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Record Examination: General Test

Acronym	GRE
Type	Computer-based or paper-based standardized test
Developer / administrator	Educational Testing Service
Knowledge / skills tested	Analytical writing, quantitative reasoning and verbal reasoning.
Purpose	Admissions to master’s and doctoral degree programs in various universities
Year started	1936; 87 years ago
Duration	About 3 hours and 45 minutes (includes 1-minute breaks after each section and a 10-minute break after third section)
Score / grade range	Analytical writing: 0.0 to 6.0 (in 0.5-point increments), Verbal reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1-point increments), Quantitative reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1-point increments).
Score / grade validity	5 years
Offered	Computer-based test: Multiple times a year (depends on availability of the test center) Paper-based test: Up to 3 times a year in October, November and February[1]
Restrictions on attempts	Computer-based test: Can be taken only once after 21 days from the day of exam in every year. Maximum of 5 times a year. (Applies even if candidate cancels scores on a test taken previously.)[2] Paper-based test: Can be taken as often as it is offered.[2]
Countries / regions	About 1,000 test centers in more than 160 countries[3]
Languages	English
Annual number of test takers	341,574 (T.Y. 2021-22)[4]
Prerequisites / eligibility criteria	No official prerequisite. Intended for bachelor’s degree graduates and undergraduate students who are about to graduate. Fluency in English assumed.
Fee	US$ 205[5] (Limited offers of «Fee Reduction Program» for U.S. citizens or resident aliens who demonstrate financial need, and for national programs in United States that work with underrepresented groups.[6])
Scores / grades used by	Most graduate schools in USA, and in a few other countries
Website	www.ets.org/gre

The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for many graduate schools^[7] in the United States and Canada^[8] and a few other countries. The GRE is owned and administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS).^[9] The test was established in 1936 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.^[10]

According to ETS, the GRE aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills that have been acquired over a long period of learning. The content of the GRE consists of certain specific data analysis or interpretation, arguments and reasoning, algebra, geometry, arithmetic, and vocabulary sections. The GRE General Test is offered as a computer-based exam administered at testing centers and institution owned or authorized by Prometric. In the graduate school admissions process, the level of emphasis that is placed upon GRE scores varies widely between schools and departments within schools. The importance of a GRE score can range from being a mere admission formality to an important selection factor.

The GRE was significantly overhauled in August 2011, resulting in an exam that is not adaptive on a question-by-question basis, but rather by section, so that the performance on the first verbal and math sections determines the difficulty of the second sections presented (excluding the experimental section). Overall, the test retained the sections and many of the question types from its predecessor, but the scoring scale was changed to a 130 to 170 scale (from a 200 to 800 scale).^[11]

The cost to take the test is US$205,^[5] although ETS will reduce the fee under certain circumstances.^[6] It also provides financial aid to those GRE applicants who prove economic hardship.^[12] ETS does not release scores that are older than five years, although graduate program policies on the acceptance of scores older than five years will vary.

Once almost universally required for admission to Ph.D. science programs in the U.S., its use for that purpose has fallen precipitously.^[13]

History[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

The Graduate Record Examinations was «initiated in 1936 as a joint experiment in higher education by the graduate school deans of four Ivy League universities and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.»^[10]

The first universities to experiment the test on their students were Harvard University, Yale University, Princeton University and Columbia University.^[14] The University of Wisconsin was the first public university to ask their students to take the test in 1938.^[15] It was first given to students at the University of Iowa in 1940, where it was analysed by psychologist Dewey Stuit.^[14] It was first taken by students at Texas Tech University in 1942.^[16] In 1943, it was taken by students at Michigan State University, where it was analyzed by Paul Dressel.^[17] It was taken by over 45,000 students applying to 500 colleges in 1948.^[10]

«Until the Educational Testing Service was established in January, 1948, the Graduate Record Examination remained a project of the Carnegie Foundation.»^[10]

2011 revision[edit]

In 2006, ETS announced plans to make significant changes in the format of the GRE. Planned changes for the revised GRE included a longer testing time, a departure from computer-adaptive testing, a new grading scale, and an enhanced focus on reasoning skills and critical thinking for both the quantitative and qualitative sections.^[18]

On April 2, 2007, ETS announced the decision to cancel plans for revising the GRE.^[19] The announcement cited concerns over the ability to provide clear and equal access to the new test after the planned changes as an explanation for the cancellation. The ETS stated, however, that they do plan «to implement many of the planned test content improvements in the future», although specific details regarding those changes were not initially announced.

Changes to the GRE took effect on November 1, 2007, as ETS started to include new types of questions in the exam. The changes mostly centered on «fill in the blank» type answers for the mathematics section that requires the test-taker to fill in the blank directly, without being able to choose from a multiple choice list of answers. ETS announced plans to introduce two of these new types of questions in each quantitative section, while the majority of questions would be presented in the regular format.^[20]

Since January 2008, the Reading Comprehension within the verbal sections has been reformatted, passages’ «line numbers will be replaced with highlighting when necessary in order to focus the test taker on specific information in the passage» to «help students more easily find the pertinent information in reading passages.»^[21]

In December 2009, ETS announced plans to move forward with significant revisions to the GRE in 2011.^[22] Changes include a new 130–170 scoring scale, the elimination of certain question types such as antonyms and analogies, the addition of an online calculator, and the elimination of the CAT format of question-by-question adjustment, in favor of a section by section adjustment.^[23]

On August 1, 2011, the Revised GRE General test replaced General GRE test. The revised GRE is said to be better by design and provides a better test taking experience. The new types of questions in the revised format are intended to test the skills needed in graduate and business schools programs.^[24] From July 2012 onwards GRE announced an option for users to customize their scores called ScoreSelect.^[25]

Before October 2002[edit]

The earliest versions of the GRE tested only for verbal and quantitative ability. For a number of years before October 2002, the GRE had a separate Analytical Ability section which tested candidates on logical and analytical reasoning abilities. This section was replaced by the Analytical Writing Assessment.^[26][27]

Structure[edit]

The computer-based GRE General Test consists of six sections. The first section is always the analytical writing section involving separately timed issue and argument tasks. The next five sections consist of two verbal reasoning sections, two quantitative reasoning sections, and either an experimental or research section. These five sections may occur in any order. The experimental section does not count towards the final score but is not distinguished from the scored sections. Unlike the computer adaptive test before August 2011, the GRE General Test is a multistage test, where the examinee’s performance on earlier sections determines the difficulty of subsequent sections, using a technique known as computer-adaptive testing. This format allows the examined person to freely move back and forth between questions within each section, and the testing software allows the user to «mark» questions within each section for later review if time remains. The entire testing procedure lasts about 3 hours 45 minutes.^[28][29] One-minute breaks are offered after each section and a 10-minute break after the third section.

The paper-based GRE General Test also consists of six sections. The analytical writing is split up into two sections, one section for each issue and argument task. The next four sections consist of two verbal and two quantitative sections in varying order. There is no experimental section on the paper-based test.

Verbal section[edit]

The computer-based verbal sections assess reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and vocabulary usage. The verbal test is scored on a scale of 130–170, in 1-point increments. (Before August 2011, the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments.) In a typical examination, each verbal section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 30 minutes.^[28] Each verbal section consists of about 6 text completion, 4 sentence equivalence, and 10 critical reading questions. The changes in 2011 include a reduced emphasis on rote vocabulary knowledge and the elimination of antonyms and analogies. Text completion items have replaced sentence completions and new reading question types allowing for the selection of multiple answers were added.

Quantitative section[edit]

The computer-based quantitative sections assess basic high school level mathematical knowledge and reasoning skills. The quantitative test is scored on a scale of 130–170, in 1-point increments (Before August 2011 the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments). In a typical examination, each quantitative section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 35 minutes.^[28] Each quantitative section consists of about 8 quantitative comparisons, 9 problem solving items, and 3 data interpretation questions. The changes in 2011 include the addition of numeric entry items requiring the examinee to fill in the blank and multiple-choice items requiring the examinee to select multiple correct responses.^[30]

Analytical writing section[edit]

The analytical writing section consists of two different essays, an «issue task» and an «argument task». The writing section is graded on a scale of 0–6, in half-point increments. The essays are written on a computer using a word processing program specifically designed by ETS. The program allows only basic computer functions and does not contain a spell-checker or other advanced features. Each essay is scored by at least two readers on a six-point holist scale. If the two scores are within one point, the average of the scores is taken. If the two scores differ by more than a point, a third reader examines the response.

