teachers. With homeschool, you choose what philosophies to follow.
- Children may progress faster in a homeschool setting than in public school.
- Schooling at home may promote a closer familiar relationship – many parents find that they enjoy spending extra time with their kids in homeschool.
- Public school options in the area may not offer the preferred degree of educational quality.
- Homeschool can save time since you don’t have to transport your children to and from school every day. The school day can actually be shortened for children.
The homeschool movement really started to gain speed in the 1970s when authors like Raymond Moore and John Holt began writing about educational reform. Homeschooling as a new option in alternative education at the time but, according to the National Home Education Research Institute, there are now more than 2 million children being homeschooled in the United States each year. And that number increases by as much as 7% to 15% each year.
The Pros and Cons of Homeschooling Your Kids
Homeschooling is legal in all fifty states, but there are some requirements you have to meet. Parents are required to choose or create an educational curriculum that meets certain educational standards set forth by the state. As long as those standards are met, however, parents have more educational liberty with homeschooling than with public school. Students may have more opportunities to choose what they learn with homeschooling, and they can learn at their own pace without having to keep up with more advanced students. Homeschool gives parents the opportunity to incorporate religion into their child’s education and it may promote a closer family atmosphere as well.
One of the major downsides of homeschooling is that it takes a lot of time to plan and to implement educational strategies. In most families, one parent needs to make homeschooling the children their full-time concern – it can be very challenging for a single parent to succeed with homeschool. Because one parent may not be able to work, homeschool may put a financial strain on the family finances. Homeschooled children may also have more limited access to extracurricular activities including sports, and they may not have the same level of social interaction as they would in public school. There are, of course, workarounds for these things but they are still challenges associated with homeschool.
The Benefits of Public School vs. Homeschool
Now that you know a little more about homeschool and its associated pros and cons, you may be wondering how public school stacks up. Each child is an individual with individual needs, so the public school may or may not be the best option. However, the only way you’ll know this to be the case is to take time to learn about the potential benefits of public school versus homeschool. Here are some of the top benefits you should consider:
- Public school has a built-in structure. Children, particularly young children, thrive on routine and they require a lot of attention and care. If you are trying to homeschool your children while also being a stay-at-home mom, you may find it more challenging than you imagine.
- Many public schools offer sports and elective options like art and music – these programs may not be available to homeschool students.
- A public school teaches children a certain degree of independence. Depending on the grade, children need to keep track of their own class schedules, find their way from one class to another, purchase their own lunch, and make it to and from the bus every day.
- Teachers are public schools are required to carry education degrees and they may have more experience working with and teaching children. Teaching a child is different from parenting a child and many parents struggle to do both.
- Public school is typically cheaper than homeschool. You could spend $1,000 or more on a homeschool curriculum alone, not to mention supplies. For a public school, you have to buy supplies once or twice a year and you can pack your child’s lunch to save money.
- Children who attend public school have more opportunities for social interaction than many homeschool students. There are homeschool co-ops that can be helpful, but a public school has built-in social benefits.
- Sending your children to public school frees you up to just be a parent. Doing double-duty as both teacher and parent can be both grueling and frustrating at times – especially if you have other non-school-age children to care for.
- Public school gives you and your child some much-needed time apart which helps to foster your child’s independence and gives you a break as well. There is no harm in needing a break from your kids once in a while.
- In addition to the benefits listed above, there are some downsides to public school. For example, public school has a more rigorous and regimented schedule than most homeschool programs and students may not have the same degree of freedom and flexibility to customize their education. But unless you can fully commit yourself to creating and implementing a strong homeschool curriculum, your child may be better off in public school anyway.
While there are many benefits of private school versus homeschool, every situation is different. A public school could very well be the best choice for your child while homeschool is a better option for another child. You may even find that one of your children does better in one environment and another child does better in a separate environment. Your job as a parent is to provide for your child’s needs to the best of your ability. This often means making compromises or making the best of a bad situation. As long as you keep your child’s best interests in mind, you will make the right choice.
Attending public school comes with its own challenges, but homeschool is not always the better option. Before you decide to homeschool your child, take the time to thoroughly consider your options and explore them from all angles. You may just find that public school is a better option than you previously realized – it is up to you to make the most of it.
12/01/2020
Choose the most suitable of the four given words to complete each of the sentences below.
1. He’s not only
tedious
, he’s also…
a. boring b. incompetent c. efficient d. brilliant
2. Despite its director’s high reputation, the film was …
a. extraordinary b. gripping c. embarassing d. powerful
3. I can’t always be elegant; sometimes I enjoy wearing … clothes.
a. scintillating b. scruffy c. shallow d. rude
4. Finally at the end, things hotted up; the ending was really …
a. gripping d. delicate c. chaotic d. ludicrous
5. Not all film stars are beautiful; some are quite …
a. exquisite b. stunning c. vulgur d. plain
6. We need someone well-educated and …
a. illiterate b. dim c. coarse d. well-travelled
7. He’s an extremely … pianist.
a. graceful b. gifted c. exceptional c. refined
8. It wasn’t exactly exciting, but it was certainly …
a. enthralling b. absorbing c. thrilling d. gripping
Task 4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
· give a brief description (action, location)
· say what the pictures have in common
· say in what way the pictures are different
· say which kind of getting education you’d prefer
· explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes. You have to talk continuously.
18/12/19
Crime and criminals
listening
https://english-rooms.com/test/upper-intermediate-listening-test-crime
dependent prepositions
https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/063_01.htm
crossword
https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/348_01.htm
15.12.19
конкурс научно-исследовательских работ имени Д.И.Менделеева (для учащихся 8 – 11-х классов)
срок подачи работ до 20 декабря 2019 года. Участие могут принимать школьники 8-11 классов.
С более подробной информацией можно ознакомиться по ссылке
Рождественские и новогодние слова и выражения в английском языке
В преддверии новогодних праздников предлагаю небольшой список слов, которые относятся к Рождеству (Christmas) и Новому Году (New Year). Во всех англоязычных странах Рождество празднуется 25 декабря, а Новый Год — 1 января.Выражения:
Advent — пришествие
Berry — ягода
Bethlehem — Вифлеем
Candle — свечка
Chimney — дымоход (по поверью Санта-Клаус спускается в дома по дымоходам)
Christian — христианин
Christianity — христианство
Christmas — Рождество (празднуется 25 декабря)
Christmas cake — рождественский пирог ( с фруктами и глазурью — смотрите ниже)
Christmas card — рождественская открытка
Christmas carol — колядка (песня, которые поют во время Рождества)
Christmas Day — день Рождества — так обычно называют день 25 декабря
Christmas Eve — сочельник
Christmas holidays — рождественские праздники (обычно неделя после рождества)
Christmas present — рождественский подарок
Christmas tree — рождественская елка
Cracker — хлопушка
Decoration — украшение
Eggnog — рождественский напиток (яичный желток, растёртый с сахаром, с добавлением сливок, молока или спиртного напитка)
Ginger Bread — имбирный кекс, пряник
Father Christmas — или Santa Claus
Fireplace — камин
Frankincense — ладан
Gold — золото
Holly — падуб (растение)
Mistletoe — омела (растение) — традиционное украшение дома на Рождество
Myrrh — мирра (ароматическая смола)
the Nativity — рождение Христа
Nativity play — пьеса о рождестве (инсценировка евангельской легенды, которая исполняется детьми)
New year — новый год
New Year’s Day — 1 января
New Year’s Eve — 31 декабря
Ornament — украшение (синоним с decoration)
Reindeer — северный олень (такие олени тянут сани Санта-Клауса)
Santa Claus — рождественский дед или просто Санта-Клаус
Интересный факт: имя Санта-Клауса представляет собою искажение голландской транскрипции имени св. Николая, день памяти которого отмечается 6 декабря по григорианскому календарю.
Shepherd — пастух
Sleigh — сани; салазки
Snow — снег
Star — звезды
the star of Bethlehem — Вифлеемская звезда
Tinsel — блестки
Turkey — индюшка
White Christmas — снежное или белое Рождество
Xmas — сокращение от Christmas
Пожелания:
Merry Christmas! — Счастливого Рождества!
Happy Christmas! — Счастливого Рождества!
Happy New Year! — С Новым Годом!
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! — С Рождеством и Новым Годом!
Wishing you a prosperous New Year — Желаю Вам удачного Нового Года!
