Задание №11846.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому
Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A — F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1 — 7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа.
1. What was coffee’s long way to Europe like?
2. How did drinking coffee become a social life activity?
3. How was coffee discovered?
4. Why was coffee prohibited in some countries?
5. What ingredients are used in coffee recipes?
6. Why do some people refuse to drink coffee?
7. What helped coffee to conquer the USA?
A. Coffee was first found in Eastern Africa in the area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend says that one day, a man called Kaldi was watching his goats eating grass and leaves. He noticed that after eating berries from a certain bush, the goats became very active. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself. He found that these berries gave him additional energy. The story quickly spread throughout the region.
B. The first coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to Arabian countries and then they were cultivated in Yemen. From there, coffee travelled to Turkey where coffee beans were roasted for the first time over open fires. The roasted beans were crushed and then boiled in water, creating the drink we enjoy today. Finally, in the seventeenth century, coffee arrived in France, Britain and Italy.
C. The first coffeehouses opened in Mecca and quickly became popular centres of social and political activity. The government believed that coffee stimulated radical thinking, and even thought it might unite the opposition. As a result, soon coffee was forbidden in Mecca. The same thing happened in Turkey a century later, when coffee drinkers were severely punished.
D. They say, in 1776, the thirteen American colonies adopted coffee as their national drink instead of tea. When the British tried to raise the tax on tea, Americans refused to buy it and switched to coffee. In fact, by drinking coffee, Americans demonstrated their political views and their dislike for the British – the famous tea-lovers.
E. The Italians drink their espresso with sugar, the Germans and Swiss add an equal part of hot chocolate, the Mexicans prefer it with cinnamon, and the Belgians – with chocolate. Coffee drinkers in the Middle East usually add cardamom and spices. The Egyptians, on the other hand, are extremely fond of pure, strong coffee. They add neither milk nor cream.
F. When the first European coffeehouses opened, they quickly grew into places where people played chess, exchanged gossip, sang and danced. Coffeehouses were very popular. Anyone could go and enjoy a cup of the drink because the price of a cup of coffee was reasonable. European coffeehouses became meeting points for intellectuals, writers and businessmen.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Вопрос |
Решение:
В тексте A содержится ответ на вопрос 3 (How was coffee discovered? — Как был открыт кофе?): «Coffee was first found in Eastern Africa in the area we know today as Ethiopia.»
В тексте B содержится ответ на вопрос 1 (What was coffee’s long way to Europe like? — Каким был долгий путь кофе в Европу?): «… Finally, in the seventeenth century, coffee arrived in France, Britain and Italy.»
В тексте C содержится ответ на вопрос 4 (Why was coffee prohibited in some countries? — Почему кофе был запрещен в некоторых странах?): «The government believed that coffee stimulated radical thinking, and even thought it might unite the opposition.»
В тексте D содержится ответ на вопрос 7 (What helped coffee to conquer the USA? — Что помогло кофе покорить США?): «They say, in 1776, the thirteen American colonies adopted coffee as their national drink instead of tea.»
В тексте E содержится ответ на вопрос 5 (What ingredients are used in coffee recipes? — Какие ингредиенты используются в рецептах кофе?): «The Italians drink their espresso with sugar, the Germans and Swiss add an equal part of hot chocolate, the Mexicans prefer…»
В тексте F содержится ответ на вопрос 2 (How did drinking coffee become a social life activity? — Как употребление кофе стало общественной деятельностью?): «European coffeehouses became meeting points for intellectuals, writers and businessmen.»
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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
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22.03.2018
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Весь список IELTS Academic Reading (All samples IELTS Academic Reading)
A
Coffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats acting unusually friskily after eating berries from a bush. Curious about this phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself. He found that these berries gave him renewed energy.
B
The news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region. Coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in what today is the country of Yemen. Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by means of Venetian trade merchants.
C
Coffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of boiling the beans for its narcotic effects and medicinal value. Coffee for a time was known as Arabian wine to Muslims who were banned from alcohol by Islam. It was not until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine and a medicine that it was discovered, probably by complete accident in Turkey, that by roasting the beans a delicious drink could be made. The roasted beans were first crushed, and then boiled in water, creating a crude version of the beverage we enjoy today. The first coffee houses were opened in Europe in the 17th Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds, sweetening it, and adding a dash of milk.
D
If you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee plants growing wild in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions. But only about ten of them are actually cultivated. Of these ten, two species are responsible for almost all the coffee produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and Coffea Canephora (usually known as Robusta). Because of ecological differences existing among the various coffee producing countries, both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub species.
E
Although wild plants can reach 10 — 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of around four metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical. The flowers are white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At first sight, the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp) containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the seeds in the form of two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beans are in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden yellow parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery film. The bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres wide.
F
Coffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop. The climate needs to be hot-wet or hot temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, with frequent rains and temperatures varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C. The soil should be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated, with well-drained subsoil. The best lands are the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods. The perfect altitude is between 600 and 1200 metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres. Cultivation aimed at protecting the plants at every stage of growth is needed. Sowing should be in sheltered nurseries from which, after about six months, the seedlings should be moved to plantations in the rainy season where they are usually alternated with other plants to shield them from wind and excessive sunlight. Only when the plant is five years old can it be counted upon to give a regular yield. This is between 400 grams and two kilos of arabica beans for each plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans.
G
Harvesting time depends on the geographic situation and it can vary greatly therefore according to the various producing countries. First the ripe beans are picked from the branches. Pickers can selectively pick approximately 250 to 300 pounds of coffee cherry a day. At the end of the day, the pickers bring their heavy burlap bags to pulping mills where the cherry coffee can be pulped (or wet milled). The pulped beans then rest, covered in pure rainwater to ferment overnight. The next day the wet beans are hand-distributed upon the drying floor to be sun dried. This drying process takes from one to two weeks depending on the amount of sunny days available. To make sure they dry evenly, the beans need to be raked many times during this drying time. Two weeks later the sun dried beans, now called parchment, are scooped up, bagged and taken to be milled. Huge milling machines then remove the parchment and silver skin, which renders a green bean suitable for roasting. The green beans are roasted according to the customers’ specifications and, after cooling, the beans are then packaged and mailed to customers.
Now, answer the questions
IELTS
Всего: 327 1–20 | 21–40 | 41–60 | 61–80 | 81–100 …
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Задания Д9 № 298 
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Coffee in the New World
2. The original taste of coffee
3. A chance discovery
4. A place for communication
5. An illegal drink
6. A long journey to Europe
7. Growing coffee plants
8. Different recipes
A. Coffee was first found in Eastern Africa in the area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend says that one day a man called Kaldi was watching his goats eating grass and leaves. He noticed that after eating berries from a certain bush the goats became very active. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself. He found that these berries gave him additional energy. The story quickly spread throughout the region.
B. The first coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to Arabian countries and then they were cultivated in Yemen. From there, coffee travelled to Turkey where coffee beans were roasted for the first time over open fires. The roasted beans were crushed and then boiled in water, creating the drink we enjoy today. Finally, in the seventeenth century coffee arrived in France, Britain and Italy.
C. The first coffeehouses opened in Mecca and quickly became popular centres of social and political activity. The government believed that coffee stimulated radical thinking, and the governor even thought it might unite his opposition. As a result, coffee was forbidden in Mecca. The same thing happened in Turkey a century later, when coffee drinkers were severely punished.
D. They say, in 1776 the thirteen American colonies adopted coffee as their national drink instead of tea. When the British tried to raise the tax on tea, Americans refused to buy it and switched to coffee. In fact, by drinking coffee Americans demonstrated their political views and their dislike for the British – the famous tea-lovers.
E. The Italians drink their espresso with sugar, the Germans and Swiss add an equal part of hot chocolate, the Mexicans prefer it with cinnamon, and the Belgians – with chocolate. Coffee drinkers in the Middle East usually add cardamom and spices. The Egyptians, on the other hand, are extremely fond of pure, strong coffee. They add neither milk nor cream.
F. Plain and simple, nothing else. People discovered that if they drank coffee slowly they could taste bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saltiness. For a long time such a taste was new and more than enough. It needed no improvement. Only later did they start experimenting with coffee by adding milk, chocolate, and other flavors. However, nothing can hide the taste of real coffee.
G. When the first European coffeehouses opened, they quickly grew into places where people played chess, exchanged gossip, sang and danced. Coffeehouses were very popular because anyone could go and enjoy a cup of the drink. The price of a cup of coffee was reasonable. European coffee houses became meeting points for intellectuals, writers and businessmen.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1307.
Задания Д1 № 331
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In a shopping centre
2. In a classroom
3. At a party
4. In a hospital
5. In a gym hall
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 296
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In a hospital
2. In a shopping centre
3. At a party
4. In a classroom
5. In a gym hall
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1307.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The girl is planning to…
1) Go swimming a couple of days a week
2) Eat many buns and cakes.
3) put on five kilos
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The female speaker…
1) Doesn’t like dancing.
2) Likes dancing but needs a break.
3) Likes tuna sandwiches and sparkling water.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The girl thinks her leg hurts …
1) because of her intensive courses in the fitness club
2) Because she danced too much at a party
3) Because something is wrong with the bones.
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. According to the male speaker, the girl…
1) Is fond of sports.
2) Has never done any sports.
3) Wants to buy sportswear.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— Feeling tired?
— Yeah, I’ve been on the treadmill for half an hour already.
— You take your fitness classes very seriously, don’t you?
— I have to. I’ve put on five kilos after the last 2 weeks. Too many buns and cakes.
— Hmm, yeah, but if you exercise here regularly you’ll be in good shape really soon.
— I’m also thinking about going swimming a couple of days a week.
Dialog B.
— I’m dying for a drink!
— I thought you liked dancing?
— I do. But I need a break. Let’s have a drink and a sandwich.
— Ok. Chicken or tuna?
— Chicken. And a glass of mineral water, still.
Dialog C.
— So, what’s wrong with you?
— I don’t really know. But my feet hurts and it’s getting worse every day.
— When did you first feel the pain?
— Hmmm. 3 days ago. At first I thought it’s because of my intensive courses in mu fitness club, I didn’t pay too much attention, but yesterday we had a party and I had to leave almost at once as it was difficult not only to dance, but to walk.
— Well, we should x-ray your foot just to make sure everything is all right with the bones.
Dialog D.
— Where are we going now?
— To sport square!
— Gosh, you never done any sport!
— Right, so it’s a good time to start.
— Because you put on some extra kilos?
— Mainly. But also because it’s a mega sale in the sport square! I can buy everything in a half price!
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1308.
Задания Д2 № 332
Вы услышите пять высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–E и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–6. Используйте каждое утверждение из списка 1–6 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
The speaker talks about
1. his/her recent journey.
2. his/her new job.
3. different means of transport.
4. the dangers of careless driving.
5. traffic problems.
6. sports car races.
| Говорящий | A | B | C | D | E |
| Утверждение |
1
Задания Д2 № 297
Вы услышите пять высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–E и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–6. Используйте каждое утверждение из списка 1–6 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
The speaker talks about
1. his/her recent journey.