Issue Task[edit]

The test taker is given 30 minutes to write an essay about a selected topic.^[31] Issue topics are selected from a pool of questions, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.^[32]

Argument Task[edit]

The test taker will be given an argument (i.e. a series of facts and considerations leading to a conclusion) and asked to write an essay that critiques the argument. Test takers are asked to consider the argument’s logic and to make suggestions about how to improve the logic of the argument. Test takers are expected to address the logical flaws of the argument and not provide a personal opinion on the subject. The time allotted for this essay is 30 minutes.^[28] The Arguments are selected from a pool of topics, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.^[33]

Experimental section[edit]

The experimental section, which can be either verbal or quantitative, contains new questions ETS is considering for future use. Although the experimental section does not count towards the test-taker’s score, it is unidentified and appears identical to the scored sections. Because test takers have no definite way of knowing which section is experimental, it is typically advised that test takers try their best and be focused on every section. Sometimes an identified research section at the end of the test is given instead of the experimental section.^[34] There is no experimental section on the paper-based GRE.^[35]

Scoring[edit]

An examinee can miss one or more questions on a multiple-choice section and still receive a perfect score of 170. Likewise, even if no question is answered correctly, 130 is the lowest possible score.^[11] Verbal and qualitative reasoning scores are given in one-point increments, and analytical writing scores are given in half-point increments on a scale of 0 to 6.^[36][37]

Scaled score percentiles[edit]

The percentiles for the current General test and the concordance with the prior format^[38] are as follows. According to interpretive data published by ETS, from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018 about 2 million people have taken the test. Based on performance of individuals the mean and standard deviation of verbal section were 150.24 and 8.44. Whereas, mean and standard deviation for quantitative section were 153.07 and 9.24. Analytical writing has a mean of 3.55 with a standard deviation of 0.86.^[39]

Scaled score	Verbal reasoning percentile	Verbal prior scale	Quantitative reasoning percentile	Quantitative prior scale
170	99	760–800	96	800
169	99	740–750	94	800
168	98	720–730	92	800
167	98	710	89	800
166	97	700	87	800
165	96	680–690	85	790
164	94	660–670	83	790
163	92	650	80	780
162	90	630–640	78	770
161	88	620	75	770
160	85	600–610	72	760
159	82	590	69	750
158	79	570–580	65	740
157	75	560	62	730
156	72	540–550	59	720
155	67	530	55	700–710
154	63	510–520	51	690
153	59	500	48	680
152	53	480–490	44	660–670
151	50	460–470	40	640–650
150	45	450	36	630
149	40	430–440	33	610–620
148	36	420	29	590–600
147	32	410	25	570–580
146	28	390–400	22	550–560
145	25	380	18	530–540
144	22	370	15	500–520
143	19	350–360	13	480–490
142	16	340	11	460–470
141	14	330	9	430–450
140	11	320	7	400–420
139	9	310	6	380–390
138	8	300	4	350–370
137	6	290	3	330–340
136	5	280	3	300–320
135	4	280	2	280–290
134	3	270	1	260–270
133	2	260	1	240–250
132	2	250	<1	220–230
131	1	240	<1	200–210
130	<1	200–230	<1	200

Analytical Writing score	Writing % Below
6	99
5.5	98
5	92
4.5	81
4	57
3.5	39
3	15
2.5	7
2	2
1.5	1
1	<1
0.5	<1

«Field-wise distribution» of test takers is «limited to those who earned their college degrees up to two years before the test date.» ETS provides no score data for «non-traditional» students who have been out of school more than two years, although its own report «RR-99-16» indicated that 22% of all test takers in 1996 were over the age of 30.

GRE Subject Tests[edit]

In addition to the General Test, there are also four GRE Subject Tests testing knowledge in the specific areas of Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and Psychology. The length of each exam is 170 minutes.

In the past, subject tests were also offered in the areas of Computer Science, Economics, Revised Education, Engineering, Geology, History, Music, Political Science, Sociology, and Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. In April 1998, the Revised Education and Political Science exams were discontinued. In April 2000, the History and Sociology exams were discontinued; with Economics, Engineering, Music, and Geology being discontinued in April 2001.^[41] The Computer Science exam was discontinued after April 2013.^[42] Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was discontinued in December 2016. The GRE Biology Test and GRE Literature in English Test tests were discontinued in April 2021.^[43]

Use in admissions[edit]

Many graduate schools in the United States require GRE results as part of the admissions process. The GRE is a standardized test intended to measure all graduates’ abilities in tasks of general academic nature (regardless of their fields of specialization) and the extent to which undergraduate education has developed their verbal skills, quantitative skills, and abstract thinking.

In addition to GRE scores, admission to graduate schools depends on several other factors, such as GPA, letters of recommendation, and statements of purpose.^[44] Furthermore, unlike other standardized admissions tests (such as the SAT, LSAT, and MCAT), the use and weight of GRE scores vary considerably not only from school to school, but also from department to department and program to program.^[45] For instance, most business schools and economics programs require very high GRE or GMAT scores for entry, while engineering programs are known to allow more score variation. Liberal arts programs may only consider the applicant’s verbal score, while mathematics and science programs may only consider quantitative ability. Some schools use the GRE in admissions decisions, but not in funding decisions; others use it for selection of scholarship and fellowship candidates, but not for admissions. In some cases, the GRE may be a general requirement for graduate admissions imposed by the university, while particular departments may not consider the scores at all.^[46] Graduate schools will typically provide the average scores of previously admitted students and information about how the GRE is considered in admissions and funding decisions. In some cases, programs have hard cut off requirements for the GRE; for example, the Yale Economics PhD program requires a minimum quantitative score of 160 to apply.^[47] The best way to ascertain how a particular school or program evaluates a GRE score in the admissions process is to contact the person in charge of graduate admissions for the specific program in question.

In February 2016, the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law became the first law school to accept either the GRE or the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) from all applicants.^[48][49][50] The college made the decision after conducting a study showing that the GRE is a valid and reliable predictor of students’ first-term law school grades.

In the spring of 2017, Harvard Law School announced it was joining University of Arizona Law in accepting the GRE in addition to the LSAT from applicants to its three-year J.D. program.^[51]

After a trial cycle of GRE–free admissions for Fall 2021, University of California, Berkeley voted to drop the GRE requirement for most graduate program admissions for Fall 2022 as well.^[52] University of Michigan, Ann Arbor shortly followed announcing that they would drop the GRE requirements for Ph.D. admissions beginning with the 2022–23 admissions cycle.^[53] By late 2022, the trend had intensified.^[13]

MBA[edit]

GRE score can be used for MBA programs in some schools.

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a computer-adaptive standardized test in mathematics and the English language for measuring aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies.
Business schools commonly use the test as one of many selection criteria for admission into an MBA program. Starting in 2009, many business schools began accepting the GRE in lieu of a GMAT score. Policies varied widely for several years. However, as of the 2014–2015 admissions season, most business schools accept both tests equally. Either a GMAT score or a GRE score can be submitted for an application to an MBA program. Business schools also accept either score for their other (non-MBA) Masters and Ph.D. programs.

The primary issue on which business school test acceptance policies vary is in how old a GRE or GMAT score can be before it is no longer accepted. The standard is that scores cannot be more than 5 years old (e.g., Wharton,^[54] MIT Sloan,^[55] Columbia Business School^[56]).

Intellectual clubs[edit]

Some GRE scores (usually pre-2002 ones) are accepted as qualifying evidence to intellectual clubs such as Intertel,^[57] Mensa^[58] and the Triple Nine Society,^[59] the minimum passing score depending on the selectivity of the society and the time period when the test was taken. Intertel accepts scores in the 99th percentile^[how?] obtained after 2011, while Mensa and TNS do not accept any score post-September 2001.

Preparation[edit]

A variety of resources are available for those wishing to prepare for the GRE. ETS provides preparation software called PowerPrep, which contains two practice tests of retired questions, as well as further practice questions and review material. Since the software replicates both the test format and the questions used, it can be useful to predict the actual GRE scores. ETS does not license their past questions to any other company, making them the only source for official retired material. ETS used to publish the «BIG BOOK» which contained a number of actual GRE questions; however, this publishing was abandoned. Several companies provide courses, books, and other unofficial preparation materials.

Some students taking the GRE use a test preparation company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from university text books, GRE preparation books, sample tests, and free web resources.

Testing locations[edit]

While the general and subject tests are held at many undergraduate institutions, the computer-based general test can be held in over 1000 locations^[60] with appropriate technological accommodations. In the United States, students in major cities or from large universities will usually find a nearby test center, while those in more isolated areas may have to travel a few hours to an urban or university location. Many industrialized countries also have test centers, but at times test-takers must cross country borders.

