Definition of karaoke didactic merits of karaoke егэ ответы

Предлагаем попробовать свои силы и выполнить полное аудирование в формате ЕГЭ. Ответы и полные тексты к аудио даны в спойлерах. Здесь представлен вариант 4.

Задание 1

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего А-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Play Задание 1

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1. Suspense and mystery keep readers entertained to the end.
2. A sweet tale of romance can warm the reader’s heart.
3. Some of the best stories are told through pictures, rather than words.
4. Some stories describe technological advancements yet to be seen.
5. Our behaviour can be improved by looking back in time.
6. Reality is sometimes more entertaining than fantasy.
7. Reading about another person’s life can bring meaning to our own.

ответ

A – 6
B – 5
C – 1
D – 7
E – 4
F – 2

Speaker A: They say that some of the strangest stories you’ll ever encounter are about events that happened in real life. When we read about something unbelievable, but then find out its true, our shock and bewilderment are even greater, and I think we enjoy this feeling. This can be the case with amazing tales of human survival, or a rags-to-riches story. It also applies to geological events, or the objects astronomers have found in space.

Speaker В: Historical conflicts are a terrible thing, but there are lessons to be learned from reading about them. We can see the mistakes that mankind made so many years ago, and we can use them as an example of what not to do now. It’s hard to believe that some of the mistakes in the past get repeated, but people have short memories. That’s why it’s important to study these periodsу so we make better decisions today.

Speaker С: Have you ever read a book that was so compelling, you couldn’t put it down? Л real page-turner, in which you sit reading for hours and ignore everything else? Even hunger and thirst cant tear you away from the story This is what a really well-written murder mystery is like. You want to know who killed off the leading character and you can’t turn the pages fast enough to find out!

Speaker D: We all try to achieve greatness in our lives in our very own way. It may seem as though the things we do are trivial and meaningless at times, but as the great Mahatma Gandhi once said, even the most insignificant things we do are important for our lives. Reading about great people such as him allows us to understand our own existence. It helps us realise that even the small things we do are to be cherished.

Speaker E: A good writer has to be imaginative, especially when writing science fiction. If the writer succeeds, they may invent an idea that actually becomes reality. Take headphones, for example. Before they were invented, they were the stuff of novels. No one could picture a tiny speaker small enough to fit inside your ear. Now it seems everyone’s got a pair. Who knows what’s in today’s novels that will become a reality later on?

Speaker F: A good book can take us away to another world that we sometimes wish were a reality. Let’s face it, life is rarely quite as exciting as what you can read in the pages of a novel. This is true of our expectations in life and our most tender emotions. A story about love can actually help us to understand our own feelings for the people we care about especially when our daily routines make life a bit dull.

Задание 2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений A-G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated).

Play Задание 2

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A) Gareth twice had problems sleeping during the night.
В) Gareth’s dad is going to cut branches from the tree.
С) Gareth decides to miss football practice in order to get more sleep.
D) Margie had a coke earlier in the day.
E) Neither Gareth nor Margie enjoy drinking coffee.
F) Margie’s next lesson is in maths.
G) Gareth doesn’t like the English lit teacher.

ответ

A – 1
B – 2
C – 2
D – 3
E – 1
F – 3
G – 2

Margie: Hey Gareth, you look a bit tired. Is everything OK?

Gareth: I didn’t sleep well last night because of the storm. It was so windy and there’s an old tree near my bedroom. The wind was causing the tree branches to bang against the window.

Margie: Oh, that’s terrible. I heard the storm before I fell asleep, but I was able to block out he noise. And once I’m asleep, it’s hard to wake me up.

Gareth: I had so much trouble falling asleep. Eventually I did, around I am. Then I woke up again in the middle of the night. It was awful! The branches were still banging on the window. My dad said he would get someone to cut those branches off. Our neighbour could probably do it. Anyway, I guess I’ll sleep well tonight!

Margie: Yeah, take it easy today. I hope you don’t have a lot to do.

Gareth: I’ve got football practice after school. I hope I don’t collapse on the field! Maybe it’ll make me feel better to run and get some exercise. But really, I’d rather just go back to bed!

Margie: Why don’t you have a coke? Maybe the caffeine will help you wake up. I would suggest coffee, but I hate the taste of it.

Gareth: Actually I’ve had a coke already for that reason. It helped a little bit, but not as much as I’d hoped. I don’t drink too many of those because they contain a lot of sugar. I’m with you about the coffee. I don’t like it either.

Margie: I hope you’re able to get through your classes today. I know if I’m very tired, it’s hard to pay attention to lessons. That’s especially true in maths. It takes all your brain power to learn numbers.

Gareth: I’m pretty good with maths. Actually I enjoy it quite a bit. That might help keep me alert. I’m not a huge fan of English lit. It’s not that I don’t like the subject, but the lessons are sometimes a bit long-winded, and I get bored.

Margie: I know what you mean. Mr Davis seems very passionate about the subject, though.

Gareth: Oh yes, Mr Davis is a great guy, I just wish the classes were a little more interactive.

Margie: I hope you make it through the day OK.

Gareth: Thanks, Margie. See you later!

Задание 3

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях выберите правильный вариант ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Play Задание 3

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1. Lori says a zorb ball is …
1) larger than a car.
2) made of a very hard material.
3) capable of holding two people. Ответ:

2. What keeps the ball from rolling off the path?
1) Trained personnel.
2) Wooden railings.
3) The riders. Ответ:

3. How does Lori describe her zorbing experience?
1) She felt sick the first time.
2) She wanted to do it again and again.
3) She likes it better than a roller coaster. Ответ:

4. Lori says the zorb runs …
1) are like going down a motorway.
2) last for a few minutes.
3) spin a rider over several times. Ответ:

5. Where is the zorbing park located?
1) On the edge of town.
2) In an open meadow.
3) In a wooded area. Ответ:

6. Lori says the other type of zorb b a ll…
1) doesn’t spin the rider.
2) is for experienced riders.
3) rolls over water. Ответ:

7. Which of these other activities can you do at the zorbing park?
1) Take swimming lessons.
2) Go on some walks.
3) Have a barbecue.

ответ

1 – 3
2 – 2
3 – 2
4 – 3
5 – 3
6 – 1
7 – 2

Presenter: Hi and welcome to our programme, Time for Fun. With us today is Lori French, who works at a zorbing park just outside town. Thanks for joining us, Lori.

Speaker: Thanks for having me!

Presenter: Explain to our listeners what zorbing is.

Speaker: Well, zorbing involves riding inside a gigantic ball. In fact, it’s almost as wide as a car. It’s made of a flexible plastic material, and there’s an inside compartment where a person or two people sit, which is attached to the outer ball. Between the inside and the outside is empty space. This allows the ball to roll or bounce safely over the ground.

Presenter: So it’s a big ball inside an even bigger one, is it?

Speaker: That’s right. Once you’re inside the ball, you roll down a hill – not a steep one, of course. And because it’s soft and bouncy inside the ball, you don’t get hurt. At our zorbing park, we have a hill with a slight incline, with wooden railings on the left and right sides of the zorbing path to keep the ball on track. The ball rolls slowly down the hill at first. It picks up speed as it rolls, but it’s only a few metres to the bottom, so it never goes too fast.

Presenter: That sounds like a lot of fun. I take it you’ve tried it yourself, have you?

Speaker: Oh, yes. All the personnel at the park have to try it at least once as part of our training. It’s quite addictive, so once is never enough! It’s like a roller coaster ride, you know. It’s a lot of fun, but you have to like those sorts of things. It’s not for those with a weak stomach! We inform people what it’s like before they try it. We don’t want anyone getting sick.

Presenter: I love roller coaster rides, so I imagine I would like this.

Speaker: Oh, you should give it a try! Our zorb balls have got seats fitted inside with straps that keep you steady in the ball. A typical zorb run lasts about a minute, so it spins you round about a dozen times. And with our specially designed path, you needn’t worry your zorb balls going to roll away and land on a motorway somewhere!

Presenter: Well that’s good! Where can people find your zorbing park?

Speaker: Its about 20 kilometres outside of town, in Kings Forest. It’s a beautiful location surrounded by lush nature, and we’ve got a park area nearby for picnics. Of course, we suggest eating after your zorb run!

Presenter: Yes, that sounds wise! Is there a more challenging hill for experienced zorbers?

Speaker: Actually, no. We’ve got two zorbing paths on the same hill. What we do offer is a type of zorbing ball that doesn’t have seats, but inside, it’s been filled with a small amount of water. As the ball rolls, the rider slips about inside without spinning round. It’s more like being on a water slide.

Presenter: Are there other activities to do at your zorbing park?

Speaker: As I said, there’s a picnic area. We also have a camping area, so you can camp out for a few days, but barbecues are not permitted. There are lots of nature trails in the forest and there’s a river nearby. You could even do some swimming in the summer months if you like…

These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Арт-журналистика Китая: генезис и тенденции развития (на материалах журнальной периодики)»

Введение

Актуальность темы исследования связана с культурно-просветительской функцией и культуроформирующими возможностями журналистики. Многообразие и сложность современной художественной культуры вызывает настоятельную потребность в компетентных журналистах, способных помочь аудитории разобраться в ее творческих направлениях, процессах и событиях. Под арт-журналистикой понимаются материалы СМИ о художественном творчестве, адресованные массовой аудитории. Арт-журналистику следует отличать от художественной критики с позиции искусствоведения, так как она включает в себя не только аналитику, но и информационные, рекламные, популярно-просветительские, развлекательные материалы, а также обращена к массовой аудитории, а не только к специалистам. Арт-журналистика — это не только освещение вопросов искусства, но и возможность формировать художественные вкусы общества, утверждать истинные культурные ценности. Арт-журналистика отражает состояние общественного сознания и ценностные предпочтения социума, что требует тщательного изучения, в том числе, в ракурсе национальной специфики функционирования арт-журналистики в различных странах.

Степень разработанности заявленной проблематики на сегодняшний день не слишком высока. В теоретическом плане пока не сложилось ясного представления о самой сути арт-журналистики, не выведено её общепринятого определения, не встречается научных трудов фундаментального, обобщающего характера, а также работ, чётко разграничивающих арт-журналистику с развлекательной журналистикой, с одной стороны, и с литературно-художественной критикой, с другой. Тем не менее, понятие арт-журналистики становится всё более широко употребляемым.

В настоящее время различные учёные исследуют отдельные стороны и аспекты арт-журналистики. В частности, в сферу интересов медиаисследователей Санкт-Петербургского университета входит стилистика арт-журналистских

текстов1. Ряд российских и зарубежных исследователей изучают специфику музыкальной журналистики2. Начали появляться и работы, посвящённые общим проблемам арт-журналистики в контексте современных социокультурных условий общественного развития3.

При всём растущем научном интересе к арт-журналистке, эта сфера всё ещё остаётся почти не изученной и теоретически не проработанной. Необходимо отметить, что китайская арт-журналистика до настоящего времени практически не исследована. Некоторые учёные в Китае интересуются её проблемами, но поверхностно, у них отсутствует глубокое системное представление об этой области журналистики. Ученые в Китае обычно лишь описывают состояние каких-то конкретных СМИ или просто собирают данные о тиражах или процентах освоения медиарынка и т.п., не раскрывая всесторонней общей картины развития отечественной арт-журналистики4. В зарубежной научной литературе также до сих пор отсутствуют труды, посвящённые арт-журналистике Китая. Однако она заслуживает глубокого изучения и подробной характеристики.

