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City of Westminster

The City of Westminster is the borough of London that contains Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament and the Prime Minister’s residence. It is located on the northern banks of the River Thames in the centre of London, and it’s one of the ( EXPENSIVE ) places to live in the UK.

The borough is of great historical interest, and almost four fifths of ( IT ) buildings are part of a designated conservation area.

Of all the tourists that visit London, approximately 95% of them tour the City of Westminster, which ( ACCOUNT ) for about 28 million visitors each year.

Other sites within the borough are Piccadilly Circus, Kensington Gardens, the headquarters of many global corporations and several renowned learning institutes. The borough has 27 tube stations and ( CONNECT ) to south London by seven bridges.

City of Westminster

The City of Westminster is the borough of London that contains Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament and the Prime Minister’s residence. It is located on the northern banks of the River Thames in the centre of London, and it’s one of the MOST EXPENSIVE places to live in the UK.

The borough is of great historical interest, and almost four fifths of ITS buildings are part of a designated conservation area.

Of all the tourists that visit London, approximately 95% of them tour the City of Westminster, which ACCOUNTS for about 28 million visitors each year.

Other sites within the borough are Piccadilly Circus, Kensington Gardens, the headquarters of many global corporations and several renowned learning institutes. The borough has 27 tube stations and IS CONNECTED to south London by seven bridges.

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1.  Never too late!

2.  True symbols

3.  The real thing

4.  Back to beauty

5.  The best for the best

6.  No borders or boundaries

7.  No place is too small for it!

8.  A successful beginning

A. Gothic Revival is an architectural style that became popular in Britain in the early 19^th century, right after the period of neo-classicism with its straight lines and noble columns. When English architects turned to the elegant tall towers and pointed narrow windows of medieval gothic castles, it was, in a way, a reaction to the machine production of the Industrial Revolution, as well as a desire to portray pre-industrial society as a golden age.

B. Present-day Britain is full of churches, universities, and other public buildings and private houses built in this style. However, the two most iconic and recognisable Gothic Revival constructions are the Houses of Parliament and the Tower Bridge in London. The Palace of Westminster that houses the British Parliament was built in the 1860s after the old building had burnt down, whereas the Tower Bridge was erected in 1894.

C. During the 19^th century, Gothic Revival quickly spread to other European countries and the USA. Several of the most prestigious American universities like Princeton or Yale adopted Gothic Revival style for their campuses and called it Collegiate Gothic. Gothic Revival style may not be as wellrepresented in Russia, but can be found there as well, if you know where to look  — sometimes in quite unexpected places!

D. The well-known Russian industrialist Alexei Khludov often went to London and Liverpool in the 1840s-1860s to learn about textile manufacturing and to buy equipment for his own cotton factories. Charmed by the brand new clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, he decided to build his own ‘Big Bens’ for his facilities in Egorievsk and Yartsevo, bringing Gothic Revival to these little places in Moscow and Smolensk regions.

E. Another Russian textile magnate Savva Morozov built a Gothic Revival mansion in central Moscow  — in Spiridonovka Street. It is not only from the outside that the mansion looks like a castle. Dark wooden Gothic interior, stained-glass windows and even thrones make you feel that you have been transported into the middle ages. Morozov’s mansion was the first big project of architect Fyodor Schechtel that brought him fame.

F. Perhaps the most unexpected place to find Gothic Revival interiors in Russia is Sandunov’s public baths  — the most luxurious public baths in Moscow. Sila Sandunov built his baths for aristocracy in the early 19^th century. But it was in the 1890s that the baths were rebuilt so that each room had its own architectural style. A heavy wooden ceiling, carved chairs and windows, as well as a beautiful mosaic make it look like an English castle.

