Cigarette warning labels do they work ответы егэ

Упражнение на грамматическое преобразование слов. Рекомендуем всем, кто готовится к сдачи ЕГЭ по английскому языку.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста.

ЗаданиеОтвет

Cigarette Warning Labels — Do They Work?

Warning labels __ADOPT__ in the late 1960’s with a minor note saying ‘Smоking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smоking could kill.

Smоking is a habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smоking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is even __ADDICTIVE__ than alcohol.

A person who __JUST START__ to smоke knows that he is entering a dark road.

So, if his __ONE__ experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smоke again.

However, if smоking is a habit, a smоker __NOT CARE__ about the side effects of smоking.

Although he knows that smоking is injurious, he thinks that it __NOT HARM__ him very soon. So he ignores the warning labels and continues smоking.

As a rule heavy smоkers don’t really care about themselves, because if they __DO__, they would not be smоking in the first place.

Cigarette Warning Labels — Do They Work?

Warning labels WERE ADOPTED in the late 1960’s with a minor note saying ‘Smоking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smоking could kill.

Smоking is a habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smоking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is even MORE ADDICTIVE than alcohol.

A person who HAS JUST STARTED to smоke knows that he is entering a dark road.

So, if his FIRST experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smоke again.

However, if smоking is a habit, a smоker DOES NOT CARE about the side effects of smоking.

Although he knows that smоking is injurious, he thinks that it WILL NOT HARM him very soon. So he ignores the warning labels and continues smоking.

As a rule heavy smоkers don’t really care about themselves, because if they DID, they would not be smоking in the first place.

Раздел 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

1

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. ^{Knowing German offers you more career opportunities.}

2. ^{German isn’t as difficult as you may think.}

3. ^{You can’t learn the German language quickly.}

4. ^{Writers, philosophers and scientists need to learn German.}

5. ^{I learn German because I’m attracted by the culture.}

6. ^{Some unique academic books exist only in German.}

7. ^{German is almost an impossible language to learn.}

Говорящий	A	B	C	D	E	F
Утверждение

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. Greg studied in Russia for a year.

2. Mary wants Greg to give her some advice.

3. Mary still needs to get a visa to Russia.

4. Greg thinks Mary shouldn’t take cash.

5. Greg and Mary live in London.

6. Mary always tips waiters in restaurants.

7. Greg disliked Russian soups.

Утверждение	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Соответствие диалогу

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3–9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

What do we learn about Maggie’s musical education?

1. ^{She didn’t have a special music talent.}

2. ^{She attended a musical school for 9 years.}

3. ^{She didn’t like playing the piano very much.}

Ответ:

4

Why did Maggie want to become an actress?

1. ^{This profession runs in her family.}

2. ^{She wanted to overcome the stage fright.}

3. ^{Acting on stage felt natural to her.}

Ответ:

5

What does Maggie say about directors and directing?

1. ^{She thinks David Lynch is the best director.}

2. ^{She feels she could herself direct a film one day.}

3. ^{She thinks she was fortunate to work with many talented directors.}

Ответ:

6

What does Maggie say is the most important thing for her about a film?

1. ^{The story.}

2. ^{The screenplay.}

3. ^{The partners.}

7

Ответ:

Maggie often plays mothers because…

1. ^{such roles provide lots of opportunities to an actress.}

2. ^{people like her in such roles.}

3. ^{she is a future mother herself.}

Ответ:

8

What does Maggie think of her appearance?

1. ^{She thinks she should take care of the way she looks on screen.}

2. ^{She thinks her looks don’t interfere with her job.}

3. ^{She thinks she’s very beautiful.}

Ответ:

9

What does Maggie love about being an actress?

1. ^{Being able to play both men and women.}

2. ^{Being able to express complex characters.}

3. ^{Being able to look beautiful on screen.}

Ответ:

По окончании выполнения заданий 1—9 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 1 и 2 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Struggle for Survival 5. Tourist Boom

2. Ancient Wonder 6. Agriculture Success

3. Great Beginning 7. Practical Invention

4. Important Event 8. Living Longer

1. Computers have already revolutionized the way we live and work. But it is early days for computers. We do not know how much they are still changing the world. Already, Internet users can buy things and study holiday offers. It’s much easier to edit and print documents using a PC. More computer wonders are yet to come.

2. Only a few years before men were walking on the moon, reputable scientists declared that it was impossible. But in 1969 Neil Armstrong stepped out of his space capsule and made his famous statement, ‘That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.’ However, progress in this area is slower now. Not as much money goes into re search as in the 1960s.

3. Surely nothing has done more for the comfort and happiness of mankind than the advance of medical knowledge! Lots of people have benefited from aspirin and lots of lives have been saved by penicillin. Surgeons can perform the most amazing operations. Average life expectancy in Europe has risen dramatically over the last hundred years.

4. In the past, a holiday used to mean simply a day when you did not work. Now milЦ lions of holidaymakers travel to all parts of the world. Perhaps, not all people like to see lots of tourists in their countries, but we must admit that a phenomenon which sees the population of Greece treble is a wonder of the world.