2. traffic problems.
3. the dangers of careless driving.
4. different means of transport.
5. sports car races.
6. his/her new job.
| Говорящий | A | B | C | D | E |
| Утверждение |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1307.
2
Вы готовите тематическую радиопередачу с высказываниями пяти разных людей, обозначенных буквами А, В, С, D, Е. Подберите к каждому высказыванию соответствующую его содержанию рубрику из списка 1–6. Используйте каждую рубрику из списка только один раз. В списке есть одна лишняя рубрика. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. Recent journey.
2. Traffic problems.
3. The dangers of careless driving.
4. Different means of transport.
5. Sports car races.
6. New job.
| Говорящий | A | B | C | D | E |
| Утверждение |
Расшифровка записи
Speaker A. Driving requires concentration, attention and skills. Unfortunately some people don’t realize how dangerous their car can be for themselves and to other people. Lots of accidents happen because the driver accede the speed limits or when the driver feels unwell or simply tired. However, the worse thing is when the drivers start to compete with each other and have car raises on the city roads.
Speaker B. I worked in the office for the several years and after while I’ve got pretty bored with that. I wanted to change something in my life and this reminded me of my childhood dream of wanting to be the bus driver. “Why not?” – I said to myself. Now I drive a large and comfortable city bus. My root is through the center of the city which is nice in quite hours. In the daytime the traffic is heavy, but I enjoy it anyway.
Speaker C. Nowadays people have to be very mobile. Public transport like buses or the underground is the best way to get from the point A to point B in the city. They are relatively cheap and safe. If you want, you can take a taxi or drive your own car. In some countries bicycles are becoming more and more popular. People prefer them to cars when they go to work or to a shop.
Speaker D. There are a lot of cars on the streets of our cities. And it’s getting more and more of them. Too much available transport, however, may lead to accidents and unpleasant situations. Cars and buses may get stuck in the traffic jams. Sometimes careless drivers park their cars in the wrong places and it causes lots of inconvenient to the passing by and to other drivers.
Speaker E. I love driving and I always try to be very careful on the road, however, last Sunday was not my lucky day. I went to a nearby town to visit my grandma. Normally, it takes me 30 minutes to get there, but on Sunday the road was blocked because of the accident. Then I was nearly hit by another car! Fortunately the driver was stopped by the police and fined for the dangerous driving.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1308.
Задания Д9 № 333
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Who supports the runners?
2. How it started?
3. How to be sure of the winners?
4. What to wear for a marathon?
5. What it is like to run a marathon?
6. How to get ready for a marathon?
7. Who runs just for fun?
8. Can the landscape help?
A. Many cities in the United States hold marathons. The city of Chicago, Illinois, has its marathon once a year. The running area in Chicago is almost absolutely flat. The scenery is amazingly beautiful. This fact has helped some runners set some of the world’s fastest times there. Many of them hope to go back again.
B. Some people know that they have no chance of winning but they participate anyway. They are not officially registered for the race — they just start running with the crowd. These runners are called “bandits.” Many of them finish the race hours after the serious runners but they are happy to cross the finish line anyway.
C. An important battle took place in Marathon in Greece more than two thousand years ago. Greece’s army won the battle. A Greek runner was sent to Athens to announce the victory. The man ran for about 40 km at top speed. He announced his message. Then he fell to the ground and died. In memory of the great runner a marathon was included in the Olympic Games.
D. Recently, a British writer and journalist, Mario Roter, ran in a marathon. He thought it would be fun to write an article about what people felt during the race. Later he said that running forty-two kilometers was no fun. Many people agree that there is no pleasure in running a marathon, but afterwards it feels great to know that you have done it.
E. People usually start training for a marathon in early spring. They run often and gradually increase the length of their runs from eight to twelve and even to twenty kilometers. At this point it is necessary to build up the needed strength. In the months before the race, the average participant runs a total of more than eight hundred kilometers.
F. Usually there are lots of runners. The line of people stretches back hundreds of meters. As the winners are awarded prize money it is important to avoid cheating. In order to track all the participants, special chips are used. When the participants register for the marathon, they get their identification number and computer chips. The chips are activated at the start of the race and keep time.
G. A marathon is usually a big public event. In the city where the marathon is held hundreds of people give their time and effort to make the race possible. The city police block traffic on the main roads. Some runners thank the officers as they run by. Every few kilometers there are volunteers who offer water to the runners. Lots of people cheer.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1308.
Задания Д1 № 366
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a picnic
2. On board a plane
3. At home
4. In a supermarket
5. In a restaurant
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 401
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. At home
2. In a supermarket
3. On board a plane
4. On a picnic
5. In a restaurant
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1310.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The male speaker advises the girl to try
1) Green salad
2) Toffy pudding
3) Chicken with potatoes
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The problem of eating and watching TV from the girl’s point of view is that
1) You can’t control the amount of food you consume when you watch a film
2) The sofa and carpet get dirty
3) Popcorn and chocolate bars are not healthy food.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The family will have to be off soon because
1) They expected light rain in the evening
2) Children have eaten all the food.
3) They were tired and wanted to have a rest at home.
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The passenger had problems with his…
1) Luggage. He couldn’t put it into the luggage rack in the right way.
2) Appetite. He was really anxious to get his lunch.
3) Seat. He couldn’t put it in the right position.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— Sorry, I’m a bit late!
— Never mind, I’ve just arrived myself. How was your day?
— Tough. And I feel really hungry. Have you ordered anything yet?
— I’m going to have a salad and a coffee. But you should have something more substantial.
— I will. Just let me have a look. Ok. I’ll have a green salad and some chicken with potatoes and a dessert.
— They serve a very tasty toffy pudding, you should try it.
Dialog B.
— I don’t approve of this habit of your’s.
— Which one this time?
— Eating while watching TV.
— Why? What’s wrong with it?
— You can’t control the amount of food you consumed when you watch a film. You have already finished two bowls of pop corn and a chocolate bar.
— And what? School is really hard and I need to relax.
Dialog C.
— It was a good idea to get out of the city. Look, the kids a happily flying their kite.
— Yeah, and they had a hearty meat. I don’t remember them ever eating with such appetite at home.
— The sandwiches were really good. I liked the baked potatoes very much too.
— They were burned a bit, but they were ok anyway.
— Could you pass me an apple please? It’s a pity we have to off soon, they promised the light rain in the evening.
Dialog D.
— Apple, tomato juice or mineral water for you, sir?
— Mineral water, without gas.
— Hear.
— There is something wrong with my seat. I can’t put it in the right position.
— Just let me see. Press this button on your left.
— Oh, thanks. Now it’s fine. Are you serving lunch soon?
— Yes, in a few minutes. The cart with the lunch boxes is almost ready.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1309.
Задания Д9 № 368
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Our never sleeping part
2. Influence on academic results
3. Advantages of bedtime routine
4. Good sleeping conditions
5. Pre-sleep activities
6. Sleeping classes
7. A negative effect on health
8. The mechanism of dreaming
A. Recent research shows that lots of teenagers are suffering from lack of sleep which is causing problems with their behaviour and learning. As a result schools have introduced a new lesson where students are given more of an idea of the importance of sleep. According to medical data, they should get at least nine hours’ sleep a night. Young people should realise that sleep is very important if they want to do well at school and enjoy life.
B. It’s common knowledge that people sleep best in a dark room that is slightly cool. It’s important to close your blinds or curtains and make sure they’re heavy enough to block out the light. You can add extra blankets or wear pyjamas if you’re cold. Note that an uncomfortable bed, heat and noise can ruin a good night’s sleep. A TV is also a distraction.
C. If you don’t sleep enough or have a disturbed sleep you can get heart disease, high blood pressure and even diabetes. People who don’t sleep enough get colds and flu more often than those who do. Moreover, recent research proves that poor sleepers gain weight more easily than people who sleep well. Extra kilos are the reaction of the body to the stressful sleepless situation.
D. Think twice before watching a movie late at night. Don’t spend sleeping time on endless computer games. The thing is that by getting up and going to bed at the same time every day, even on weekends, you teach your body to follow a healthy regime. You’ll quickly fall asleep, will have a good night’s sleep and will wake up at the expected time feeling fresh and active.
E. Some easy steps can prepare your body for going to sleep. You probably have some regular bedtime habits, even if you don’t realise it. Brushing your teeth, taking a shower, reading a book and setting your alarm clock may all be part of your evening routine. Remember that you should perform these activities in the same manner and in the same order every night.
F. Sleepless nights at exam time are very bad for students. If you prepare for your exam late at night, it will not improve your performance during the exam. On the contrary, it will affect your ability to concentrate, to react quickly and to analyse information. Recent research shows that the results of the tests written after sleepless nights are lower than usual grades.
G. If you think that during sleep, the brain rests, you’re mistaken. It’s a common myth about sleep. Sleep is definitely needed – but it’s not your brain that needs to rest, it’s your body that needs to relax. Your brain is still working when you’re asleep, controlling physical functions like breathing and your heart beat. However, because the brain does not have to go through the constant stress of thinking, you get up refreshed and recharged.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1309.
Задания Д1 № 401
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. At home
2. In a supermarket
3. On board a plane
4. On a picnic
5. In a restaurant
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 366
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a picnic
2. On board a plane
3. At home
4. In a supermarket
5. In a restaurant
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1309.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The male speaker advises the girl to try
1) Green salad
2) Toffy pudding
3) Chicken with potatoes
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The problem of eating and watching TV from the girl’s point of view is that
1) You can’t control the amount of food you consume when you watch a film
2) The sofa and carpet get dirty
3) Popcorn and chocolate bars are not healthy food.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The family will have to be off soon because
1) They expected light rain in the evening
2) Children have eaten all the food.
3) They were tired and wanted to have a rest at home.
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The passenger had problems with his…
1) Luggage. He couldn’t put it into the luggage rack in the right way.
2) Appetite. He was really anxious to get his lunch.
3) Seat. He couldn’t put it in the right position.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— Sorry, I’m a bit late!
— Never mind, I’ve just arrived myself. How was your day?
— Tough. And I feel really hungry. Have you ordered anything yet?
— I’m going to have a salad and a coffee. But you should have something more substantial.
— I will. Just let me have a look. Ok. I’ll have a green salad and some chicken with potatoes and a dessert.
— They serve a very tasty toffy pudding, you should try it.
Dialog B.
— I don’t approve of this habit of your’s.
— Which one this time?
— Eating while watching TV.
— Why? What’s wrong with it?
— You can’t control the amount of food you consumed when you watch a film. You have already finished two bowls of pop corn and a chocolate bar.
— And what? School is really hard and I need to relax.
Dialog C.
— It was a good idea to get out of the city. Look, the kids a happily flying their kite.
— Yeah, and they had a hearty meat. I don’t remember them ever eating with such appetite at home.
— The sandwiches were really good. I liked the baked potatoes very much too.
— They were burned a bit, but they were ok anyway.
— Could you pass me an apple please? It’s a pity we have to off soon, they promised the light rain in the evening.
Dialog D.
— Apple, tomato juice or mineral water for you, sir?
— Mineral water, without gas.