G. There are many more buildings in Moscow that have been erected in Gothic Revival style by the most talented Russian architects in the 19^th century. But there is also one authentic English building  — designed by Richard Kneel Freeman, an architect from the town of Bolton near Manchester. It is the Anglican church of St Andrews in Voznesensky Lane, which makes the whole area around it look like a little part of Britain in central Moscow.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Westminster
City, borough, and central business district
Westminster (city)
Trafalgar Square, a major junction in the city (2011)
Council logo
Westminster shown within Greater London
Coordinates: 51°30′44″N 00°09′48″W / 51.51222°N 0.16333°WCoordinates: 51°30′44″N 00°09′48″W / 51.51222°N 0.16333°W
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	London
Ceremonial county	Greater London
Created	1 April 1965
Admin HQ	City Hall, Victoria Street
Government
• Type	London borough council
• Body	Westminster City Council
• Leadership	Leader & Cabinet (Labour)
• Lord Mayor	Hamza Taouzzale
• London Assembly	Tony Devenish (Conservative)
• MPs	Karen Buck (Labour) Nickie Aiken (Conservative)
Area
• Total	8.29 sq mi (21.48 km2)
• Rank	309th (of 309)
Population  (2021)
• Total	204,236
• Rank	92nd (of 309)
• Density	25,000/sq mi (9,500/km2)
Time zone	UTC (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
Postcodes	EC, NW, SW, W, WC
Area code	020
ISO 3166 code	GB-WSM
ONS code	00BK
GSS code	E09000033
Police	Metropolitan Police
Website	www.westminster.gov.uk

Westminster is a city and borough in Inner London. It is the site of the United Kingdom’s Houses of Parliament and much of the British government. It occupies a large area of central Greater London, including most of the West End. Many London landmarks are within the borough, including Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, Whitehall, Westminster Cathedral, 10 Downing Street, and Trafalgar Square.

Westminster became a city in 1540, and historically, it was a part of the ceremonial county of Middlesex. Its southern boundary is the River Thames. To the City of Westminster’s east is the City of London and to its west is the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. To its north is the London Borough of Camden.

The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night-time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the borough is residential, and in 2019 it was estimated to have a population of 261,000. Despite large swaths of parks and open spaces, including Hyde Park and most of Regent’s Park, the population density of the district is high.

The London Westminster borough was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon the creation, it inherited the city status previously held by the then Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1900, which was first awarded to Westminster in 1540. The local government body is Westminster City Council, and there has been a Lord Mayor of the City of Westminster since 1966, while the area is also within authority of the Mayor of London, an office created in 2000.

Coat of arms[edit]

The current Westminster coat of arms was given to the city by an official grant on 2 September 1964.^[1]

Westminster had other arms before, which had a chief identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the lower two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington and St Marylebone. The original arms had a portcullis as the main charge, which now forms the crest.^[1]

History[edit]

After the depopulation of Roman London in the 5th century, an Anglo Saxon agricultural and trade settlement likely developed to its west, associated with the Middle Saxons, sometimes called Lundenwic (‘London village’ or London port’). Over time, Lundenburh (‘London fort’), the former Roman city with its still-existing Roman walls, was repopulated and Lundenwic declined, becoming pastoral and partly known as Aldwych (Aldwic — ‘old village’), the name of which lives on for a section of Westminster.^[2]

The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England. In the mid-11th century, King Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. Between the abbey and the river he built a palace, thereby guaranteeing that the seat of Government would be fixed at Westminster, and inevitably drawing power and wealth west out of the old City of London.^[3]

For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct. It was not until the sixteenth century that houses began to be built over the adjoining fields, eventually absorbing nearby villages such as Marylebone and Kensington, and gradually creating the vast Greater London that exists today.

Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries abolished the abbey at Westminster, although the former abbey church is still called Westminster Abbey. The church was briefly the cathedral of the Diocese of Westminster created from part of the Diocese of London in 1540, by letters patent which also granted city status to Westminster, a status retained after the diocese was abolished in 1550.^[4] The Westminster Court of Burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, previously under the Abbey’s control. The City and Liberties of Westminster were further defined by Letters Patent in 1604, and the court of burgesses and liberty continued in existence until 1900, and the creation of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster.^[5][6]

The present-day City of Westminster as an administrative entity with its present boundaries dates from 1965, when the City of Westminster was created from the former area of three metropolitan boroughs: St Marylebone, Paddington, and the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster, which included Soho, Mayfair, St James’s, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. This restructuring took place under the London Government Act 1963, which significantly reduced the number of local government districts in London, resulting in local authorities responsible for larger geographical areas and greater populations.