5. It is true that the Olympic Games are now commercialized and there is greed and drug abuse. However, it is a competition in which every country of the world takes part. Every four years, for a brief moment, we see these countries come together in peace and friendship. We see people from warring countries shake hands. We feel hope again for the future of mankind.

6. In 1724, Jonathan Swift wrote, ‘Whoever makes two blades of grass or two ears of corn grow where only one grew before serves mankind better than the whole race of polЦ iticians’. In Europe farmers have done it and we produce enough food to feed the world. If only politicians could find a way to share it with those parts of the world where there is still famine.

7. The greatest wonder of the modern world is simply that we are still here. We have bombs that could destroy the world but we try our best not to use them. Because of peoЦ ple’s effort no government dares to use such weapons. The year 2001 marked the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Peace Prize, the most famous attempt to raise awareness of the issues of war and peace.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Hogmanay is a Scottish holiday that celebrates the New Year. Observed on December 31, festivities typically spill over into the first couple of days of January. In fact, there’s a tradition known as ‘firstfooting’, A . Of course, the guest must be dark haired and preferably male. Redheads and women aren’t nearly as lucky! This tradition stems from the time when a red— or blonde haired stranger was probably an invading Norseman. Gifts are given to guests, and one of the popular food items on the Hogmanay menu is the black bun, B .

In addition to national observance, many local areas have their own customs C . In the town of Burghead, Moray, an ancient tradition called ‘burning the clavie’ takes place each year on January, 11. The clavie is a big bonfire, fuelled primarily by split casks. One of these is joined back together with a big nail, filled with flammable material, and lit on fire. Flaming, it’s carried around the village and up to a Roman altar known to residents as the Douro. The bonfire is built around the clavie. When the burnt clavie crumbles, D .

In Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, the locals make giant balls of tar, paper and chicken wire. These are attached to several feet of chain or wire, and then set on fire. A designatЦ ed ‘swinger’ whirls the ball around his head and walks through the village streets to the local harbor. At the end of the festival, any balls still on fire are cast into the water, E !

The town of Biggar, Lanarkshire, celebrates with a big holiday bonfire. In the early 1940s, one or two locals complained about the size of the fire, and celebration organizers agreed to have a smaller fire. This was erected as promised, but before it was lit, the local

traditionalists trucked in cartload after cartload of coal and wood, making a giant pyre,

F !

The Presbyterian church disapproved of Hogmanay in the past, but the holiday still enjoys a great deal of popularity.

1. where they are able to follow national traditions

2. the locals each grab a lit piece to kindle a fire in their own hearth

3. which then burned for a whopping five days before running out of fuel

4. which is quite an impressive sight in the dark

5. when it comes to celebrating Hogmanay

6. in which the first person to cross a home’s threshold brings the residents good luck for the coming year

7. which is a really rich fruitcake

A	B	C	D	E	F

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

I’ll a first-class carriage of a train speeding Balkanward two Britons sat in friendly, fitful converse. They had first foregathered in the cold grey dawn at the frontier line, where the presiding eagle takes on an extra head and Teuton lands pass from Hohen- zollern to Habsburg. After a day’s break of their journey at Vienna the travellers had again foregathered at the train side and paid one another the compliment of settling in- stinctively into the same carriage. The elder of the two was a wine businessman. The oth- er was certainly a journalist. Neither man was talkative and each was grateful to the oth- er for not being talkative. That is why from time to time they talked.

One topic of conversation naturally thrust itself forward in front of all others. In Vienna the previous day they had learned of the mysterious vanishing of a world famous picture from the Louvre.

‘A dramatic disappearance of that sort is sure to produce a crop of imitations,’ said the Journalist.

‘I was thinking of the spiriting away of human beings rather than pictures. In particular I was thinking of the case of my aunt, Crispina Umberleigh.’

‘I remember hearing something of the affair,’ said the Journalist, ‘but I was away from England at the time. I never quite knew what was supposed to have happened.’

‘You may hear what really happened if you respect it as a confidence,’ said the Wine Merchant. ‘In the first place I may say that the disappearance of Mrs. Umberleigh was not regarded by the family entirely as bereavement. My uncle, Edward Umberleigh, was not by any means a weakЦkneed individual, in fact in the world of politics he had to be reckoned as a strong man, but he was unmistakably dominated by Crispina. Some people are born to command. Mrs. Umberleigh was born to legislate, codify, administrate, censor, license, ban, execute, and sit in judgement generally. From the kitchen regions upwards everyone in the household came under her despotic sway and stayed there with the submissiveness of molluscs involved in a glacial epoch. Her sons and daughters stood in mortal awe of her. Their studies, friendships, diet, amusements, religious observances, and way of doing their hair were all regulated and ordained according to the august lady’s will and pleasure. This will help you to understand the sensation of stupefaction which was caused in the family when she unobtrusively and inexplicably vanished. It was as though St. Paul’s Cathedral or the Piccadilly Hotel had disappeared in the night, leaving nothing but an

open space to mark where it had stood.