1 См.: Дускаева Л. Р. Отражение эстетической оценки произведений искусства в арт-медиадискурсе // Культура. — 2015. — № 12. — С. 29-40; Дускаева Л. Р. «Звёздная персона» в арт-журналистике: стилистико-речевая репрезентация коммуникативного сценария, Коняева Ю. М. // Филология и человек. 2015. № 1. С. 15-24; Коняева Ю. М. Творческая личность в арт-медиадискурсе // Культура. — 2015. — № 12. — С. 41-52; Цветова Н. С. Арт-портрет: интенционально-стилистическая характеристика жанра // Медиалингвистика. — СПб, 2014. — Вып. 3. Речевые жанры в массмедиа. — С. 162-165; Цветова Н. С. Дискурс искусства в современной российской журналистике // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. — 2012. — № 1. — С. 218-227.

2 См.: Курышева Т. А. Музыкальная журналистика и музыкальная критика. — М.: Владос-Пресс, 2007. — 295 с; Курышева Т. А. Слово о музыке. О музыкальной критике и музыкальной журналистике. Очерки. — М.: Композитор, 1992. — 175 с; Сергеева Т. С. Современная российская музыкальная журналистика: тенденции развития // Мультимедийная журналистика Евразии. — Казань: Изд-во Казан. ун-та, 2014. — С. 480-485; Дубовцева Л. И. Музыкальная радиожурналистика // Медиамузыка. 2014. № 3. URL: www.es.rae.ru/mediamusic/13-777 (дата обращения: 13.06.2016); James M. Populär Music Journalism. Berkshire: Routledge, 2012. 288 p.; Jones S. Pop Music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 288 p.

3 См.: Сергеева Т. С. Арт-журналистика и современная российская культура: ценностно-смысловые доминанты и проблема сохранения человека // Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2013. № 22(313). С. 152156; Суминова Т. Н. Информационные ресурсы художественной культуры (артосферы). М: Академический проект, 2006. 480 с.; Суворова А. Ю. Арт-журналистика в России: особенности типологизации и жанрово-тематическое своеобразие // Массовая коммуникация в современном мире: вызовы и перспективы. Курск: Юго-Зап. гос. ун-т. С. 149-150.

4 Ван Вэньсы. Местная интеграция в процессе развития китайских журналов о литературе в новой истории // Ганьсуское земледелие. 2018. № 2. С. 32-41 (на кит. яз.); Е Цзяньго. История развития китайских журналов о литературе // Академический журнал сведений об издании шанхайских высших учебных заведений. 2000. № 3. С. 50-97 (на кит. яз.); Лю Шусянь. Обзор истории развития китайских журналов об изобразительном искусстве // Форум библиотек. 1996. № 3. С. 59-129 (на кит. яз.); Лю Шусянь. Влияние изменения культурной формы на издание журналов об изобразительном искусстве //Китайское издательское дело. 2018. № 1. С.62-213 (на кит. яз.) и

др.

Цель исследования: выявить особенности исторического развития и установить характер современного состояния арт-журналистики Китая.

Поставленная цель предполагает решение ряда задач:

• Дать развёрнутое определение понятию арт-журналистики.

• Описать ведущие журнальные издания Китая в области арт-журналистики.

• Выявить основные проблемы китайской арт-журналистики и установить их причины.

• Наметить перспективы развития арт-журналистики в КНР, выработать практические рекомендации для медиаспециалистов в данной области.

Научная новизна исследования заключается в первичной попытке описания исторического развития, а также анализа современного состояния арт-журналистики Китая, которая до сих пор остается практически не изученной медиаисследователями.

Теоретическая значимость исследования заключается в необходимости концептуальной проработки понятия арт-журналистики, а также раскрытия механизмов функционирования рассматриваемого медианаправления, включая национально-культурный контекст его развития.

Практическая значимость исследования состоит в возможности использования материалов будущей диссертации при написании научных трудов и при разработке учебных курсов по теории и истории журналистики.

Методологической основой исследования стал междисциплинарный подход с опорой на данные и концептуальные положения теории журналистики, истории, искусствознания, а также общенаучный принцип историзма, предполагающий анализ изучаемого явления с учётом конкретно-исторических условий его зарождения и развития.

Методы исследования: • описательный метод для общей характеристики китайских СМИ, освещающих вопросы художественного творчества;

• генетический и проблемно-хронологический методы для воссоздания процессов формирования и исторического развития арт-журналистики в Китае;

• статистический метод для определения динамики тиражей арт-изданий и количественного состава их аудитории, что необходимо для выявления экономических проблем в их функционировании;

• сравнительный анализ для определения особенностей развития китайской арт-журналистики в различные исторические периоды;

• анализ документов (редакционных материалов, государственных актов).

• контент-анализ для установления различных качественно-количественных параметров функционирования СМИ в области искусства и литературы;

• типологический метод для классификации и систематизации медиаресурсов Китая, отражающих проблемы художественной культуры.

Положения, выносимые на защиту:

1. Понятие арт-журналистики на сегодняшний день не имеет четкой дефиниции, в научной литературе встречаются различные его определения, не всегда совпадающие по смыслу. В настоящей работе под арт-журналистикой понимается медианаправление, которое обращено к искусству и литературе как главным объектам своего внимания. При такой трактовке арт-журналистика выполняет многообразные функции, включая культурно-просветительскую, развлекательную, рекламную, информационно-справочную, а также в определённом смысле и научно-исследовательскую.

2. Формирование и развитие арт-журналистики Китая отличается своеобразием, связанным со спецификой национальной истории. Она начала складываться позднее, чем в странах Запада и Европы, преимущественное внимание изначально уделяла традиционному китайскому художественному творчеству, всегда испытывала сильную зависимость от наличной общественно-политической ситуации и социально-экономических условий в стране.

3. На современном этапе арт-журналистика Китая сталкивается с универсальными проблемами функционирования периодики, характерными для цифровой эпохи и рыночных условий. В качестве оптимального ответа на

вызовы времени представляется перспективное развитие китайских арт-журналов, направленное на их корпоратизацию, цифровую трансформацию и интернационализацию.

Апробация результатов исследования. Результаты диссертационного исследования прошли апробацию на всероссийских семинарах, которые были организованы и проведены в рамках Института «Высшая школа журналистики и массовых коммуникаций» СПБГУ на международных конференциях «Медиа в современном мире. Молодые исследователи» (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, 2016), «Проблемы массовой коммуникации» (Воронежский государственный университет, 2018), «Человек. Общество. Коммуникация» (Новгородский государственный университет, 2020).

По теме диссертации автором опубликовано пять научных работ, в том числе три статьи в изданиях, рекомендованных ВАК Министерства образования и науки РФ.

Глава 1. Процесс формирования арт-журналистики Китая 1.1 Понятие арт-журналистики. Подходы к его интерпретации в современной

теории журналистики

Журналистика имеет достаточно много разновидностей, в этой работе нас интересует одна из специализаций культурной журналистики — арт-журналистика, которая имеет несколько видов в зависимости от типа того искусства, о котором подготовлен материал5. Было бы ошибочно отождествлять такие понятия как культура и искусство, но в то же время не стоит забывать об их тесной связи. Культура как более общее понятие включает в себя искусство. А. Архангельский в одном из интервью говорит следующее: «…Часто путают культуру и искусство, а это далеко не одно и то же. Культура — это, я бы сказал, такая машина по производству ценностей.»6, в таком случае искусство — это часть машины, отвечающая за воздействие художественными средствами.

Арт-журналистика, представляющая собой особый сегмент журналистики, является относительно молодым понятием, что подразумевает его неоднозначность и неопределенность как для широких масс, так и для узких специалистов. Несмотря на то, что область интересов данного направления журналистики интуитивно понятна, ее объект, задачи и функции остаются терминологически размытыми. Последнее верно, даже если речь идёт об определённом типе искусства7.

До того времени пока понятие арт-журналистики не было введено в медиа-дискурс постсоветского периода, для обозначения журналистики, чья направленность имела культурологический характер, использовались следующие наименования: «культурная журналистика», «культурно-просветительская», «досуговая»8.

5 Ботвина И. Виды и жанры арт-журналистики // НДРС-18: сборник материалов межуниверситетской научно-практической конференции. — 2018. — С. 17-19.

6 Радио Свобода. В студии — Александр Архангельский // Телеканал «Россия К»: [сайт]. Москва, 2005. URL: https://tvkultura.ru/article/show/article_id/55779/ (дата обращения: 28.01.2019).

7 Власенко А. В. Научные споры о содержании термина «театральная журналистика» // Журналистика России в условиях перехода к информационному обществу. — 2016. — С. 82-87.

8 Гмызина Э. В., Алоян К. Р. Культурная журналистика и современные массмедиа // Общество. Наука. Инновации (НПК-2020). — Киров: Вятский гос. ун-т, 2020. — С. 144-151.

Так, согласно культурологическому анализу журналистики, проведенному М. А. Воскресенской, существует, по крайней мере, три смысловых вектора, определяющих концепт культуры: «культура как искусство, художественное творчество; все материальные и духовные достижения человечества и процесс их создания; специфически человеческий способ бытия, базирующийся на ценностно-смысловых отношениях с миром»9. Опираясь на один из этих взглядов и ориентируясь на запросы своей читательской аудитории, СМИ формируют собственную модель трансляции информации о культуре. Например, издания могут избрать культурно-просветительскую, искусствоведческую, научно-популярную, научно-публицистическую, литературно-художественную, художественно-публицистическую, рекреативную, досуговую, развлекательную или связанную с хобби тематику, тем самым позиционируя себя как досуговую или художественную, специализированную, журналистику10.

Однако тематика как таковая не решает проблемы того, что представляет собой журналистика культурологической направленности. Как сам по себе объект не определяет метода его изучения, и решающее значение имеет именно цель исследования, так и культурную, досуговую или арт-журналистику можно определить лишь исходя из понимания их функций и задач.

Досуговая журналистика — это журналистика, целью которой является развлечение аудитории, удовлетворение, в первую очередь, личных, а не профессиональных или общественно-гражданских потребностей читателей. Чтение материалов такого рода — это один из способов свободного, посвященного отдыху времяпрепровождения.

Таким образом, ключевой чертой в данном случае выступает развлечение. Тогда можно заключить, что тематика досуга присутствует в российской жур налистике уже начиная с ХУШ века: «На протяжении трех веков складывались в

9 Воскресенская М. А. Культурологическое знание о журналистике // Теория журналистики в России / под ред. С. Г. Корконосенко. — СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. — С. 218-251.

10 Сагдуллаев К. К. Арт-журналистика в глобальном информационном пространстве // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. — 2014. — № 3-4. — С. 13-17.

российской журналистике традиции просвещения и воспитания через развлечение»11.