The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an administrative amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O.B.E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, 1900–1928.

In addition to the City and Liberty of Westminster, prior to 1900, the area occupied by what would become the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster had been administered by five separate local bodies: the Vestry of St George Hanover Square, the Vestry of St Martin in the Fields, Strand District Board of Works, Westminster District Board of Works and the Vestry of Westminster St James.

The boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963.

Demographics[edit]

Population

Year	Pop.	±%
1801	220,188	—
1811	245,254	+11.4%
1821	288,851	+17.8%
1831	344,200	+19.2%
1841	368,910	+7.2%
1851	422,850	+14.6%
1861	446,263	+5.5%
1871	469,677	+5.2%
1881	493,090	+5.0%
1891	462,837	−6.1%
1901	441,857	−4.5%
1911	421,865	−4.5%
1921	396,406	−6.0%
1931	372,566	−6.0%
1941	334,448	−10.2%
1951	300,461	−10.2%
1961	267,126	−11.1%
1971	237,614	−11.0%
1981	163,893	−31.0%
1991	187,526	+14.4%
2001	181,279	−3.3%
2011	219,396	+21.0%
Source: A Vision of Britain through time, citing Census population

Ethnicity[edit]

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 1991 to 2021 censuses in Westminster.

Ethnic group	1991[7]	2001[8]	2011[9]	2021[10]
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	137,375	78.5%	132,715	73.12%	135,330	61.68%	112,732	55.1%
White: British	–	–	87,938	48.51%	77,334	35.25%	57,162	28.0%
White: Irish	–	–	6,574	3.63%	4,960	2.26%	3,742	1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller	–	–	–	–	76	0.03%	49	0.0%
White: Roma	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,503	0.7%
White: Other	–	–	38,203	21.07%	52,960	24.14%	50,276	24.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total	16,421	9.4%	20,184	11.13%	31,862	14.52%	34,242	16.7%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	3,410	1.9%	5,665	3.12%	7,213	3.29%	7,965	3.9%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	1,173	0.7%	1,828	1.01%	2,328	1.06%	2,461	1.2%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	3,997	2.3%	5,000	2.76%	6,299	2.87%	7,533	3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese	2,831	1.6%	4,077	2.25%	5,917	2.70%	6,625	3.2%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian	5,010	2.9%	3,614	1.99%	10,105	4.61%	9,658	4.7%
Black or Black British: Total	13,475	7.7%	13,481	7.44%	16,472	7.51%	16,456	8%
Black or Black British: African	4,963	2.8%	5,613	3.10%	4,449	2.03%	10,451	5.1%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	6,535	3.7%	6,678	3.68%	9,141	4.17%	4,307	2.1%
Black or Black British: Other Black	1,977	1.1%	1,190	0.66%	2,882	1.31%	1,698	0.8%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total	–	–	7,480	4.13%	11,395	5.19%	13,335	6.5%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean	–	–	1,382	0.76%	1,869	0.85%	2,061	1.0%
Mixed: White and Black African	–	–	1,204	0.66%	1,927	0.89%	2,089	1.0%
Mixed: White and Asian	–	–	2,436	1.34%	3,584	1.63%	3,718	1.8%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	2,458	1.36%	4,015	1.83%	5,467	2.7%
Other: Total	7,543	4.3%	7,426	4.10%	24,337	11.09%	27,471	13.5%
Other: Arab	–	–	–	–	15,724	7.17%	15439	7.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group	7,543	4.3%	7,426	4.1%	8,613	3.93%	12032	5.9%
Ethnic minority: Total	37,439	21.4%	48,571	26.79%	84,066	38.32%	91,504	44.9%
Total	174,814	100%	181,286	100.00%	219,396	100.00%	204,236	100%

Religion[edit]