— Hear.
— There is something wrong with my seat. I can’t put it in the right position.
— Just let me see. Press this button on your left.
— Oh, thanks. Now it’s fine. Are you serving lunch soon?
— Yes, in a few minutes. The cart with the lunch boxes is almost ready.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1310.
Задания Д9 № 403
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Good for everyone
2. Easy to care for
3. Part of culture
4. Screen fashion
5. An innovative idea
6. Working clothes
7. Jeans’ labels
8. Clothes to protest
A. Jeans are one of fashion’s most long enduring trends. Cowboys wear them but so do supermodels, farmers, presidents and housewives. Ask any group of people why they wear jeans and you will get a range of answers. For some they’re comfortable and easy — for others they’re trendy and cool. Jeans mean different things to different people but they are popular everywhere.
B. Americans do not have a national folk dress with a long tradition. Blue jeans are probably the most recognisable article of American clothing. They have been part of American life for over 125 years. Blue denim jeans became not only an expression of American fashion but also an element of American identity known around the world.
C. Jeans were first designed as trousers for farmers and miners in the states of the American West. They quickly grew popular with common people, including cowboys, factory employees and railroad builders. The new trousers were made from a very strong material which did not wear out easily. However, at the same time jeans were very practical and comfortable to wear.
D. Pockets were the weak point of the miners’ clothes — they easily tore away from the jeans. A man called Jacob Davis had the idea of using metal rivets (fasteners) to hold the pockets and the jeans together so that they wouldn’t tear. Davis wanted to patent his idea, but he didn’t have enough money, so he offered Levi Strauss a deal if Strauss paid for the patent. Strauss accepted and started making jeans.
E. By the middle of the twentieth century, these heavy cotton trousers were a symbol of opposition for young artists and writers. College students started to wear them to show they were against the Vietnam War. The new trousers were banned in American schools from coast to coast and sometimes in theatres and cinemas.
F. Jeans are good because they don’t show the dirt. You can easily go a month without washing them and they don’t look shocking. They don’t need to be washed as often as other trousers and you don’t need to iron them. What’s more, because of the strong material you can wear your favorite jeans for years. Even the occasional hole or spot doesn’t spoil them at all.
G. In the 30s and 40s many people began to spend their spare time watching movies where adventurous cowboys rode horses, fought bad guys and wore blue jeans. The actors made jeans popular in movies and everyone wanted to wear them. Young people wished to imitate the casual “cowboyish” look they saw in films, and they began to wear jeans as casual wear.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1310.
Задания Д1 № 436
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a bus excursion
2. In a park
3. In a hotel
4. In a gym
5. On a school playground
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 471
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In a park
2. In a gym
3. In a hotel
4. On a school playground
5. On a bus excursion
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1312.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The girl goes jogging
1) Sometimes, depending on the weather.
2) Regardless of what season is or what is the weather.
3) Only when it rains.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The male speaker is interested in
1) Playing golf.
2) Swimming in the pool.
3) Playing bowling and billiards.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The girl is interested in
1) Various sports
2) Aerobics
3) Boxing
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The eight churches which constitute the historical complex are now
1) Churches, as they used to be in the past.
2) Museums and places for holding international competitions.
3)Some of them are museums and some are still working as churches.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— It’s a nice day for jogging, isn’t it? The weather is very pleasant.
— Yes. But I jog in any weather anyway.
— Even if it rains?
— Even if it rains. If you want to keep fit, you need to do sports regularly. My jogging root is always the same. From the center gates, round the lake, pass the playground and back to the gates. Regardless of what season is or what the weather.
— You seem to take your exercises very seriously.
Dialog B.
— Excuse, but aren’t the sports facilities free for the guests staying here?
— Most of them are. You can use the gym and the swimming pool as long as you like for free. The bowling, the table tennis and the billiard and free too.
— And the golf?
— That’s not included in your package. I’m sorry, sir.
— Where can I see the prize list for them? Here at the reception?
— Yes, here it is. If you pay for 3 games or more, you get a considerable discount.
Dialog C.
— Wow! It looks impressive. Lots of room and it’s not crowded.
— It’s a lunch time. In the morning and in evening this place is much busier.
— I see
— The sports equipment is ok. And you can exercise on your own or apply to the professional coach. He’ll define the training program for you and will supervise you.
— And what’s this for?
— Oh this is accessories like punch bags and gloves are for boxing. You are not interested in boxing, I suppose.
— No. just in aerobics.
Dialog D.
— This part of the town is relatively new. There are modern residential buildings, sport centers, a large swimming pool and so on and so far.
— Are there any historical buildings here?
— Yes. And that’s where we are heading to. It’s about a 15 minutes drive. It’s a large historical complex with this manias 8 churches of the 16th to 19th centuries.
— Are they still in operation or have they been converted in the museums?
— Some of them are museums and some are still working churches. We’ll see both kinds. Now, look to your right, we are passing the stadium. It’s a modern one. And some international competitions are even held there.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1311.
Задания Д9 № 438
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. A false stereotype
2. An unlucky symbol
3. A colourful present
4. A world famous journey
5. One and the same name
6. The national food
7. A talisman for luck
8. Old holiday traditions
A. When you think of the Irish, you often picture a red-haired person dressed all in green. However, it’s just a popular myth which has grown into a tradition, particularly in the United States. It’s customary in Ireland to wear green clothes only on St. Patrick’s Day. Lots of people are tricked by this cliche. However, originally, the colour associated with Saint Patrick was not green, but blue.
B. In Ireland, the colour green was long considered to bring bad fortune. The reason is that in Irish folklore green is the favourite color of the Good People (the proper name for fairies). Myths run that they are likely to steal people, especially children, who wear too much of the colour. In the past, a girl would never wear anything green on her wedding day.
C. Christmas is a very important celebration in Ireland. After dinner on Christmas Eve, it is common for families to leave milk and bread on the table as a sign of friendliness and kindness. Another custom is to leave the door unlocked. A lit candle is left in a window during the night. It represents help for any traveller who is passing by.
D. Potatoes form the basis for many traditional Irish dishes. They are eaten boiled,mashed, fried, baked, you name it. Potatoes are mixed with cabbage or green onions to make traditional Irish dishes. They are also made into potato cakes and used in soups or stews. It’s common to find potatoes cooked in two different ways on the same dinner plate.
E. The shamrock is still a popular sign of good fortune in Ireland. It is believed that anyone who possesses one will be blessed with fortune in everything, even in gambling, and will be saved from the evil of witches. There are certain conditions to be met so that its power remains effective: the owner of the shamrock must keep it away from the public eye and never give it to anyone else.
F. The name Gulliver is known to everyone due to the book or the film about the fantastic trip of the English doctor. However, not all of us remember the name of the author — Jonathan Swift, an Irish writer, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1667. In his book Gulliver’s Travels a man went to an island where strange tiny people lived. His life there was full of adventures and dangers, he met there friends and enemies.
G. Ireland is known as the native land of limericks — short humorous poems that have five lines. They make people laugh and are easy to remember! Lots of poets and writers were fond of limericks. The word “limerick” probably comes from the Irish town of Limerick. The short poem has made the town known all over the world.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1311.
Задания Д1 № 471
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In a park
2. In a gym
3. In a hotel
4. On a school playground
5. On a bus excursion
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 436
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a bus excursion
2. In a park
3. In a hotel
4. In a gym
5. On a school playground
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1311.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The girl goes jogging
1) Sometimes, depending on the weather.
2) Regardless of what season is or what is the weather.
3) Only when it rains.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The male speaker is interested in
1) Playing golf.
2) Swimming in the pool.
3) Playing bowling and billiards.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The girl is interested in
1) Various sports
2) Aerobics
3) Boxing
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The eight churches which constitute the historical complex are now
1) Churches, as they used to be in the past.
2) Museums and places for holding international competitions.
3)Some of them are museums and some are still working as churches.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— It’s a nice day for jogging, isn’t it? The weather is very pleasant.
— Yes. But I jog in any weather anyway.
— Even if it rains?
— Even if it rains. If you want to keep fit, you need to do sports regularly. My jogging root is always the same. From the center gates, round the lake, pass the playground and back to the gates. Regardless of what season is or what the weather.
— You seem to take your exercises very seriously.
Dialog B.
— Excuse, but aren’t the sports facilities free for the guests staying here?
— Most of them are. You can use the gym and the swimming pool as long as you like for free. The bowling, the table tennis and the billiard and free too.
— And the golf?
— That’s not included in your package. I’m sorry, sir.
— Where can I see the prize list for them? Here at the reception?
— Yes, here it is. If you pay for 3 games or more, you get a considerable discount.
Dialog C.
— Wow! It looks impressive. Lots of room and it’s not crowded.
— It’s a lunch time. In the morning and in evening this place is much busier.
— I see
— The sports equipment is ok. And you can exercise on your own or apply to the professional coach. He’ll define the training program for you and will supervise you.
— And what’s this for?
— Oh this is accessories like punch bags and gloves are for boxing. You are not interested in boxing, I suppose.
— No. just in aerobics.
Dialog D.
— This part of the town is relatively new. There are modern residential buildings, sport centers, a large swimming pool and so on and so far.
— Are there any historical buildings here?
— Yes. And that’s where we are heading to. It’s about a 15 minutes drive. It’s a large historical complex with this manias 8 churches of the 16th to 19th centuries.
— Are they still in operation or have they been converted in the museums?
— Some of them are museums and some are still working churches. We’ll see both kinds. Now, look to your right, we are passing the stadium. It’s a modern one. And some international competitions are even held there.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1312.
Задания Д9 № 473
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Street performers
2. Eating together
3. Important for the whole country
4. Lifting weights
5. Cooking competition
6. Cheese Rolling
7. In memory of the past events
8. A cookery sprint
A. A woolsack race is one of the British local festivals that could be called strange. It started in Tetbury, a wool town, in the 17th century when young men wanted to demonstrate their physical strength. Since then, every spring men and women compete in teams to carry heavy woolsacks up and down the hill. The race events are complemented by a funfair and musical entertainments.
B. Midsummer is the time for the Cheese Rolling Ceremony in many places. Competitors gather at the top of a hill. The Master of the Ceremonies lets a heavy head of cheese roll down the hill. Brave runners race down to be the first to catch it. Unfortunately, the event was cancelled in 2010 due to safety issues.
C. Another cheese ceremony is popular in the village of Randwick. On the first Sunday in May people roll three cheeses from right to left around the church. After rolling, the villagers cut up and share one of the cheeses. They believe that eating cheese brings health to their families.
D. The village of Marshfield, England, is famous for its Paperboys procession. People dressed in paper costumes go through the streets. They start from the market place and perform the town’s unique character play along the road. By noon they have done more than six performances for several hundred people.
E. Every January Up Helly Aa is celebrated in Scotland. People dressed in Viking costumes and helmets go through the streets of Lerwick. They hold flaming torches, sticks with special material on the top which burns in order to give light. The strongest participants carry a full size model of a Viking ship to an open field. There the people throw lit torches into the ship and burn it.