As far as it was known, nothing was troubling her; in fact there was much before her to make life particularly well worth living. The youngest boy had come back from school with an unsatisfactory report, and she was to have sat in judgement on him the very afternoon of the day she disappeared. Then she was in the middle of a newspaper correspondence with a rural dean in which she had already proved him guilty of heresy, inconsistency, and unworthy quibbling, and no ordinary consideration would have induced her

to discontinue the controversy. Of course the matter was put in the hands of the police, but as far as possible it was kept out of the papers, and the generally accepted explanaЦ tion of her withdrawal from her social circle was that she had gone into a nursing home.’

‘Couldn’t your uncle get hold of the least clue?’

‘As a matter of fact, he had received some information, though of course I did not know of it at the time. He got a message one day telling him that his wife had been kidnapped and smuggled out of the country; she was said to be hidden away, on one of the islands off the coast of Norway I think she was in comfortable surroundings and well cared for. And with the information came a demand for money; a lump sum of 2000 pounds was to be paid yearly. Failing this she would be immediately restored to her family.’

The Journalist was silent for a moment, and then began to laugh quietly.

‘It was certainly an inverted form of holding to ransom,’ he said. ‘Did your uncle succumb to it?’

‘Well, you see, for the family to have gone back into the Crispina thraldom after having tasted the delights of liberty would have been a tragedy, and there were even wider considerations to be taken into account. Since his bereavement he had unconsciously taken up a far bolder and more initiatory line in public affairs, and his popularity and influence had increased correspondingly. All this he knew would be jeopardised if he once more dropped into the social position of the husband of Mrs. Umberleigh. Of course, he had severe qualms of conscience about the arrangement. Later on, when he took me into his confidence, he told me that in paying the ransom he was partly influenced by the fear that if he refused it, the kidnappers might have vented their rage and disappointment on their captive. It was better, he said, to think of her being well cared for as a highly valued paying guest on one of the Lofoden Islands than to have her struggling miserably home in a maimed and mutilated condition. Anyway he paid the yearly instalment as punctually as one pays fire insurance. And then, after a disappearance of more than eight years, Crispina returned with dramatic suddenness to the home she had left so mysteriously.’

‘She had given her captors the slip?’

‘She had never been captured. Her wandering away had been caused by a sudden and complete loss of memory. She usually dressed rather in the style of a superior kind of charwoman, and it was not so very surprising that she should have imagined that she was one. She had wandered as far afield as Birmingham, and found fairly steady employment there, her energy and enthusiasm in putting people’s rooms in order counter balancing her obstinate and domineering characteristics. It was the shock of being paЦ tronisingly addressed as ‘my good woman’ by a curate who was disputing with her where the stove should be placed in a parish concert hall that led to the sudden restoration of her memory.’

‘But,’ exclaimed the Journalist, ‘the Lofoden Island people! Who had they got hold of?’ ‘A purely mythical prisoner. It was an attempt in the first place by someone who knew something of the domestic situation to bluff a lump sum out of Edward Umberleigh

before the missing woman turned up. Here is Belgrad and another custom house.’

(Adapted from ‘The Disappearance Of Crispina Umberleigh’

by H. H. Munro)

12

The two Britons in a first class carriage were

1) fellow travellers. 2) friends. 3) colleagues. 4) acquaintances. Ответ: .

13

When Mrs. Umberleigh disappeared, all the family

1. felt a sense of loss. 3) were extremely surprised.

2. regarded it entirely as bereavement. 4) suffered a lot. Ответ: .

14

The narrator considered Mrs. Umberleigh to be

1. sympathetic. 3) kind to her relatives.

2. domineering. 4) the heart of the family. Ответ: .

15

On the day of her disappearance, Mrs. Umberleigh

1. wrote a letter to a rural dean. 3) spent the afternoon with her son.

2. went to a nursing home. 4) sent for the police. Ответ: .

16

Mrs. Umberleigh’s husband paid 2000 pounds yearly mainly because

1. he was afraid that the kidnappers would do harm to his wife.

2. he wanted his wife to be well cared for.

3. he did not want to put at risk his political career.

4. he believed she would be happy on one of the Lofoden Islands. Ответ: .

17

Mrs. Umberleigh disappeared because

1. she went abroad. 3) she was kidnapped.

2. she went into a nursing home. 4) she had a sudden loss of memory. Ответ: .

18

During her absence Mrs. Umberleigh

1. worked for charity. 3) cleaned people’s houses.

2. lived happily. 4) assisted a curate. Ответ: .

По окончании выполнения заданий 10—18 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 10 и 11 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечам танные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученм ными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Cigarette Warning Labels — Do They Work?

19

Warning labels

in the late 1960’s with a minor note say ing ‘Smoking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smoking could kill.

Smoking is a habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smoking leads to a rapid addiction for

ADOPT

nicotine and is even than alcohol. ADDICTIVE

A person who to smoke knows that he is entering a dark road.