Одним из ведущих иследователей досуговой журналистики является Л. Р. Дускаева. Именно благодаря ее работам данный термин стал активно использоваться в научных кругах, хотя, как отмечает сама исследователь, он по-прежнему остается неустоявшимся. В своей совместной работе с Н. С. Цветовой «Досуговое направление в российской журналистике» Л. Р. Дускаева, помимо функции восстановления сил, выделяет в досуговой журналистике также функцию духовного развития личности и социума в свободное время. В результате, данный тип журналистики выступает в качестве источника новых знаний, расширяющих общий кругозор читателей и способствующих развитию их потребительского вкуса в широком смысле этого слова.

Также, в условиях рыночной экономики досуговая журналистика расширяет и обогащает информационное поле, связанное с данной тематикой12. Однако, несмотря на увеличение количества досуговых СМИ, качество материала, в целом, ухудшается. Последнее связано с тем, что большая часть изданий придерживается не просветительской, отстаивающей традиционные культурные ценности, а коммерческой, направленной исключительно на извлечение прибыли политики. Принимая это во внимание, Ю. М. Коняева выделяет три группы досуговых изданий: направленные на просвещение, направленные на формирование потребительской культуры и развлекательно-релаксационные13. При этом, как уже было сказано выше, издания второго типа доминируют на рынке досуговых СМИ, в результате чего «отличительной чертой нынешнего этапа исследований специфики досуговой деятельности человека становится выход на первый план проблемы утверждения культуры потребления и консьюмеризации различных

11 Дускаева Л. Р., Цветова Н. С. Досуговое направление в российской журналистике: проблемы подготовки специалистов // Ученые записки Забайкальского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета. Серия: Профессиональное образование, теория и методика обучения. — 2011. — № 6. — С. 179.

12 Сагдуллаев К. К. Арт-журналистика в глобальном информационном пространстве // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. — 2014. — № 3-4. — С. 13-17.

13 Журналистика сферы досуга / под ред. Л.Р. Дускаевой, Н.С. Цветовой. — СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2012. — С. 119

аспектов жизнедеятельности общества, постепенным превращением досуга в смысловой центр жизни индивида, которому подчинена трудовая деятельность»14.

Аудиторией досугово-релаксационной журналистики является массовая аудитория, которая характеризуется неоднородностью, рассредоточенностью, анонимностью и пассивностью восприятия информации15, что приводит к тому, что «любые идеи и ценности приспосабливаются к среднему уровню восприятия и понимания посредством использования доступных «массе» лозунгов, символов и категорий»16.

В то же время, существует и другая группа потребителей, которая формируется на основании некоторых базовых ценностей, установленных в заданном социуме, и соотносящаяся с досугово-просветительской сферой журналистики17. И. Н. Блохин включает в данную сферу СМИ, чье содержание составляют материалы об истории, путешествиях, различных практиках проведения свободного времени18. Сюда также включаются материалы о культурной жизни общества, которые освещаются арт-журналистикой.

Арт-журналистика, префикс которой взят из английского языка, где art означает искусство в целом, независимо от времени и условий его создания, для некоторых исследователей является синонимом художественной журналистики. Так, например, А. А. Сидякина отождествляет эти два понятия и определяет их «как регулярную и систематическую информационно-аналитическую деятельность по освещению в СМИ событий и явлений искусства и художественной жизни (в том числе театральной, литературной, музыкальной, кинематографической и т.д.) с использованием всех жанров и форм подачи материала, при наличии оценочности и компетентного критического суждения»19.

14 Журналистика сферы досуга / под ред. Л.Р. Дускаевой, Н.С. Цветовой. — СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2012. — С. 19.

15 Сагдуллаев К. К. Арт-журналистика в глобальном информационном пространстве // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. — 2014. — № 3-4. — С. 13-17.

16 Журналистика сферы досуга / под ред. Л.Р. Дускаевой, Н.С. Цветовой. — СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2012. — С. 26.

17 Сагдуллаев К. К. Арт-журналистика в глобальном информационном пространстве // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. — 2014. — № 3-4. — С. 13-17.

18 См.: Воскресенская М. А. Культурологическое знание о журналистике // Теория журналистики в России / под ред. С. Г. Корконосенко. — СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. — С. 231

19 Журналистика сферы досуга / под ред. Л.Р. Дускаевой, Н.С. Цветовой. — СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2012. — С.

Последнее представляет собой прямую отсылку к арт-критике, появившийся одновременно с арт-журналистикой в постсоветском пространстве, но имеющей более специализированный характер. Таким образом, А. А. Сидякина понимает арт-журналистику в широком смысле как профессиональную художественную критику, и в узком — как газетно-журнальные заметки о культурных событиях.

Л. В. Агеева также считает, что арт-журналистика состоит из двух направлений: оперативного и аналитического. Первое состоит из репортерских материалов о том или ином событии, а второе представляет собой более глубокий и вдумчивый анализ культурной жизни общества20. Можно заметить, что в данном случае оба исследователя придерживаются общей точки зрения, в которой арт-журналистика является лишь новым генерализующим термином для обозначения уже известного явления художественной журналистики и критики искусства.

Другой позиции придерживается Н. С. Цветова: арт-журналистика — это самостоятельный сегмент журналистики, стоящий в ряду с другими медиа, посвященных искусству. Исследователь говорит о двух типах дискурса, сложившихся в современной России. Первый есть та журналистика, которая развивается в развлекательно-просветительском ключе и о которой, как о художественной журналистике, говорили А. А. Сидякина и Л. В. Агеева: данный дискурс нацелен на духовное развитие личности и обогащение культуры общества в целом. Подготовку материалов осуществляют высококомпетентные журналисты или специалисты в сфере искусства. Аудитория состоит из просвещенных любителей или профессионалов в области художественной культуры21.

Во втором дискурсе арт-журналистика представляет собой такую подачу информации, при которой любое произведение искусства или событие из культурной жизни воспринимается, в первую очередь, как товар, а аудитория

125.

20 Агеева Л. В. Портрет современного арт-журналиста // Арт-журналистика в современном медиапространстве: сборник научных статей / под науч. ред. Е.С. Дорощук. — Казань, 2016. — С. 83-90.

21 См.: Воскресенская М. А. Культурологическое знание о журналистике // Теория журналистики в России / под ред. С. Г. Корконосенко. СПб, 2018. С. 231.

является потенциальным потребителем. «Это и есть арт-журналистика в собственном смысле слова — журналистика, занимающаяся сбором информации о событиях, темах и тенденциях в развитии современного искусства, его формах и жанрах с целью стимулирования потребительского интереса к данным объектам как имеющим определенную материальную ценность или способным провоцировать релаксационное состояние» — отмечает Н. С. Цветова22.

Таким образом, в данном подходе арт-журналистика воспринимается как коммерческая деятельность, нашедшая свои истоки в художественно-просветительских медиа, но уже занимающая уникальное положение в системе современных СМИ. Н. С. Цветова резюмирует: «Среди наиболее примечательных процессов, сопровождающих складывание арт-журналистики, выделяются функциональная динамика и трансформация жанровой системы, а также усложнение структуры профессиональной деятельности арт-журналиста, подключающегося сегодня к решению дополнительных задач»23, в список которых входят не только просветительская и развлекательная, но и рекламная.

Показательно то, что количество рекламных сообщений превалирует над количеством аналитических материалов. В итоге, в дискурсе данного направления доминирует жанр рецензии рекламного характера, анонс и репортаж, хотя в целом спектр жанров остается столь же широким, как и в художественной журналистике: статья, обзор, интервью, авторская колонка.

В связи с этим, совершенно правомерным представляется различение Т. В. Юрьевой арт-критики и арт-журналистики. Если основную цель первой составляет оценка искусства и культурной жизни, то «арт-журналистика призвана информировать и просвещать»24. Здесь обнаруживается различие между взглядами Н. С. Цветовой и Т. В. Юрьевой на сущность арт-журналистики — для

22 Воскресенская М. А. Культурологическое знание о журналистике // Теория журналистики в России / под ред. С. Г. Корконосенко. — СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. — С. 234.

23 Воскресенская М. А. Культурологическое знание о журналистике // Теория журналистики в России / под ред. С. Г. Корконосенко. — СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. — С. 235.

24 Юрьева Т. В. «Публичное искусствоведение» в современной российской журналистике // Современные медиа: процессы и конте ксты / науч. ред. Е. А. Ермолин, А. А. Маслова. -Ярославль, 2015. — С. 41-44.

последней это «феномен «публичного искусствоведения»»25, который в современном мире все чаще выступает скорее фоном для обсуждения скандальных подробностей жизни деятелей искусства, чем действительным инфоповодом.

В представленной работе мы будем придерживаться того взгляда, что арт-журналистика — это сфера СМИ, направленная на анализ культурной жизни общества в части художественного творчества. Этот анализ преимущественно (но не исключительно) осуществляется для широкой аудитории и имеет, прежде всего, развлекательно-просветительский характер. Вместе с тем широкое понимание дискурса арт-журналистики включает в рассматриваемый феномен и научно-теоретический, и критический, и массово-информационный аспекты.

Тематика арт-журналистики посвящена искусству в его различных формах: музыка, театр, кинематограф, изобразительные виды и т. д. Несмотря на консьюмеризацию и коммерциализацию данного медиадискурса, его основная функция заключается в распространении базовых ценностей и формировании у читателей эстетического и потребительского вкуса. В отличие от арт-критики, арт-журналистика не оценивает тот или иной культурный феномен, а освещает его, преподносит о нем максимально полную и достоверную информацию. При этом указанный факт не исключает требования наличия высокой компетенции в области культуры и искусства у арт-журналистов. Как отмечает Л. В. Агеева, на данный момент продуктивного диалога между журналистами и деятелями искусства не существует: «Хвалебная журналистика тешит самолюбие артистов, разгромные материалы — самолюбие журналистов. А вот полноценного общения между журналистами и деятелями культуры не получается»26. Для того чтобы продуктивный диалог все же состоялся, арт-журналист должен обладать следующими характеристиками: искренний интерес, хорошее знание сферы деятельности, о которой журналист пишет, беспристрастность, развитый эстетический вкус, а также наличие эстетического образования, которое позволяет

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Чжао Юаньюань, 2022 год

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SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY

A manuscript

Zhao Yuanyuan

ART JOURNALISM IN CHINA: THE GENESIS AND TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF MAGAZINE

PERIODICALS)

Specialization 5.9.9. Media communications and journalism

Dissertation

for a scientific degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences Translation from Russian

Academic supervisor: Ebctor of Historical Sciences professor M. A. Voskresenskaya

Saint Petersburg 2021

CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….165

Chapter 1. The process of forming art journalism in China……………………………..169

1.1 The concept of art journalism. Approaches to its interpretation in the modern theory of journalism……………………………………………………………………………………………………169

1.2 The main stages of the history of art journalism in China…………………………………174

1.2.1 The Genesis of Chinese Music Periodicals…………………………………………………..174

1.2.2 The Genesis of Chinese Fine Art Magazines………………………………………………..180

1.2.3 The Genesis of Chinese Performing Arts Magazines…………………………………….186

1.2.4 The Genesis of Chinese magazines about screen art………………………………………193

1.2.5 The Genesis of Chinese Magazines about Art Literature……………………………….202

Conclusions from the first chapter……………………………………………………………………….206

Chapter 2. The current state of art journalism in China…………………………………..208

2.1 The subject matter and functioning of Chinese periodicals in the field of artistic creativity at the present stage…………………………………………………………………………..208

2.1.1 Music magazines……………………………………………………………………………………….208

2.1.2 Theater magazines……………………………………………………………………………………..218

2.1.3 Film Art Magazines…………………………………………………………………………………..231

2.1.4 Literary journals………………………………………………………………………………………..244

2.1.5 Magazines about fine arts…………………………………………………………………………..270

2.2 Prospects for the development of Chinese art journalism………………………………….279

Conclusions from the second chapter…………………………………………………………………..285

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….287

Literature………………………………………………………………………………………………………..290

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic is related to the cultural and educational function and cultural-forming capabilities of journalism. The diversity and complexity of contemporary art culture creates an urgent need for competent journalists who can help the audience understand its creative directions, processes and events. Art journalism refers to media materials about artistic creativity that are addressed to a mass audience. Art journalism should be distinguished from art criticism from the point of view of art criticism, since it includes not only analytics, but also information, advertising, popular education, and entertainment materials, and is also addressed to a mass audience, and not only to specialists. Art journalism is not only the coverage of art issues, but also the opportunity to shape the artistic tastes of society, to assert true cultural values. Art journalism reflects the state of public consciousness and the value preferences of society, which requires careful study, including from the perspective of the national specifics of the functioning of art journalism in different countries.