All the best for the coming year! — Самого лучшего в новом году!
Seasons Greetings! — С праздниками!
27.11.19
Describe the picture according to the plan
Pay attention to the vocabulary
21.10.19
Task 4. Study the two photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:
· give a brief description (action, location)
· say what the pictures have in common
· say in what way the pictures are different
· say which kind of life you’d prefer for wild animals
· explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes. You have to talk continuously.
3.10.19
Эссе
You have 40 minutes to do this task.
Comment on the following statement.
To make friends is easier than to keep friends
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
− make an introduction (state the problem)
− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion
− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion
− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
− make a conclusion restating your position
Испытай себя в роли эксперта ЕГЭ:
оцени данное эссе
по схеме
коммуникативная задача 3 балла
организация текста, логика 3 балла
грамматика 3 балла
лексика 3 балла
орфография, пунктуация 2 балла
итого: 14 баллов
28.09.19
Придаточные причины, цели, следствия, образа действия
Придаточные
предложения следствия
Есть много способов
показать результат в речи, и один из них – это использование придаточных
предложений. Придаточные предложения следствия помогают нам
сообщить о результате какого-либо действия или о последствиях какой-либо
ситуации. Такие предложения вводятся при помощи союзов so,so…that (для
прилагательных и наречий), such…that (для существительных)
Пример:
Nina had a stomach ache so she went
to the doctor. – У Нины болел живот, поэтому она пошла к доктору.
There was so much soup that John
wasn’t able to eat it. – Супа было так много, что Джон не мог его съесть.
Рассмотрим ситуации, в которых используется конструкция such…that.
Первая схема описывает оборот с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе:
Схема 1.
Пример:
It was such a beautiful dress that I bought it. – Платье было такое красивое, что я его купила.
Вторая схема описывает оборот с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе либо неисчисляемыми существительными:
Схема 2.
Пример:
They were such clever people that it was pleasant to speak to them. – Они были такими умными, что с ними было приятно поговорить.
It was such nice weather that we went to the countryside. – Погода была такая хорошая, что мы поехали за город.
Обратите внимание, что когда мы используем существительное во множественном числе или неисчисляемое существительное, артикль не используется
Особенности употребления конструкции so…that
В придаточных предложениях следствия также употребляется конструкция so…that. Эту конструкцию очень часто сопровождают следующие оценочные местоимения (рис. 3):
- much
- many
- few
- little
Рассмотрим схему:
Схема 3.
Пример:
There was so much water in the bucket that the boy couldn’t carry it alone. – В ведре было так много воды, что мальчик не мог один его унести.
There was so little food in the fridge that I still feel hungry. – В холодильнике было так мало еды, что я все еще голодна.
Не забывайте, чтоmuch иlittle употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, а many и few – с исчисляемыми (см. схему 4).
Схема 4.
Пример:
We had so many books at home that mother decided to take some of them to the library. – Дома было так много книг, что мама решила отнести некоторые из них в библиотеку.
I have so few T-shirts that I need to buy some. – У меня так мало футболок, что мне нужно купить несколько.
I. Составьте из двух предложений одно, используя the Clause of Result
- The book was dull. I couldn’t read it to the end.
- There was much work. Mary didn’t know where to begin.
- The water in the sea was cold. The children didn’t want to swim.
- I had little money. I couldn’t buy a new dress.
Придаточные предложения причины – это такие предложения, которые помогают объяснить, почему происходят те или иные события или совершаются те или иные действия. Одним словом, такие предложения отвечают на вопрос почему
Особенности употребления союзов because и as
Придаточные предложения причины присоединяются к главному предложению при помощи союзов :
- as
- since
- because
- because of
- due to
Пример:
- Nina went to the seaside in summer because she wanted to swim in the sea. – Нина поехала на побережье летом, потому что хотела искупаться в море.
Второе предложение начинается с because и поясняет главное предложение.
- As Mike didn’t want to be late for school he caught the bus. – Так как Майк не хотел опоздать в школу, он сел на автобус.
Придаточное предложение (As Mike didn’t want to be late for school) присоединяется к главному при помощи союза as и поясняет его.
Особенности употребления союзов because of и due to
Союзы because of и due to обычно стоят перед существительным.
Пример:
- He didn’t pass his exam because of illness. – Он не сдал экзамен из-за болезни.
- She couldn’t make a report due to the problems with computer. – Она не могла сделать доклад из-за проблем с компьютером.
После союзов because of и due to часто употребляется выражение the fact that, после которого следует придаточное выражение.
Пример:
We couldn’t get to London due to the fact that all the flights were delayed because of the weather. – Мы не могли попасть в Лондон из-за того, что все рейсы были отложены из-за погодных условий.
Упражнения
Чтобы лучше понять и усвоить особенности употребления придаточных предложений причины, необходимо выполнить следующее упражнение.
- Сделайте из двух предложений одно, используя the Clause of reason
- Nick was good at swimming. He won the first prize at camp competition.
- The flight was delayed. There was storm.
- Ann bought a car. She had a lot of money.
- Bob spent two weeks at the hospital. He had broken his leg.
Придаточные предложения цели – это такие предложения, которые отвечают на вопрос “Why?” («Зачем?») (рис. 1), то есть они используются, когда нужно сказать, с какой целью совершается действие, описанное в главном предложении. На русский язык переводятся союзом чтобы, а отрицательные предложения – чтобы не.
Зачем?
Пример:
You study English every day in order to speak it fluently. – Вы изучаете английский язык каждый день, чтобы свободно на нем говорить.
You do your morning exercises to be healthy. – Вы делаете зарядку утром, чтобы быть здоровыми.
You go outside with your friends so as to have fun. – Вы идете гулять со своими друзьями, чтобы развлечься.
You buy new clothing so that you can look nice. – Вы покупаете новую одежду, чтобы хорошо выглядеть.
Особенности употребления союзов in order to, so as to и конструкции to + infinitive
Можно заметить, что в приведенных примерах главное и придаточное предложения соединены следующими союзами :
- in order to
- so as to
- so that
- to + (infinitive)
Слова in order to, so as to и to + infinitive используются, когда в главном и придаточном предложениях одно и то же подлежащее. В разговорном английском конструкция to + infinitive является более употребительной, в то время как in order to и so as to звучат официальнее.
Пример:
Tom learns Chinese to work in China. – Том изучает китайский, чтобы работать в Китае.
You can take this medicine in order to feel better. – Вы можете принять это лекарство, чтобы чувствовать себя лучше.
The pupils must learn this poem by heart so as to get an excellent mark. – Ученики должны выучить это стихотворение наизусть, чтобы получить отличную оценку.
Для того чтобы образовать отрицание в придаточных предложениях цели, необходимо добавить отрицательную частицу not перед to (в таких союзах как in order to и so as to), чтобы получилось: in order not to/ so as not to. Обратите внимание, что форма not to do не используется!
Пример:
Take your umbrella in order not to get wet. – Возьми зонт, чтобы не промокнуть.
You have to be hurry so as not to be late. – Тебе нужно поторопиться, чтобы не опоздать.
Особенности употребления союза so that
Как уже было сказано, придаточные предложения цели могут также использоваться с союзом so that. Этот союз используется, когда подлежащее в главном предложении отличается от подлежащего в придаточном предложении.
Обратите внимание, что so that часто используется с модальными глаголами can/could/will/would.
Пример:
Tim gave his girlfriend red roses so that she would forgive him. – Тим подарил своей девушке красные розы, чтобы она простила его.
Dan gave his sister some money so that she could buy a new dress. – Дэн дал своей сестре немного денег, чтобы она купила себе новое платье.
Когда мы используем настоящее (thePresent Tense) и будущее (theFutureTense) времена в главном предложении, мы используем so that + can/will в придаточном предложении.
Пример:
I have given Alice a book so that she can be ready for the lesson. – Я дал Алисе книгу, чтобы она была готова к уроку.
He will study hard so that his teacher will give him a good mark. – Он будет упорно трудиться, чтобы учитель поставил ему хорошую оценку.
Если же в главном предложении используется прошедшее время (the Past Tense), мы используем so that + could/would в придаточном предложении.
Пример:
Mother woke up her children early so that they could be in time. – Мама разбудила детей рано, чтобы они успели вовремя.
He bought some tickets so that they would go to the cinema. – Он купил несколько билетов, чтобы они пошли в кино.