22

So, if his

experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smoke again.

23

However, if smoking is a habit, a smoker

about the side effects of smoking.

24

Although he knows that smoking is injurious, he thinks that it

him very soon. So he ignores the warning labels and conЦ tinues smoking.

25

As a rule heavy smokers don’t really care about themselves, because if

JUST START ONE

NOT CARE NOT HARM

they , they would not be smoking in the first place. DO

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски пом лученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.

The Internet — a Blessing or a Curse?

We live in the age of information technology and the Internet is a

unique , which has influenced all areas of our lives. INVENT

Yet some people are about the importance of the Web. Is it a blessing or a curse?

28

On the one hand, with the Internet, it is now possible to communicate

CERTAIN

with people all over the world. EASY

29

In addition, the Internet is very useful, because it makes the world of

facts and knowledge to everyone. ACCESS

30

However, a huge amount of information on the Internet is also one of its

. This diversity makes it difficult to find the type of inforЦ mation you want.

31

Moreover, the Internet can become

for our society, because of cybercriminals. The information wars of the future may be fought on Web sites.

WEAK DANGER

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Squirrel

It was when Squirrel Nutkin appeared at the October Board meeting that Mr. Ramsay began to 32 his reputation for eccentricity. And that’s putting it 33 . To be fair, there were people who said at the time that there was nothing wrong in wearing a glove puppet to a Board meeting. However, there were more who disagreed, and several who thought that Mr. Ramsay was off his chump. The matter was hotly disputed in the company’s offices, on the shop floor and in the canteen.

It happened during Mr. Giles’s monthly overlong summary of the company’s financial position. Two factors were making the prospects for Ramsay & Co look bleak.

The first of these factors spoke for itself. There were simply fewer items of hosiery being sold. Whether this was due to the long hot summer combined with the undoubted increase 34 the uptake of feminine trousers, or it was a sign of continued recession was not for him to say. Ramsay & Co simply had to 35 the facts, whether they liked them or not, and accept what the market was telling them. Reality didn’t always turn 36 the way people wanted it to.

The second factor, however, was where they could do something about. Ramsay & Co’s costs were inordinately high compared to those of its competitors, who had been cutting back on staff over the last five years, reducing their workforce to one fifth of its previous level. It was high 37 that Ramsay & Co got itself into a similar position.

None of the Board members was surprised at what Mr. Giles had to say. He had, after all, said it all before, many times, over the past several months. Mr. Ramsay had, until now, always stubbornly resisted him. This time, though, what happened was different from all the previous occasions. Mr. Ramsay had never before produced a glove puppet from underneath the table. He had never had a squirrel sitting on his left hand during a presentation.

The only two pairs of eyes in the room focused on Mr. Giles during his summation of the company’s position were those of Mr. Ramsay and the squirrel, both of whom were shaking their heads very slightly. The other Board members were sitting shocked with their mouths wide open and were 38 at the puppet.

32

1) acquire 2) enquire 3) inquire 4) require Ответ:

.

33

1) mild 2) milder 3) mildest 4) mildly Ответ:

.

34

1) at 2) in 3) of 4) to Ответ:

.

35

1) comment 2) cope 3) deal 4) face Ответ:

.

36

1) in 2) on 3) out 4) up Ответ:

.

37

1) price 2) moment 3) time 4) way Ответ:

.

38

1) watching 2) staring 3) seeing 4) observing Ответ:

.

По окончании выполнения заданий 19—38 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 19 и 31 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Проверьте, чтобы каждый ответ был записан рядом с номером соответствующего задания.

Раздел 4. ПИСЬМО

Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Adam who writes:

39

…As for me, I’m crazy about chess. This is a wonderful game and it makes my brain work. What sports games do you play, if any? What kind of things do you and your friends like doing after classes? Do you take part in any after-school activities? Why?

Guess what! I found a homeless puppy the other day and my parents let me have it …

Write back to Adam. In your letter

• answer his questions

• ask 3 questions about his puppy

Write 100 — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

40

Comment on the following statement.

Exams are a fair way of testing students.

What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Write 200 — 250 words.

Use the following plan:

— make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing the given statement)

• express your personal opinion and give 2—3 reasons for your opinion

• express an opposing opinion and give 1—2 reasons for this opposing opinion

• explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

• make a conclusion restating your position

Warning labels were adapted in the late 1960s with a minor note saying «Smoking can be Hazardous to Health». It was only the 1970s that confirmed, smoking could kill. And, in 1985 other labels including warnings for Lung Cancer, Heart Diseases, Emphysema and that Smoking during pregnancy is Dangerous, were added.

Smoking is one habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smoking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is as addictive as alcohol and cocaine. Also, the placebo pleasures associated with smoking like stress relief, calmness and weight loss are other factors that keep the smokers addicted. «Cigarette Kills», «Cigarettes Cause Cancer» — these warnings do not help people quit or even reduce smoking. They are in fact ignored like they were meant to add ‘grace’ to the brand name.