Criticism[edit]

Bias[edit]

Algorithmic bias[edit]

Critics have claimed that the computer-adaptive methodology may discourage some test takers since the question difficulty changes with performance.^[61] For example, if the test-taker is presented with remarkably easy questions halfway into the exam, they may infer that they are not performing well, which will influence their abilities as the exam continues, even though question difficulty is subjective. By contrast, standard testing methods may discourage students by giving them more difficult items earlier on.

Critics have also stated that the computer-adaptive method of placing more weight on the first several questions is biased against test takers who typically perform poorly at the beginning of a test due to stress or confusion before becoming more comfortable as the exam continues.^[62] On the other hand, standard fixed-form tests could equally be said to be «biased» against students with less testing stamina since they would need to be approximately twice the length of an equivalent computer adaptive test to obtain a similar level of precision.^[63]

Implicit bias[edit]

The GRE has also been subjected to the same racial bias criticisms that have been lodged against other admissions tests. In 1998, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education noted that the mean score for black test-takers in 1996 was 389 on the verbal section, 409 on the quantitative section, and 423 on the analytic, while white test-takers averaged 496, 538, and 564, respectively.^[64] The National Association of Test Directors Symposia in 2004 stated a belief that simple mean score differences may not constitute evidence of bias unless the populations are known to be equal in ability.^[65] A more effective, accepted, and empirical approach is the analysis of differential test functioning, which examines the differences in item response theory curves for subgroups; the best approach for this is the DFIT framework.^[66]

Weak indicator of graduate school performance[edit]

The GREs are criticized for not being a true measure of whether a student will be successful in graduate school. Robert Sternberg (now of Cornell University;^[67] working at Yale University at the time of the study), a long-time critic of modern intelligence testing in general, found the GRE general test was weakly predictive of success in graduate studies in psychology.^[68] The strongest relationship was found for the now-defunct analytical portion of the exam.

The ETS published a report («What is the Value of the GRE?») that points out the predictive value of the GRE on a student’s index of success at the graduate level.^[69] The problem with earlier studies is the statistical phenomenon of restriction of range. A correlation coefficient is sensitive to the range sampled for the test. Specifically, if only students accepted to graduate programs are studied (in Sternberg & Williams and other research), the relationship is occluded. Validity coefficients range from .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA in ETS’ study.^[70]

Kaplan and Saccuzzo state that the criterion that the GRE best predicts is first-year grades in graduate school. However, this correlation is only in the high tens to low twenties. «If the test correlates with a criterion at the .4 level, then it accounts for 16% of the variability in that criterion, with the other 84% resulting from unknown factors and errors»^[71] (p. 303). Graduate schools may be placing too much importance on standardized tests rather than on factors that more fully account for graduate school success, such as prior research experience, GPAs, or work experience. While graduate schools do consider these areas, many times schools will not consider applicants that score below a current score of roughly 314 (1301 prior score). Kaplan and Saccuzzo also state that «the GRE predict[s] neither clinical skill nor even the ability to solve real-world problems» (p. 303).

In 2007, a study by a university found a correlation of .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA. The correlation between GRE score and graduate school completion rates ranged from .11 (for the now defunct analytical section) to .39 (for the GRE subject test). Correlations with faculty ratings ranged from .35 to .50.^[70]

Historical susceptibility to cheating[edit]

In May 1994, Kaplan, Inc warned ETS, in hearings before a New York legislative committee, that the small question pool available to the computer-adaptive test made it vulnerable to cheating. ETS assured investigators that it was using multiple sets of questions and that the test was secure. This was later discovered to be incorrect.^[72]

In December 1994, prompted by student reports of recycled questions, then Director of GRE Programs for Kaplan, Inc and current CEO of Knewton, Jose Ferreira led a team of 22 staff members deployed to 9 U.S. cities to take the exam. Kaplan, Inc then presented ETS with 150 questions, representing 70–80% of the GRE.^[73] According to early news releases, ETS appeared grateful to Stanley H. Kaplan, Inc for identifying the security problem. However, on December 31, ETS sued Kaplan, Inc for violation of a federal electronic communications privacy act, copyright laws, breach of contract, fraud, and a confidentiality agreement signed by test-takers on test day.^[74] On January 2, 1995, an agreement was reached out of court.

Additionally, in 1994, the scoring algorithm for the computer-adaptive form of the GRE was discovered to be insecure. ETS acknowledged that Kaplan, Inc employees, led by Jose Ferreira, reverse-engineered key features of the GRE scoring algorithms. The researchers found that a test taker’s performance on the first few questions of the exam had a disproportionate effect on the test taker’s final score. To preserve the integrity of scores, ETS revised its scoring and uses a more sophisticated scoring algorithm.

See also[edit]

• List of admissions tests

GRE Subject Tests:

• Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test discontinued December 2016^[75]
• GRE Biology Test discontinued May 2021^[75]
• GRE Chemistry Test
• GRE Literature in English Test discontinued May 2021^[75]
• GRE Mathematics Test
• GRE Physics Test
• GRE Psychology Test

Other tests:

• Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
• Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
• Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)
• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
• SAT
• ACT (test)
• Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
• International English Language Testing System (IELTS)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• GRE information website for residents of Mainland China, English version — by the Chinese National Education Examinations Authority
• GRE Vocabulary

Record Examination: General Test

Acronym	GRE
Type	Computer-based or paper-based standardized test
Developer / administrator	Educational Testing Service
Knowledge / skills tested	Analytical writing, quantitative reasoning and verbal reasoning.
Purpose	Admissions to master’s and doctoral degree programs in various universities
Year started	1936; 87 years ago
Duration	About 3 hours and 45 minutes (includes 1-minute breaks after each section and a 10-minute break after third section)
Score / grade range	Analytical writing: 0.0 to 6.0 (in 0.5-point increments), Verbal reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1-point increments), Quantitative reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1-point increments).
Score / grade validity	5 years
Offered	Computer-based test: Multiple times a year (depends on availability of the test center) Paper-based test: Up to 3 times a year in October, November and February[1]
Restrictions on attempts	Computer-based test: Can be taken only once after 21 days from the day of exam in every year. Maximum of 5 times a year. (Applies even if candidate cancels scores on a test taken previously.)[2] Paper-based test: Can be taken as often as it is offered.[2]
Countries / regions	About 1,000 test centers in more than 160 countries[3]
Languages	English
Annual number of test takers	341,574 (T.Y. 2021-22)[4]
Prerequisites / eligibility criteria	No official prerequisite. Intended for bachelor’s degree graduates and undergraduate students who are about to graduate. Fluency in English assumed.
Fee	US$ 205[5] (Limited offers of «Fee Reduction Program» for U.S. citizens or resident aliens who demonstrate financial need, and for national programs in United States that work with underrepresented groups.[6])
Scores / grades used by	Most graduate schools in USA, and in a few other countries
Website	www.ets.org/gre

The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for many graduate schools^[7] in the United States and Canada^[8] and a few other countries. The GRE is owned and administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS).^[9] The test was established in 1936 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.^[10]

According to ETS, the GRE aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills that have been acquired over a long period of learning. The content of the GRE consists of certain specific data analysis or interpretation, arguments and reasoning, algebra, geometry, arithmetic, and vocabulary sections. The GRE General Test is offered as a computer-based exam administered at testing centers and institution owned or authorized by Prometric. In the graduate school admissions process, the level of emphasis that is placed upon GRE scores varies widely between schools and departments within schools. The importance of a GRE score can range from being a mere admission formality to an important selection factor.

The GRE was significantly overhauled in August 2011, resulting in an exam that is not adaptive on a question-by-question basis, but rather by section, so that the performance on the first verbal and math sections determines the difficulty of the second sections presented (excluding the experimental section). Overall, the test retained the sections and many of the question types from its predecessor, but the scoring scale was changed to a 130 to 170 scale (from a 200 to 800 scale).^[11]

The cost to take the test is US$205,^[5] although ETS will reduce the fee under certain circumstances.^[6] It also provides financial aid to those GRE applicants who prove economic hardship.^[12] ETS does not release scores that are older than five years, although graduate program policies on the acceptance of scores older than five years will vary.