F. Melbourne Cup Day is held in Australia, in November. Although Cup Day is a public holiday only in the city of Melbourne, the rest of the country refuses to be left out of the event. People gather around televisions and computers, whether at work, at home, or wherever they are, just to watch this world famous horse race. This event is often called ‘the race that stops the nation’.
G. In a village in Eastern England, an unusual race takes place every year. Three groups take part in the race – adults, children (under 11s) and teenagers. Each participant receives a frying pan with a pancake and has to race from one end of a field to the other, throwing the pancake into the air and catching it in the frying pan without dropping it. The winner is the first to cross the line.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1312.
Задания Д1 № 506
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In the cinema
2. In a shop
3. At a birthday party
4. On a street
5. In an airport
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 541
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a street
2. In an airport
3. At a birthday party
4. In a shop
5. In the cinema
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1314.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The passenger’s problem is that…
1) He has forgotten to buy presents.
2) He wants to take out the books to read them during the flight.
3) His suitcase is too big and he needs either to pay for repackage or to take out some items.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The customer needs …..
1) a bag for a frequent traveller
2) Clothes, books and sports equipment
3) A cheap bag
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The girl got a present from …
1) Her husband
2) Her friend
3) Her boss
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The couple is watching…
1) A detective
2) A thriller
3) A comedy
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— I’m afraid your suitcase is too big, sir.
— What should I do with it?
— You can either pay for the repackage or you can just get some of the things out of your suitcase to fill it and take them as a hand luggage.
— The repacking can be a problem because there are some personal things here like presents and everything. I’ll take out books, they are heavy.
— Ok. But might be that your hand luggage is heavy as well.
Dialog B.
— What kind of bag are you looking for?
— Well… anything suitable for a frequent traveler. It should be big as a have to take closes, books and sport equipment. And it should be easy to pull.
— How about this suitcase then? It’s big and it looks comfortable enough. With to handles, two pockets and compartments.
— Yeah. And I like the color. How much is it?
— I’ll find out the prize. But I don’t think it’s really expensive.
Dialog C.
— Many happy returns!
— Thank you! Oh, is this for me? What is it?
— Just unwrap it and you’ll see.
— Oh, bag! I always wanted a bag like this! How did you know?
— We’ve been friends for a good while, don’t we? I know you taste by now.
— Thanks again. And, I think you know everyone here, just come in and enjoy the crowd.
Dialog D.
— Do you think they will find the bag with the money?
— No, they won’t. the delivery guy will find it. He’ll make use of the money while the police are chasing the gangsters.
— How do you know that?
— I read the story. It’s actually the screen version of a pretty well known story.
— Oh, I see. Don’t tell me what’s going to happen next then.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1313.
Задания Д9 № 508
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. With care for the environment
2. A favourable location
3. Medicine from birds
4. Annual events
5. Names to remember
6. Getting around the town
7. A historical building
8. A green town
A. Cheltenham started as a small market town that later became one of the most fashionable health resorts in Britain. Once, in 1716 people noticed pigeons eating crystals in a meadow outside the town. These were crystals of salt which helped King George III and the members of the royal family treat their illnesses. Since then, pigeons have been a symbol of Cheltenham Spa.
B. Cheltenham is a small, ancient town in England situated to the north-west of Oxford. It lies below the highest point of the Cotswold Hills and above the level of the River Severn. The town is also called «The Western Gateway». Thanks to its position it has become a popular tourist attraction.
C. The Pittville Pump Room is the largest of the spa constructions in Cheltenham. It is a magnificent, old house of classical style made of white stone. The Pump Room was designed for balls and entertainments and, of course, for taking the medicinal waters. Today, it is still used as a concert hall at festival time and for weddings, and of course, visitors can still take the waters – if they so wish!
D. Tourism is highly developed in Cheltenham and the City Council has to reduce the negative impact of tourists on the town. A lot has been done. The town has developed walking, cycling and public transport routes as an alternative to cars. There is a pool of bicycles that tourists can use for short distance journeys. The local services try to recycle all the packaging, plastic bottles and batteries left by tourists.
E. Many famous people of the past have connections with Cheltenham. Gustav Holst, a well-known English composer of the 19th century, was born in the town. His house is now his birthplace museum. Visitors may learn a lot about Holst’s life, his music and his family. The famous Antarctic explorer Edward Wilson was also born in Cheltenham. Now a statue of him stands in the Long Gardens.
F. The beauty and wonderful sights of Cheltenham continue to attract visitors from countries all over the world. For many years people have enjoyed the beauty of Cheltenham’s parks, open spaces and the general greenery of the town. Cheltenham has been described as ‘a town within a park’. Montpellier place, which is famous for its wonderful flowers, lies in the centre of the town.
G. Thousands of visitors come to Cheltenham to take part in the festivals which are held in the town every year. The town organises literature, music, jazz and science festivals, attracting names with a national and international reputation from each field. Besides all this, for a week in March the town becomes the centre of the National Gold Cup in horse racing.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1313.
Задания Д1 № 541
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a street
2. In an airport
3. At a birthday party
4. In a shop
5. In the cinema
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 506
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In the cinema
2. In a shop
3. At a birthday party
4. On a street
5. In an airport
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1313.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The passenger’s problem is that…
1) He has forgotten to buy presents.
2) He wants to take out the books to read them during the flight.
3) His suitcase is too big and he needs either to pay for repackage or to take out some items.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The customer needs …..
1) a bag for a frequent traveller
2) Clothes, books and sports equipment
3) A cheap bag
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The girl got a present from …
1) Her husband
2) Her friend
3) Her boss
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The couple is watching…
1) A detective
2) A thriller
3) A comedy
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— I’m afraid your suitcase is too big, sir.
— What should I do with it?
— You can either pay for the repackage or you can just get some of the things out of your suitcase to fill it and take them as a hand luggage.
— The repacking can be a problem because there are some personal things here like presents and everything. I’ll take out books, they are heavy.
— Ok. But might be that your hand luggage is heavy as well.
Dialog B.
— What kind of bag are you looking for?
— Well… anything suitable for a frequent traveler. It should be big as a have to take closes, books and sport equipment. And it should be easy to pull.
— How about this suitcase then? It’s big and it looks comfortable enough. With to handles, two pockets and compartments.
— Yeah. And I like the color. How much is it?
— I’ll find out the prize. But I don’t think it’s really expensive.
Dialog C.
— Many happy returns!
— Thank you! Oh, is this for me? What is it?
— Just unwrap it and you’ll see.
— Oh, bag! I always wanted a bag like this! How did you know?
— We’ve been friends for a good while, don’t we? I know you taste by now.
— Thanks again. And, I think you know everyone here, just come in and enjoy the crowd.
Dialog D.
— Do you think they will find the bag with the money?
— No, they won’t. the delivery guy will find it. He’ll make use of the money while the police are chasing the gangsters.
— How do you know that?
— I read the story. It’s actually the screen version of a pretty well known story.
— Oh, I see. Don’t tell me what’s going to happen next then.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1314.
Задания Д9 № 543
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. A widely used aroma
2. Makes meals different
3. A relaxing effect
4. Scents and colours
5. Another unique characteristic
6. Holiday scents
7. Creating memories
8. Smelling emotions
A. Nothing brings back memories like a particular smell. Whether it’s of Christmas pine, your grandma’s fresh-baked gingerbread, or cookies, the scents of Christmas are truly special. In the days leading up to this day, the house fills with the wonderful rich, spicy smells of vanilla, cinnamon and ginger coming from the kitchen, promising delights to come.
B. Some of the most pleasant scents after a hard day are vanilla, lavender, and scents with cinnamon or ginger. Each combination of aromas can influence you positively. For example, vanilla’s sweet scent can help you if you feel sad, lonely, or depressed. It is a naturally warming aroma. Cinnamon is good in case you feel tired; it also has a wonderful effect on your nerves, calming you down.
C. The ability to smell is linked to our ability to remember things. When you first smell a new thing, you connect it to an event, a person, or even a moment. As a result, later the smell of cookies might remind you of spending time at your grandmother’s house when you were a small child. When you come across the smell a second or third time, the link is already there, ready to bring out a certain mood.
D. There are certain smells we can identify from a mile away – almost as if they’re preprogrammed into our minds. One of them is vanilla. Today, vanilla is in our coffee, perfumes, tea, home products, body lotion, and everywhere! Both the scent and taste of vanilla are very strong and long-lasting. It is considered one of the most popular scents and flavours in the world.
E. A new study suggests that we can smell not only aromas but feelings as well – fear, happiness, disgust and joy. The experiments proved that we can find out how a person feels even if we neither see nor hear him. Nerves inside our nose take informative messages about the person and his emotional state to the brain. However, the mechanism of how this happens is not yet clear.
F. Our sense of smell does 80% of the job when we taste various foods. Without a sense of smell you can’t taste the difference between an apple and a potato or a glass of juice and a cup of cold coffee. This is why, when our nose is blocked by a cold, most foods seem tasteless. Our sense of smell becomes stronger when we are hungry.
G. There are many good reasons to believe that we all have our own particular smell. Research has proved that our smell might distinguish us from others just as our face does. Our smell is as personal as our fingerprints. For centuries the police have used this phenomenon to catch criminals. Maybe one day they will use our scent too.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1314.
Задания Д1 № 576
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. On a skating rink
2. At a concert
3. On a street
4. In a library
5. In a classroom
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Задания Д1 № 716
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. In a classroom
2. On a street
3. In a library
4. At a concert
5. On a skating rink
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1316.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The man is interested in theatre because…
1) He loves Shakespeare’s plays.
2) He wants to be an actor.
3) He’s got to write an essay.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. To improve his grades the student needs to…
1) Be more attentive
2) Find a pen in his bag to complete the essay.
3) Read Shakespeare’s masterpieces.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The male speaker doesn’t want to skate as far as he…
1) Is in a hurry to get to the theatre
2) Has hurt his knee.
3) Doesn’t like skating.
5
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The man did not really like his birthday present because…
1) Some songs at the performance did not appeal to him at all.
2) The cake which he was given, wasn’t tasty.
3) His friend gave him an mp3 album which he didn’t enjoy.
Расшифровка записи
Dialog A.
— Excuse me, where can I find something about the history of the theater?
— Let me see. Right… there we have some materials on Shakespeare in theater. Next: the most famous international drama schools.
— I have to write an essay and I probably should start with Shakespeare’s time.
— That sounds logical, but there were also theatrical performance in the ancient world. Would you like to see some texts on related theme in Ancient Greece?
— Yeah, I’d really like to.
Dialog B.
— Tommy, what are you looking for in your bag?
— Nothing, Mrs. Simpson.
— Please don’t get distracted. There is very little time left before the bell. Just choose it to check your writing to be sure there is no mistakes.
— Ok, I will. But I’m not Shakespeare and there will be mistakes anyway. You never give me very high grades.
— You have a fair chance to improve your academic performance if you were only more attentive.
Dialog C.
— Feeling cold?
— Oh, no. On the contrary a bit hot. There are so many people here today. And one needs to be attentive and fast to avoid crashing into anyone.
— I think you do brilliantly.
— The ice are very good today and the music too. Why are you still wearing your boots? Come on! Get on the ice!