One reason why I think people tend to ignore the harmful effects of smoking is because they think and believe that they are immune to it. This could be because when their body gives them signals of illness and they think of giving it up, they see others smoking around and get tempted. Each smoker thinks he is not the only one. Not only are they tempted but in the middle of these thoughts comes the theory of ‘One Life’. The concept of one life says we have just one life to live so do all the things that make you happy. «Whatever happened to the idea of quitting!»

Do Cigarette Warning Labels Help?

Let’s divide the smokers into three categories and see how cigarette warning labels could possibly affect them.
1. New/Rookie Smoker
2. Average Smoker
3. Chain Smoker

Those who have started smoking recently, smoke either for keeping up with the Joneses or for mere experimentation, I am calling them the new/rookie smokers. Cigarette warning labels can show some effect on smokers who are experimenting. Even a person who has just started to smoke already knows that he is entering a dark road. So, if his first experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smoke again. However, if smoking is adapted as an habit to just look cool or to join the bandwagon, then the smoker after reading the warning would want to quit but will not do so because of the peer pressure.

Coming to an average smoker; he is addicted to smoking but only for the pleasure he derives from it. He is a cautious smoker who tries to play safe. He knows that smoking is injurious and hence tries to balance out by not smoking excessively. This happens unconsciously. He thinks that smoking at this pace will not harm him very soon. He ignores the warning labels and continues smoking.

Finally, coming to a chain smoker; he is kind of a smoker who does not care about the side effects of smoking. And, even if he is facing some health issues he does not let it come against the pleasure he derives from smoking. Chain smokers smoke in a way that the moment one cigarette is over the other is lit or even before the previous cigarette is over. His attitude is, if I am anyway going to die, I’d rather die smoking; or as Kurt Cobain puts it, it is better to burn out than to fade away! They reach a stage of ‘apparent helplessness’ when it comes to smoking and they suppress their guilt by either showing pride in smoking or by expressing the inability to quit. A chain smoker treats the cigarette warning labels as an invitation for smoking.

Smokers don’t really care about themselves. Because if they did they would not be smoking in the first place. But what smokers need to realize is the fact that smoking not only harms/kills them but also affects their children, friends and all those who hang around with them. Smokers are indirectly passing on all the side effects of smoking to their loved one’s, in the form of passive smoking.

US to Adapt the Large and Vivid Graphic Labels

How can a smoker actually quit smoking? This is one global question for which researchers and scientists have been seeking an answer for. It’s a habit that you can quit for not more than a day and the warning labels have never helped. Hence, «smoking kills» — this warning will not really matter to them. But, if warning labels indicate how smoking can affect or kill their loved one’s, it might just pinch the smoker every time he notices a warning label.

Researchers have said that the warning labels do not reach all the smokers and goes unnoticed. Therefore, the US Food and Drug Administration has finally decided to join the bandwagon of other countries that have used large graphic labels on tobacco products, after September, 2012. It has been concluded by the researchers that vivid and scandalizing images on the cigarette covers are more likely to motivate smokers for quitting. A vivid image of a man suffering from cancer accompanied with a warning like «Smoking can kill your children/love» will certainly affect more than a mere text-warning.

Yes! It’s going to be disgusting to look at, but that’s the motive. These new warning labels embarks the first change in the last 25 years. Countries like Mauritius and Thailand have shown an increase in the percentage of people who want to quit smoking, after applying the graphic warning labels. We hope the same effect is seen everywhere else.

Smokers surrender their will, health and lives against the smoking addiction. Smoking has been an addiction where even the rehabilitation centers, focus groups and quit-smoking-aids have not helped in quitting. There is no guarantee or even an approximation on how many people will be affected with the new cigarette warning labels. But, it is certain that the new labels will prove to be more effective than the previous warning labels.

The tobacco industry cannot be banned as the tobacco crop contributes, USD 1.4 billion to the American economy with 371 billion cigarettes being consumed, in a year, approximately. But look at the trade off; every year «438,000» Americans die with smoking-related diseases and they spend USD167 billion/per annum on smoking related medical expenses. Statistics indicates that the deaths occurring from chronic-obstructive lung diseases are 90% because of cigarette smoking.

Tobacco manufacturers spend a whopping amount on advertising for cigarettes and the government spends another whopping amount in advertising the ill-effects of smoking. And, in the bargain we are sacrificing the health of world citizens, in order to gain economic benefits. Is this fair?

12931. Cigarette Warning Labels — Do They Work?

Warning labels ____________(ADOPT) in the late 1960’s with a minor note saying ‘Smoking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smoking could kill.

1) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Cigarette Warning Labels — Do They Work?

Warning labels ___ (ADOPT) in the late 1960’s with a minor note saying ‘Smoking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smoking could kill.

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2) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Smoking is a habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smoking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is even ___ (ADDICTIVE) than alcohol.

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3) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

A person who ___ (JUST START) to smoke knows that he is entering a dark road.