The degree of development of the stated problems is not too high today. In theoretical terms, there is no clear understanding of the very essence of art journalism, no generally accepted definition of it, no scientific works of a fundamental, generalizing nature, as well as works that clearly distinguish art journalism from entertainment journalism, on the one hand, and with literary and artistic criticism, on the other. Nevertheless, the concept of art journalism is becoming more widely used.

Currently, various scholars are exploring certain aspects and aspects of art journalism. Currently, various scholars are exploring certain aspects and aspects of art journalism. In particular, the sphere of interests of media researchers at St. Petersburg University includes the stylistics of art-journalistic texts1. A number of Russian and foreign researchers study the specifics of music journalism2. Works devoted to the

1 See: Duskaeva L. R. Reflection of the aesthetic evaluation of works of art in the art-media discourse. — 2015. — No. 12. — p. 29-40; Duskaeva L. R. «Star persona» in art journalism: stylistic and speech representation of a communicative scenario, Konyaeva Yu. M. / / Philology and Man. 2015. No. 1. pp. 15-24; Konyaeva Yu. M. Creative personality in artmediadiscourse / /Kultura. — 2015. — No. 12. — pp. 41-52; Tsvetova N. S. Art portrait: intentional and stylistic characteristics of the genre // Medialinguistics. — St. Petersburg, 2014. — Issue 3. Speech genres in mass media. — p. 162-165; Tsvetova N. S. Art Discourse in Modern Russian Journalism // Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg University. — 2012. — No. 1. — pp. 218-227.

2 See: Kurysheva T. A. Music journalism and music criticism. — M.: Vlados-Press, 2007. — 295 p.; Kurysheva T. A. Slovo o muzyki. About music criticism and music journalism. Essays. — M.: Kompozitor, 1992. — 175 p.; Sergeeva T. S. Modern Russian music journalism: trends of development / / Multimedia journalism of Eurasia. — Kazan: Kazan Publishing House.

general problems of art journalism in the context of modern socio-cultural conditions of social development also began to appear3.

For all the growing scientific interest in art journalism, this area is still almost unexplored and theoretically not worked out. It should be noted that Chinese art journalism has not yet been practically studied. Some scholars in China are interested in its problems, but superficially, they lack a deep systematic understanding of this field of journalism. Scientists in China usually only describe the state of some specific media or simply collect data on the circulation or the percentage of development of the media market, etc., without revealing a comprehensive overall picture of the development of domestic art journalism4. In foreign scientific literature, there are also still no works devoted to art journalism in China. However, it deserves deep study and detailed characterization.

The purpose of the study: to identify the features of the historical development and to establish the nature of the current state of art journalism in China.

This goal involves solving a number of tasks:

1. Give a detailed definition of the concept of art journalism.

2. Describe China’s leading magazine publications in the field of art journalism.

3. Identify the main problems of Chinese art journalism and identify their causes.

4. Outline the prospects for the development of art journalism in China, to develop practical recommendations for media specialists in this field.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the primary attempt to describe the historical development, as well as the analysis of the current state of art journalism in China, which is still practically not studied by media researchers.

un-ta, 2014. — pp. 480-485; Dubovtseva L. I. Muzykalnaya radiozhurnalistika [Musical radio journalism]. 2014. No. 3. URL: www.es.rae.ru/mediamusic/13-777 (accessed: 13.06.2016); James M. Popular Music Journalism. Berkshire: Routledge, 2012. 288 p.; Jones S. Pop music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 288 p.

3 See: Sergeeva T. S. Art journalism and modern Russian culture: value-semantic dominants and the problem of human preservation //Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2013. No. 22 (313). pp. 152-156; Suminova T. N. Information resources of artistic culture (artosphere). M: Academic project, 2006. 480 p.; Suvorova A. Yu. Art journalism in Russia: features of typologization and genre-thematic originality // Mass communication in the modern world: challenges and prospects. Kursk: Yugo-Zapad State University-T. S. 149-150.

4 Wang Wenxi. Local integration in the process of development of Chinese journals on literature in modern history / / Gansu agriculture. 2018. No. 2. pp. 32-41( in Chinese); Ye Jianguo. The history of the development of Chinese journals about literature / / Academic Journal of information about the publication of Shanghai higher educational institutions. 2000. No. 3. pp. 50-97( in Chinese); Liu Shuxian. Review of the history of the development of Chinese magazines about fine arts / / Forum of Libraries. 1996. No. 3. pp. 59-129( in Chinese); Liu Shuxian. The influence of changes in the cultural form on the publication of magazines about fine art // Chinese Publishing. 2018. No. 1. pp. 62-213 (in Chinese), etc.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the need for a conceptual study of the concept of art journalism, as well as the disclosure of the mechanisms of functioning of the media direction under consideration, including the national and cultural context of its development.

The practical significance of the research is the possibility of using the materials of the future dissertation in writing scientific papers and in developing training courses on the theory and history of journalism.

The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach based on the data and conceptual provisions of the theory of journalism, history, art history, as well as the general scientific principle of historicism, which involves the analysis of the studied phenomenon taking into account the specific historical conditions of its origin and development.

Research methods:

1. descriptive method for the general characterization of Chinese media covering issues of artistic creativity;

2. genetic and problem-chronological methods for recreating the processes of formation and historical development of art journalism in China;

3. statistical method for determining the dynamics of the circulation of art publications and the quantitative composition of their audience, which is necessary to identify economic problems in their functioning;

4. comparative analysis to determine the features of the development of Chinese art journalism in different historical periods;

5. analysis of documents (editorial materials, state acts).

6. content analysis to establish various qualitative and quantitative parameters of the functioning of the media in the field of art and literature;

7. typological method for classifying and systematizing Chinese media resources that reflect the problems of artistic culture.

Provisions to be defended:

1. The concept of art journalism today does not have a clear definition, in the scientific literature there are various definitions of it, which do not always coincide in

meaning. In this paper, art journalism is understood as a media direction that focuses on art and literature as the main objects of its attention. With this interpretation, art journalism performs a variety of functions, including cultural and educational, entertainment, advertising, information and reference, as well as, in a certain sense, research.

2. The formation and development of art journalism in China is characterized by a peculiarity associated with the specifics of national history. It began to take shape later than in the countries of the West and Europe, it initially paid primary attention to traditional Chinese artistic creativity, and always experienced a strong dependence on the current socio-political situation and socio-economic conditions in the country.

3. At the present stage, art journalism in China is faced with universal problems of the functioning of periodicals, characteristic of the digital age and market conditions. As an optimal response to the challenges of the time, the perspective development of Chinese art magazines aimed at their corporatization, digital transformation and internationalization is presented.

Approbation of the research results. The results of the dissertation research were tested at All-Russian seminars, which were organized and conducted within the framework of the Institute «Higher School of Journalism and Mass Communications» of St. Petersburg State University at the international conferences » Media in the modern world. Young Researchers» (St. Petersburg State University, 2016), «Problems of Mass Communication» (Voronezh State University, 2018), » Man. Society. Communication» (Novgorod State University, 2020).

On the topic of the dissertation, the author published five scientific papers, including three articles in publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 1. The process of forming art journalism in China 1.1 The concept of art journalism. Approaches to its interpretation in the modern

theory of journalism

Journalism has quite a lot of varieties, in this work we are interested in one of the specializations of cultural journalism-art journalism, which has several types, depending on the type of art about which the material is prepared5. It would be a mistake to identify such concepts as culture and art, but at the same time, do not forget about their close connection. Culture as a more general concept includes art. A. Archangelsky in an interview says the following: «… Often confuse culture and art, and this is not the same thing. Culture is, I would say, such a machine for the production of values…»6, in this case, art is a part of the machine that is responsible for the impact of artistic means.

Art journalism, which is a special segment of journalism, is a relatively young concept, which implies its ambiguity and uncertainty both for the general public and for narrow specialists. Despite the fact that the field of interests of this field of journalism is intuitive, its object, tasks and functions remain terminologically blurred. The latter is true, even if we are talking about a certain type of art7.

Until the concept of art journalism was introduced into the media discourse of the post-Soviet period, the following names were used to denote journalism whose focus was cultural in nature: «cultural journalism», «cultural and educational»,» leisure»8.

Thus, according to the cultural analysis of journalism conducted by M. A. There are at least three semantic vectors that define the concept of culture: «culture as art, artistic creativity; all material and spiritual achievements of humanity and the process of their creation; a specifically human way of being based on value-semantic relations with the world»9. Based on one of these views and focusing on the needs of their readership, the media form their own model of broadcasting information about culture. For example,

5 Botvina I. Types and genres of art journalism / / NDRS-18: collection of materials of the interuniversity scientific and practical conference. — 2018. — pp. 17-19.

6 Radio Liberty. In the studio-Alexander Arkhangelsky // TV channel «Russia K»: [website]. Moscow, 2005. URL: https://tvkultura.ru/article/show/article_id/55779/ (accessed: 28.01.2019).

7 Vlasenko A.V. Scientific disputes about the content of the term «theater journalism» / / Journalism of Russia in the conditions of transition to the information society. — 2016. — pp. 82-87.

8 Gmyzina E. V., Aloyan K. R. Kulturnaya zhurnalistika i sovremennye massmediya [Cultural journalism and modern mass media]. The science. Innovations (NPC-2020). — Kirov: Vyatka State University, 2020. — p. 144-151.

9 Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G. Korkonosenko. — St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018. — pp. 218-251.

publications can choose cultural and educational, art history, popular science, scientific and journalistic, literary and artistic, artistic and journalistic, recreational, leisure, entertainment or hobby-related topics, thereby positioning themselves as leisure or artistic, specialized, journalism10.