Religion	2001[11]	2011[12]	2021[13]
Number	Of total	Number	Of total	Number	Of total
Christian	99,797	55.05%	97,877	44.61%	76,245	37.3%
No religion	29,300	16.16%	44,542	20.30%	52,936	25.9%
Muslim	21,346	11.77%	40,073	18.27%	40,873	20.0%
Religion not stated	15,877	8.76%	20,519	9.35%	19,179	9.4%
Jewish	7,732	4.27%	7,237	3.30%	5,628	2.8%
Hindu	3,497	1.93%	4,178	1.90%	4,457	2.2%
Buddhist	2,392	1.32%	3,194	1.46%	2,603	1.3%
Other religion	945	0.52%	1,280	0.58%	1,741	0.9%
Sikh	400	0.22%	496	0.23%	573	0.3%
Total	181,286	100.00%	219,396	100.00%	204,300	100.0%

Housing[edit]

The borough ranks highest on one standard criteria in analysing housing supply and demand, the proportion of private rented accommodation relative to other types of housing in England.^[14]

Income inequality[edit]

A study in 2017 by Trust for London and The New Policy Institute found that Westminster has the third-highest pay inequality of the 32 London boroughs. It also has the second-least affordable private rent for low earners in London, behind only Kensington and Chelsea.

Education[edit]

In education, 82% of adults and 69% of 19-year-olds having Level 3 qualifications.^[15]

Governance[edit]

Local government[edit]

The city is divided into 18 wards, each electing three councillors. As of 2022, Westminster City Council is currently composed of 31 Labour Party councillors and 23 Conservative Party councillors.^[16]

A lord mayor is elected annually to serve as the official representative of the city for one year. See List of mayors of Westminster for a list of former mayors (1900–1965) and lord mayors (1965 to date).

UK Parliament[edit]

Evolution of Parliamentary representation

1918	1950	1974	1983	1997	2010
St Marylebone	Westminster North	Regent’s Park and Kensington North	Westminster North
Paddington North	Paddington
Paddington South	Cities of London and Westminster
Westminster St George’s	Cities of London and Westminster	Cities of London and Westminster
Westminster Abbey
City of London

Districts[edit]

The City of Westminster covers all or part of the following areas of London:

Economy[edit]

Many global corporations have their global or European headquarters in the City of Westminster. Mayfair and St James’s within the City of Westminster also have a large concentration of hedge fund and private equity funds. The West End is known as the Theatre District and is home to many of the leading performing arts businesses. Soho and its adjoining areas house a concentration of media and creative companies. Oxford Street is a busy shopping destination.

Landmarks[edit]

The City of Westminster contains some of the most famous sites in London, including Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) and Big Ben.

Parks and open spaces[edit]

These include Green Park, Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent’s Park and St James’s Park. In addition to parks and open spaces within the borough, the City owns and maintains East Finchley Cemetery and crematorium in the London Borough of Barnet.

Transport[edit]

National Rail stations[edit]

Four National Rail stations serve the City of Westminster:

Railway stations in the City of Westminster^[17]

Station	Image	Line	Destinations
London Charing Cross		South Eastern Main Line	South East London and Kent including London Bridge, Lewisham, Dartford, Orpington, Sevenoaks and Tunbridge Wells. Services operated by Southeastern.[18]
London Marylebone		Chiltern Main Line	North West London, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Midlands including Wembley Stadium, Harrow, Aylesbury, Oxford and Birmingham Moor Street. Services operated by Chiltern Railways.[19]
London Paddington		Great Western Main Line	West London, South West England and South Wales including Ealing Broadway, Reading, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Oxford, Plymouth and Worcester. Services operated by Great Western Railway and Elizabeth line (). Heathrow Airport Services operated by Heathrow Express and Elizabeth line ().[20][21]
London Victoria		Brighton and Chatham Main Lines	South East London and Kent including Peckham Rye, Dartford, Gravesend, Dover Priory and Ashford International. Services operated by Southeastern.[18] South London, Sussex and the South Coast including Clapham Junction, Sutton, Brighton, Eastbourne, Gatwick Airport (), Guildford, Portsmouth, and Southampton. Services operated by Southern. Gatwick Airport Services operated by Gatwick Express.[22]

London Underground[edit]

The City of Westminster is served by 27 London Underground stations and 10 of the 11 lines.