— Not today. I hurt my knee a couple of days ago. And I don’t want to take any risks. We are going to the theater today, by the way. How about joining us?
Dialog D.
— How much did you said the tickets were?
— I’m not going to tell you and you shouldn’t have asked! It’s your birthday present.
— I know I know I just…
— Are you saying that you don’t like the performance?
— No, I can’t be so categorical, some songs were really nice. And I like the city dancer’s performance but some songs don’t appeal to me at all.
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1315.
Задания Д9 № 578
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. Historical facts
2. Different reasons for drawing in the street
3. A street art exhibition
4. A commercial effect
5. An innovative method
6. An unknown artist
7. The meaning of the term
8. Keeping their names secret
A. Street art can be described as art that is developed in public spaces and above all in the street. It can mean a lot of different things including graffiti, poster art, wall paintings, and just about any artwork that is displayed in public places. Typically, street art is used to separate public-space artwork from illegal graffiti and vandalism.
B. The start of street art is closely connected to graffiti, which appeared in New York in the 1970s. The American artists soon became an inspiration for a number of other young street artists all over the world. For the following ten years graffiti grew more and more popular and was soon joined by new forms of street art including street installations, street sculptures and 3D pavement illusions.
C. Street artists are often associated with opposition. Their artwork is considered a crime and vandalism and the artists may be arrested for damaging property so the artists prefer to use nicknames and create their drawings mostly at night. They are not looking for fame, especially in countries where graffiti is still illegal.
D. Kurt Wenner was the one who developed an absolutely new form of street art. That is 3D pavement art. He started his career as a graphic artist but after moving to Italy he worked on a new technique. Wenner attracted the attention of the entire world with his remarkable 3D artwork and he also inspired a future generation of 3D pavement street artists.
E. Banksy is probably the most famous English street artist who has already become a legendary figure. It’s still true that no one knows who the person really is. However, his works are exhibited in galleries across the world. An American magazine even named him among the top most influential people in the world. However, he was the only one whose photo the magazine could not publish.
F. The motivations and ideas that inspire street artists are as different as the artists themselves. Some street artists, by creating certain works, want to draw attention to social and political problems. For other artists, street art is just a form of self-expression. And there are those who enjoy the challenge and risks which are connected with working illegally in some city areas.
G. Traditional graffiti has recently been used as a successful method for advertising. Lots of companies agree that traditional advertising on city streets is too boring and common so many people simply ignore it. However, graffiti adverts catch your attention, creating a memorable image. Big companies find this quite useful and try to include more elements of graffiti in their advertising campaigns.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Источник: ГИА по английскому языку 31.05.2013. Основная волна. Вариант 1315.
Задания Д1 № 611
Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных А, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из этих диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. At the Doctor’s
2. In the street
3. In a cafe
4. At the beach
5. At the airport
| Диалог | A | B | C | D |
| Место действия |
1
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
1. The girl got a cold while…
1) Working in a cold office
2) Skiing for a whole day
3) Going to a forest on a cold, windy day.
2
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
2. The passengers at the airport are worried as far as…
1) They have forgotten their tickets at home.
2) They are afraid of flying in storm.
3) Their flight is delayed.
3
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
3. The man wants to …
1) Walk in the rainy weather.
2) Get to an underground station.
3) Find a bus 14 stop.
4
Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.
4. The female speaker was surprised that the man went swimming whatever the weather was and supposed that he…
1) Went swimming in winter as well.
2) Went swimming every day.
3) Went to the swimming pool when the weather was bad.
Расшифровка записи
Dialogue A.
A: It looks like you have cold symptoms. You should have come to me earlier. How long have you been feeling this way?
B: Since Saturday night. We’d been skiing for the whole day. The weather was very cold and windy. But we were having fun and didn’t want to go home…
A: I see. Now you should keep warm and stay indoors for a few days.
B: Will I have to take any medicine?
A: Yes. Here is a prescription. Take one tablet three times a day for five days.
B: Thank you.
Dialogue В.
A: Oh, gosh, the flight is delayed!
B: Why? What’s the reason for the delay?
A: They say it’s because of the weather. The forecast says there’s going to be a storm.
B: Don’t worry. I don’t think it will be for too long. Could you stay here with our luggage for a few minutes?
A: Yes, why?
B: I’m going to buy two coffees for us at the coffee machine over there.
Dialogue С.
A: Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest underground station?
B: It’s four bus stops from here. Take bus number 14.
A: And is it possible to get there on foot?
B: Yes, certainly, but it’ll take you about half an hour. And it looks like rain…
A: Oh, I don’t mind! I like walking in rainy weather.
Dialogue D.
A: You’re a good swimmer!
B: It’s because I practise regularly. I come here twice a week whatever the weather.
A: Are you saying you swim all year round? Even in the winter?
B: No, in the winter I go to the swimming pool. I’m going to have one more swim, then I’m going home. Are you coming?
Задания Д9 № 613
Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. A magic journey
2. Freedom of choice
3. A trip around the world
4. An unusual means of transport
5. A family weekend
6. Ideal for beginners
7. An all-inclusive trip
8. Across the continent
A. Everyone knows that cycling is a nice and healthy way to travel. It offers you independence. You don’t depend on timetables. You can go where and when you want. You can stop at a restaurant when you please, stay in the places you like and leave if you get bored. The world is yours.
B. Learn the basics of rock climbing with Cliffs and Ice. It is a perfect choice for those who decide to take up climbing for the first time. After a week in Cornwall you will learn the main skills necessary to become a competent climber. We will give you an experience that you can use in different climbing areas in the UK.
C. It is situated close to the Lake District, which is known for picturesque scenery. The ingredients that will help you make an unforgettable winter holiday with your nearest and dearest are: the welcoming fireplaces, delicious food, cosy rooms and different sports facilities. It’s perfect for a weekend trip with children. Take the people you love to our delightful hotel in the country.
D. A journey through a wild and faraway desert — by camel! This is a wonderful choice for anyone who wants to forget the modern means of travelling. You’ll be on top of a camel and part of a desert caravan. Camel drivers will accompany you, providing good company, as you admire the golden sand and the bright blue sky.
E. If you take a train tour to the lakes, you’ll have nothing to worry about. You will leave London in a comfortable train, travel through the small picturesque towns and into the green hills. There will be no problems with the trip. The price already includes a return ticket, afternoon tea at Linden Hotel, a beautiful lake cruise, a visit to the medieval village and Hill Top, home of a famous English writer.
F. The Hogwarts Express plays a big part in the adventures of Harry Potter. A trip to the Scottish Highlands can be your chance to sit in the same carriage and dream about your own trip to the mysterious world. The journey goes through some of Scotland’s most splendid scenery. The best part of the journey is when the train crosses the Glenfinnan viaduct, a railway bridge.
G. Are you ready for Africa? Say yes and take a Safari Holiday. It is a mystery, wonder and … adventure! Our safari experts will take you through Africa from east to west. We offer views of dunes, mountain ranges, untouched beaches and open fields. You will see the amazing wildlife and beautiful nature. Let us make your African safari an experience you will never forget!
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Всего: 327 1–20 | 21–40 | 41–60 | 61–80 | 81–100 …
No one knows exactly how or when coffee was discovered, though there are many legends about its origin.
An Ethiopian Legend
Coffee grown worldwide can trace its heritage back centuries to the ancient coffee forests on the Ethiopian plateau. There, legend says the goat herder Kaldi first discovered the potential of these beloved beans.
The story goes that that Kaldi discovered coffee after he noticed that after eating the berries from a certain tree, his goats became so energetic that they did not want to sleep at night.
Kaldi reported his findings to the abbot of the local monastery, who made a drink with the berries and found that it kept him alert through the long hours of evening prayer. The abbot shared his discovery with the other monks at the monastery, and knowledge of the energizing berries began to spread.
As word moved east and coffee reached the Arabian peninsula, it began a journey which would bring these beans across the globe.
The Arabian Peninsula
Coffee cultivation and trade began on the Arabian Peninsula. By the 15th century, coffee was being grown in the Yemeni district of Arabia and by the 16th century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.
Coffee was not only enjoyed in homes, but also in the many public coffee houses — called qahveh khaneh — which began to appear in cities across the Near East. The popularity of the coffee houses was unequaled and people frequented them for all kinds of social activity.
Not only did the patrons drink coffee and engage in conversation, but they also listened to music, watched performers, played chess and kept current on the news. Coffee houses quickly became such an important center for the exchange of information that they were often referred to as “Schools of the Wise.”
With thousands of pilgrims visiting the holy city of Mecca each year from all over the world, knowledge of this “wine of Araby” began to spread.
Coffee Comes to Europe
European travelers to the Near East brought back stories of an unusual dark black beverage. By the 17th century, coffee had made its way to Europe and was becoming popular across the continent.
Some people reacted to this new beverage with suspicion or fear, calling it the “bitter invention of Satan.” The local clergy condemned coffee when it came to Venice in 1615. The controversy was so great that Pope Clement VIII was asked to intervene. He decided to taste the beverage for himself before making a decision, and found the drink so satisfying that he gave it papal approval.
Despite such controversy, coffee houses were quickly becoming centers of social activity and communication in the major cities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. In England “penny universities” sprang up, so called because for the price of a penny one could purchase a cup of coffee and engage in stimulating conversation.
Coffee began to replace the common breakfast drink beverages of the time — beer and wine. Those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert and energized, and not surprisingly, the quality of their work was greatly improved. (We like to think of this a precursor to the modern office coffee service.)
By the mid-17th century, there were over 300 coffee houses in London, many of which attracted like-minded patrons, including merchants, shippers, brokers and artists.
Many businesses grew out of these specialized coffee houses. Lloyd’s of London, for example, came into existence at the Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House.
The New World
In the mid-1600’s, coffee was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.
Though coffee houses rapidly began to appear, tea continued to be the favored drink in the New World until 1773, when the colonists revolted against a heavy tax on tea imposed by King George III. The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would forever change the American drinking preference to coffee.
«Coffee — the favorite drink of the civilized world.» — Thomas Jefferson
Plantations Around the World
As demand for the beverage continued to spread, there was fierce competition to cultivate coffee outside of Arabia.
The Dutch finally got seedlings in the latter half of the 17th century. Their first attempts to plant them in India failed, but they were successful with their efforts in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is now Indonesia.
The plants thrived and soon the Dutch had a productive and growing trade in coffee. They then expanded the cultivation of coffee trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.
Coming to the Americas
In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam presented a gift of a young coffee plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King ordered it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a young naval officer, Gabriel de Clieu obtained a seedling from the King’s plant. Despite a challenging voyage — complete with horrendous weather, a saboteur who tried to destroy the seedling, and a pirate attack — he managed to transport it safely to Martinique.
Once planted, the seedling not only thrived, but it’s credited with the spread of over 18 million coffee trees on the island of Martinique in the next 50 years. Even more incredible is that this seedling was the parent of all coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South and Central America.