However, the subject matter as such does not solve the problem of what constitutes journalism of a cultural orientation. Just as the object itself does not determine the method of its study, and it is the purpose of the study that is crucial, so cultural, leisure or art journalism can only be determined based on an understanding of their functions and tasks.

Leisure journalism is journalism whose purpose is to entertain the audience, to meet, first of all, the personal, and not the professional or socio-civil needs of readers. Reading materials of this kind is one of the ways of a free, recreational pastime.

Thus, the key feature in this case is entertainment. Then we can conclude that the theme of leisure has been present in Russian journalism since the XVIII century: «For three centuries, the traditions of education and education through entertainment were formed in Russian journalism»11.

One of the leading researchers of leisure journalism is L. R. Duskaeva. It is thanks to her work that this term has become actively used in scientific circles, although, as the researcher herself notes, it still remains unsettled. In his joint work with N. S. Tsvetova «Leisure direction in Russian journalism» L. R. Duskaeva, in addition to the function of recuperation, highlights in leisure journalism also the function of spiritual development of the individual and society in their free time. As a result, this type of journalism acts as a source of new knowledge that expands the general outlook of readers and contributes to the development of their consumer taste in the broad sense of the word.

Also, in a market economy, leisure journalism expands and enriches the

10 Sagdullaev K. K. Art-journalism in the global information space / / Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. -2014. — № 3-4. — pp. 13-17.

11 Duskaeva L. R., Tsvetova N. S. Leisure direction in Russian journalism: problems of training specialists // Scientific notes of the Trans-Baikal State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University. Series: Professional education, theory and teaching methods. — 2011. — No. 6. — p. 179.

information field related to this topic12. However, despite the increase in the number of leisure media, the quality of the material, in general, is deteriorating. The latter is due to the fact that most of the publications adhere not to educational, defending traditional cultural values, but to commercial, aimed exclusively at profit-making policies. Taking this into account, Yu. M. Konyaeva identifies three groups of leisure publications: those aimed at education, those aimed at the formation of consumer culture, and those aimed at entertainment and relaxation13. At the same time, as already mentioned above, the second type of publications dominate the market of leisure media, as a result of which «the distinctive feature of the current stage of research on the specifics of human leisure activity is the emergence of the problem of establishing a culture of consumption and consumerization of various aspects of society, the gradual transformation of leisure into the semantic center of the individual’s life, to which labor activity is subordinated»14.

The audience of leisure and relaxation journalism is a mass audience, which is characterized by heterogeneity, dispersion, anonymity and passivity of information perception15, this leads to the fact that» any ideas and values adapt to the average level of perception and understanding through the use of slogans, symbols and categories available to the «mass».»»16.

At the same time, there is another group of consumers, which is formed on the basis of some basic values established in a given society, and correlates with the leisure and educational sphere of journalism17. I. N. Blokhin includes the media in this sphere, whose content consists of materials about history, travel, and various practices of spending free time18. It also includes materials about the cultural life of the society, which are covered by art journalism.

12 Sagdullaev K. K. Art-journalism in the global information space / / Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. -2014. — № 3-4. — pp. 13-17.

13 Journalism of the sphere of leisure / ed. by L. R. Duskaeva, N. S. Tsvetnoy. — St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2012. — p. 119

14 Journalism of the sphere of leisure / ed. by L. R. Duskaeva, N. S. Tsvetnoy. — St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2012. — p. 19.

15 Sagdullaev K. K. Art-journalism in the global information space / / Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. -2014. — № 3-4. — pp. 13-17.

16 Journalism of the sphere of leisure / ed. by L. R. Duskaeva, N. S. Tsvetnoy. — St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2012. — p. 26.

17 Sagdullaev K. K. Art-journalism in the global information space / / Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. -2014. — № 3-4. — pp. 13-17.

18 See: Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G. Korkonosenko. — St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018. — p. 231

Art journalism, the prefix of which is taken from the English language, where art means art in general, regardless of the time and conditions of its creation, for some researchers is synonymous with art journalism. So, for example, A. A. Sidyakina identifies these two concepts and defines them «as regular and systematic information and analytical activities for media coverage of events and phenomena of art and artistic life (including theatrical, literary, musical, cinematic, etc.) using all genres and forms of presentation of the material, in the presence of evaluative and competent critical judgment»19. The latter is a direct reference to art criticism, which appeared simultaneously with art journalism in the post-Soviet space, but has a more specialized character. Thus, A. A. Sidyakina understands art journalism in a broad sense as professional art criticism, and in a narrow sense — as newspaper and magazine notes about cultural events.

L. V. Ageeva also believes that art journalism consists of two areas: operational and analytical. The first consists of reporting materials about a particular event, and the second is a deeper and more thoughtful analysis of the cultural life of the society20. It can be noted that in this case, both researchers share a common point of view, in which art journalism is only a new generalizing term for the already well-known phenomenon of art journalism and art criticism.

Another position is held by N. S. Tsvetova: art journalism is an independent segment of journalism, standing in a row with other media devoted to art. The researcher speaks about two types of discourse that have developed in modern Russia. The first is the kind of journalism that develops in an entertaining and educational way and which, as art journalism, was discussed by A. A. Sidyakina and L. V. Ageeva: this discourse is aimed at the spiritual development of the individual and the enrichment of the culture of society as a whole. The materials are prepared by highly competent journalists or specialists in the field of art. The audience consists of enlightened amateurs or professionals in the field of artistic culture21.

19 Journalism of the sphere of leisure / ed. by L. R. Duskaeva, N. S. Tsvetnoy. — St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2012. — p. 125.

20 Ageeva L. V. Portrait of a modern art journalist / / Art journalism in the modern media space: collection of scientific articles / under the scientific editorship of E. S. Doroshchuk. — Kazan, 2016. — p. 83-90.

21 See: Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G.

In the second discourse, art journalism is a presentation of information in which any work of art or event from cultural life is perceived, first of all, as a commodity, and the audience is a potential consumer. «This is art journalism in the proper sense of the word-journalism that collects information about events, topics and trends in the development of contemporary art, its forms and genres in order to stimulate consumer interest in these objects as having a certain material value or capable of provoking a relaxation state» — says N. S. Tsvetova22.

Thus, in this approach, art journalism is perceived as a commercial activity that has found its origins in art and educational media, but already occupies a unique position in the system of modern media. N. S. Tsvetova summarizes :» Among the most remarkable processes that accompany the formation of art journalism, the functional dynamics and transformation of the genre system are highlighted, as well as the complexity of the structure of professional activity of an art journalist, who is now involved in solving additional tasks»23, the list of which includes not only educational and entertainment, but also advertising.

It is significant that the number of advertising messages prevails over the number of analytical materials. As a result, the genre of advertising reviews, announcements and reports dominates in the discourse of this direction, although in general the range of genres remains as wide as in art journalism.: article, review, interview, author’s column.

In this regard, the distinction between T. V. Yurieva’s art criticism and art journalism is quite legitimate. If the main goal of the first is to evaluate art and cultural life ,then » art journalism is designed to inform and educate»24. Here we find a difference between the views of N. S. Tsvetnoy and T. V. Yuryeva on the essence of art journalism — for the latter, it is a » phenomenon «of public art criticism»»25, which in the modern world increasingly acts as a background for discussing the scandalous details of

Korkonosenko. St. Petersburg, 2018. p. 231.

22 Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G. Korkonosenko. — St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018. — p. 234.

23 Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G. Korkonosenko. — St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018. — p. 235.

24 Yuryeva T. V. «Public art criticism» in modern Russian journalism / / Modern media: processes and contexts / scientific ed. by E. A. Ermolin, A. A. Maslova. — Yaroslavl, 2015. — pp. 41-44.

25 Voskresenskaya M. A. Cultural knowledge about journalism // Theory of journalism in Russia / ed. by S. G. Korkonosenko. — St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018. — p. 238.

the life of artists, rather than a real information guide.

In the presented work, we will adhere to the view that art journalism is a media sphere aimed at analyzing the cultural life of society in terms of artistic creativity. This analysis is mainly (but not exclusively) carried out for a wide audience and is primarily of an entertainment and educational nature. At the same time, a broad understanding of the discourse of art journalism includes both scientific and theoretical, critical, and mass-informational aspects in the phenomenon under consideration.

The subject of art journalism is devoted to art in its various forms: music, theater, cinema, visual arts, etc. Despite the consumerization and commercialization of this media discourse, its main function is to spread the basic values and form readers ‘ aesthetic and consumer taste. Unlike art criticism, art journalism does not evaluate a particular cultural phenomenon, but covers it, presents the most complete and reliable information about it. At the same time, this fact does not exclude the requirement of high competence in the field of culture and art for art journalists. As L. V. notes. Ageeva, at the moment, there is no productive dialogue between journalists and artists: «Laudatory journalism pleases the self-esteem of artists, devastating materials-the self-esteem of journalists. But full-fledged communication between journalists and cultural figures does not work»26. In order for a productive dialogue to take place, an art journalist must have the following characteristics: sincere interest, good knowledge of the field of activity about which the journalist writes, impartiality, developed aesthetic taste, as well as the presence of an aesthetic education that allows you to navigate in different opinions and judgments. Each of these criteria allows a journalist to be a professional in their field and create a quality product of art media.

1.2 The main stages of the history of art journalism in China 1.2.1 The Genesis of Chinese Music Periodicals

The birth of Chinese music journalism took place at the turn of the XIX and XX

26 Ageeva L. V. Portrait of a modern art journalist / / Art journalism in the modern media space: collection of scientific articles / under the scientific editorship of E. S. Doroshchuk. — Kazan, 2016. — p. 85.

centuries. After the Sino-Japanese war of 1894, Emperor Zai Tian carried out a series of reforms, which was called the «Hundred Days of Reform». Like-minded people of the emperor issued a total of 60 decrees aimed at modernizing various areas of the state, including the education system, which made it possible for a large number of Chinese students to study in Japan. In 1906, one of these students, Lee Shuton27, founded the «Little Music Magazine» in Tokyo»28, becoming its editor and sole author. The Little Music Magazine is the first periodical in China dedicated to music, but only one issue has been published. Subsequently, in 1913, in Hangzhou, Li Shutong would create his second music magazine, Bai Yang.»29 («Poplar»). Due to social instability and a shortage of funds, only a few issues of the magazine were sent to print. These publications were distributed in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, where the first Chinese cities opened to foreign trade are located.

In 1919, the May 4 Movement unfolded in China30, which promoted ideological emancipation. As a result, new educational institutions were opened, various public music organizations were created, which in the 1920s founded a large number of magazines, such as the magazine «Music»31 (1920, Peking University Music Study Society), «Music Circles»32 (1923, Shanghai Conservatory), etc. Among these magazines, the first Chinese influential music press organs were identified, which were consistently and regularly published, achieved an increase in circulation and expanded the geography of distribution. Such magazines published articles about music education, about the history of Chinese music, about its specifics in comparison with Western musical art, about composing skills, etc. The editorial boards of these magazines included many professional musicians and other intellectuals.

From the beginning of the 1930s until the beginning of the war against Japanese aggression (1937), periodicals covered various topics related to musical creativity, the

27 Lee Shuton (1880-1942) was a musician, calligrapher, and theatrical figure.

28 Chen Rong, Li Shutong. Shenyang: Liaoning People’s Publishing House, 2015. — pp. 49-87 (in Chinese).

29 Liang Maochun. General History of Chinese Music course. Beijing: Central Music Conservatory Publishing House, 2005, pp. 142-367.