Once almost universally required for admission to Ph.D. science programs in the U.S., its use for that purpose has fallen precipitously.^[13]

History[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

The Graduate Record Examinations was «initiated in 1936 as a joint experiment in higher education by the graduate school deans of four Ivy League universities and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.»^[10]

The first universities to experiment the test on their students were Harvard University, Yale University, Princeton University and Columbia University.^[14] The University of Wisconsin was the first public university to ask their students to take the test in 1938.^[15] It was first given to students at the University of Iowa in 1940, where it was analysed by psychologist Dewey Stuit.^[14] It was first taken by students at Texas Tech University in 1942.^[16] In 1943, it was taken by students at Michigan State University, where it was analyzed by Paul Dressel.^[17] It was taken by over 45,000 students applying to 500 colleges in 1948.^[10]

«Until the Educational Testing Service was established in January, 1948, the Graduate Record Examination remained a project of the Carnegie Foundation.»^[10]

2011 revision[edit]

In 2006, ETS announced plans to make significant changes in the format of the GRE. Planned changes for the revised GRE included a longer testing time, a departure from computer-adaptive testing, a new grading scale, and an enhanced focus on reasoning skills and critical thinking for both the quantitative and qualitative sections.^[18]

On April 2, 2007, ETS announced the decision to cancel plans for revising the GRE.^[19] The announcement cited concerns over the ability to provide clear and equal access to the new test after the planned changes as an explanation for the cancellation. The ETS stated, however, that they do plan «to implement many of the planned test content improvements in the future», although specific details regarding those changes were not initially announced.

Changes to the GRE took effect on November 1, 2007, as ETS started to include new types of questions in the exam. The changes mostly centered on «fill in the blank» type answers for the mathematics section that requires the test-taker to fill in the blank directly, without being able to choose from a multiple choice list of answers. ETS announced plans to introduce two of these new types of questions in each quantitative section, while the majority of questions would be presented in the regular format.^[20]

Since January 2008, the Reading Comprehension within the verbal sections has been reformatted, passages’ «line numbers will be replaced with highlighting when necessary in order to focus the test taker on specific information in the passage» to «help students more easily find the pertinent information in reading passages.»^[21]

In December 2009, ETS announced plans to move forward with significant revisions to the GRE in 2011.^[22] Changes include a new 130–170 scoring scale, the elimination of certain question types such as antonyms and analogies, the addition of an online calculator, and the elimination of the CAT format of question-by-question adjustment, in favor of a section by section adjustment.^[23]

On August 1, 2011, the Revised GRE General test replaced General GRE test. The revised GRE is said to be better by design and provides a better test taking experience. The new types of questions in the revised format are intended to test the skills needed in graduate and business schools programs.^[24] From July 2012 onwards GRE announced an option for users to customize their scores called ScoreSelect.^[25]

Before October 2002[edit]

The earliest versions of the GRE tested only for verbal and quantitative ability. For a number of years before October 2002, the GRE had a separate Analytical Ability section which tested candidates on logical and analytical reasoning abilities. This section was replaced by the Analytical Writing Assessment.^[26][27]

Structure[edit]

The computer-based GRE General Test consists of six sections. The first section is always the analytical writing section involving separately timed issue and argument tasks. The next five sections consist of two verbal reasoning sections, two quantitative reasoning sections, and either an experimental or research section. These five sections may occur in any order. The experimental section does not count towards the final score but is not distinguished from the scored sections. Unlike the computer adaptive test before August 2011, the GRE General Test is a multistage test, where the examinee’s performance on earlier sections determines the difficulty of subsequent sections, using a technique known as computer-adaptive testing. This format allows the examined person to freely move back and forth between questions within each section, and the testing software allows the user to «mark» questions within each section for later review if time remains. The entire testing procedure lasts about 3 hours 45 minutes.^[28][29] One-minute breaks are offered after each section and a 10-minute break after the third section.

The paper-based GRE General Test also consists of six sections. The analytical writing is split up into two sections, one section for each issue and argument task. The next four sections consist of two verbal and two quantitative sections in varying order. There is no experimental section on the paper-based test.

Verbal section[edit]

The computer-based verbal sections assess reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and vocabulary usage. The verbal test is scored on a scale of 130–170, in 1-point increments. (Before August 2011, the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments.) In a typical examination, each verbal section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 30 minutes.^[28] Each verbal section consists of about 6 text completion, 4 sentence equivalence, and 10 critical reading questions. The changes in 2011 include a reduced emphasis on rote vocabulary knowledge and the elimination of antonyms and analogies. Text completion items have replaced sentence completions and new reading question types allowing for the selection of multiple answers were added.

Quantitative section[edit]

The computer-based quantitative sections assess basic high school level mathematical knowledge and reasoning skills. The quantitative test is scored on a scale of 130–170, in 1-point increments (Before August 2011 the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments). In a typical examination, each quantitative section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 35 minutes.^[28] Each quantitative section consists of about 8 quantitative comparisons, 9 problem solving items, and 3 data interpretation questions. The changes in 2011 include the addition of numeric entry items requiring the examinee to fill in the blank and multiple-choice items requiring the examinee to select multiple correct responses.^[30]

Analytical writing section[edit]

The analytical writing section consists of two different essays, an «issue task» and an «argument task». The writing section is graded on a scale of 0–6, in half-point increments. The essays are written on a computer using a word processing program specifically designed by ETS. The program allows only basic computer functions and does not contain a spell-checker or other advanced features. Each essay is scored by at least two readers on a six-point holist scale. If the two scores are within one point, the average of the scores is taken. If the two scores differ by more than a point, a third reader examines the response.

Issue Task[edit]

The test taker is given 30 minutes to write an essay about a selected topic.^[31] Issue topics are selected from a pool of questions, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.^[32]

Argument Task[edit]

The test taker will be given an argument (i.e. a series of facts and considerations leading to a conclusion) and asked to write an essay that critiques the argument. Test takers are asked to consider the argument’s logic and to make suggestions about how to improve the logic of the argument. Test takers are expected to address the logical flaws of the argument and not provide a personal opinion on the subject. The time allotted for this essay is 30 minutes.^[28] The Arguments are selected from a pool of topics, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.^[33]

Experimental section[edit]

The experimental section, which can be either verbal or quantitative, contains new questions ETS is considering for future use. Although the experimental section does not count towards the test-taker’s score, it is unidentified and appears identical to the scored sections. Because test takers have no definite way of knowing which section is experimental, it is typically advised that test takers try their best and be focused on every section. Sometimes an identified research section at the end of the test is given instead of the experimental section.^[34] There is no experimental section on the paper-based GRE.^[35]

Scoring[edit]

An examinee can miss one or more questions on a multiple-choice section and still receive a perfect score of 170. Likewise, even if no question is answered correctly, 130 is the lowest possible score.^[11] Verbal and qualitative reasoning scores are given in one-point increments, and analytical writing scores are given in half-point increments on a scale of 0 to 6.^[36][37]

Scaled score percentiles[edit]

The percentiles for the current General test and the concordance with the prior format^[38] are as follows. According to interpretive data published by ETS, from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018 about 2 million people have taken the test. Based on performance of individuals the mean and standard deviation of verbal section were 150.24 and 8.44. Whereas, mean and standard deviation for quantitative section were 153.07 and 9.24. Analytical writing has a mean of 3.55 with a standard deviation of 0.86.^[39]

Scaled score	Verbal reasoning percentile	Verbal prior scale	Quantitative reasoning percentile	Quantitative prior scale
170	99	760–800	96	800
169	99	740–750	94	800
168	98	720–730	92	800
167	98	710	89	800
166	97	700	87	800
165	96	680–690	85	790
164	94	660–670	83	790
163	92	650	80	780
162	90	630–640	78	770
161	88	620	75	770
160	85	600–610	72	760
159	82	590	69	750
158	79	570–580	65	740
157	75	560	62	730
156	72	540–550	59	720
155	67	530	55	700–710
154	63	510–520	51	690
153	59	500	48	680
152	53	480–490	44	660–670
151	50	460–470	40	640–650
150	45	450	36	630
149	40	430–440	33	610–620
148	36	420	29	590–600
147	32	410	25	570–580
146	28	390–400	22	550–560
145	25	380	18	530–540
144	22	370	15	500–520
143	19	350–360	13	480–490
142	16	340	11	460–470
141	14	330	9	430–450
140	11	320	7	400–420
139	9	310	6	380–390
138	8	300	4	350–370
137	6	290	3	330–340
136	5	280	3	300–320
135	4	280	2	280–290
134	3	270	1	260–270
133	2	260	1	240–250
132	2	250	<1	220–230
131	1	240	<1	200–210
130	<1	200–230	<1	200

Analytical Writing score	Writing % Below
6	99
5.5	98
5	92
4.5	81
4	57
3.5	39
3	15
2.5	7
2	2
1.5	1
1	<1
0.5	<1

«Field-wise distribution» of test takers is «limited to those who earned their college degrees up to two years before the test date.» ETS provides no score data for «non-traditional» students who have been out of school more than two years, although its own report «RR-99-16» indicated that 22% of all test takers in 1996 were over the age of 30.