Когда придаточное предложение цели отрицательное, мы используем so that +can’t/couldn’t/won’t/wouldn’t.
Пример:
They were whispering so that their neighbours couldn’t hear their conversation. – Они шептались, чтобы их соседи не могли слышать их разговор.
We keep our food in the fridge so that it won’t go bad. – Мы держим нашу еду в холодильнике, чтобы она не испортилась.
The taxi driver hurried so that she wouldn’t be late. – Таксист спешил, чтобы она не опоздала.
More ways to express purpose
Есть еще несколько способов выразить цель:
For + Noun – expressing individual purpose
Пример:
I came here for a talk with you. – Я пришел сюда, чтобы поговорить с тобой.
I decided I would save up for a new computer. – Я решил, что буду копить на новый
компьютер.
- For + Gerund – describing the function of an object
Пример:
They use this tool for digging. – Они используют этот инструмент, чтобы копать.
I bought it foropening bottles. – Я купил это, чтобы открывать бутылки.
Упражнения
Чтобы лучше понять и усвоить особенности употребления придаточных предложений цели, необходимо выполнить следующие упражнения.
Составьте из двух предложений одно, используя the Clause of Purpose
Пример: He studied really hard. He wanted to get better marks. (in order to) – He studied really hard in order to get better marks.
- Ann is putting on her warm jacket. She doesn’t want to catch a cold. (so as not to)
- Alex is borrowing some English books. He wants to learn more of this language. (to)
- Sandy has lent her brother some money. He wants to buy a new CD. (so that)
- They are going on holiday soon. They want to have a rest. (so as to)
- He spoke in a low voice. He didn’t want to wake her up. (in order not to)
- Mother packed her camera. She wanted her son to take photos. (so that)
Переведите с английского на русский
- We didn’t tell her the news so that she wouldn’t worry.
- I have saved up enough money to buy a car.
- Linda turned on the lights so that we could see well.
- We are going to the cinema so as to watch a new film.
- He sets his alarm in order not to be late for work.
- Заполните пропуски союзами in order to, so as to, so that или частицей to:
а) They went to the hospital see their friend.
б) The car stopped a woman could walk.
в) My father turned on the television watch the latest news.
г) My sister is going to study French leave London for Paris.
д) We bought a laptop our son could work anywhere.
е) Our teacher asks simple questions all the pupils can answer them.
- Дополните предложения по смыслу:
а) She took several books in order to .
б) He bought a new car so that .
в) My parents called my tutor so as to .
г) I called for Jane to .
д) She read those articles in order to .
е) I’ll attend his lectures so that .
ж) They borrowed some money so as to .
з) We will stop to .
- Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления союзов в придаточных предложениях цели:
а) Я позвонил ему, чтобы поздравить с днем рождения.
б) Мы вызвали такси, чтобы успеть на самолет.
в) Она записалась на дополнительные курсы, чтобы лучше знать свой предмет.
г) В библиотеке нужно читать про себя, чтобы не отвлекать других.
д) Я долго готовилась к экзаменам, чтобы сдать их на отлично.
е) Она подменила его на работе, чтобы он смог погулять с сыном в парке.
ж) Мы решили рассказать всю правду, чтобы они не заявили в полицию.
з) Директор подпишет бумаги завтра, чтобы вы могли передать их старшему менеджеру.
Придаточные предложения образа действия. Clauses of Manner
Употребление
Придаточные предложения образа действия в английском языке
вводятся при помощи союзов as if/as though, описывающих в какой манере
производится действие. В таких предложениях встречаются глаголы act, appear, be, behave, feel,
look, seem, smell, sound, taste и т.п.
As if и as though
Мы употребляем as if/as though с глаголами в форме
прошедшего времени для описания ситуаций, нереальных с точки зрения настоящего
момента.
Пример:
He
gives orders as if/as though he was the boss Он
раздает указания, как если бы он был начальником
He is
acting as if/as though nothing had happened Он ведет себя, как если бы ничего не
произошло
Вероятность в настоящий момент
Мы употребляем as if/as though с глаголами в форме
настоящего времени (включая настоящее совершенное) для описания ситуаций,
кажущихся вполне вероятными на настоящий момент.
Пример:
He
looks as if/as though he knows what he’s dong Кажется,
он знает, что делает (он выглядит так, как будто знает)
She looks
as if/as though she hasn’t had a good night’s sleeps for weeks Она выглядит так, как будто не спала несколько недель
As, like и the way
Помимо союзов as if/as though в придаточных образа действия
также употребляются союзы аs, like и the way.
Пример:
I
always drink tea without milk, just as they do on the continent Я всегда пью чай без молока,
точно также как они делают на континенте
She needs the money, like I do, so she works in a bar in the
evenings Ей нужны деньги, как и мне,
поэтому она по вечерам подрабатывает в баре
I was never
allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them Мне никогда не
позволяли поступать так, как я хотел
Match the following clauses with the appropriate manner clause:
| 1. He spends his money | A. like his father does. |
| 2. Your face is white. You look | B. as the the Romans do. |
| 3. He walked straight past me | C. as if you’d seen a ghost. |
| 4. He behaves just | D. as if I hadn’t slept for weeks. |
| 5. I’m so tired. I feel | E. as though I were invisible. |
| 6. When in Rome, do | F. as if he were a millionaire. |
Fill the gaps in the following text with although, despite, even though, as though.
I sometimes have difficulty getting to sleep at night. 1.____________ I’m often tired after a long day’s work, I lie in bed and can’t relax. It’s 2.____________ my brain can’t switch itself off. 3.____________ I know I need to get to sleep to be fresh for the next day, I find myself worrying about all the little problems the day has brought. 4.____________ the fact that I can’t solve any of these problems in the middle of the night, I try to find solutions there and then. The clock keeps ticking away until eventually I realise that 5.____________ there are only two more hours until my alarm goes off, I still haven’t slept at all. Then, as the sun starts to come up, my eyes finally feel 6.____________ they are going to close…
Complete the sentences in the exercise below with an appropriate manner clause:
1. He’s so thin and pale; he looks as if ___________________.
2. I’m so tired; I feel as though___________________.
3. This pizza doesn’t taste as___________________.
4. He walked straight past me as if___________________.
5. Why didn’t you do as ____________________________?
6. Your doors are creaking. They sound as if___________________.
7. She walks around the office telling everyone what to do as though ___________________.
8. You don’t study hard enough. You behave like ___________________.
22.09.19
Letter writing
You have 20 minutes to do this task.
You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend George who writes:
… At school we are doing projects on famous singers from different countries. Could you tell me about any famous Russian singer? What is he/she famous for? How long has he/she been singing? Do you enjoy his/her songs? Have you ever been to his/her concerts?
As for my school trip to London it was really wonderful…
Write a letter to George.
In your letter
— tell him about the singer you admire most of all
— ask 3 questions about his trip to London
Write 100 – 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
Конкурс переводов
Положение о городском открытом конкурсе переводов
с иностранного языка
3. Порядок
проведения Конкурса
3.1. Конкурс проводится с 16.09.2019 по 31.10.2019 в возрастных группах 5 – 6 класс, 7 – 8
класс, 9 – 11 класс.
3.2. Для конкурса подобраны аутентичные тексты на английском, французском,
немецком языках.
3.3. На конкурс принимаются тексты по следующим номинациям:
— проза
— поэзия
3.4. Каждый
участник имеет право направить в адрес оргкомитета только один вариант
работы в одну или обе номинации по любому из рабочих языков
конкурса.
3.5. К участию принимаются переводы, не публиковавшиеся на
русском языке ранее.
3.6 Тексты для перевода в
Приложении 3 (английский), Приложении 4 (французский), Приложении 5 (немецкий).
4. Требования
к переводу и оформлению конкурсных работ
4.1. Для участия в Конкурсе необходимо на адрес электронной почты nmc_conference@mail.ru отправить следующие документы:
·
Заявка
на участие в конкурсе (приложение 1);
·
Конкурсная работа (перевод предложенного отрывка текста,
оформленного согласно требованиям).
4.2. Критерии
оценивания конкурсных работ представлены в приложении 2.
4.3. Все
материалы предоставляются в печатном виде.
4.4.
Требования к печатным материалам:
·
шрифт — Times New Roman, начертание — обычный; кегль
— 14, выравнивание — по ширине, межстрочный интервал – 1,5.