30 The May 4 Movement is a massive anti-imperialist (mostly anti-Japanese) movement in China. It unfolded in response to the decision of the Paris Peace Conference not to return to China the former German concessions seized by Japan in Shandong Province.

31 Huang Shengchuan. Dictionary of Chinese Musicians. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2006, pp. 156-235.

32 Sun Jinan. The history of Chinese music education of the new and modern era. — Shandong: «Friendship», 2000. — pp. 464-557.

main among which were instrumental music (harmonica, guqin33), music from movies, spiritual music, music education, and so on. Typical publications of this period include the magazines «Yue Yi» (1930, Shanghai Conservatory) and «Magic Flute»34 (1931, Tianjin Music and Science Society), edited by Qing Zhu35. They attracted a lot of attention from highly qualified professional musicians. The journals, in particular, published their works, accompanied by materials based on the results of research. In addition, monographs on musical aesthetics were published on the basis of magazines. Along with this, these publications published articles about Western music. The journals became a platform for knowledge exchange and communication in a new field for that time.

During the same period, there was a tendency to specialize some music publications on a specific topic. For example, the interaction of the editorial staff of the magazine «Hymn» with Christian figures contributed to the spread of Western sacred music in China. Thematic magazines attracted the attention of readers with similar musical tastes and interests.

With the beginning of resistance to the Japanese invasion, music journalism takes on new functions. In articles of music magazines, such as «Battle Song», «Song about saving the Motherland», » Monthly collection of new songs»36 and others, not only discussed the issues of musical education, their main goal was to inspire the people to resist aggression. So, in the magazine «Monthly Collection of New Songs» from issue to issue, the cantata «Yellow River» was printed in separate parts»37 to maintain a patriotic mood.

In the late 1930s and 1940s, Chinese music journalism flourished. Following the northeast region, where Beijing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces are located, music magazines began to be established in various Chinese cities. From 1940 to 1949, more

33 The guqin is a Chinese 7-string plucked musical instrument, a type of zither.

34 Yu Bentizi. The City of Musicians: Shanghai: Shanghai Music Publishing House, 2003. — p. 179-309 (in Chinese).

35 Qing Zhu (1893 — 1959) was a music theorist.

36 Wan Baozhang. Philology of Chinese music. // Fujian Educational Publishing House. — 2006. — pp. 421-520 (in Chinese).

37 The cantata «Yellow River» is the most famous work of the Chinese composer Xian Xinghai. This cantata celebrates the spirit of the hard struggle of the Chinese people, painfully tells about the cruelty of the invader, and calls on the people to participate in the struggle for national liberation.

than 100 printed periodicals in the field of musical art were published in the country38. New Music Magazine»39, founded in 1940, it is the leading publication of musical periodicals of that time. Yu Yuji40 writes the following: «We can say that the magazine» New Music » is the most revolutionary, the first in terms of sales, having the longest period of publication and the most influential music periodical in the new history of music»41. It became a solid magazine, whose articles covered issues of music theory, music criticism, national and foreign experience in the music field. In addition, the magazine paid serious attention to spreading the idea of resistance to the Japanese and saving the motherland.

National music journalism received a new impetus after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (1949). One of the oldest music periodicals of the People’s Republic of China is the magazine «World of Music». Thanks to his publications, today we have a rich material for studying not only musical tastes, but also the popular moods of an entire era. The magazine began to be published in October 1949, at first under the name «Mass Music». In its history, it has gone through three stages of development.

From 1949 to the early 1980s. this periodical focused on the issues of songwriting in the new social conditions. In the first years after the formation of the People’s Republic of China, when music played a huge ideological role, there were a lot of periodicals about the song. The former «Mass Music» was no exception: it was created to meet the increased demand of the country’s mass song movement for specialized literature. The content was structurally divided into two sections: the study of theory and the creation of a song. Despite the fact that the publications of this magazine made a great contribution to the theoretical understanding and development of ethnic music, the direct creation of works, in particular songs aimed at the masses, still played a decisive role in choosing the subject of its issues. As a result, Mass Music was one of the first to process and publish many hitherto well-known folk songs. Leading Chinese composers have published lectures on elementary music theory and songwriting in this magazine

38 Zheng Xiaodan. Memory of history and the history of memory / / Musical research. — 2013. — No. 3. — pp. 101-111 (in Chinese).

39 Wan Baozhang. Philology of Chinese music. Fuzhou: Fujian Educational Publishing House, 2006. — p. 416 (in Chinese).

40 Yu Yuji (1929-2016) was a Chinese music historian and music educator.

41 Yu-Yuji. Analysis of the editorial ideas of comrade Li Lin based on the materials of the magazine » New Music» // Musical studies. — 1994. — No. 3. — p. 7 (in Chinese).

for many years.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the magazine, already under its current name, became a periodical about the popular song. At the same time, the content of the «World of Music» was significantly enriched: special sections were added about music education, about the song in movies and on television, words and notes of songs were published, and at that time they could only be found in this publication, etc. All this contributed to a consistently high level of subscription to the magazine.

From 2000 to the present, there has been a change in the editorial policy of music magazines, including the oldest resource in the PRC in this field. In the late 1990s, the magazine «World of Music» faced significant difficulties. The existence of many periodicals specializing in art issues was threatened by the development of the socialist market economy. On the one hand, the amount of state subsidies was reduced, on the other hand, the income from the sale of circulations fell. The latter was due to the fact that as a result of political and economic changes, people’s leisure time became richer and more diverse. Now many people could watch TV, go to the movies, to the disco, to karaoke. The music magazine is no longer the only way to get in touch with music.

The magazine has become a periodical about music education. At a difficult time for the magazine, a group of editors of the magazine noticed that the Chinese government is promoting curriculum reforms in primary and secondary schools everywhere, and teachers are becoming a regular group of readers of music periodicals. Based on this, a group of editors of the magazine changed the strategy of the magazine’s development, its leading direction, especially since the special section of the publication devoted to music education has traditionally had great authority and influence. Now the magazine is considered as a mass periodical in the field of musical education, including not only issues of professional training, but also initial information. Elementary music education has now become the main topic of the magazine. Despite the fears of experts that this magazine will contain a lot of materials that are not related to high culture, as a result, it has earned approval in professional circles, and its monthly circulation has constantly grown. Experts recognized that the magazine managed to find its own specifics, to find a unique look.

Following the example of the «World of Music», many magazines began to change their editorial policies. At first, almost all such publications were reformatted into pop music magazines. However, in the end, the publishers realized that in mainland China, foreign-cultural music trends predominate, and their own, original, style, as well as the pop music market, are absent; therefore, the publication of a real and original magazine about pop music is impossible there.

Thus, when deciding on the need to change the strategy, music publications should not only pursue fashion — it is important to analyze the conditions prevailing in the market. Publishers should also take into account the diversity of readers ‘ requests and, based on this, provide unique content that has no analogues in this field. Well-thought-out rubrication can contribute to success, for example, providing materials on theory and practice, on modern and classical music, on vocal and instrumental music. Magazines devoted to music education can focus on its levels: primary, secondary, and higher. You can also sort topics by age category: for children, for young people, or for adults. There is another problem that Chinese music art journalism must solve. As O. Shaidulina notes, there are two types of reviewers: the first type includes professional journalists who are poorly versed in music, the second type includes professional musicians for whom the principles of mass communications are not sufficiently studied42. In both cases, the news from the music sphere will not be fully covered. Consequently, another challenge for art journalism in the field of music is the comprehensive training of correspondents. In other words, we can conclude that the creation of a specific and original topic of the magazine, focused on the current needs of the readership, contributes to its recovery from a difficult economic situation, and sometimes even avoids such a situation43.

42 The project of art journalists. Nizhny Novgorod Conservatory [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.stinfa.ru/?idU59227 (accessed: 05.04.2019).

43 See also: Zhao Yuanyuan. Trends in the development of musical periodicals of the People’s Republic of China (based on the materials of the magazine «World of Music») [Text] // Communication in the modern world: Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference «Problems of Mass Communication». May 10-12, 2018-Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2018. — pp. 114-116.

1.2.2 The Genesis of Chinese Fine Art Magazines

After the end of the Opium Wars, the capitalist ideas and culture of the West spread in China, one of the consequences was the appearance of periodicals. In 1884, the lithographic illustrated magazine «Dian Shizhai» appeared in Shanghai.»44 — this is the first special periodical in China dedicated to the visual arts. It was published as a free supplement to the Shenbao newspaper. In this magazine, through illustrations, news about scientific discoveries, social life, etc. was reported. Its main author is U Yuzhu. Similar lithographic illustrated magazines were later founded and published in large cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, etc.

In the early years of the Republic of China (since 1912), the illustrated magazine «Pravda» had a great influence45. It was the first time in China that the works of foreign artists and scientific articles on the fine arts were published, which marked the beginning of the introduction of foreign creative trends into the Chinese artistic life. In 1918, numerous heralds of art schools were founded, for example, the bulletin «Chinese Fine Art»46, owned by the Chinese special Educational institution of art profile. Such magazines promoted the development of the basic didactic principles of teaching Chinese fine arts. At the same time, many fine art associations and their printing bodies were established. Chinese art magazines have entered a period of rapid development.

In 1919, in Beijing, there was a demonstration of many thousands — the «May 4 Movement», which gave rise to the Movement of New Fine Art, its essence was the desire of artists to display the objective reality of life in their works. This period is characterized by the revival of art communities, which spread their ideas mainly in magazines, such as » Huixue Magazine»47 — an art community that studies the style of painting at Peking University, «Aesthetic Education» — a community that aims to educate about aesthetics. In addition, there were illustrated magazines that reflect what

44 Xu Xiaoman. The history of ancient Chinese illustration. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Literature, 2007. — pp. 267-432 (in Chinese).

45 Shu Shijun. A study of the history of Chinese fine art. — Shanghai: Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting, 2008. — pp. 69-99 (in Chinese).

46 Zheng Gong. Modernization of Chinese fine art. Nanning: Guangxi Art Publishing House, 2002, pp. 99-134 (in Chinese).

47 Wei Dingxi. Peking University and Chinese Political Culture. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1998, pp. 259-430 (in Chinese).

is happening in the workers ‘and peasants’ movements, such as «Strike», » Sickle»48. In 1926, Comrade Mao Zedong noted that «In China, more than 90% of the people do not know hieroglyphs. Under such conditions, the promotion of the idea with the help of drawings is very important»49. The magazines promoted revolutionary ideas and called on the people to fight for the victory of the revolution.

In 1927, the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927-1937) began, a series of armed conflicts in China between the forces of the Republic of China and the CCP. During this period, the Left-wing Art Movement developed rapidly, spreading the ideas of the proletariat, resisting the Kuomintang, a political party that opposed revolutionary culture, and promoting art as a method of educating and organizing the people. An important participant in this movement is Lu Xin. He promoted the development of woodcut printing, it was at that time that woodcut illustrated magazines were founded, such as «Anti-Imperialism», «Popular Masses»50. At the same time in the Soviet Republic of China51 there were illustrated magazines serving the revolutionary war, such as «Aiming», «Elections», «Red Star»52. For example, «Red Star» widely covered the political course of the Red Army, timely reported on the combat situation and raised military morale.