GRE Subject Tests[edit]

In addition to the General Test, there are also four GRE Subject Tests testing knowledge in the specific areas of Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and Psychology. The length of each exam is 170 minutes.

In the past, subject tests were also offered in the areas of Computer Science, Economics, Revised Education, Engineering, Geology, History, Music, Political Science, Sociology, and Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. In April 1998, the Revised Education and Political Science exams were discontinued. In April 2000, the History and Sociology exams were discontinued; with Economics, Engineering, Music, and Geology being discontinued in April 2001.^[41] The Computer Science exam was discontinued after April 2013.^[42] Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was discontinued in December 2016. The GRE Biology Test and GRE Literature in English Test tests were discontinued in April 2021.^[43]

Use in admissions[edit]

Many graduate schools in the United States require GRE results as part of the admissions process. The GRE is a standardized test intended to measure all graduates’ abilities in tasks of general academic nature (regardless of their fields of specialization) and the extent to which undergraduate education has developed their verbal skills, quantitative skills, and abstract thinking.

In addition to GRE scores, admission to graduate schools depends on several other factors, such as GPA, letters of recommendation, and statements of purpose.^[44] Furthermore, unlike other standardized admissions tests (such as the SAT, LSAT, and MCAT), the use and weight of GRE scores vary considerably not only from school to school, but also from department to department and program to program.^[45] For instance, most business schools and economics programs require very high GRE or GMAT scores for entry, while engineering programs are known to allow more score variation. Liberal arts programs may only consider the applicant’s verbal score, while mathematics and science programs may only consider quantitative ability. Some schools use the GRE in admissions decisions, but not in funding decisions; others use it for selection of scholarship and fellowship candidates, but not for admissions. In some cases, the GRE may be a general requirement for graduate admissions imposed by the university, while particular departments may not consider the scores at all.^[46] Graduate schools will typically provide the average scores of previously admitted students and information about how the GRE is considered in admissions and funding decisions. In some cases, programs have hard cut off requirements for the GRE; for example, the Yale Economics PhD program requires a minimum quantitative score of 160 to apply.^[47] The best way to ascertain how a particular school or program evaluates a GRE score in the admissions process is to contact the person in charge of graduate admissions for the specific program in question.

In February 2016, the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law became the first law school to accept either the GRE or the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) from all applicants.^[48][49][50] The college made the decision after conducting a study showing that the GRE is a valid and reliable predictor of students’ first-term law school grades.

In the spring of 2017, Harvard Law School announced it was joining University of Arizona Law in accepting the GRE in addition to the LSAT from applicants to its three-year J.D. program.^[51]

After a trial cycle of GRE–free admissions for Fall 2021, University of California, Berkeley voted to drop the GRE requirement for most graduate program admissions for Fall 2022 as well.^[52] University of Michigan, Ann Arbor shortly followed announcing that they would drop the GRE requirements for Ph.D. admissions beginning with the 2022–23 admissions cycle.^[53] By late 2022, the trend had intensified.^[13]

MBA[edit]

GRE score can be used for MBA programs in some schools.

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a computer-adaptive standardized test in mathematics and the English language for measuring aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies.
Business schools commonly use the test as one of many selection criteria for admission into an MBA program. Starting in 2009, many business schools began accepting the GRE in lieu of a GMAT score. Policies varied widely for several years. However, as of the 2014–2015 admissions season, most business schools accept both tests equally. Either a GMAT score or a GRE score can be submitted for an application to an MBA program. Business schools also accept either score for their other (non-MBA) Masters and Ph.D. programs.

The primary issue on which business school test acceptance policies vary is in how old a GRE or GMAT score can be before it is no longer accepted. The standard is that scores cannot be more than 5 years old (e.g., Wharton,^[54] MIT Sloan,^[55] Columbia Business School^[56]).

Intellectual clubs[edit]

Some GRE scores (usually pre-2002 ones) are accepted as qualifying evidence to intellectual clubs such as Intertel,^[57] Mensa^[58] and the Triple Nine Society,^[59] the minimum passing score depending on the selectivity of the society and the time period when the test was taken. Intertel accepts scores in the 99th percentile^[how?] obtained after 2011, while Mensa and TNS do not accept any score post-September 2001.

Preparation[edit]

A variety of resources are available for those wishing to prepare for the GRE. ETS provides preparation software called PowerPrep, which contains two practice tests of retired questions, as well as further practice questions and review material. Since the software replicates both the test format and the questions used, it can be useful to predict the actual GRE scores. ETS does not license their past questions to any other company, making them the only source for official retired material. ETS used to publish the «BIG BOOK» which contained a number of actual GRE questions; however, this publishing was abandoned. Several companies provide courses, books, and other unofficial preparation materials.

Some students taking the GRE use a test preparation company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from university text books, GRE preparation books, sample tests, and free web resources.

Testing locations[edit]

While the general and subject tests are held at many undergraduate institutions, the computer-based general test can be held in over 1000 locations^[60] with appropriate technological accommodations. In the United States, students in major cities or from large universities will usually find a nearby test center, while those in more isolated areas may have to travel a few hours to an urban or university location. Many industrialized countries also have test centers, but at times test-takers must cross country borders.

Criticism[edit]

Bias[edit]

Algorithmic bias[edit]

Critics have claimed that the computer-adaptive methodology may discourage some test takers since the question difficulty changes with performance.^[61] For example, if the test-taker is presented with remarkably easy questions halfway into the exam, they may infer that they are not performing well, which will influence their abilities as the exam continues, even though question difficulty is subjective. By contrast, standard testing methods may discourage students by giving them more difficult items earlier on.

Critics have also stated that the computer-adaptive method of placing more weight on the first several questions is biased against test takers who typically perform poorly at the beginning of a test due to stress or confusion before becoming more comfortable as the exam continues.^[62] On the other hand, standard fixed-form tests could equally be said to be «biased» against students with less testing stamina since they would need to be approximately twice the length of an equivalent computer adaptive test to obtain a similar level of precision.^[63]

Implicit bias[edit]

The GRE has also been subjected to the same racial bias criticisms that have been lodged against other admissions tests. In 1998, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education noted that the mean score for black test-takers in 1996 was 389 on the verbal section, 409 on the quantitative section, and 423 on the analytic, while white test-takers averaged 496, 538, and 564, respectively.^[64] The National Association of Test Directors Symposia in 2004 stated a belief that simple mean score differences may not constitute evidence of bias unless the populations are known to be equal in ability.^[65] A more effective, accepted, and empirical approach is the analysis of differential test functioning, which examines the differences in item response theory curves for subgroups; the best approach for this is the DFIT framework.^[66]

Weak indicator of graduate school performance[edit]

The GREs are criticized for not being a true measure of whether a student will be successful in graduate school. Robert Sternberg (now of Cornell University;^[67] working at Yale University at the time of the study), a long-time critic of modern intelligence testing in general, found the GRE general test was weakly predictive of success in graduate studies in psychology.^[68] The strongest relationship was found for the now-defunct analytical portion of the exam.

The ETS published a report («What is the Value of the GRE?») that points out the predictive value of the GRE on a student’s index of success at the graduate level.^[69] The problem with earlier studies is the statistical phenomenon of restriction of range. A correlation coefficient is sensitive to the range sampled for the test. Specifically, if only students accepted to graduate programs are studied (in Sternberg & Williams and other research), the relationship is occluded. Validity coefficients range from .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA in ETS’ study.^[70]

Kaplan and Saccuzzo state that the criterion that the GRE best predicts is first-year grades in graduate school. However, this correlation is only in the high tens to low twenties. «If the test correlates with a criterion at the .4 level, then it accounts for 16% of the variability in that criterion, with the other 84% resulting from unknown factors and errors»^[71] (p. 303). Graduate schools may be placing too much importance on standardized tests rather than on factors that more fully account for graduate school success, such as prior research experience, GPAs, or work experience. While graduate schools do consider these areas, many times schools will not consider applicants that score below a current score of roughly 314 (1301 prior score). Kaplan and Saccuzzo also state that «the GRE predict[s] neither clinical skill nor even the ability to solve real-world problems» (p. 303).