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4) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

So, if his ___ (ONE) experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smoke again.

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5) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

However, if smoking is a habit, a smoker ___ (NOT CARE) about the side effects of smoking.

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6) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Although he knows that smoking is injurious, he thinks that it ___ (NOT HARM) him very soon. So he ignores the warning labels and continues smoking.

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7) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

As a rule heavy smokers don’t really care about themselves, because if they ___ (DO), they would not be smoking in the first place. The Internet — a Blessing or a Curse?

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Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

We live in the age of information technology and the Internet is a

unique ___ (INVENT), which has influenced all areas of our lives.

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9) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Yet some people are ___ (CERTAIN) about the importance of the Web. Is it a blessing or a curse?

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10) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

On the one hand, with the Internet, it is now possible to communicate ___ (EASY) with people all over the world.

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11) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

In addition, the Internet is very useful, because it makes the world of facts and knowledge ___ (ACCESS) to everyone.

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12) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

However, a huge amount of information on the Internet is also one of its ___ (WEAK). This diversity makes it difficult to find the type of information you want.

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13) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Moreover, the Internet can become ___ (DANGER) for our society, because of cybercriminals. The information wars of the future may be fought on Web sites.

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14) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Squirrel

It was when Squirrel Nutkin appeared at the October Board meeting that Mr. Ramsay began to ___ his reputation for eccentricity.

1) acquire
2) enquire
3) inquire
4) require

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15) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

And that’s putting it ___.

1) mild
2) milder
3) mildest
4) mildly

---

16) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

To be fair, there were people who said at the time that there was nothing wrong in wearing a glove puppet to a Board meeting. However, there were more who disagreed, and several who thought that Mr. Ramsay was off his chump. The matter was hotly disputed in the company’s offices, on the shop floor, in the canteen. It happened during Mr. Giles’s monthly overlong summary of the company’s financial position. Two factors were making the prospects for Ramsay & Co look bleak. The first of these factors spoke for itself. There were simply fewer items of hosiery being sold. Whether this was due to the long hot summer combined with the undoubted increase ___ the uptake of feminine trousers, or it was a sign of continued recession was not for him to say.

1) at
2) in
3) of
4) to

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17) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Ramsay & Co simply had to ___ the facts, whether they liked them or not, and accept what the market was telling them.

1) comment
2) cope
3) deal
4) face

---

18) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Reality didn’t always turn ___ the way people wanted it to.

1) in
2) on
3) out
4) up

---

19) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

The second factor, however, was where they could do something about. Ramsay & Co’s costs were inordinately high compared to those of its competitors, who had been cutting back on staff over the last five years, reducing their workforce to one-fifth of its previous level. It was high ___ that Ramsay & Co got itself into a similar position.

1) price
2) moment
3) time
4) way

---

20) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

None of the Board members was surprised at what Mr. Giles had to say. He had, after all, said it all before, many times, over the past several months. Mr. Ramsay had, until now, always stubbornly resisted him. This time, though, what happened was different from all the previous occasions. Mr. Ramsay had never before produced a glove puppet from underneath the table. He had never had a squirrel sitting on his left hand during a presentation. The only two pairs of eyes in the room focused on Mr. Giles during his summation of the company’s position were those of Mr. Ramsay and the squirrel, both of whom were shaking their heads very slightly. The other Board members were sitting shocked with their mouths wide open and were ___ at the puppet.

1) watching
2) staring
3) seeing
4) observing

Smoking prevention has become a massive international health policy concern; the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has affected public health policies for 90% of the world’s population, with nearly 20% of the world’s population (about 1.4 billion people) educated by its strictest measures. 

Graphic warning labels—those incredibly gross visuals displaying the worst possible effects of smoking—are perhaps the most recognized anti-smoking strategy deployed by anti-tobacco initiatives, which claim that the visual impact forces smokers to face the truth about their habit and perhaps even keep people from buying cigarettes in the first place. From gruesome image of decaying teeth, to blackened lungs, or even autopsied corpses and gangrened limbs, the labels rely on visceral reaction to help educate consumers about the real dangers of smoking. 

But after New York City’s Independent Budget Office released a report this month saying that smoking rates in the city have actually risen despite implementing the highest tobacco tax rates in the United States and a six-year old law requiring cigarette retailers to display graphic warning posters at the cash register, we couldn’t help but wonder: do the graphic warning labels really work? How effective have they been?

77

COUNTRIES now require graphic tobacco warnings (Source)

42,100,000

There are approximately 42.1 million smokers in the United States today. About half of all continuing smokers will die prematurely as a result of their addiction. (CDC)

Wearing out the warning

Geoffrey T. Fong is a Principal Investigator at the Canada-based International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (the ITC Project), which has been conducting large scale evaluation studies of tobacco control policies for 13 years. According to Fong, graphic warnings have been incredibly effective. “We have found that the introduction of graphic warnings has led to more knowledge about the specific health harms of cigarettes depicted on the warnings,” Fong tells Hopes&Fears. “Moreover, smokers report that they are more likely to think about these health harms and report that the graphic warnings are more likely to make them think about quitting.”