·
в левом верхнем углу первой страницы: фамилия,
имя, отчество автора, место учебы с указанием класса, город, контактный
телефон, e-mail;
·
файл с текстом конкурсной работы должен быть
назван по фамилии автора с указанием номинации и языка перевода и расширением
имени файла .doс (например, Иванова_проза_англ.doc)
4.5.
С 01 ноября по 15 ноября жюри будет проводить оценивание работ участников
конкурса. Итоги конкурса будут опубликованы не позднее 18 ноября 2019 г. на
сайте МБОУ ДПО «Научно-методический центр».
4.6. Материалы, оформленные с нарушением настоящего
Положения и представленные позднее установленных сроков, к рассмотрению не
принимаются. Представленные на конкурс материалы возврату не подлежат.
5. Подведение итогов Конкурса
5.1. Победителям и лауреатам вручаются Дипломы.
5.2. Участники Конкурса получают сертификат
участника.
5.3. Апелляции по итогам Конкурса
не предусмотрены. Оценочные листы не выдаются.
тексты для перевода находятся здесь:
Всего: 26 1–20 | 21–26
Добавить в вариант
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Clever and misunderstood
2. Similar constructions
3. Street that changed history
4. History set in stone
5. The beloved characters
6. Not completely gone!
7. A poetic street
8. Important visitors
A. There have always been cultural, political and commercial connections between Britain and Russia that can take us deep into the history of these two countries. Traces of some of them can be seen in the streets of their capitals — be that the names of the streets themselves, the buildings standing on them or the monuments erected to outstanding representatives of these two nations, both real and fictional.
B. There are at least four streets in London that will remind you of Russia. Bayswater, one of the most beautiful areas of London, is home to Moscow Road and St. Petersburg Place — two streets that commemorate Tsar Alexander I’s visit to England in 1814. Czar Street in Deptford is the area where Peter the Great stayed in 1698 during his Grand Embassy, to take a better look at the London shipyards; while Muscovy Street near the Tower of London marks the spot of Peter the Great’s favourite pub in London.
C. Neither Moscow, nor St. Petersburg can boast of a «London Street». However, a similar function is carried out by Angliyskaya Naberezhnaya — English Embankment — historically one of the most fashionable streets in St. Petersburg, where the British Embassy and the English church used to be located before the Revolution. And as for the Revolution, it was from the English Embankment that at 2 am on October 25, 1917, the gunshot from the Aurora sent a signal to storm the Winter Palace.
D. Still, Moscow also has a couple of streets with English names. Brusov Lane is named after a Scottish dynasty whose most famous representative — James Bruce — was Peter the Great’s close friend and advisor. It was James Bruce who accompanied Peter the Great on his Grand Embassy to England. A brilliant scholar and scientist, James Bruce was in charge of book printing in Russia, which led many illiterate people to believe he practiced black magic.
E. Another Moscow street with an English name is Gamsonovsky pereulok or Hampson Lane, located not far from the Danilovsky monastery. The Hampsons were a large British family that moved to Russia in the early 19th century and founded a velvet factory on the Moskva River. Neither the Hampson family, not their factory can be found in Moscow today, but the street name still tells the story of the long-forgotten past.
F. One of the most recognizable sky-scrapers in modern London is the so called Gherkin — a torpedo-shaped building in the City, London’s financial center, that opened in 2004 and immediately won the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Few people know that the architect’s inspiration for the steel structure of the skyscraper was Vladimir Shukhov’s diagrid system used in the Shukhov Radio Tower in Moscow.
G. Perhaps the only «English» statue in Moscow is a sculptural composition of Sherlock Holms and Dr. Watson which opened in 2007 next to the British Embassy for the 120th anniversary since the publication of the first story about the great detective by Conan Doyle. «These heroes have long become the personification of Great Britain in the eyes of Russians and a recognized symbol of Russian-British friendship,» wrote the British Ambassador on its opening.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University
Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.
Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.
In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.
1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea
2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy
3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind
4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science
5. the contemporary European powers in
6. are marked by special events and festivities at
7. famous among all educated people
| Пропуск | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Часть предложения |
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Lindsay Wildlife Museum
Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.
Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A __________________ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В __________________. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С __________________.
The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D __________________.
After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E __________________. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F __________________ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.
1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary
2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world
3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising
4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense
5. that needed public attention and a new building
6. as well as teach children and adults about nature
7. through education programmes and on-site tours
| Пропуск | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Часть предложения |
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Дальний Восток. Вариант 1
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Nevsky Prospect
Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_______________________.
After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_______________________ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_______________________, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_______________________. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E_______________________ had their offices there.
Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F_______________________.
1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue
2. showing the original width of the avenue
3. which was not as straight as it was planned
4. which were built by famous architects and
5. connecting these two important structures with
6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street
7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America
| Пропуск | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Часть предложения |
Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Changing the face of the planet
2. No effort, just luck!
3. Have the right neighbor!
4. The unexpected side of a failure
5. Good for war, good for peace
6. No sense of humour
7. Messy can be good!
8. True story and myth
A. Important discoveries and brilliant inventions often require years of hard work and sleepless nights. It is not unusual for scientists to devote their whole lives to solving a difficult problem. But sometimes discoveries are made by accident, as a by-product of another project people are working on, or even when somebody is doing something completely unrelated to anything remotely serious.
B. One of the most well-known discoveries that was made like that is the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. While trying to find the shortest way to India, Christopher Columbus stumbled upon a new continent. His discovery completely changed people’s understanding of the world as well as the cuisine of his native country! Today it is hard to even imagine what Italians ate when they didn’t have tomatoes.
C. Another iconic discovery made by accident is Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity. It happened when he was having tea in his garden and watched an apple fall off a tree. He had already been in a philosophical mood, and the falling of a bright object triggered the thought that had already been forming in his mind. This was how the incident was recorded by his biographers, but later a more dramatic story of him sleeping under the tree and being hit on the head by an apple was invented.
D. Discoveries can be made thanks to bad habits. Alexander Fleming was known for being an untidy person as much as a talented scientist. His lab was never in perfect order, and things easily got lost. Once he forgot about some cups with bacteria and went on vacation. When he returned and found them, he noticed that mold had grown in one of the cups and killed the bacteria. This mold known to us now as penicillin keeps saving many lives.
E. Some of the discoveries were made during WWII. Percy Spencer was an American physicist working in the early 1940s on military radar equipment that used microwave radio signals. Once he was standing in front of the working radar and noticed that a chocolate bar in his pocket had melted. At the time, he continued working on the radars, but after the war he created a microwave oven based on this discovery.
F. Harry Coover was another American scientist working during WWII. He was trying to create transparent plastic for clear plastic gun sights used for aiming. The formula he invented produced plastic that was so sticky that it stuck to everything it touched. Coover was sad that his formula was a complete disaster, but several years later realized that it could be used as glue. This was how superglue was invented.
G. In the summer of 1904, the World Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, was in full swing, when Arnold Fornachou, an ice-cream vendor, ran out of paper cups. Not to lose any business, Formachou bought some waffles from the waffle vendor whose booth was standing next to his, and rolled them into cones. The improvised cups were a great success and later became known as ice-cream cones!
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) came
2) brought
3) went
4) got
Показать
1
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) Few
2) Much
3) Little
4) Many
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
2
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) reach
2) enter
3) arrive
4) come
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
3
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fulfilled
2) achieved
3) managed
4) succeeded
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
4
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) approached
2) proposed
3) offered
4) suggested
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
5
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) fond
2) interested
3) involved
4) keen
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
6
Вставьте пропущенное слово:
1) remarking
2) observing
3) noticing
4) looking
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Центр. Вариант 1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
Показать
1
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
2
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
3
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
4
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
5
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
3
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
4
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
5
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
3
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
4
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
5
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
3
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
4
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
5
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
3
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
4
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
5
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
3
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
4
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
5
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
6
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
According to the article, the US Department of Treasury are planning to
1) take the $10 bill completely out of circulation.
2) keep the design of the $10 bill the way it is now.
3) choose a portrait of a new historic figure for the $10 bill.
4) print more $10 bills because of the show’s popularity.
Показать
1
Which choice is the closest in meaning to the phrase ‘it was met with universal acclaim’ in the second paragraph?
1) It toured all over the world.
2) It was admired by everybody.