Electric charging points[edit]

By 2009 Westminster City Council had electric vehicle charging points in 15 locations through the city (13 car parks and two on-street points). Users pay an annual fee to cover administration costs to register and use the points.^[23] By 2018 there were 60 electric vehicle charging locations.^[24]

Travel to work[edit]

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.0% of all residents aged 16–74; on foot, 9.3%; bus, minibus or coach, 9.3%; driving a car or van, 6.0%; work mainly at or from home, 5.5%; bicycle, 3.1%; train, 3.0%.^[25]

Education[edit]

Westminster Children’s Services administers many primary and secondary schools. In addition, there are several state-funded faith schools, primarily Church of England (CE), and Roman Catholic (RC), but Christian non-denominational (ND) schools are also in the borough,^[26] and there are several non-profit-making junior and senior independent schools.

Universities and colleges[edit]

• The University of Westminster has its three campuses in the borough; 309 Regent Street (with 4–12 / 16 Little Titchfield Street and 32 / 38 Wells Street buildings uniting under the same campus), 115 New Cavendish Street, and 29 / 35 Marylebone Road.
• The Strand campus of King’s College London is located within the district.
• The London Business School, in Regent’s Park.
• The London School of Economics, at Clare Market, near Aldwych.
• The Royal Academy of Music, on Marylebone Road.
• University of the Arts London has constituent colleges in Millbank (Chelsea College of Art and Design) and Oxford Street (London College of Fashion).
• The Courtauld Institute of Art, in Somerset House, Strand.
• Brigham Young University London Centre, on Palace Court.
• The northern half of Imperial College London’s main South Kensington campus lies within the borough.
• City of Westminster College is a further education college with campuses on Paddington Green and at Queens Park. It also owns the Cockpit Theatre, which is used as a training and performance venue.
• Regent’s College, whose campus is within the grounds of Regent’s Park, which houses: European Business School London; Regent’s American College London; Regent’s Business School; School of Psychotherapy and Counselling; Webster Graduate School; Internexus, a provider of English language courses.
• Westminster Kingsway College is a further education college with centres in Soho and Victoria in Westminster. It also has centres in Camden.
• The Royal College of Art in Kensington Gore.

Public libraries[edit]

The London Library, an independent lending library, is at 14 St James Square.^[27][28]

The city operates two reference libraries; Westminster Reference Library and Marylebone Information Service.^[29] Westminster Reference Library holds several special collections: of which the Sherlock Holmes, Arts and Business collections are the most comprehensive.^[30] In addition to the collections in Westminster Reference Library the city has two specialist libraries: the Westminster Music Library, the largest music library in the UK^[31] and the Westminster Chinese Library in the Charing Cross Library.^[32]

Free City of Westminster operated public lending libraries in Westminster include:

• Charing Cross Library^[33]
• Church Street Library^[34]
• The Maida Vale Library^[35]
• Marylebone Library^[36]
• Mayfair Library^[37]
• Paddington Library^[38]
• Pimlico Library^[39]
• Queen’s Park Library^[40]
• St. John’s Wood Library^[41]
• Victoria Library^[42]

Embassies and High Commissions[edit]

Many countries’ embassies or High Commissions are in Westminster.

Notable people[edit]

Freedom of the City[edit]

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Westminster.

Individuals[edit]

• Rt Hon. Sir Winston Churchill: 1946.^[43]
• Sir Robert Mark: 22 June 1977.^[44]
• Rt Hon. Margaret Thatcher: 12 December 1990.^[45]

Military units[edit]

• HMS Westminster, RN: 11 December 2005.^[46]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Gray, Robert, A History of London, Hutchinson & Co, London, 1978, ISBN 0-09-133140-4

External links[edit]

• City of Westminster
• Westminster, by Sir Walter Besant and Geraldine Edith Mitton and A. Murray Smith, 1902, from Project Gutenberg
• Westminster City Council YouTube channel
• West End Extra: A local newspaper covering the City of Westminster