The famed Brazilian coffee owes its existence to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the emperor to French Guiana to get coffee seedlings. The French were not willing to share, but the French Governor’s wife, captivated by his good looks, gave him a large bouquet of flowers before he left— buried inside were enough coffee seeds to begin what is today a billion-dollar industry.
Missionaries and travelers, traders and colonists continued to carry coffee seeds to new lands, and coffee trees were planted worldwide. Plantations were established in magnificent tropical forests and on rugged mountain highlands. Some crops flourished, while others were short-lived. New nations were established on coffee economies. Fortunes were made and lost. By the end of the 18th century, coffee had become one of the world’s most profitable export crops. After crude oil, coffee is the most sought commodity in the world.
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But I wouldn’t mind seeing them at work in the fields in Haiti, picking bugs off coffee plants.”
Но я был бы не против увидеть, как они собирают жуков с кофейных деревьев на Гаити.
Literature
UN-2
Coffee plant blossoms
Цветение кофейного дерева
jw2019
THE fascinating story of coffee begins in the highlands of Ethiopia, the home of the wild coffee plant.
ЕГО удивительная история началась в горной местности Эфиопии — родине кофе.
jw2019
It wasn’t long, though, before coffee plants were exported and successfully grown in other countries.
Однако вскоре кофе был завезен в другие страны, где его стали успешно выращивать.
jw2019
The sign came down when Maximus bought the coffee plant from Kraft in 2007.
Знак был убран, когда в 2007 году предприятие купила Maximus.
Literature
John Wilkinson, a gardener who came on HMS Blonde in 1825 under Captain Lord Byron, brought coffee plants from Brazil.
Джон Уилкинсон, садовник, приехавший на HMS Blonde в 1825 году под командованием капитана лорда Байрона, привез кофе из Бразилии.
WikiMatrix
Maritza Blandón is crouched over a row of young coffee plants at a farm in Matagalpa, in the Northern mountains of Nicaragua.
Марица Бландон склонилась над рядком кофейных кустарников в Матагальпе, в горах на севере Никарагуа.
gv2019
Ethiopia also claims to be the original home of the coffee plant, and to this day it is a major producer of coffee beans.
К тому же, Эфиопию считают родиной кофейного дерева, и на сегодняшний день эта страна является основным поставщиком зерен кофе.
jw2019
Brazil dispatched Francisco de Melo Palheta, an army officer, to French Guiana, instructing him to settle the dispute and to bring home some coffee plants.
Правительство Бразилии отправило в Гвиану офицера Франсиско де Мело Палета, поручив ему уладить конфликт, а также вернуться с саженцами кофейного дерева.
jw2019
Coffee picking is a specialized field; the beans must be selected one by one and coffee plants often grow on steep hillsides where it is difficult to work
Сбор кофе- это особый вид работы; зерна здесь должны собираться по одному, а кофейные растения зачастую растут на крутом склоне, где исключительно трудно работать
MultiUn
Either this trait could be bred into other coffee plants by crossing them with C. charrieriana, or an equivalent effect could be achieved by knocking out the gene for caffeine synthase in normal coffee plants.
Данное свойство может быть перенесено другим сортам кофе при помощи скрещивания с C. charrieriana, либо нокаутом гена синтетазы кофеина в обычных сортах.
WikiMatrix
The story of one man’s devotion to a sapling coffee tree has been described as “the most romantic chapter in the history of the propagation of the coffee plant,” says the book “All About Coffee.”
Рассказ о том, как один человек трепетно заботился о молодом кофейном дереве, описывается в книге «Все о кофе» как «самая трогательная глава в истории распространения кофе» (All About Coffee).
jw2019
He’d talked of going to the mountains, of planting coffee on the forested slopes.
Он говорил, что отправится в горы и будет выращивать кофе на зеленых склонах.
Literature
Some farmers uprooted their coffee bushes and planted other crops, such as sugar cane.
Некоторые фермеры выкорчевывали свои кофейные кусты и сажали другие растения, вроде сахарного тростника.
Literature
Stillman got up, had his morning coffee, watered his plants, and took a long look at his life.
Стиллмен проснулся, выпил утренний кофе, полил цветочки, а потом задумался о своей жизни.
Literature
She wanted to be alone in her kitchen, brewing a fresh pot of coffee, watering the plants.
Ей хотелось оказаться сейчас на кухне, одной, заваривать свежий кофе, поливать цветы.
Literature
Outside at the kiosk, I bought her coffee and we planted ourselves at one of the umbrella-shaded tables.
Выйдя из магазина, я купил ей кофе в киоске, и мы уселись за один из столиков под зонтиком
Literature
The CFO denied that they chose the Netherlands as their European headquarters to avoid tax, explaining that the company’s Dutch coffee roasting plant was the reason for the decision.
Финансовый директор отрицал, что они выбрали Голландию для размещения своего головного европейского офиса с целью уклонения от налогов, он объяснил, что причиной выбора стало то, что завод по обжарке кофейных зёрен находится в Голландии.
WikiMatrix
If it was coca, you would be eligible for a grant to tear up the shrubs and plant coffee instead.
Будь у вас кока, вы могли бы получить дотацию, чтобы уничтожить ее посевы и вместо них посадить кофе.
Literature
Francisco de Paula Marín, a physician and aide to King Kamehameha I, is generally credited with first importing and planting coffee on the island of Oahu in 1813.
Принято считать, что в 1813 году Франсиско де-Паула Марин, врач и советник короля Камехамехи I, первым завез и посадил кофе на острове Оаху.
jw2019
From beating people up in bars to planting bombs in coffee shops?
От избиения людей в барах до бомб в кафе?
opensubtitles2
In the first half of the 19th century, forests in the montane zone were cleared large-scale for the planting of coffee, and afterwards tea.
В первой половине XIX века леса в горном поясе гор уничтожены, для того чтобы иметь возможность устроить там кофейные, а позже чайные плантации, поэтому слоны в горах были истреблены.
WikiMatrix
Wherever she dug up a plant, she put a coffee bean in the earth as thanks to the gods.
Каждый раз, когда она выкапывала растение, она клала в землю кофейное зернышко, чтобы поблагодарить богов.
Literature
Fine, you think he planted that isotope at the coffee shop?
Значит вы думаете, что он вылил изотоп в кафе?
OpenSubtitles2018.v3
Ethiopian Coffee
Ethiopia’s Unique Coffee Ceremony
No visit to Ethiopia, is complete without participating in the elaborate coffee ceremony that is Ethiopia’s traditional form of hospitality.
Invariably conducted by a beautiful young girl in traditional Ethiopian costume, the ceremonial apparatus is arranged upon a bed of long grasses.
The green beans are roasted in a pan over a charcoal brazier, the rich aroma of coffee mingling with the heady smell of incense that is always burned during the ceremony.
The beans are then pounded with a pestle and mortar, and the ground coffee then brewed in a black pot with a narrow spout.
Traditional accompaniments are popcorn, also roasted on the fire, and the coffee is sugared to be drunk from small handless cups.
Ethiopian Coffee’s History
Ethiopia the origin of Coffee
More than 1,000 years ago, a goatherd in Ethiopia’s south-western highlands plucked a few red berries from some young green trees growing there in the forest and tasted them.
He liked the flavor and the feel-good effect that followed.
Today those self-same berries, dried, roasted and ground, have become the world’s second most popular non-alcoholic beverage after tea.
Many believe that the Ethiopian province where the berries first blossomed «Kaffa» gave its name to coffee.
The story of coffee has its beginnings in Ethiopia, the original home of the coffee plant; coffee Arabica, which still grows wild in the forest of the highlands.
While nobody is sure exactly how coffee was originally discovered as a beverage, it is believed that its cultivation and use began as early as the 9th century.
Some authorities claim that it was cultivated in the Yemen earlier, around AD 575.
The only thing that seems certain is that it originated in Ethiopia, from where it traveled to the Yemen about 600 years ago, and from Arabia it began its journey around the world.
Ethiopian Coffee Legends
Among the many legends that have developed concerning the origin of coffee, one of the most popular accounts is that of Kaldi, an Abyssinian goatherd, who lived around AD 850.
One day he observed his goats behaving in abnormally exuberant manner, skipping, rearing on their hind legs and bleating loudly.
He noticed they were eating the bright red berries that grew on the green bushes nearby.
Kaldi tried a few, and soon felt a novel sense of elation.
He filled his pockets with the berries and ran home to announce his discovery to his wife.
«They are heaven-sent,» she declared. «You must take them to the Monks in the monastery.»
Kaldi presented the chief Monk with a handful of berries and related his discovery of their miraculous effect.
«Devil’s work!» exclaimed the monk, and hurled the berries in the fire.
Within minutes the monastery filled with the heavenly aroma of roasting beans, and the other monks gathered to investigate.
The beans were raked from the fire and crushed to extinguish the embers.
The Monk ordered the grains to be placed in the ewer and covered with hot water to preserve their goodness.
That night the monks sat up drinking the rich and fragrant brew, and from that day vowed they would drink it daily to keep them awake during their long, nocturnal devotions.
While the legends attempt to condense the discovery of coffee and its development as a beverage into one story, it is believed that the monks of Ethiopia may have chewed on the berries as a stimulant for centuries before it was brewed as a hot drink.
Another account suggests that coffee was brought to Arabia from Ethiopia, by Sudanese slaves who chewed the berries en route to help them survive the journey.
There is some evidence that coffee was ground and mixed with butter, and consumed like chocolate for sustenance, a method reportedly used by the ancient Oromo tribe of Ethiopia, which lends some credence to the story of the Sudanese slaves.
The practice of mixing ground coffee beans with ghee (clarified butter) persists to this day in some parts of Kaffa and Sidamo, two of the principle coffee producing regions of Ethiopia.
And in Kaffa, from which its name derives, the drink is brewed today with the addition of melted ghee which gives it a distinctive, buttery flavor.
Ethiopian Coffee and Religion
From the beginning, coffee’s invigorating powers have understandably linked it with religion, and each tradition claims its own story of origins.
Islamic legend ascribes the discovery of coffee to devout Sheikh Omar, who found the coffee growing wild while living as a recluse in Mocha, one famous coffee producing place in Yemen.
He is said to have boiled some berries, and discovered the stimulating effect of the resulting brew, which he administered to the locals who were stricken with a mysterious ailment and thereby cured them.
There are numerous versions of this story concerning the Sheikh Omar, which relate how he cured the King of Mocha’s daughter with coffee, and another where wondrous bird leads him to a tree full of coffee berries.
Arabic scientific documents dating from around AD 900 refer to a beverage drunk in Ethiopia, Known as «buna», and the similarities in the words suggests that this could be one of the earliest references to Ethiopian, coffee in its brewed form.
It is recorded that in 1454 the Mufti of Aden visited Ethiopia, and saw his own countrymen drinking coffee there.
He was reportedly impressed with the drink which cured him of some affliction, and his approval made it soon popular among the dervishes of the Yemen who used it in religious ceremonies, and introduced it to Mecca.
It was in Mecca that the first coffee houses are said to have been established.
Known as Kaveh Kanes, they were originally religious meeting places, but soon became social meeting places for gossip, singing and story-telling.
With the spread of coffee as a popular beverage it soon became a subject for heated debate among devout Muslims.