3) All theatres wanted to stage it.
4) Tickets were immediately sold out.
2
In the third paragraph the author of the article uses the following quotation from the musical: “young, scrappy and hungry” — in order to show
1) the reason why Hamilton immigrated to America at the age of 17.
2) that when his parents died, Hamilton had nothing to live on.
3) how much Hamilton managed to achieve during his lifetime.
4) that people who lived on islands in the Caribbean were poor.
3
L. M. Miranda turned to the Internet after having read only a few chapters of Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow because
1) he thought that Hamilton’s life story was perfect for a musical.
2) he found Hamilton’s biography by Ron Chernow boring.
3) the book did not have enough information about Hamilton.
4) he wanted to find more information about Ron Chernow.
4
By saying that ‘Hamilton is making musical history’ the author means that
1) something new and unusual is used in this musical.
2) this musical is about American history.
3) there are old music styles used in this musical.
4) this musical can help study history of music.
5
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
1) Hamilton tells us the history of the American Revolution.
2) Hip-hop takes its roots from the American Revolution.
3) Out of all musical styles hip-hop fits Hamilton best.
4) There is a mixture of different musical styles in Hamilton.
6
What can be concluded from paragraph seven?
1) Some actors from Hamilton also played in the Harry Potter films.
2) Lin Manuel Miranda took part in the creation of the Harry Potter films.
3) E. Watson and L. M. Miranda will work together on a new project.
4) Hamilton and the Harry Potter films have something in common.
The slave’s Russian descendants believe that the slave
1) had Russian royal blood in him.
2) was Peter the Great’s godfather.
3) belonged to the royal family in his native land.
4) was a close friend of the English royal family.
Показать
1
According to the narrator, the biography of Pushkin’s ancestor turned into a novel because Pushkin
1) didn’t like the true biographical facts he had discovered.
2) found it impossible to stick to the facts that were doubtful.
3) could not do without describing fictional events.
4) found the true facts of the slave’s biography uninspiring.
2
The narrator’s objective in writing the book was to
1) write a new version of the novel ‘The Negro of Peter the Great’.
2) continue the story from where it was left unfinished.
3) interpret the storyteller’s attitude to his ancestor.
4) prove that Pushkin’s ancestor was an African prince.
3
The narrator says that his research for the book
1) brought him to Russia to work as a journalist.
2) made him go to the war in Afghanistan.
3) led him to take part in the war in Africa.
4) brought him to a river bank in Africa.
4
The lesson that the narrator learnt from his arrest was
1) not to use a camera and compass at the frontline.
2) to avoid speaking to people in his best posh English accent.
3) not to distort information about real events.
4) never to tell people about his research.
5
The narrator says that his journeys
1) helped him find some traces of the past.
2) extended his sympathy to a ‘stolen legacy’.
3) deepened his understanding of the concept of intellectual wars.
4) turned out to be the main contents of his book.
6
The narrator points out that at the time of Gannibal
1) negro slaves played a variety of roles in the theatre.
2) black slaves were like stage extras in royal processions.
3) many Africans made a brilliant career at the court.
4) Africans were not a novelty in the capital of Russia.
Всего: 26 1–20 | 21–26
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6. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15–А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. |
Avoidance activity
I am in Birmingham, sitting in a cafe opposite a hairdresser’s. I’m trying to find the courage to go in and book an appointment. I’ve been here three quarters of an hour and I am on my second large cappuccino. The table I’m sitting at has a wobble, so I’ve spilt some of the first cup and most of the second down the white trousers I was so proud of as I swanked in front of the mirror in my hotel room this morning.
I can see the hairdressers or stylists as they prefer to be called, as they work. There is a man with a ponytail who is perambulating around the salon, stopping now and then to frown and grab a bank of customer’s hair. There are two girl stylists: one has had her white blonde hair shaved and then allowed it explode into hundreds of hedgehog’s quills; the other has hair any self-respecting woman would scalp for: thick and lustrous. All three are dressed in severe black. Even undertakers allow themselves to wear a little white on the neck and cuffs, but undertakers don’t take their work half as seriously, and there lies the problem. I am afraid of hairdressers.
When I sit in front of the salon mirror stuttering and blushing, and saying that I don’t know what I want, I know I am the client from hell. Nobody is going to win Stylist of the year with me as a model.
‘Madam’s hair is very th …’,they begin to say ‘thin’, think better of it and change it for ‘fine’—ultimately, coming out with the hybrid word ‘thine’. I have been told my hair is ‘thine’ many times. Are they taught to use it at college? Along with other conversational openings, depending on the season: ‘Done your Christmas shopping?’ ‘Going away for Easter?’ ‘Booked your summer holiday?’ ‘You are brown, been way?’ ‘Nights are drawing in, aren’t they?’ ‘Going away for Christmas?’
I am hopeless at small talk (and big talk). I’m also averse to looking at my face in a mirror for an hour and a half. I behave as though I am a prisoner on the run.
I’ve looked at wigs in stores, but I am too shy to try them on, and I still remember the horror of watching a bewigged man jump into a swimming pool and then seeing what looked like a medium sized rodent break the surface and float on the water. He snatched at his wig, thrust it anyhow on top of his head and left the pool. I didn’t see him for the rest of the holiday.
There is a behavior trait that a lot of writers share—it is called avoidance activity. They will do anything to avoid starting to write: clean a drain, phone their mentally confused uncle in Peru, change the cat’s litter tray. I’m prone to this myself, in summer I deadhead flowers, even lobelia. In winter I’ll keep a fire going stick by stick, anything to put off the moment of scratching marks on virgin paper.
I am indulging an avoidance activity now. I’ve just ordered another cappuccino, I’ve given myself a sever talking: For God’s sake, woman! You are forty-seven years of age. Just cross the road, push the salon door open, and ask for an appointment!
It didn’t work. I’m now in my room, and I have just given myself a do-it-yourself hairdo, which consisted of a shampoo, condition and trim, with scissors on my Swiss army knife.
I can’t wait to get back to the Toni & Guy salon in Leicester. The staff there haven’t once called my hair ‘thine’ and they can do wonders with the savagery caused by Swiss army knife scissors.
|
The narrator was afraid to enter the hairdresser’s because she |
Perlov Tea House, photographed in the 1960th
Perlov tea house, photographed in 2010
The bright building on Myasnitskaya street stands out among others and attracts passersby with its non-typical elements for Russian architecture. Its dragons and pagodas are characteristic features of Chinese style. Then how such a Chinese House appeared in Moscow?
In the 1890s one of the most successful tea merchant Sergey Perlov decided to build a house with tea and coffee shop on the first floor. The present appearance this edifice obtained in 1896 when it was redecorated due to the arrival of a notable Chinese trader.The owner of Russian tea firm, Sergey Perlov strived to win attention of an important Chinese guest to negotiate a contract for tea delivery. He failed though the building won the attention of Muscovites who became constant customers of this tea store.
It Soviet period of time the upper floors of this house were turned into communal flats (one family-one room, kitchen and toilet facilities are shared), the first floor remained the tea shop. In 90th the deteriorating building was renovated and given back to the descendants of Perlov family.
Perlov tea house is one of the landmark included in a driving tour of Moscow which you can take on your city break in Moscow.
Bridge The Time Gap
The construction of Moscow State University. Moscow, 1951-52. source: www.oldmos.ru
Moscow state University. Moscow, 2009
Red Square Moscow, 1987
Red Square Moscow, 2009
Fedor Alexeev. Red Square. Moscow, 19th century
Red Square Moscow, 21st century
Christ the Savior Catherdal, Moscow, the end of the 19th century
Christ the Svior Cathedral, Moscow, 2009
The church of the iceon of Mother of God of Kazan. Moscow 1900s.
Kaluzhskaya square. Moscow 2009
Rumantsev museum (former Pashkov house). Moscow traffic, 1902
Pashkov house. Moscow traffic, 2009
Red Square, Moscow, 1937. sourse: www.oldmos.ru
Red Square, Moscow, 2009
F.Alexeev. The view on the Resurrection Gates. Moscow, 1811.