According to the ITC Project the impact is widespread, with similar findings across the board in countries that implement graphic warning labels.

“Our findings arise from large representative samples of smokers in each country, and we do a longitudinal study, which means that we come back to the same people before and the warnings [are implemented],” Fong explains. This, notes, is in contrast to countries that still rely on text-only warnings, like China.

In fact, text-based warning labels appear to have very little impact on smokers at all. Mark Gottlieb, Executive Director of the US Public Health Advocacy Institute, confirms that, in addition to content, size and placement matter just as much. “Graphic warnings are a proven way to communicate with smokers and deter would-be smokers—the larger and more graphic, the better,” he says. “In a meta-analysis of over 100 cigarette health warning studies found that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and design.”

But could the lack of effectiveness of the old “Surgeon General’s warning” simply have been rooted in fatigue of messaging? And if so, could this not impact the effectiveness of graphic warning labels over time as well? “Absolutely,” says Fong. “We have demonstrated in our research that over time, warning labels, like any communication—TV ads, for example—have lowered impact.” It’s a sensation called “wear-out,” and requires a change in messaging every two to three years.

Mortality Attributed to Tobacco

International tobacco-related disease rates:

71% of all lung cancer deaths are attributable to tobacco use

42% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are attributable to tobacco use

WHO

No simple way

Some believe that warnings have no effect at all, saying that they don’t really expose consumers to information they don’t already know. “[The United States] have had warnings on cigarette packets since the 1960s, y,et the rates of smoking have risen in this world full of cigarette warning label,” economist W. Kip Viscusi explains to Hopes&Fears. “And graphic warnings don’t really add much other than making the cigarette packs uglier.” In fact, some see graphic labels a solvable inconvenience; Australia for instance has developed a hefty market for cigarette containers that simply block the warning images.

Given that warning labels only stay effective for limited periods of time even when they do seem to work, what can governments do to help fight tobacco use? Gottlieb proposes a widespread adoption of raising the minimum age of tobacco sale to 21, as NYC implemented last year. “Because nearly 90% of smokers became addicted before the age of 21, this may be a very effective strategy,” Gottlieb explains. A 2015 report released by the US Institute of Medicine found that raising the legal tobacco purchasing age to 21 lowers adolescent initiation rates, as those who can legally obtain tobacco are less likely to be in the same social circles as high school students.

Further, Gottlieb notes that the FDA has the power to lower permitted nicotene content in tobacco products to non-addictive levels, or can even ban places where cigarettes can be sold. A 2011 Canadian report found that 40% of smokers between the ages of 18-34 would smoke less if they had to travel further to buy cigarettes. The analysis also shows that «proximity of the smoker’s home to a tobacco retailerpredicted smoking cessation,» with those living further from a tobacco retailer more likely to maintain smoking cessastion.

«There may not really be a single, ‘best’ way to get people to stop smoking,» Gottlieb stresses. «Australia has introduced plain packaging and eliminated graphic advertising of tobacco products. Legislation is pending in Tasmania such that no person born since January 1, 2000 may ever purchase a tobacco product.» Gottlieb believes that this approach, known as “Tobacco-Free Generation,» could one day be implemented in the U.S. to help keep people from starting to smoke in the first place.

ranking

The top countries in terms of warning size as an average of the front and back

 Thailand 85%

85% of front, 85% of back

 Australia 82.5%

75% of front, 90% of back

 Uruguay 80%

80% of front, 80% of back

 Canada, Nepal, Brunei 75%

75% of front, 75% of back

 Togo 65% 

65% of front, 65% of back

Source

Editor: Gabriella Garcia

Cigarette warning label is a legal formality fulfilled by the cigarette manufacturers. The fact is that cigarette warning labels do not affect the smokers.

Warning labels were adapted in the late 1960s with a minor note saying «Smoking can be Hazardous to Health». It was only the 1970s that confirmed, smoking could kill. And, in 1985 other labels including warnings for Lung Cancer, Heart Diseases, Emphysema and that Smoking during pregnancy is Dangerous, were added.

Smoking is one habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smoking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is as addictive as alcohol and cocaine. Also, the placebo pleasures associated with smoking like stress relief, calmness and weight loss are other factors that keep the smokers addicted. «Cigarette Kills», «Cigarettes Cause Cancer» — these warnings do not help people quit or even reduce smoking. They are in fact ignored like they were meant to add ‘grace’ to the brand name.

One reason why I think people tend to ignore the harmful effects of smoking is because they think and believe that they are immune to it. This could be because when their body gives them signals of illness and they think of giving it up, they see others smoking around and get tempted. Each smoker thinks he is not the only one. Not only are they tempted but in the middle of these thoughts comes the theory of ‘One Life’. The concept of one life says we have just one life to live so do all the things that make you happy. «Whatever happened to the idea of quitting!»

Do Cigarette Warning Labels Help?