In 2007, a study by a university found a correlation of .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA. The correlation between GRE score and graduate school completion rates ranged from .11 (for the now defunct analytical section) to .39 (for the GRE subject test). Correlations with faculty ratings ranged from .35 to .50.^[70]

Historical susceptibility to cheating[edit]

In May 1994, Kaplan, Inc warned ETS, in hearings before a New York legislative committee, that the small question pool available to the computer-adaptive test made it vulnerable to cheating. ETS assured investigators that it was using multiple sets of questions and that the test was secure. This was later discovered to be incorrect.^[72]

In December 1994, prompted by student reports of recycled questions, then Director of GRE Programs for Kaplan, Inc and current CEO of Knewton, Jose Ferreira led a team of 22 staff members deployed to 9 U.S. cities to take the exam. Kaplan, Inc then presented ETS with 150 questions, representing 70–80% of the GRE.^[73] According to early news releases, ETS appeared grateful to Stanley H. Kaplan, Inc for identifying the security problem. However, on December 31, ETS sued Kaplan, Inc for violation of a federal electronic communications privacy act, copyright laws, breach of contract, fraud, and a confidentiality agreement signed by test-takers on test day.^[74] On January 2, 1995, an agreement was reached out of court.

Additionally, in 1994, the scoring algorithm for the computer-adaptive form of the GRE was discovered to be insecure. ETS acknowledged that Kaplan, Inc employees, led by Jose Ferreira, reverse-engineered key features of the GRE scoring algorithms. The researchers found that a test taker’s performance on the first few questions of the exam had a disproportionate effect on the test taker’s final score. To preserve the integrity of scores, ETS revised its scoring and uses a more sophisticated scoring algorithm.

See also[edit]

• List of admissions tests

GRE Subject Tests:

• Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test discontinued December 2016^[75]
• GRE Biology Test discontinued May 2021^[75]
• GRE Chemistry Test
• GRE Literature in English Test discontinued May 2021^[75]
• GRE Mathematics Test
• GRE Physics Test
• GRE Psychology Test

Other tests:

• Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
• Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
• Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)
• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
• SAT
• ACT (test)
• Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
• International English Language Testing System (IELTS)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• GRE information website for residents of Mainland China, English version — by the Chinese National Education Examinations Authority
• GRE Vocabulary

Выпускники 9 и 11 классов сдают государственную итоговую аттестацию по окончанию школы. Обычно девятиклассники сдают ее в формате ОГЭ, а одиннадцатиклассники — ЕГЭ. Но есть и те школьники, которые могут не сдавать ЕГЭ и ОГЭ и заменить его на ГВЭ.

Расскажем, что такое ГВЭ, кто его сдает, какие предметы нужно сдать в 2023 году, можно ли с результатами государственного выпускного экзамена поступить в вуз или колледж.

Общие сведения о государственном выпускном экзамене

Что такое государственный выпускной экзамен (ГВЭ). Это форма итоговой аттестации, разработанная для некоторых категорий школьников, которые в силу объективных обстоятельств или состояния здоровья не могут сдать стандартные экзамены в виде ЕГЭ или ОГЭ.

ГВЭ – финальная проверка освоения школьной программы за 9 или 11 классов.

Кто сдает ГВЭ. Чтобы сдавать аттестацию в форме ГВЭ для этого должны быть веские условия – желания самого выпускника будет недостаточно. Согласно п.13 ст.59 ФЗ-273 «Об образовании» пройти итоговую аттестацию в виде государственного выпускного экзамена могут:

• выпускники с инвалидностью;
• учащиеся с ограниченными возможностями здоровья (ОВЗ);
• студенты профессиональных учреждений, получающих среднее профессиональное образование и освоившие полный курс обучения;
• воспитанники спецучреждений закрытого типа;
• получающие образование в спецучреждениях, исполняющих назначенное наказание в виде лишения свободы.

В 2021 году сделать выбор в пользу ГВЭ могли все выпускники, которые не собирались поступать в вуз после школы. Такую льготу им предоставили из-за неблагоприятной эпидемиологической ситуации с коронавирусом. В 2022 году никаких послаблений не предполагается.

Для чего сдавать ГВЭ. Государственный выпускной экзамен нужен, чтобы получить аттестат:

• об основном общем образовании за 9 класс (нужно сдать ГВЭ-9);
• о среднем общем образовании за 11 класс (необходимо сдать ГВЭ-11).

Без сдачи ГВЭ аттестат не выдадут. Оценки за экзамен учтут при выставлении итоговых оценок в аттестат.

Что нужно для получения аттестата ГВЭ. Чтобы ребенка с ограничениями по здоровью допустили до сдачи ГВЭ ребенку нужно пройти ПМПК (психолого-медико-педагогическую комиссию). На ней специалисты определят есть ли у выпускника ограничения здоровья и можно ли допускать его до ГВЭ. Несмотря на рекомендации ПМПК школьник с ОВЗ может сдавать ЕГЭ, чтобы не проходить дополнительные экзамены в вузах.

Некоторые школьники с ОВЗ всё-таки выбирают ЕГЭ, чтобы не сдавать дополнительные экзамены в вузе.

Важно учитывать, что прохождение комиссии ПМПК не может освободить ребенка от сдачи ГВЭ и не дает никаких льгот при зачислении в вуз (в этом случае нужна справка об инвалидности).

Заявление на ГВЭ нужно подать до 1 марта.

Какие предметы сдают на государственном выпускном экзамене

Какие ГВЭ являются обязательными. В выпускных 9 и 11 классе обязательными являются два экзамена: по русскому и математике. Если ученик не сможет написать ОГЭ после 9 класса, он сдает ГВЭ-9, после 11 класса вместо ЕГЭ нужно сдать ГВЭ-11.

Чтобы привыкнуть к формулировкам и оценить сложность вопросов можно попробовать решать задания из банка ФИПИ.

Какие предметы сдают на ГВЭ. Помимо обязательных математики и русского языка школьникам доступны два дополнительных предмета на выбор:

• обществознание;
• история;
• информатика;
• химия;
• биология;
• литература;
• физика;
• иностранный язык (английский, немецкий, испанский и французский).

В рамках ГВЭ–11 ученики сдают те же самые обязательные и дополнительные предметы, что и по ГВЭ-9. Разница состоит в том, что: по русскому языку 11-классникам предложат 5 тем сочинений на выбор, а также 2 темы по литературе.

Сдача ГВЭ проходит в три этапа: досрочно, в основные даты и дополнительные.  В 2023 году обязательные работы по математике и русскому языку в виде ГВЭ-9 пройдут 6 и 9 15 июня, а по ГВЭ-11 – 29 мая и 1 июня. Те, кто не сможет получить удовлетворительные оценки по ГВЭ могут прийти на пересдачу в сентябре.

Для выпускников, которые не могут сдать экзамены в основные даты, предусмотрена досрочная сдача. Расписание ГВЭ на 2023 год утверждено в Приказе Минпросвещения России и Рособрнадзора Об утверждении единого расписания и продолжительности проведения государственного выпускного экзамена по образовательным программам основного общего и среднего общего образования по каждому учебному предмету, требований к использованию средств обучения и воспитания при его проведении в 2023 году».

Таблица Расписание ГВЭ на 2023 год

ГВЭ-9 класса	ГВЭ-11 класса
Досрочный период	Досрочный период
21 апреля (пятница) – математика; 24 апреля (понедельник) – русский язык; 27 апреля (четверг) – информатика, обществознание, химия, литература; 3 мая (среда) – история, биология, физика, география, иностранные языки	20 марта (понедельник) – география, литература; 23 марта (четверг) – русский язык; 27 марта (понедельник) – математика; 30 марта (четверг) – иностранные языки, биология, физика; 6 апреля (четверг) – обществознание, информатика; 10 апреля (понедельник) – история, химия.
Основной период	Основной период
24 мая (среда) – история, физика, биология; 30 мая (вторник) – обществознание, информатика, география, химия; 2 июня (пятница) – иностранные языки; 6 июня (вторник) – русский язык; 9 июня (пятница) – математика; 14 июня (среда) – литература, физика, информатика, география; 17 июня (суббота) – обществознание, биология, химия.	26 мая (пятница) – география, литература, химия; 29 мая (понедельник) – русский язык; 1 июня (четверг) – математика; 5 июня (понедельник) – история, физика; 8 июня (четверг) – обществознание; 13 июня (вторник) – иностранные языки, биология; 19 июня (понедельник) – информатика
Резервные даты	Резервные даты
10 мая (среда) – математика; 11 мая (четверг) – информатика, обществознание, химия, литература; 12 мая (пятница) – история, биология, физика, география, иностранные языки; 15 мая (понедельник) – русский язык; 16 мая (вторник) – по всем учебным предметам; 26 июня (понедельник) – русский язык; 27 июня (вторник) – по всем учебным предметам (кроме русского языка и математики); 28 июня (среда) – математика; 29 июня (четверг) – по всем учебным предметам (кроме русского языка и математики); 30 июня (пятница) – по всем учебным предметам; 1 июля (суббота) – по всем учебным предметам; 19 сентября (вторник) – русский язык; 20 сентября (среда) – математика; 21,22 сентября (четверг) – по всем учебным предметам (кроме русского языка и математики); 23 сентября (суббота) – по всем учебным предметам.	12 апреля (среда) – география, химия, информатика, история; 14 апреля (пятница) – иностранные языки, литература, физика, обществознание, биология; 17 апреля (понедельник) – русский язык; 19 апреля (среда) – математика; 22 июня (четверг) – русский язык; 23 июня (пятница) – география, литература; 26 июня (понедельник) – математика; 27 июня (вторник) – иностранные языки, биология, информатика; 28 июня (среда) – обществознание, химия; 29 июня (четверг) – история, физика; 1 июля (суббота) – по всем учебным предметам; 19 сентября (вторник) – русский язык, математика.