The Resurrection gates and the History museum. Moscow, 2009
Moscva swimming pool. Moscow, 1960-s
Christ the Savior Cathedral. Moscow, 2009
Gogol’s sculpture by Andreev on Preshistensky bulvar. Moscow, 1909
Gogol’s sculpture by Tomsky on Gogolevsky bulvar. Moscow, 2009
Market on Red Square, Moscow, 1910 source: www.oldmos.ru
Gift market near Red Square, Moscow, 2009
Red Square, Moscow, 1900
Red Square, Moscow, 2010
National hotel, Moscow, 1895
National hotel, Moscow, 2009
Church of St. John the Warrior, Moscow, 1888 source:oldmos.ru
Church of St. John the Warrior, Moscow, 2010
The church of Saint Nicholas, Moscow, 1974
The church of Saint Nicholas, Moscow, 2010
Kitay-gorod wall, Varvarka gates, Moscow, 1920
Beginning of Varvarka street, Moscow, 2010
The Trinity Church in Nikitniki, Moscow, 1881
The Trinity Church in Nikitniki, Moscow, 2010
Malaya Dmitrovka street, Moscow, 1910
Malaya Dmitrovka street, Moscow, 2010
Eliseevsky grocery story, photo early XX century
Eliseevsky grocery nowadays
The house of governor-general, Moscow, beginning of the 20th century
Moscow Mayor’s office, Moscow, 2010
The synagogue on Bolshaya Bronnaya, Moscow, 1888
The synagogue on Bolshaya Bronnaya, Moscow, 2010
Arbatskaya square, Moscow, 1925
Arbatskaya square, Moscow, 2010
The view on the Kremlin, Moscow, 1890s
The view on the Kremlin, Moscow, 2010
Kuznetsky most street, Moscow, 1900
Kuznetsky most street, Moscow, 2010
Tretyakov drive, Moscow, 1900
Tretyakov Drive, Moscow, 2010
Lubanskaya squre, Moscow, 1928
Lubanskaya squre, Moscow, 2010
Dzerzhinsky monument, Moscow, 1971
Lubanskaya squre, Moscow, 2010
Moscow University and Church of St Tatyana, Moscow, 1906
Moscow University and Church of St Tatyana, Moscow, 2010
General Post offfice, Moscow, early 20th century
General Post offfice, Moscow, 2010
Sukhareva Tower
Sretenka Street
The Sofia Embankment, Moscow, 1957 source: oldmos.ru
The Sofia Embankment, Moscow, 2010
Moscow Zoo, Moscow, 1934
Moscow Zoo, Moscow, 2010
Moscow tram, Moscow, 1933. source: oldmos.ru
Moscow tram, Moscow, 2010
Limonade machines, Moscow 1989
Coca cola kiosk, Moscow, 2010
M. Vorobjov. The view of Manege, Kutafia tower and the church of St. Nickolas, Moscow, 1917
Manege, Kutafia and Trinity towers, Moscow, 2010
Red Square, Moscow, 1872
Red Square, Moscow, 2010
Nikolaevsky train station,
Leningradsky train station
Yaroslavsky train station, postcard
Yaroslavsky train station, photograph, 2010
Yaroslavsky train station before 1902
Yaroslavsky train station,2010
Tsaritsino, The Grand Palace, Moscow, 1990s
Tsaritsino, The Grand Palace, Moscow, 2008
Alexey Mikhailovich palace, engraving
Alexey Mikhailovich palace, photo 2010
Petrovsky palace, Moscow, 1910
Petrovsky palace, Moscow, 2010
Wine and Salt Court, photographed in early 1900
House on the embankment, 2000
Nobility’s Assembly Rooms, Moscow, 1895-1903
House of the Unions, Moscow, 2008
Ascention convent, Moscow 1890-1900
Administration of the president, 2000
Red Gates, Moscow, 1920s
Garden ring, Moscow, 2010
Salmanovsky circus, Moscow 1900
Moscow Nkulin circus, Moscow, 2010
‘The Thought’ by Mercurov on Tsvetnoy bulvar, Moscow, 1926
‘St George’ obelisk onTsvetnoy bulvar, Moscow, 2010
Moscow city hall, Moscow, early 20th century
Moscow History museum, Moscow, 2010
The Moskva Hotel, photographed in 1970-80s
The Moskva Hotel, photographed in 2010
Ilinka gates, Moscow 1910s
Ilinka gates square, Moscow, 2009
Okhotny Ryad, Moscow, 1931
Okhotny Ryad, Moscow, 2009
The National and Inturist hotels, Moscow, 1980s
The National and Rits Carlton hotels, Moscow, 2010
The Russia hotel, Moscow, 1980
Varvarka street, Moscow, 2010
The house of boyars Romanovs, Moscow, 1905, source: www.oldmos.ru
The house of boyars Romanovs, Moscow, 2010
Skating rink on Chistye Prudy, 1910
Skating rink on Chistye Prudy, 2005
Detsky Mir, 2006
Lubyanka square, 1900-1910
Tsar Bell, Moscow, late 19th century
Tsar Bell, Moscow, 2010
This house in Chinese style was built for the tea merchant Sergei Vasilievich Perlov who left the family tea trade company in order to establish his own business. He bought the land on Myasnitskaya Street in the center of Moscow in 1875, and began to build the new house on it in 1891. The construction was finished by 1893. The first floor was for Perlov’s tea shop, and other two floors were used for profitable apartments and the host’s own habitation.
The front side of newly built house was redecorated in the Chinese style in some years. Little tower in form of pagoda appeared and front side was decorated with molded dragons, snakes, Chinese umbrellas and lanterns. Some materials were even brought directly from China. It was made before the visit of the Chinese Ambassador Li Hongzhang, who should visit Moscow for Nikolai II and Alexandra Fyodorovna coronation. Perlov thought that it might be useful for his business but the Ambassador stopped at Perlov’s brother’s and competitor’s house. But thanks to this case now we have a beautiful exotic building right in the city center, as if it came right from another part of the world.
Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.
Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster
Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.
The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’
The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .
In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.
In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .
At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .
The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
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through a small hole in the floor
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through the hole for the hamster
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and locked the runaway hamster
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to come out of the hole
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to look after the pet
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to try and locate the missing hamster
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and left it under the floorboards
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Task 2
Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’
If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.
Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .
Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .
The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .
They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.
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just overfill your stomach
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could be bad for your weight
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have a habit of eating quickly
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linked to obesity
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eat as slowly as possible
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put on weight
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learned at a very early age
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Task 3
Hi-Tech Brings Families Together
Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.
Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .
Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.
The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.
Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.
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than any other group
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watching television
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in the company of someone else
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than two computers in the home
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communicated with their families
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helping them communicate
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owning a mobile
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Task 4
The Power of ‘Hello’
I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .
When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .
After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.
At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.
At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .
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it has become a way of life.
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when it passes you on the street.
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when you see him and talk to him.
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and it lets them come into mine, too.
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so I did not pay any attention to him.
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however small or simple the greeting is.
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how far he thought I could go in his company.
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Task 5
Friendship and Love
A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.
I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.
I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .
When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.
This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .
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but we did anyway.
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whenever a need arises.
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they did not really care.
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whenever they need your help.
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could not guarantee would even last.
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am eternally grateful for a second chance.
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someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.
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Task 6
Mobile phones
On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .
At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .
Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.
When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.
The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.
The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.
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trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text
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that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people
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and relying instead on actual call charges
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that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century
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the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items
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and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK
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the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks
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Task 7
London Zoo
London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.
Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.
That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .
In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.
Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .
Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!
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such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs
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as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo
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which take place every day, from
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because they see and touch them close up
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despite the serious side to our work
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which demand much time and effort
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that is not counting every ant in the colony
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Task 8
‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original
Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.
The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.
Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.
The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.
The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.
Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.
Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»
He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».
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which could reveal
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which they stood
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which it was once made up
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that this stretch of the river Avon
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that there might have been something
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that it should be considered as integral part
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that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge
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Task 9
Australia
Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.
Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.
B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.
From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.
The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.
West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.
The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.
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that once stood here
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that is almost continent long
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whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania
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whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable
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whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges
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Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper
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Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area
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Task 10
Scotland Yard
Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.
Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.
One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.
An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.
There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.
There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.
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which is contacted by radio
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that familiar figure of the London scene
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for they are accustomed to military bands
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which possesses its own separate police force
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which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits
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that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice
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whereas the same search would take six men an hour
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Task 11
Harry Potter course for university students
Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.
The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.
A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.
The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”
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up for the optional module, part of
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to emerge four or five years ago to see
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to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in
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such as the response of the writer
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including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in
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to growing demand from the student
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such as the moral universe of the school
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Task 12
Laughing and evolution
The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.