Let’s divide the smokers into three categories and see how cigarette warning labels could possibly affect them.
1. New/Rookie Smoker
2. Average Smoker
3. Chain Smoker

Those who have started smoking recently, smoke either for keeping up with the Joneses or for mere experimentation, I am calling them the new/rookie smokers. Cigarette warning labels can show some effect on smokers who are experimenting. Even a person who has just started to smoke already knows that he is entering a dark road. So, if his first experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smoke again. However, if smoking is adapted as an habit to just look cool or to join the bandwagon, then the smoker after reading the warning would want to quit but will not do so because of the peer pressure.

Coming to an average smoker; he is addicted to smoking but only for the pleasure he derives from it. He is a cautious smoker who tries to play safe. He knows that smoking is injurious and hence tries to balance out by not smoking excessively. This happens unconsciously. He thinks that smoking at this pace will not harm him very soon. He ignores the warning labels and continues smoking.

Finally, coming to a chain smoker; he is kind of a smoker who does not care about the side effects of smoking. And, even if he is facing some health issues he does not let it come against the pleasure he derives from smoking. Chain smokers smoke in a way that the moment one cigarette is over the other is lit or even before the previous cigarette is over. His attitude is, if I am anyway going to die, I’d rather die smoking; or as Kurt Cobain puts it, it is better to burn out than to fade away! They reach a stage of ‘apparent helplessness’ when it comes to smoking and they suppress their guilt by either showing pride in smoking or by expressing the inability to quit. A chain smoker treats the cigarette warning labels as an invitation for smoking.

Smokers don’t really care about themselves. Because if they did they would not be smoking in the first place. But what smokers need to realize is the fact that smoking not only harms/kills them but also affects their children, friends and all those who hang around with them. Smokers are indirectly passing on all the side effects of smoking to their loved one’s, in the form of passive smoking.

US to Adapt the Large and Vivid Graphic Labels

How can a smoker actually quit smoking? This is one global question for which researchers and scientists have been seeking an answer for. It’s a habit that you can quit for not more than a day and the warning labels have never helped. Hence, «smoking kills» — this warning will not really matter to them. But, if warning labels indicate how smoking can affect or kill their loved one’s, it might just pinch the smoker every time he notices a warning label.

Researchers have said that the warning labels do not reach all the smokers and goes unnoticed. Therefore, the US Food and Drug Administration has finally decided to join the bandwagon of other countries that have used large graphic labels on tobacco products, after September, 2012. It has been concluded by the researchers that vivid and scandalizing images on the cigarette covers are more likely to motivate smokers for quitting. A vivid image of a man suffering from cancer accompanied with a warning like «Smoking can kill your children/love» will certainly affect more than a mere text-warning.

Yes! It’s going to be disgusting to look at, but that’s the motive. These new warning labels embarks the first change in the last 25 years. Countries like Mauritius and Thailand have shown an increase in the percentage of people who want to quit smoking, after applying the graphic warning labels. We hope the same effect is seen everywhere else.

Smokers surrender their will, health and lives against the smoking addiction. Smoking has been an addiction where even the rehabilitation centers, focus groups and quit-smoking-aids have not helped in quitting. There is no guarantee or even an approximation on how many people will be affected with the new cigarette warning labels. But, it is certain that the new labels will prove to be more effective than the previous warning labels.

The tobacco industry cannot be banned as the tobacco crop contributes, USD 1.4 billion to the American economy with 371 billion cigarettes being consumed, in a year, approximately. But look at the trade off; every year «438,000» Americans die with smoking-related diseases and they spend USD167 billion/per annum on smoking related medical expenses. Statistics indicates that the deaths occurring from chronic-obstructive lung diseases are 90% because of cigarette smoking.

Tobacco manufacturers spend a whopping amount on advertising for cigarettes and the government spends another whopping amount in advertising the ill-effects of smoking. And, in the bargain we are sacrificing the health of world citizens, in order to gain economic benefits. Is this fair?

Подробности

16700

Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4-В10 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 18 (part 1)

Cigarette Warning Labels – Do They Work?

B4	Warning labels ……………………… in the late 1960’s with a minor note saying ‘Smoking can be hazardous to health’. It was only the 1970’s that confirmed: smoking could kill.	ADOPT
B5	Smoking is a habit that people are not ready to quit even when they are dying. This is because cigarette smoking leads to a rapid addiction for nicotine and is even ……………………… than alcohol.	ADDICTIVE
B6	A person who ……………………… to smoke knows that he is entering a dark road.	JUST START
B7	So, if his ……………………… experience is not good he may read the warning label on the cigarette box and decide to not smoke again.	ONE
B8	However, if smoking is a habit, a smoker ……………………… about the side effects of smoking.	NOT CARE
B9	Although he knows that smoking is injurious, he thinks that it ……………………… him very soon. So he ignores the warning labels and continues smoking.	NOT HARM
B10	As a rule heavy smokers don’t really care about themselves, because if they ……………………… , they would not be smoking in the fist place.	DO

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