Как оценивается. Результаты ГВЭ после 9 и 11 класса оценивают по пятибалльной шкале двумя независимыми экспертами. Для успешного прохождения ГВЭ нужно получить не ниже оценки «удовлетворительно» — 3.

Даты пересдачи ГВЭ. Для тех, кто не сдал ГВЭ в положенные даты или получил неудовлетворительные отметки, для пересдачи ГВЭ-9 действуют следующие даты:

• 4 сентября (понедельник) — математика;
• 7 сентября (четверг) — русский язык;
• 12 сентября (вторник) — история, биология, физика, география;
• 15 сентября (пятница) — обществознание, химия, информатика, литература, иностранные языки.

Для сдачи ГВЭ-11 действуют даты: 6 сентября (среда) – русский язык и 12 сентября (вторник) – математика.

Чем отличается ГВЭ от ОГЭ

Разница между аттестатами ГВЭ или ОГЭ. Аттестат по ОГЭ или ГВЭ не отличаются по оценкам и предметам. Оба эти аттестата позволяют поступить в колледжи и техникумы.

Аттестация в форме ОГЭ и ГВЭ проходит в одни и те же сроки, но имеет различия. Вот ключевые отличия ГВЭ от ОГЭ, которые необходимо учитывать:

1. Форма ГВЭ — проще, чем стандартные экзамены. Заданий меньше, а вместо тестов чаще используются проверочные задания.
2. Можно выбрать форму экзамена. По русскому есть выбор между диктантом (для школьников с РАС), сочинением или изложением с творческим заданием. Форму ученик выбирает в день экзамена, ознакомившись с темами сочинений и изложений. По математике ученики пишут контрольную работу из 10 заданий.
3. Расширенные временные рамки. Если экзамен сдает учащийся с ОВЗ, то независимо от выбранной формы экзамена к стандартному времени прибавляются дополнительные полтора часа.
4. Дополнительная поддержка. Во время экзамена с выпускником присутствуют врачи и ассистенты на случай, если потребуется помощь, разрешенная при проведении экзаменов. Количество учеников, которые одновременно сдают экзамен в аудитории, могут сократить с 15 до 5.
5. Возможность сдачи экзамена на дому. Для выпускников, которые не могут выходить из дома по состоянию здоровья, аттестация проводится на дому. Для этого к выпускнику приезжают два организатора, которые ведут запись экзамена.
6. Задания формируются с учетом особенностей здоровья. В частности, выпускники с нарушениями зрения выполняют задания устно или по шрифту Брайля. Школьники, имеющие расстройства речи или слуха проходят аттестацию вместе с сурдопереводчиком, при особо тяжелых нарушениях речи экзамен может быть полностью переведен в письменный формат. Аудитория оснащается всем необходимым: пандусами, удобной мебелью и пр.
7. Допускается использование технических средств. Ученики могут пользоваться звукоусиливающим оборудованием, слуховыми аппаратами, увеличительными устройствами и пр. Но смартфоны остаются под запретом.

Разница между ГВЭ и ЕГЭ

В рамках ГВЭ и ЕГЭ школьники сдают два обязательных экзамена. Но аттестация в рамках ГВЭ-11 проходит в упрощенном порядке:

• выпускные по математике состоят из 14 заданий с кратким ответом;
• экзамены по русскому – из 26 заданий или сочинения с кратким ответом от 150 слов, при написании сочинения предлагают от 5 тем.

Хотя выпускник с ГВЭ-11 получит школьный аттестат, с результатами ГВЭ невозможно поступить в вуз – нужно будет сдавать отдельные экзамены. Чтобы поступить в вуз с результатами ГВЭ необходимо сдать вступительные испытания, проводимые вузом, в течение 1 года (согласно п.17 Приказа Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ от 21 августа 2020 года №1076)..

Вузы самостоятельно устанавливают форму вступительных испытаний: они могут быть похожи на ЕГЭ или нет. Список вступительных испытаний можно уточнить непосредственно в вузе — их результаты будут эквивалентны ЕГЭ.

При поступлении в колледж также придется сдать дополнительный экзамен.

28.02.2022
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Государственный выпускной экзамен — это упрощенная форма аттестации для школьников с ограниченными возможностями здоровья и тех, кто не может сдать стандартный экзамен. ГВЭ предусмотрен как в 9, так и в 11 классе. Благодаря ГВЭ ученики могут получить школьный аттестат.

Кто сдает ГВЭ в 2022 году

Из-за пандемии в 2021 году ГВЭ могли сдавать выпускники, которые не планировали поступать в вузы. В 2022 году сдать ГВЭ могут только ученики, которые относятся к следующим категориям:

• лица с ОВЗ (ограниченными возможностями здоровья);
• обучающиеся в закрытых школах и интернатах;
• школьники с аутистическими расстройствами;
• ученики, находящиеся на лечении в психиатрических больницах или диспансерах;
• дети-инвалиды;
• лица, отбывающие наказание в местах лишения свободы. 

Подать заявление на участие в ГВЭ можно до 1 марта в своей школе. Вместе с заявлением нужно принести медицинское заключение, которое выдает психолого-медико-педагогическая комиссия (ПМПК). Эта комиссия определяет, есть ли у школьника ограничения по здоровью, и может ли он принять участие в ГВЭ.

Особенности проведения ГВЭ 

В отличие от ЕГЭ и ОГЭ, Государственный выпускной экзамен проходит в упрощенной форме. Ученики сами выбирают формат экзамена: устный или письменный. Для фиксации устного ответа в аудитории ведется запись. Если ученик выбрал письменный экзамен, ГВЭ проводят в виде проверочной работы. Например, ГВЭ по математике больше напоминает школьную контрольную работу. 

Иногда школьники могут выбрать и формат заданий. Например, в ГВЭ по русскому языку школьники могут выбрать между сочинением и изложением. Сделать выбор нужно непосредственно во время экзамена. Познакомиться с примерами заданий ГВЭ можно на сайте ФИПИ.

Если ГВЭ сдает школьник с ограниченными возможностями здоровья, ко времени экзамена добавляется 1,5 часа, а в кабинете присутствуют врачи и ассистенты. При необходимости школьникам разрешается использовать слуховые аппараты, звукоусиливающие устройства и подобные гаджеты, а вот телефоны запрещены.

Если по состоянию здоровья ученик не может выйти из дома, Государственный выпускной экзамен проведут по месту проживания. В месте проведения ГВЭ установят видеонаблюдение, а на экзамене будут присутствовать два организатора.

ГВЭ сдают по профильным предметам (математика и русский язык) и предметам по выбору (информатика, физика, литература, биология и другие). Работы ГВЭ оценивают два эксперта и выставляют первичные баллы. Позже их переводят в пятибалльную систему.

По результатам ГВЭ выпускники получают школьные аттестаты за 9 или 11 класс. Однако по результатам ГВЭ-11 нельзя поступить в вуз. Для этого предстоит сдать вступительные испытания конкретного университета.

Сроки экзамена в 2022 году

Источники: ria.ru

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С 1 сентября в школах изменится перечень учебных предметов

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Анна Устинова

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С 1 сентября 2023 года у российских старшеклассников изменится перечень учебных предметов. Обновление произойдет в рамках изменения Федеральных образовательных стандартов.

Из расписания старших классов уйдут астрономия, экология, естествознание и уроки «Россия в мире». Эти курсы теперь войдут в состав других предметов.

При этом добавится новый учебный курс — «Вероятность и статистика». Эта дисциплина относится к области математики. Преподавать ее будут вместе с алгеброй и геометрией в 7–9-х классах в объеме часа в неделю.