The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.
“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”
Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.
Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.
To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”
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whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did
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to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes
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that laughter is a uniquely human trait
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that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos
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that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor
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while their caretakers tickled them
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to trace the origin of laughter back
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Task 13
Nenets culture affected by global warming
For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.
But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .
“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.
Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.
Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .
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when the ice was finally thick enough to cross
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that the impact on Russia would be disastrous
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the environment is under pressure
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and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us
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and set up their camps in the southern forests
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that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting
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when the reindeer give birth in May
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Task 14
Duration of life and its social implications
The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.
The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.
The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.
“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”
Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.
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which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country
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alarm about these changes
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a huge shift towards an ageing population
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change is due to
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while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications
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which shows the balance between working-age people and the older
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as proportions of older people increase in most countries
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Task 15
Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes
St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .
The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.
However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.
The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .
They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.
They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.
The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.
«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.
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either a Maasai or a Kamba man
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who do not hunt elephants
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when they detected the smell of clothes
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who carried out the research
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the amount of risk they sense
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spearing elephants
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when they spotted red but not white cloth
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Task 16
Culture and customs
In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.
Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.
Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”
Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.
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to perform other actions
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outnumber traditional telephones
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to communicate with each other
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combined with the Internet
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to serve basic needs
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banned in some countries
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carry in our pockets
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Task 17
My Stage
My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.
I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .
My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.
My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.
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like she was a rag doll
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whether I was good at it or not
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wished I, too, could be on stage
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and I designed the rest
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and I was star struck
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so Heather could do her tap routine
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because she got to go to dance lessons
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Task 18
Cat’s punctuality
Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.
She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .
An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .
She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .
It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.
Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.
Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .
She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .
His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.
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on the look-out for more treats
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from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT
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to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home
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on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away
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to identify if anyone had bumped into him
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when her son is having a lie-in
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collected by car every morning
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Task 19
Do you speak English?
When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.
Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .
If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .
Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .
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whatever it costs
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most excellent impression
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you have never heard of before, and nobody else either
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in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives
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would never know it really well
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far from being the whole vocabulary of the language
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and all this
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Task 20
Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.
The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .
He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.
In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .
Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .
It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .
And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .
Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.
Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .
Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.
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which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
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which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
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which is invisible to the human eye.
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who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
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so it has a clear view of space.
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because many stars are in clouds of gas.
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but where it is.
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Task 21
The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .
Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.
The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .
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and finally measure them.
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since it was heard 3,000 miles away.
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and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.
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that loud sound is of high intensity.
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as they study mechanical forces.
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as a painful sensation in the ear.
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that the unaided human ear can detect.
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Task 22
Chocolate
Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.
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the chocolate consumed today is made
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that chocolate, eaten in moderation
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central and southern America for
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of the world’s most popular flavours
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hand contains no cocoa solids and
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cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have
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many countries worldwide at
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Task 23
Reality TV
Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.
Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .
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due to basic human instinct that
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is still early to judge
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are simply the cycles of fashion
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but more usually the stars are members
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that the television phenomenon
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is a type of programme that
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seem to have disappeared
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Task 24
Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University
Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.
Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.
In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.
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who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea
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to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy
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a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind
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favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science
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the contemporary European powers in
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are marked by special events and festivities at
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famous among all educated people
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Task 25
Window Shopping
The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!
Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.
But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.
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not like to spend our time
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that it’s probably not quite
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that particular day turned
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our real shopping in
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sometimes go shopping for real
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anything you want and there is
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but when we are together
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Task 26
The Hotel
“Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.
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me to take a print of your credit card
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points poured out smoothly, no verbal
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if I would even see her when
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although it seemed virtually identical
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so sure was I that nobody would
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me to help you with your luggage
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as if I am being processed like a product
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Task 27
Lindsay Wildlife Museum
Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.
Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.
The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.
After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.
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that a permanent, year-round site was necessary
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as well as field trips focused on the natural world
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many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising
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that had been injured or orphaned because of intense
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that needed public attention and a new building
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as well as teach children and adults about nature
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through education programmes and on-site tours
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Task 28
America’s fun place on America’s main street
If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.
Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.
A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.
Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.
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that are offered to the visitors
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its glamorous past and fun-filled present
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as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences
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by joining our e-community
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that was sweeping the country
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celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War
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to learn more about American history
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Task 29
Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops
The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.
The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.
«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.
Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»
A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»
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that it was researching the system of funding education after 16
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260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000
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but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced
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that inspire young people is immeasurable
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but an increasing shortage of work experience means
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that young people should stay on at school, as
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but a lot more of it is being done online
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Task 30
Lots of fun in Cardiff
As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.
Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.
In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.
There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.
The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.
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from international names to family-run guest houses
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joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians
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having their summer holidays in Cardiff
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that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers
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which features music, film, literature and graphics
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from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations
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beating with dance and theatrical performances
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Task 31
Changing image
For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.
Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.
Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.
The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.
The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.
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as well as resources on art, technology and drama
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as well as the idols of popular music and the icons
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who is sitting to determine exact measurements
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ranging from special effects to fully animated figures
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ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment
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that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity
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who are eager to help in any possible way they can
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Task 32
Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working
Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»
The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»
Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»
As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.
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and things would be different if everyone was given the chance
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which let me know he approved of me
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and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays
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which I needed to become a professional skier
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which I would happily spend as I liked
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that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex
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but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons
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Task 33
Orient Express
In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.
By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.
In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.
Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.
Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.
Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.
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elegant meals were served to passengers
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to use trains for long distance travel and vacations
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who rode the train
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who wrote about it
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which connected Switzerland and Italy
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that served dishes and wines
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there was no money
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Task 34
Arizona’s world class cruise
Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.
Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.
All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.
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that nature has ever created in the wild
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that none of the others have
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hovering over the magnificent lake
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who retells the legends of the mysterious past
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for yourself why there is nothing quite
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who pays much attention to children’s safety
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continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925
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Task 35
US Congress
The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.
It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.
Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.
C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.
In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.
The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.
But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.
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as party influence has declined
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against the spirit of the Constitution
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being so large (435 members)
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empowered to make laws
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unlike the British Parliament
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by which the business of Congress is carried on
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who in turn are elected by the full party membership
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Task 36
The Trailblazers
In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.
Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.
Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.
Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.
To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.
More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.
As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.
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to spread U.S. ideas and government
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for the first time in history
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thus replacing them forever
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as territories became interdependent
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the use of covered wagons
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by taking land from Native peoples
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forming the largest mass migration in history
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Task 37
A Young Mayor
This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.
An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”
Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.
Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.
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who is not a member of any political party
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that our village would be protected from outside interests
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but it was not a total shock to her
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being a politics student at the university
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so she can do her job as mayor properly
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who is only just old enough to vote herself
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will have to find time for her work as mayor
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Task 38
Is there enough to say?
They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.
And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.
But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?
In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.
In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.
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has been developed very quickly
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not understand why they are doing it for
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as Americans call them
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riding halfway across the country on a horse
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just because they can
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can also be used to take and send photos
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fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone
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Task 39
Promoting language learning
The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.
The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.
Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.
The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.
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and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
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which includes language teaching and learning
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cinemas and television in other EU countries
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which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
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funding a number of educational programmes
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and encouraging people to learn new languages
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where details about the application procedures are given
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Task 40
Starting your own business
What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.
If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.
Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.
Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.
If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.
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the essentials of starting
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that awaits when you step
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trials and tribulations of employment
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establishing and conducting
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preparing a business plan
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waiting to be acquired
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undertaking the commercial activity
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Task 41
Archaeology done underwater
Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.
Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine
archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.
Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.
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that existed long before the invention of writing
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that nearly every object made by humans
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what those people were really like
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which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring
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that it is the study of archaeology done underwater
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and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities
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and what was discovered underwater
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Task 42
Visiting the Royal Parks
London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.
The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.
The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.
Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.
The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.
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that are displayed during the nesting season
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while the city has grown up around them
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and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives
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where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead
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who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing
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who does not know the route to the place of destination
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that take cyclists away from traffic
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Task 43
The Survival of the Welsh Language
Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.
Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.
By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.
Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.
In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.
By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!
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as well as education and the law
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the only one of a number of allied languages that remain
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with radio and the English press further speeding the decline
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many being able to speak Welsh only
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where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner
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apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools
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bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain
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Task 44
Secrets of Long Life
There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?