The Arabic word for coffee, kahwah, is also one of several words for wine. In the process of stripping the cherry husk, the pulp of the bean was fermented to make potent liquor.
The Quran forbade the use of wine or intoxicating beverages, but those Muslims in favor of coffee argued that it was not an intoxicant but a stimulant. The dispute over coffee came to a head in 1511 in Mecca.
The governor of Mecca, Beg, saw some people drinking coffee in a mosque as they prepared a night-long prayer vigil.
Furious he drove them from the mosque and ordered all coffee houses to be closed. A heated debate ensued, with coffee being condemned as an unhealthy brew by two unscrupulous Persian doctors, the Hakimani brothers, who were known to produce whatever testimony suited the highest bidder.
The doctors wanted it banned, for it was a popular cure among the melancholic patients who other-wise would have paid the doctors to cure them. The mufti of Mecca spoke in defense of coffee.
The issue was only resolved when the Sultan of Cairo intervened and reprimanded the Khair Beg for banning a drink that was widely enjoyed in Cairo without consulting his superior.
In 1512, when Khair Beg was accused of embezzlement, the Sultan had him put to death. Coffee survived in Mecca.
Ethiopian Coffee and European Coffee Houses
The picture of Arabic coffee houses as dens of iniquity and frivolity was exaggerated by religious zealots.
In reality the Middle Eastern was the forerunner of the European Cafe society and the coffee houses of London which became famous London clubs.
They were enlightened meeting places for intellectuals, where news and gossip exchanged and clients regularly entertained by traditional story-tellers.
From the Arabian Peninsula coffee traveled to the East.
The Arabs are credited with first bringing coffee to Sri Lanka (Ceylon) as early as 1505.
It is said that fertile coffee beans, the berries with their husks unbroken, were first introduced into South-West India by one Baba Budan on his return from a pilgrimage to Mecca in the 17th century.
By 1517 coffee had reached Constantinople, following the conquest of Egypt by Salim I, and it was established in Damascus by 1530. Coffee houses were opened in Constantinople in 1554, and their advent provoked religiously inspired riots that temporarily closed them.
But they survived their critics, and their luxurious interiors became a regular rendezvous for those engaged in radical political thought and dissent.
From time to time coffee continued to be banned, the target of religious zealots, and at one time second offenders were sewn into leather bags and thrown into the Bosphorus. But coffee was profitable and finally achieved respectability when it became subject to tax.
Venetian traders had introduced coffee to Europe by 1615, a few years later than tea which had appeared in 1610.
Again its introduction aroused controversy in Italy when some clerics, like the mullah’s of Mecca, suggested it should be excommunicated as it was the Devil’s work.
However, Pope Clement VIII (1592- 1605) enjoyed it so much that he declared that «coffee should be baptized to make it a true Christian drink.»
The first coffee house opened in Venice in 1683.
The famous Cafe Florian in the Piazza San Marco, established in 1720, is the oldest surviving coffee house in Europe. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries coffee houses proliferated in Europe.
Nothing quite like the like the coffee houses, or cafe, had ever existed before, the novelty of a place to enjoy a relatively inexpensive and stimulating beverage in convivial company established a social habit that has endured for over 400 years.
The first coffee house in England was opened in Oxford, not London, by a man called Jacob in 1650.
A coffee club established near all Soulsa College eventually becoming the Royal Society.
London’s first coffee house was in St. Michael’s Alley and opened in 1652.
And the most famous name in the world of insurance, Lloyds of London, began life as a coffee house in Tower Street, founded by Edward Lloyd in 1688 who used to prepare lists of ships that his clients had insured.
Ethiopian Coffee and its Travels Around the World
With the rapid growth in popularity of coffee houses, by the 17th century the European powers were competing with each other to establish coffee plantations in their respective colonies.
In 1616 the Dutch gained a head start by taking a coffee plant from Mocha to the Netherlands, and they began large scale cultivation in Sri Lanka inb1658.
In 1699 cuttings were successfully transplanted from Malabar to Java.
Samples of Java coffee plants were sent to Amsterdam in 1706, were seedlings were grown in botanical gardens and distributed to horticulturists throughout Europe.
A few years later, in 1718, the Dutch transplanted the coffee to Surinam and soon after the plant became widely established in South America, which was to become the coffee center of the world.
In 1878 the story of coffee’s journey around the world came full circle when the British laid foundations of Kenyas coffee industry by introducing plants to British East Africa right next to neighboring Ethiopia, where coffee had first been discovered a 1,000 years before.
Today Ethiopia is Africa’s major exporter of Arabica beans, the quality coffee of the world, and the variety that originated in Ethiopia, is still the only variety grown there.
Ethiopian Coffee Market and Processing
Ethiopian Coffee Species and Others
Coffea Arabica, which was identified by the botanist Linnaeus in 1753, is one of the two major species used in most production, and presently accounts around 70 per cent of the world’s coffee.
The other major species is Coffea Canefora, or Robusta, whose production is increasing now due to better yields from robusta trees and their hardiness against decease.
Robusta coffee is mostly used in blend, but Arabica is the only coffee to be drunk on its own unblended, and this is the type grown and drunk in Ethiopia, The arabica and robusta trees both produce crops within 3-4 years after planting, and remain productive for 20-30 years.
Arabica trees flourish ideally in a seasonal climate with a temperature range of 59-75o F, whereas Robusta prefers an equatorial climate.
In Ethiopia’s province of Kaffa a large proportion of the arabica trees grow wild amidst the rolling hills and forests of the fertile and beautiful region.
At an altitude of 1,500 meters the climate is ideal and the plants are well protected by the larger forest trees which provide shade from the midday sun and preserve the moisture in the soil.
Traditionally, these are the ideal conditions for coffee growing.
The Wet and Dry Processing of Ethiopian Coffee
There are two methods of processing coffee: the wet and the dry.
Commercially the wet method is preferred, but the small producer who picks the cherries wild may save time by sun-drying the beans after picking, and the sell them direct to customers in the local market.
At the Haro Farmer’s Co-operative near Jimma the husk of the cherry is removed mechanically and the bean then fermented in water for 48 hours to remove the sugar.
The beans are the dried on racks in the sun for about a week before being bagged up and sold at an auction.
meselu
A smallholder, who may have anything from a half to two hectares, sells his beans to the Co-op which processes them and sells them at auction, returning a share of the profits to the farmer.
Ethiopian Coffee Market
In the Jimma district alone annual production is approximately 30,000 tons. Nationally the country produces 200,000 tons a year, of which almost half is for domestic consumption, the highest in Africa.
Some 12 million people are dependent on Ethiopia’s coffee industry, managed by the Ethiopian Coffee Export Enterprise «ECEE» formerly the Ethiopian Coffee Marketing Corporation.
Untill 2018, an independent, profit-making organization, ECEE trades on the open market and controlled about 50 per cent of the market following liberalization.
ECEE processed its coffee at five plants in Addis-Ababa with a total capacity of almost 500 tons a day and a plant in Dire Dawa.
The organization is also building a new 250-ton a day processing plant for washed coffee.
ECEE’s key markets are Germany, Japan, USA, France and the Middle East and is focusing on the US specialty market and Scandinavia.
ECEE’s major emphasis is on quality products such as premium blends, organic coffee and original unblended coffees from one specific plantation or farm. Within Ethiopia, there are some distinctive varieties that are highly sought after.
The highest grown coffee comes from Harar, where the Longberry variety is the most popular, having a wine-like flavor and tasting slightly acidic.
Coffee from Sidamo in the south has an unusual flavor and is very popular, especially the beans known as Yirgacheffes.
In many ways Ethiopian coffee is unique, having neither excessive pungency nor the acidity of the Kenyan brands.
It is closest in character to the Mocha coffee of the Yemen, with which it supposedly shares a common origin, and it cannot be high roasted or its character is destroyed.
The best Ethiopian coffee may be compared with the finest coffee in the world, and premium washed arabica beans fetch high prices on the world market.
Coffee production in Ethiopia is a longstanding tradition which dates back dozens of centuries. Ethiopia is where Coffea arabica, the coffee plant, originates.[1] The plant is now grown in various parts of the world; Ethiopia itself accounts for around 3% of the global coffee market. Coffee is important to the economy of Ethiopia; around 60% of foreign income comes from coffee, with an estimated 15 million of the population relying on some aspect of coffee production for their livelihood.[1] In 2006, coffee exports brought in $350 million,[2] equivalent to 34% of that year’s total exports.[3]
Ethiopia Coffee Map, Zones and Woredas.
History[edit]
The coffee plant originates in Ethiopia.[1] According to legend, the 9th-century goatherder Kaldi in the region of Kaffa discovered the coffee plant after noticing the energizing effect the plant had on his flock, but the story did not appear in writing until 1671.[4]
Production[edit]
A training seminar for coffee tasters (cuppers) in 2003
Ethiopia is the world’s seventh largest producer of coffee, and Africa’s top producer, with 260,000 metric tonnes in 2006.[5] Half of the coffee is consumed by Ethiopians,[6] and the country leads the continent in domestic consumption.[7] The major markets for Ethiopian coffee are the EU (about half of exports), East Asia (about a quarter) and North America.[8] The total area used for coffee cultivation is estimated to be about 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi). The exact size is unknown due to the fragmented nature of the coffee farms.[9] The way of production has not changed much, with nearly all work, cultivating and drying, still done by hand.[6]
Ethiopia’s coffees can be divided into three main categories, depending on their method of production: Forest Coffees, from wild coffee trees grown mostly in the southwest of the country; Garden Coffees, from trees typically planted around a homestead or other dwelling; Plantation Coffees, from trees grown intensively on large farms.[10]
The revenues from coffee exports account for 10% of the annual government revenue, because of the large share the industry is given very high priority, but there are conscious efforts by the government to reduce the coffee industry’s share of the GDP by increasing the manufacturing sector.[11]
The Tea and Coffee Authority, part of the federal government, handles anything related to coffee and tea,[9] such as fixing the price at which the washing stations buy coffee from the farmers. This is a legacy from a nationalization scheme set in action by the previous regime that turned over all the washing stations to farmers cooperatives.[12] The domestic market is heavily regulated through licenses, with the goal of avoiding market concentration.[12]
Regional varieties[edit]
Ethiopian coffee beans that are grown in either the Harar, Yirgacheffe or Limu regions are kept apart and marketed under their regional name.[7][13] These regional varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.[14]
Sidama[edit]
It is very likely that in and around this region is where coffee had its origins.
Sidamo coffee is well-balanced with cupping notes exhibiting berries and citrus with complex acidity. The coffee hails from the province of Sidamo in the Ethiopian highlands at elevations from 1,500 up to 2,200 meters above sea level.
At these elevations the coffee beans can be qualified as “Strictly High Grown” (SHG). Here the Ethiopian coffees grow more slowly and therefore have more time to absorb nutrients and develop more robust flavors based on the local climate and soil conditions. The most distinctive flavour notes found in all Sidamo coffees are lemon and citrus with bright crisp acidity. Sidamo coffee includes Yirgachefe Coffee and Guji Coffee. Both coffee types are very high quality.