In July 1937, the War of Resistance to the Japanese invaders (1937-1945) broke out in China. In September 1937, the united anti-Japanese National Front was formed on the basis of the cooperation of the Communist Party with the Kuomintang. The researcher V. V. Petrov wrote about this: «Of course, literature could not completely remain aloof from the political events that took place in the country… The interest in patriotic and social topics stimulated the further development of the progressive educational trend»53.

48 Huang Yuanlin. A century-old caricature. — Shanghai: Modern Publishing House, 2000. — pp. 10-268 (in Chinese).

49 Wu Jijin. The idea of art for the Revolution of Mao Zedong / / Research of Maoism. — 2007. — No. 4. — p. 24 (in Chinese).

50 Yao Xin. Dictionary of the League of Left-Wing Writers of China. — Beijing: Guangming zhibao, 1994. — pp. 153-182 (in Chinese).

51 There was a Chinese Soviet Republic — later than the rest of the «Soviet» — in 1931-1934 — in different areas of southern China. Then it moved to the north-west in remote and sparsely populated areas-on the border with the mountains of Tibet and the deserts of Inner Mongolia. And it was out of this Chinese Soviet Republic that later (its leaders) created today’s Communist China.

52 Zhang Guanyu. Military and cultural heritage of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. — Shanghai: Shanghai University Press, 2007. — pp. 90-112 (in Chinese).

53 Petrov V. V. Chinese literature [of the second half of the XIX century] / / History of World literature: In 8 volumes. —

Fine art magazines during this time period reflected the sign of the timesresistance to the Japanese. Caricature and woodcut played an avant-garde role in the field of artistic propaganda against aggression. For example, in the area of Kuomintang rule, the Shanghai Association for the Salvation of the Motherland of the cartoon circle founded the magazine «Caricature of National Salvation»54, the All-China Association for the Salvation of the Motherland of the woodcut circle — «Woodcut about national Salvation» , etc. And in the area liberated by the Communist Party, the Art Institute of the Humanities named after Lu Xin founded the illustrated magazine «Qiao Ergou», the Regional Cultural Council — «Broad Masses»55.

After the victory over the Japanese invaders in China, a civil war broke out between the forces of the Republic of China and the CCP (1945-1949). Progressive figures in the field of fine arts founded many magazines that advocated the overthrow of the reactionary groups of the Kuomintang, such as «New Troops of Caricature», «NorthEastern Illustrated Magazine», etc.

In October 1949, the People’s Republic of China was formed, and the development of Chinese periodicals on fine arts entered a new stage. In the 50s, more than 40 magazines about fine arts were founded, such as «Folk Fine Arts» (this magazine was renamed «Fine Arts» in 1950), «The Study of Fine Arts»56.Most of the most influential fine art magazines to date were founded during this time period.

In May 1966, former Chinese President Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution57 in China, which was later used by the «gang of four»58. In addition to the positive consequences of the revolution, N. T. Fedorenko also points out the tragic

Moscow: Nauka, 1983-1994. — Vol. 7. — 1991. — p. 675-684.

54 Bi Keguan. The history of Chinese caricature. — Beijing: Cultural and Artistic Publishing House, 2006. — p. 181-211 (in Chinese).

55 Wang Bomin. General History of Chinese Fine Art. Jinan: Shandong Educational Publishing House, 1996, pp. 68-75 (in Chinese).

56

57 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is a term referring to the political events from November 1965 to October 1976 in the history of China. This period was characterized by extreme politicization of all areas of urban life, marked by disorderly performances of students and workers at the lowest levels of the social ladder and chaos in the party leadership of the country. [Electronic resource], URL: http://www.liga-press.ru/news/history/kulturnaya_revolyuciya (Accessed: 29.03.2020)

58 The «Gang of Four» is the name of the left-wing political faction of the CCP, which included four CCP leaders who came to power during the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976, and were subsequently accused of a series of treasonous crimes. See The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [Electronic resource], URL : https://dik.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/84765 (Accessed 27.03.2019).

aspects: «… the great proletarian cultural revolution disrupted the life of the country, caused irreparable damage to Chinese culture, and crippled human souls. All this is reflected with pain and anger in the «literature of scars»59. In the journals of that time and in the present, attempts are made to understand the causes and roots of this phenomenon, to comprehend the experience of the past. Most of the magazines founded in the 50s were forced to close the publications. In the late 60s, a new visual art movement began in China, in which workers, peasants, and soldiers are both heroes of works, authors, and readers. Several publications are published with a theme in tune with the movement, such as » Fine Art of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers of Guangxi Province»60, which was founded in 1972. The main topics were related to the revolution, production and the life of such people.

In October 1976, the Gang of Four was defeated, marking the end of the Cultural Revolution. In October 1979, at the IV Congress of representatives of the workers ‘ literary and artistic circles, the issues of promoting the ideological emancipation of the people in the literary and artistic field were discussed. From 1978 to 1994, 161 fine arts magazines were founded61. At the same time, Chinese art is organized by the current of the «new trend of 1985″: young artists oppose the left-wing line of literary and artistic fields and seek to adopt the experience of the West. Magazines about fine art, such as» Fine Art»,» Gallery», etc., played an important role in this trend. Periodicals became the main channel for broadcasting the thoughts of artists, so all the creative intelligentsia tried to actively cooperate with magazines, publish their articles and illustrations. Some prominent artists, critics, and art critics, such as Gao Minglu, Ding Fang, and others, have taken the place of the magazine’s editors-in-chief. They were passionate about the new trend in art, so they carefully researched what was happening in the field of culture and published their thoughts and ideas in magazines.

At first, such magazines were devoted only to the visual arts in the narrow sense-painting. But already in the mid-80s, the topics were expanded — materials on sculpture,

59 Modern Chinese prose. Collection / compiled and prefaced by N. Fedorenko. — Per. with kit. — Moscow: Raduga, 1988. -p. 7.

60 Guangxi Association of Workers of Literature and Art [Electronic resource]. // URL: http://www.gxwenlian.com/ (accessed 27.03.2019) (in Chinese).

61 Liu Shuxian. The influence of changes in the cultural form on the publication of magazines about fine art / / Chinese Publishing. — 2018. — No. 1. — p. 62-213 (in Chinese).

design, calligraphy, engraving and much more began to appear in magazines.

From 1978 to 1994, 161 fine art magazines were founded in China: in particular, 72 fine art magazines in general, 24 painting magazines, 6 calligraphy magazines, 1 sculpture article, 33 applied art magazines and 5 photography magazines, 13 architectural art magazines62. Since the 90s of the XX century, in each province, autonomous region, city of central subordination, at least one magazine about fine arts has been created, with a periodicity of publication once a month, two or three months.

During the initial stage of the reform and opening-up policy (from the 1980s to the 1990s), which was historically important for the development of Chinese contemporary art, fine art magazines stimulated the interaction of artists and critics, and also played an important role during the transition period in Chinese art. The editors of these magazines worked at the Academy of Arts or had a higher education in the field of fine arts, so they were open and tolerant and warmly responded to the call of ideological emancipation. At that time, these magazines clearly showed the result of a combination of dominant and elitist culture.

The dominant culture is a set of social norms, behavior, language, values, and religion accepted in a society. These signs are often the norm for society as a whole. The dominant culture typically achieves dominance by controlling social institutions such as educational institutions, communication, art culture, law, political process, and business63. In China, a social culture with Chinese characteristics is dominant. The General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Jiang Zemin, described this concept in detail during a speech at the Central Party School on May 29, 1997, and in a report at the 15th CPC National Congress on September 12, 1997. According to Jiang, a socialist culture with Chinese characteristics meant turning Marxism into a guide for educating people to give them «high ideals, moral integrity, a good education and a strong sense of discipline, and to develop a national science and a people’s socialist culture focused on the needs of modernization, peace and the future64.»

62 Liu Shuxian. Review of the history of the development of Chinese magazines about fine arts / / Forum of Libraries. -1996. — No. 3. — p. 59-129 (in Chinese).

63 Dominating culture [Electronic resource] //URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1485565 (accessed: 22.07.2020).

64 Socialism with Chinese specifics [Electronic resource] / / URL: http://www.lxjkh.com/info_detail/?ru_3-412182314-3&Post-mortem_Mao_Socialism_with_chitain_specific (accessed: 22.07.2020).

Elite culture is a special form of culture, which is characterized by a high level of understanding of reality, a limited circle of consumers, the uniqueness and spiritual depth of the created texts. Thanks to education as an integral component of elite culture, its creators, as well as its admirers, are mostly characterized by a high intellectual level65.

During this time period, it was difficult to spread information. And although the circulations were not large, there were few types of magazines and newspapers, nevertheless, the magazines are still authoritative and have the right to vote. They published new works, movements of new art groups, art critics, news about the trend, etc. Thus, with the help of magazines about fine arts, the elite culture developed rapidly.

At the beginning of the XXI century, there were significant changes in the policy about the publishing industry. In October 2000, the «Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on the approval of the 10th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Economy and Society»was published. In this document, for the first time, the concept of the «cultural industry» was officially put forward, which required improving the policy aimed at developing the cultural industry, strengthening the cultural market and improving its management, and stimulating cultural-related industries. After the XVI Congress, i.e. since 2003, a course was taken to deepen the reform of the entire cultural system66. Previously, the operation of these magazines was based on government subsidies, but now it is mainly due to income from reader subscriptions. Accordingly, the integration of mass and dominant culture began in the magazines. At the beginning of 2000, magazines about fine art devoted to the theme of the avant-garde, such as «Fashion of Art», «Modern Art» ceased to be published due to small circulations. At the same time, magazines were created about the art market and investment in collecting.

It is possible to classify China’s fine arts magazines by their main topics, dividing them into six categories. The first group includes scientific journals. Its main theme was devoted to the rigorous and avant-garde study of scientific theory, such as history, criticism, etc. The second category consists of complex journals. Such publications are

65 Elite culture [Electronic resource] //URL: https://okulture24.ru/elitarnaya-kultura/ (accessed 22.07.2020).

66 Turusheva. N. V. The position of the CPC of the People’s Republic of China on the reformation of the cultural sphere (late XX-early XXI century). Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. — 2012. — No. 356. — pp. 106-108.

more focused on the visual arts in general, including theory and practice. The third category includes popular magazines. They publish basic facts, basic information about the art field, and focus on being interesting to the mass public. The fourth category is devoted to any kind of fine art, focused on readers of a narrow circle. The fifth category of magazines introduces readers to investments in collecting. The sixth category of magazines is «Vestniki». These journals publish articles about art education and scientific results.

Currently, the fourth category of magazines occupies a large market share, most of them were created before 2000. The market share of messengers is increasing. The source of such journals is rich and steady. They are focused on teachers and students, so the market situation has little impact on them. In the 90s, magazines about the art market appeared, and the size of their circulation grew rapidly. Due to the rapid development of the Chinese economy, the people are becoming richer, people have free capital and, accordingly, can buy and collect works of art, so the development of their artistic taste contributes to the sales of such magazines.