«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.
Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.
«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.
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make it a healthy diet
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other parts of the world
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four times higher than the average
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have a cultural tradition
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sends a signal to the body
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the rest of the population
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makes the body protect itself
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Task 45
Beaches of Portugal
Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.
The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.
In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.
Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.
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where one can enjoy close contact with
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which meet every need of their users
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than to discover them once for oneself
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who has never been to this wonderful city
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which is ideal for various water sports
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to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs
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who have different options around the capital
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Task 46
The Joy of Reading
Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.
First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.
Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.
Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.
Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.
There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.
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try to avoid the boredom of life
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that has consistently remained part of society
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that they are not alone
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going through something difficult
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without having to bear any responsibility
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that range from unlikely to impossible
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at your own pace
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Task 47
Peter and Paul Fortress
The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.
Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.
The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.
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as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg
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which was designed by D. Trezzini
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which was the burial place of Russian
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and reminding of the rich history of the city
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as the most protected part of the city
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which is located on the spire of the cathedral
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that are located at the corners
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Task 48
Surviving in a Desert
A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.
Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.
Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.
There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.
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which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
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whenever it rains
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to find water as far as 25 metres away
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which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
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to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
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even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
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that help them to live in the desert
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Task 49
Nevsky Prospect
Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.
After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.
Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.
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and hotels there or nearby the avenue
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showing the original width of the avenue
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which was not as straight as it was planned
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which were built by famous architects and
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connecting these two important structures with
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and a few rows of trees were planted along the street
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as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America
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Task 50
Whales in a Noisy Ocean
Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.
Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.
One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.
It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.
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in using underwater microphones
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to locate food and find their way
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result in injury and even death
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track and identify their habitats
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to filter out food from the water
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to provide a platform for marine research
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when large numbers come ashore
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Task 51
Unique nature of Kamchatka
Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.
Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes
in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.
Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.
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which are depicted on most souvenirs there
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so it is necessary to monitor it all the time
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who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears
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which has the second largest concentration of
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to be a place of many water sources
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to be a popular nature reserve and health resort
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that makes it a place to visit when
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Task 52
The life of Pi
«The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.
At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.
When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.
Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!
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read the book to find out what happens
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some food and water on the lifeboat
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his knowledge of animals to control the tiger
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received an award for being strong
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sold seven million copies worldwide
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learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry
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a terrible storm and the ship sinks
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Task 53
Santa Claus
The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.
St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.
In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.
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began to advertise Christmas shopping
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became the subject of many legends
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began dressing up unemployed men in
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was only a matter of time
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appeared in American popular culture
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Task 54
Welcome to the Smithsonian
When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.
The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.
Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.
The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.
The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.
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that is carried on regularly in each of the museums
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providing different materials in the arts, science and
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placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history
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that has been established within the Smithsonian complex
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which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images
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and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on
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and two museums are situated in New York City
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Task 55
National Gallery of Art
The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.
The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.
The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.
The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.
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which is now called the West building
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that the gallery brings daily profit to the country
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who are willing to share their possessions with the public
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who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country
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as well as partnership with private organizations
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that the gallery is open daily and free of charge
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as well as an advanced research centre and an art library
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Task 56
Healthy school meals
Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.
Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.
Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.
Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by D ______________.
Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.
The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.
Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”
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such as Easter and Christmas
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visiting a local farm
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local, fresh and organic where possible
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provide good quality food
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definitely improve after a good meal
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and about 100 bags are sold each day
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when the school was awarded
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Task 57
Walking is not enough to keep fit
Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.
Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.
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part in the project
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taking exercise
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gave marked health benefits
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in fitness levels
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on simply getting people to take exercise
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not enough to get fit
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a compromise between physiology and psychology
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Task 58
Double-decker Bus
A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».
Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.
Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.
In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.
Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.
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double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists
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use double-decker buses for public transport
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double-decker city buses are less common
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where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster
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their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities
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have an open upper deck
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where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport
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Task 59
Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being
I believe we are not alone.
Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____.
All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____.
For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone.
There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____.
All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____.
The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.
You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.
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I never quite leave home
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but human nature does not
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that we are now harvesting
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but we as well as our heart did not
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not worse than those who came before us
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just as the farmers who came before me did
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that our ancestors have gone through this before
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Task 60
The Show Begins
My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.
I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.
The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.
Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!
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I could be playing down there someday
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and set real close together
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which were so old and posh
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and he had a beard and moustache
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I wasn’t that good at music
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getting ready and warming up
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laughing and chattering away
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Task 61
Scouting moves ahead
The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.
For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.
It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.
Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.
Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.
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who are more interested in the past
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and girls in blue uniforms
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that were generally better
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was not particularly unusual as
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went on camping expeditions
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interact with other people
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had become a popular activity
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Task 62
Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way
Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.
Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.
While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.
Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!
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takes a lot of time and effort to tan
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have been turning to tanning beds
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they are actually quite classy accessories
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better to avoid indoor tanning
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have inspired people to get their skin checked
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will eventually turn into a tan
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has taken the healthy out of healthy glow
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Task 63
Grant-making agency
The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.
NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.
The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.
NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.
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who is appointed by the president
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but of other countries of the world
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but in every aspect of social sciences
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who are also appointed by the president
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who have been living in the U.S. for three years
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as well as to individual scholars of the humanities
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as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources
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Task 64
The Bonfire Night
The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!
The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.
Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!
When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.
After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!
This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!
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differences in traditions
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children and hope that they
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the day for fireworks lovers
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the explosion lights up the sky
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feels like the first time I’ve seen
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waits at home though: sparklers
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lit and the smell of smoke creeps
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Task 65
Earth-sheltered homes
Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.
The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.
The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.
Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.
As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.
Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.
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are built on the ground
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are usually very organic
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is being built facing south
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being environmentally friendly
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building materials and lifestyle
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is that these homes are safe from fire
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can be difficult due to the construction
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Task 66
Australia
Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.
First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.
In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.
Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.
Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.
One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!
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Australia is one of the most
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were born in other countries
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Australia also defines itself by
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many animal species that occur here
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may have travelled from Asia across
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thousands of new immigrants, and by
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were criminals sent to live in Australia
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Task 67
Living nature in Madeira
Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.
The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.
The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.
Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.
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which is felt all year round
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which take place in Madeira all year round
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where the largest laurel forest in the world
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admiring the coastline from a different perspective
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where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna
-
choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty
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that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving
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Task 68
Wild animals in cities
Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?
Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.
In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.
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cause lots of problems
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in the city and take them back
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walk in the street and cause traffic
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hurt in car accidents and the sugar in
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strong animals and sometimes they scare
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have been many reports in newspapers and
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have told people to stop giving the pigs food and
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Task 69
Europe’s best hidden gems
There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland A __________.
Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre, B __________ old buildings.
The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.
Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!
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but showed evidence of an early human housing
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to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal
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as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China
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but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and
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who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage
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combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea
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who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century
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Task 70
Beautiful cities of Italy
The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.
The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.
The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.
In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.
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that is the largest in Venice
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which was built in the early I century
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that everyone is dreaming about this trip
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which is comparable with modern stadiums
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which are сonnected by more than 150 canals
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the venue for major international festivals
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that time it produced a lot of attractions
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Task 71
City of fountains
Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.
The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.
According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.
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and from the sea has been firmly ensured
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which is a former royal countryside residence
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who designs many royal residences in Europe
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and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century
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who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls
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that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland
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and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle
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Task 72
Sights of Sochi
Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.
Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.
Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea.
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and the views that open from it
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which is built on the top to give visitors
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when the subtropical resort is almost empty
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which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
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enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling
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when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”
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including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons
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Task 73
Saint Petersburg
A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.
St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.
Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.
St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty.
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that is built on hundreds of islands
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or during the dazzling white nights in summer
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it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great
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or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers
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that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg
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of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe
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including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks
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Task 74
State Hermitage Museum
The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.
The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings.
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that they are particularly interested in
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that they have time to catch all the collection’s
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and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste
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which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from
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that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit
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which was the official residence of the Russian emperors
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and the exhibition was often visited by military historians
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Task 75
Letniy Sad
Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.
Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.
Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.
In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays.
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and restorers have done everything possible to keep
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combining the features of urban and suburban estates
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which are planned to be the centre of scientific research
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which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists
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but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood
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and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band
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and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal
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