Источник: rg.ru

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В РАО дали советы, как помочь ребенку подготовиться к ВПР

10.03.2023
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Анна Устинова

Эксперт в образовании и ваш новостной редактор

1 марта в российских школах стартовали Всероссийские проверочные работы (ВПР). Первыми их напишут ученики 10–11-х классов, а позже — 4–8-х. В Институте воспитания РАО рассказали, как помочь ребенку подготовиться к ВПР.

Для начала эксперты советуют собрать все материалы для подготовки в одном месте, а также выделить ученику комфортное рабочее место. Во время занятий рядом не должно быть отвлекающих факторов: смартфонов, соцсетей и игр.

Готовиться к ВПР стоит периодами по 20–50 минут. Между ними нужно делать перерывы на отдых. Объемный материал эксперты рекомендуют разбивать на более мелкие части, а для удобства делать заметки. Родителям стоит научить ребенка делать зарисовки по теме, составлять таблицы и схемы. Пройденный материал нужно пересказывать в устной или письменной форме — так его проще усвоить.

Наконец, эксперты РАО посоветовали соблюдать распорядок дня. Ребенок должен не только учиться, но и выполнять физические упражнения, гулять, полноценно спать.

Источник: ug.ru

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98% девятиклассников успешно сдали устное итоговое собеседование

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Анна Устинова

Эксперт в образовании и ваш новостной редактор

8 февраля все девятиклассники сдавали устное итоговое собеседование. 98,8% учеников справились с заданиями и получили зачет. Всего в итоговом собеседовании приняло участие более 1,5 миллиона выпускников 9-го класса.

Ранее эксперт MAXIMUM Education Ксения Безрукова объяснила смысл первого экзамена. Итоговое собеседование — это допуск к ОГЭ. Кроме того, оно нацелено на проверку коммуникативной компетенции обучающихся. Безрукова отметила, что собеседование также проверяет аналитические навыки, общий уровень языковой культуры и знание основных закономерностей родной речи.

Максимально за собеседование можно получить 20 баллов. Однако, по словам эксперта, устное итоговое собеседование — это зачет, а не экзамен, поэтому сумма баллов не играет решающей роли. Для допуска к ОГЭ школьникам достаточно набрать 10 баллов.

Для девятиклассников, которые получили незачет либо не явились на экзамен по уважительной причине, существуют резервные дни: 15 марта и 15 мая. 

Источники: iz.ru, obrnadzor.gov.ru

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В России запретят использование иностранных слов

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Анна Устинова

Эксперт в образовании и ваш новостной редактор

Госдума приняла законопроект, который запретит использование иностранных слов. Под запретом окажутся заимствованные слова, которые имеют аналоги в русском языке. Эксперты рассказали, как изменения затронут школьные экзамены.

После окончательного принятия законопроекта в России появятся нормативные словари, грамматики и справочники. Они зафиксируют нормы русского языка и оградят его от иностранных заимствований. 

Запрет на использование иностранных слов коснется:

• сферы образования,
• произведений литературы и искусства,
• публикаций в СМИ,
• официальной документации.

Как отметили авторы инициативы в пояснительной записке к документу, законопроект подчеркивает объединяющую роль русского языка как государственного языка России.

В Рособрнадзоре рассказали, что новый закон не повлияет на ЕГЭ и ОГЭ по русскому языку и литературе. Изменения не затронут форматы итогового собеседования в 9-м классе и итогового изложения в 11-м.

Источник: duma.gov.ru

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Эксперты РАНХиГС предложили сократить летние каникулы в России

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Анна Устинова

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Специалисты Российской академии народного хозяйства и госслужбы рекомендовали сократить летние каникулы в России. Причина такого предложения — результаты исследования, в которых говорится о повышенной детской смертности летом.

Как сказано в исследовании, у детей в возрасте 5–9 лет смертность летом превышает среднегодовую на 21%, в возрасте 10–14 лет — на 32%, 15-19 лет — на 19%. Причинами летальных исходов чаще всего становятся травмы в транспорте и физические повреждения.

Авторы исследования связали детскую смертность с длинными школьными каникулами. В это время дети оказываются вне семейного и школьного надзора.

Исследователи сравнили длительность летних каникул в России с другими странами. Оказалось, что столько же — 14 недель — отдых у детей длится только в Италии. В других странах каникулы короче, например 10,5 недель в США и 6 недель в Германии. При этом летние пики детской смертности чаще встречаются в странах с длинными школьными каникулами.

Помимо сокращения срока летнего отдыха эксперты предложили больше занимать детей, чтобы они чаще были под присмотром. Одна из прозвучавших идей — это создание более доступных для населения детских оздоровительных лагерей.

Источник: www.ng.ru

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Анна Устинова

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Рособрнадзор в социальной сети «ВКонтакте» рассказал, сколько предметов ЕГЭ будут сдавать 11-классники. По данным ведомства, каждый 10-й ученик планирует сдавать 10 экзаменов.

Всего в ЕГЭ-2023 примет участие более 700 тысяч человек, из которых 620 тысяч — это выпускники текущего года. 

Большинство выпускников сообщили, что будут сдавать 4 экзамена. Второй по популярности ответ — 3 экзамена. Нашлись ученики, которые будут сдавать по 9–10 экзаменов.

Выпускников спросили, сколько предметов ЕГЭ и для чего им нужно. Школьники отмечали, что хотят иметь большой выбор вузов при поступлении. Ребята рассказали, по какому принципу они выбирали дополнительные экзамены. Чаще всего эти предметы нужны им для поступления в вуз либо школьники посчитали их наименее сложными.

Глава Рособрнадзора Анзор Музаев также рассказал, какие предметы будут сдавать выпускники. Самым популярным экзаменом стало обществознание. Его хотят сдавать 46% выпускников. На втором месте информатика, которую сдают 20% учеников, а на третьем — биология (19%).

Источники: vk.com/rosobrnadzor, obrnadzor.gov.ru

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Нейросеть не смогла написать сочинение из ЕГЭ по русскому языку

07.03.2023
100

Анна Устинова

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Известная нейросеть ChatGPT написала сочинение из ЕГЭ по русскому языку на 12 баллов из 24. Как отметили эксперты, искусственный интеллект выполнил основные критерии, но неправильно передал позицию автора.

Задание предполагало написание сочинения по отрывку из эссе «Напутствие» Иосифа Бродского. Искусственный интеллект смог выделить основную проблему текста и получил 3 балла из 5 за комментарии к проблеме.

При этом нейросеть не смогла проанализировать текст и высказать на его основе собственные суждения. Чат-бот допускал фактические и речевые ошибки, в частности, в тексте было много повторов. 

Источник: tass.ru

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В Россию вернется традиционная система высшего образования

06.03.2023
199

Анна Устинова

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Владимир Путин предложил окончательно отказаться от Болонской системы. В вузы вернется традиционная система высшего образования со сроком обучения от 4 до 6 лет.

Президент предложил создать синтез советского образования и накопленного опыта последних десятилетий. Он добавил, что в одном вузе и даже на одной специальности могут быть разные по срокам программы обучения. При этом студенты, которые учатся сейчас, продолжат обучение по существующим программам. Дипломы прошлых лет также не будут пересматривать. Как отметили эксперты, после нововведений бакалаврские дипломы приравняют к дипломам о полном высшем образовании.

По словам министра науки и высшего образования Валерия Фалькова, вузы в ближайшее время начнут разрабатывать новые программы на 4–6 лет обучения. Затем они представят их на общее обсуждение.

Фальков также отметил, что в России появится такое понятие, как специализированное или углубленное высшее образование. Изменение позволит студентам поступать в магистратуру на бюджет после любого базового образования. Сейчас такая возможность есть только у бакалавров, для специалистов поступление в магистратуру платное. Кроме того, в магистратуре появится больше бюджетных мест.

Источники: www.interfax.ru, tass.ru

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Школьники смогут посещать передовые инженерные школы

06.03.2023
70

Анна Устинова

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В 2022 году в России появились передовые инженерные школы — программы при университетах по актуальным направлениям развития техники и технологий. Теперь они будут доступны и школьникам.

По словам премьер-министра Михаила Мишустина, гранты на развитие инженерных школ в этом году получат 30 университетов. Среди них вузы Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Воронежа, Пскова, Казани, Перми, Новосибирска.

Подготовка в этих школах будет происходить по популярным направлениям:

• робототехнике и мехатронике,
• искусственному интеллекту,
• технологиям сенсорики,
• цифровому проектированию и моделированию,
• беспилотным транспортным системам.

По словам Мишустина, школьники попробуют себя в изобретательстве и исследованиях, подключатся к решению задач на производстве и определятся с будущей профессией.

Источник: rg.ru

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