Genika[edit]
«Ethiopia Genika» is a type of Arabica coffee of single origin grown exclusively in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. Like most African coffees, Ethiopia Guraferda features a small and greyish bean, yet is valued for its deep, spice and wine or chocolate-like taste and floral aroma.
Harar[edit]
Harar is in the Eastern highlands of Ethiopia. It is one of the oldest coffee beans still produced and is known for its distinctive fruity, wine flavour. The shells of the coffee bean are used in a tea called hasher-qahwa. The bean is medium in size with a greenish-yellowish colour. It has medium acidity and full body and a distinctive mocha flavour. Harar is a dry processed coffee bean with sorting and processing done almost entirely by hand. Though processing is done by hand, the laborers are extremely knowledgeable of how each bean is categorized.
Beans[edit]
Ethiopian coffee beans of the species Coffea arabica can be divided into three categories: Longberry, Shortberry, and Mocha. Longberry varieties consist of the largest beans and are often considered of the highest quality in both value and flavour. Shortberry varieties are smaller than the Longberry beans but, are considered a high grade bean in Eastern Ethiopia where it originates. Also the Mocha variety is a highly prized commodity. Mocha Harars are known for their peaberry beans that often have complex chocolate, spice and citrus notes.
Starbucks and Ethiopian coffee[edit]
On 26 October 2006, Oxfam accused Starbucks of asking the National Coffee Association (NCA) to block a US trademark application from Ethiopia for three of the country’s coffee beans, Sidamo, Harar and Yirgacheffe.[15] They claimed this could result in denying Ethiopian coffee farmers potential annual earnings of up to £47m.
Ethiopia and Oxfam America urged Starbucks to sign a licensing agreement with Ethiopia to help boost prices paid to farmers. At issue was Starbucks’ use of Ethiopia’s famed coffee brands—Guji, Sidamo, Yirgacheffe and Harar—that generate high margins for Starbucks and cost consumers a premium, yet generated very low prices to Ethiopian farmers.
Robert Nelson, the head of the NCA, added that his organization initiated the opposition for economic reasons, «For the U.S. industry to exist, we must have an economically stable coffee industry in the producing world … This particular scheme is going to hurt the Ethiopian coffee farmers economically.» The NCA claimed the Ethiopian government was being badly advised and this move could price them out of the market.[15]
Facing more than 92,000 letters of concern, Starbucks had placed pamphlets in its stores accusing Oxfam of «misleading behavior» and insisting that its «campaign need[s] to stop». On 7 November, The Economist derided Oxfam’s «simplistic» stance and Ethiopia’s «economically illiterate» government, arguing that Starbucks’ (and Illy’s) standards-based approach would ultimately benefit farmers more.[16] In conclusion of this issue, on 20 June 2007, representatives of the Government of Ethiopia and senior leaders from Starbucks Coffee Company announced that they had executed an agreement regarding distribution, marketing and licensing that recognizes the importance and integrity of Ethiopia’s specialty coffee designations.[17] Financial terms regarding this agreement were not disclosed.
Starbucks, as part of the deal, also was set to market Ethiopian coffee during two promotional periods in 2008. A Starbucks spokesman said the announcement is «another development» in the relationship with Ethiopia and a way to raise the profile of Ethiopian coffee around the world.
An Oxfam spokesman said the deal sounds like a «useful step» as long as farmers are benefiting, and it’s a big step from a year ago when Starbucks «wasn’t engaging directly (with) Ethiopians on adding value to their coffee».[17]
See also[edit]
- Agriculture in Ethiopia
- Coffee ceremony
- Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Thomas P. Ofcansky, David H. Shinn (29 Mar 2004). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780810865662.
- ^ «CIA World Factbook». Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
- ^ «CIA World Factbook». Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
- ^ Weinberg & Bealer 2001, pp. 3–4
- ^ «Food and Agricultural commodities production». Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
- ^ a b Cousin, Tracey L (June 1997). «Ethiopia Coffee and Trade». American University. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ a b «Major coffee producers». National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Keyzer, Merbis & Overbosch 2000, p. 33
- ^ a b Belda 2006, p. 77
- ^ Hoffmann, James (2018). The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-78472-429-0.
- ^ Belda 2006, p. 79
- ^ a b Keyzer, Merbis & Overbosch 2000, p. 35
- ^ Daviron, Benoit; Ponte, Stefano (2005). The coffee paradox: global markets … — Google Books. ISBN 9781842774571. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
- ^ «Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow». BBC. June 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
Starbucks has agreed a wide-ranging accord with Ethiopia to support and promote its coffee, ending a long-running dispute over the issue.
- ^ a b «Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee row». BBC News. UK. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
- ^ «Oxfam versus Starbucks: And this time, Oxfam may be wrong». The Economist. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2009. (subscription required)
- ^ a b Craig Harris (28 November 2007). «Starbucks chairman, Ethiopia talk beans». Seattle PI. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
External links[edit]
- Fassica.com — Yirgacheffe Ethiopian Whole Coffe Bean
- Bibliography
- Belda, Pascal (2006), Ethiopia, MTH Multimedia S.L., ISBN 978-84-607-9667-1.
- Keyzer, Michiel; Merbis, Max; Overbosch, Geert (2000), WTO, agriculture, and developing countries: the case of Ethiopia, Food & Agriculture Org., ISBN 978-92-5-104423-0.
- Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K (2001). The world of caffeine : the science and culture of the world’s most popular drug. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92722-6.
Раздел 2 (задания по Чтению)
| 9 | Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами А-G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1-8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок. |
| 1. Coffee in the New World | 5. An illegal drink | |
| 2. The original taste of coffee | 6. A long journey to Europe | |
| 3. A chance discovery | 7. Growing coffee plants | |
| 4. A place for communication | 8. Different recipes |
| A | Coffee was first found in Eastern Africa in the area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend says that one day a man called Kaldi was watching his goats eating grass and leaves. He noticed that after eating berries from a certain bush the goats became very active. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself. He found that these berries gave him additional energy. The story quickly spread throughout the region. | |
| B | The first coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to Arabian countries and then they were cultivated in Yemen. From there, coffee travelled to Turkey where coffee beans were roasted for the first time over open fires. The roasted beans were crushed and then boiled in water, creating the drink we enjoy today. Finally, in the seventeenth century coffee arrived in France, Britain and Italy. | |
| C | The first coffeehouses opened in Mecca and quickly became popular centres of social and political activity. The government believed that coffee stimulated radical thinking, and the governor even thought it might unite his opposition. As a result, coffee was forbidden in Mecca. The same thing happened in Turkey a century later, when coffee drinkers were severely punished. | |
| D | They say, in 1776 the thirteen American colonies adopted coffee as their national drink instead of tea. When the British tried to raise the tax on tea, Americans refused to buy it and switched to coffee. In fact, by drinking coffee Americans demonstrated their political views and their dislike for the British – the famous tea-lovers. | |
| E | The Italians drink their espresso with sugar, the Germans and Swiss add an equal part of hot chocolate, the Mexicans prefer it with cinnamon, and the Belgians – with chocolate. Coffee drinkers in the Middle East usually add cardamom and spices. The Egyptians, on the other hand, are extremely fond of pure, strong coffee. They add neither milk nor cream. | |
| F | Plain and simple, nothing else. People discovered that if they drank coffee slowly they could taste bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saltiness. For a long time such a taste was new and more than enough. It needed no improvement. Only later did they start experimenting with coffee by adding milk, chocolate, and other flavors. However, nothing can hide the taste of real coffee. | |
| G | When the first European coffeehouses opened, they quickly grew into places where people played chess, exchanged gossip, sang and danced. Coffeehouses were very popular because anyone could go and enjoy a cup of the drink. The price of a cup of coffee was reasonable. European coffeehouses became meeting points for intellectuals, writers and businessmen. |
Запишите в таблицу выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Место действия | 3 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 |
0EFB20
Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10-17 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.
The picture
Arthur started painting when he was 10. He loved painting so much that he decided to become an artist. Arthur studied painting seriously and mastered his technical skills to reach a professional standard. At 25 he arranged his first exhibition. Art critics wrote nice reviews of the exhibition and most of his paintings were sold. Arthur was happy. He married Tina, the girl he had loved since his school days, and rented a room to build his workshop there. Soon, to complete his education, Arthur went to Italy. He lived and painted there for almost half a year. When his money was spent, Arthur returned home.
Time passed but Arthur’s other exhibitions were less successful than the first one. In fact Arthur painted much better than before his visit to Italy. But the art critics said that his paintings were too academic and there was nothing new in them. Arthur worked hard to improve his style. Sometimes he managed to sell some of his paintings but soon the money ran out and he felt very unhappy.
One morning Arthur came to his workshop earlier than usual. He tried to finish one of his pictures but he felt that he wasn’t able to work. Arthur got angry and threw down his brush. A bright orange spot appeared on the board which lay below to protect the floor. The board was covered with green, blue and yellow paint from previous work. It was a real mixture of bright colours. Arthur ran out of the workshop.
An hour later, Tina came to the workshop to clean it. She picked up the board and put it against the wall to clean the floor. At that moment, Mr Harrison, the owner of an art gallery, came in. Two days before Arthur had invited him to come and look at the pictures. Arthur went around the workshop looking at the pictures. There was a blank and bored expression on his face. He sighed, “Nothing interesting”. Suddenly the board against the wall attracted his attention. He went closer.
“Tina, my dear,” he said. “What an interesting picture! Is it Arthur’s new work? Why is he keeping it from us?”
Tina kept silent, she didn’t know what to answer. Mr Harrison continued admiring the picture with an orange spot. “I’m happy that he has changed his style. This really is something special. I’ll ring Arthur this evening. Tell him that I’m ready to buy this picture myself. And any other pictures in this style.” Then he left the workshop.
When Arthur came back, Tina told him about Mr Harrison’s visit. She was very nervous and Arthur couldn’t understand her at first. Tina repeated the story and Arthur started to laugh. Then he asked, “Why didn’t you explain the whole thing about the board to Mr Harrison?”
“I don’t know,” answered Tina. “I knew that I should. But at first I thought he was playing jokes. Then I was afraid to look silly. I just said I didn’t think you would sell it.”
“I see,” said Arthur. “But what shall we do now?”
| 10 | Arthur’s first exhibition was a success.
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| Ответ: | 1 |
| 11 | Tina, Arthur’s wife, was an artist too.
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| Ответ: | 3 |
| 12 | When Arthur returned from Italy, his pictures started to sell better.
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| Ответ: | 3 |
| 13 | One day, by accident Arthur put a bright orange spot on his best picture.
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| Ответ: | 2 |
| 14 | When Mr Harrison came into the workshop, Arthur was out.
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| Ответ: | 1 |
| 15 | Mr Harrison wanted to buy one of Arthur’s paintings.
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| Ответ: | 1 |
| 16 | When Tina told Arthur about Mr Harrison’s offer, he got angry.
|
| Ответ: | 2 |
| 17 | Arthur and Tina decided to keep the painting with the orange spot for themselves.
|
| Ответ: | 3 |
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