In the 80s, many fine art magazines were created. For several decades, the publications have come a long way, achieved great success, gained a lot of experience and authority. However, with the advent of the Internet age, readers no longer depend on print media. In the twenty-first century, many magazines were created with great financial support and a variety of distribution channels, but many of them were in a difficult situation due to the marginalization of print media.

1.2.3 The Genesis of Chinese Performing Arts Magazines

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the first works in the field of drama appeared in China, at the same time, articles about this new phenomenon began to be published in newspapers. In 1904, the magazine «Big Stage of the twentieth Century»67 was founded, which was edited by the poet Liu Yaji (1887-1958). This publication was

67 Yin Kangzhuang. The main trend of the discourse of Chinese literature of the twentieth century. — Beijing: Publishing House of Social Sciences of China, 2006. — p. 38 (in Chinese).

the first Chinese magazine dedicated to the performing arts. He promoted the idea of a national and democratic revolution in China. Theater critics such as Pei Ren, Xing Shi, and others were the main contributors to this magazine. Its content consisted of scripts, news in the field of drama, biographies of actors, etc.

In 1914, the early period drama flourished in Shanghai — a modernized drama appeared, and several dozen drama troupes were formed68 and a large number of drama magazines: «Modernized Drama» (1914, Minmin Drama Company), monthly magazine «Theater»69 (1914, Yueyu Drama Company) , etc. The main topics of these magazines were reviews of theater critics, news in the field of drama, photos of scenes from performances, etc. The main goals of such publications changed over time: they continued to pay great attention to social reforms, but did not support the principles of nationalism. For some of these magazines, entertainment functions were more typical, for example, the magazine «Splendor» (1914, Jinzhang Publishing House). Along with this, at that time, scientific journals about drama began to be published in China. The Actor magazine was created in 1914 by the Wenhui Publishing House; it was edited by the drama theorist Feng Shuluan. This magazine published articles about the study of drama, reviews of performances, information about actors, etc.

In May-June 1919, the May 4 Movement unfolded in China — a massive antiimperialist (mainly anti-Japanese) movement, which led to the beginning of the Movement for a New Culture in the circles of the intelligentsia, which was characterized by a critical attitude to traditional culture, a commitment to science and democracy, and a desire for freedom. The May 4 movement contributed to the rapid development of dramatic art and theatrical journalism. According to preliminary estimates, 15 drama magazines were created from 1919 to 1929. The initiators of the new drama in the person of Professor Hu Shi70 and his followers justified the need for changes in the stage sphere, rejecting the modernized drama of the early twentieth century and advocating the development of Chinese theater on the Western model. Such

68 A summary of the hundred-year history of drama in Shanghai / Ed. Ding Longan. Nanning: Guanxi Pedagogical University Press, 2008, pp. 393-620 (in Chinese).

69 Ibid., p. 36.

70 Hu Shi (pseudonym; nast. name of Hu Shizhi) (1891, Wu Jixi, prov. Anhui — 24.2.1962, Taipei, Taiwan), kit. writer, literary critic, society. activist. See Zakharova N. V. Hu Shi [Electronic resource]: https://bigenc.ru/literature/text/4672700. (Accessed 11.04.2019).

propositions were mainly put forward in the articles of the special issues on drama of the magazine «New Youth» and undoubtedly contributed to the prosperity of drama after the May 4 Movement. Dramaturgical works of this kind, devoted to social problems, were published in most theater magazines. Despite the fact that the views of the initiators of the drama after the May 4 Movement occupied a dominant place in drama, free scientific discussions could be held in theater magazines, for example, in the magazine «Jiukan»71, edited by the poet Xu Zhimo, published articles inconsistent with such opinions. In these articles, in the image of Professor Wen Yido72 scientists who returned from the United States gave an aesthetic assessment of the modernized drama and made a judgment about the complete opposition to this drama. However, following the example of the monthly magazine «Nan Guo», edited by the playwright Tian Han73, some logs about the drama pay more attention to the screenwriting, research, and to improve the skills of actors, stage design, etc.

It is worth noting that although Shanghai remained the leading centre of production of magazines about the drama, but at this time, such publications were established in other large cities, for example, «drama and literature» (Beijing), «drama» (Guangzhou), «Performing arts» (Jinan)74.

Among other things, the magazine «Chinese Students75», aimed at students, has released special issues about drama. Such art was very popular in schools and higher educational institutions.

Meanwhile, dramatic events were taking place in China: «In April 1927, the Nanking group of the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, who commanded the troops that took part in the Northern Campaign of 1926-1927, began reprisals against members of the CCP who worked in the Kuomintang and sought to implement the directives of

71 Xiong Hui. Biography of Xu Zhimo. Jiangxi People’s Publishing House. 2015. pp. 123-278 (in Chinese).

72 Wen Yido (November 2, 1899, Xishui, Hubei, Qing Dynasty-July 15, 1946, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China) was a Chinese poet, literary critic, and publicist. https://www.abirus.ru/content/564/623/625/645/654/13222/13257.html. (Accessed 11.04.2019).

73 Tian Han (nast. name Tian Shouchang) (12.3.1898, der. Tianjiacun, near Changsha, prov. Hunan — 10.12.1968, Pe Kin), Chinese playwright, poet, translator, writer. activist. See Tian Han [Electronic resource]: https://www.abirus.ru/content/564/623/625/645/654/13222/13257.html. (Accessed 11.04.2019).

74 Zhu Zhengchang. Collection of the characteristic culture of the Principality of Qi and Lu. — Jinan: Druzhba, 2016. -390 p. (in Chinese).

75 Guo Guochang. Discussion on the popularization of Chinese literature of the twentieth century. — Beijing: Literary publishing house of the mainland of one hundred flowers, 2006. — 279 p. (in Chinese).

the Communist International to establish control over this party. In response, the Communists rose up in armed struggle, first under the slogans of revolutionizing the Kuomintang, against its leadership, and from the autumn of 1927 against the Kuomintang, under the slogans of transferring land to the peasants and creating soviets»76. The failure of the First Civil Revolutionary War led to the aggravation of class contradictions in China and the beginning of the Left — wing Art Movement, which spread the ideas of the proletariat, resisted the Kuomintang-a bourgeois party that opposed revolutionary culture. In 1930, the Union of Shanghai Troupes was founded, which would later be renamed the Union of Chinese Left-Wing Playwrights. This Union raised the Left-wing Drama Movement, which is an important part of the Left-wing Art Movement. As a result of this movement, Chinese drama entered a period of maturity, which contributed to the development of drama magazines.

The development of theatrical journalism was not hindered even by the difficult foreign policy situation. On September 18, 1931, the Mukden incident occurred, during which the invasion of China by the troops of imperialist Japan began. Then in 1937, the July 7 Incident occurred, marking the beginning of a comprehensive war of aggression instigated by Japan against China. However, according to incomplete statistics, more than 30 drama magazines were created from 1930 to 1937. The founding goals of these magazines reflected the social mentality of the period. For example, the monthly magazine «Art»77, edited by Xia Yan, founded in March 1930 in Shanghai, was a left-wing drama magazine under the leadership of the CCP. This magazine mostly published dramatic works, simultaneously articles on theoretical research in the field of revolutionary drama and progressive views on drama. This magazine was the first in China to put forward the term «proletarian drama». In addition, some magazines have set out to promote mass drama. As an example, we will give the magazine «Shchi». Left-wing playwrights-Yuan Muzhi78, Sun Shii79 and others-made a list of the main authors of this journal. They noted that drama should be close to life and instruct life.

76 Civil War in China [Electronic resource] / / URL: http://knowledge.su/g/grazhdanskaya-voyna-v-kitae-1927-1937-godov. (Accessed 14.04.2019).

77 Wu Lingfeng. Collection of monographs of research on Xia Yan — — Zhejiang Literary Publishing House, 1990. — pp. 1139-1504 (in Chinese).

78 Yuan Muzhi (1909-1978) — Chinese director, actor, screenwriter.

79 Sun Shii (1904-1966) was a Chinese film director, screenwriter, and librettist.

At this time, the Japanese occupation of the Three Eastern Provinces of China was carried out and the invasion of Northern China by Japanese troops took place. On the wave of resistance to the Japanese, a defense drama appeared, revealing the facts of the cruelty of the Japanese aggressors, condemning the views that hinder the cause of resistance, praising the actions of the people in the name of saving the motherland. Some theatrical publications, such as the Epoch of Drama magazine, published works of defense drama and promoted the very idea of defense drama.

At the same time, Chinese theater magazines promptly covered current trends, introduced readers to new works and the school of foreign drama, introducing modern finds in China. For example, the magazine «Performing Arts» published translated articles on foreign drama theory, articles on theaters in Moscow after the revolution, etc.

At the same time, some magazines began to consider drama as a complex art, and thus paid more attention to the study of screenwriting, directing, performing arts, stage art, etc.

From the incident of July 7 (July 7, 1937) to Victory Day over Japan (September 3, 1945), the Chinese nation endured the most deadly crisis of its existence. However, even under such conditions, drama magazines achieved great success: the «Collection of Drama Magazines during the Republic of China» included in its lists more than 70 magazines published during this period of time. The main idea of these magazines is to call for resistance to Japan. Many of them received appropriate titles, such as «Drama of the Resistance of Japan» (1938, Hankou) «Art of the Resistance of Japan» (1939, Chongqing) , etc. But this mission was assigned to all theater magazines, regardless of their specific name.

Most of the editorial offices of drama magazines were located in large rear cities, such as Chongqing, Chengdu, Guilin. For example, in Chongqing, which was the western capital, «The Post of Drama», «The Art of Resistance to Japan» and other magazines were published. It is worth noting that in Shanghai, which did not belong to the large rear cities, the drama of an isolated island appeared and the largest number of drama magazines were published — according to our data, more than 20 such periodicals. In such magazines, great importance was attached to the publication of literary and

stage works. Here is a concrete example: «Collection of scripts». Only dramatic texts were published in this magazine.

After the end of the resistance to the Japanese invaders in China, a civil war broke out between the forces of the Republic of China and the CCP (1945-1949). In addition, unprecedented corruption flourished in the Kuomintang. As a result, the number of drama magazines decreased dramatically during this time period, and according to our statistics, only 15 drama magazines continued to be published. As before, the relative majority of drama magazines were published in Shanghai (Begonia, New Horizons, etc.). However, in the areas liberated by the CCP, drama developed steadily and drama magazines were published, since in order to carry out cultural construction in the territories controlled by the CCP, many cultural and art workers were sent to the NorthEastern region of China by the decision of the CCP Central Committee. One of the most important tasks they faced was the creation of periodicals. As an example, the magazine «Folk Drama», founded in December 1946 in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, can be cited. The main purpose of creating this magazine is to reflect the life of the people in a democratic form of government. At the same time, as M. V. Kryukov notes, the language of journalism is also being democratized: «The political campaign of Zhengfeng — «correcting the style», conducted by the CCP since 1943, has deeply affected not only literature and art, but also journalism. Bringing the language of party literature closer to the language of the masses was one of the main requirements of the CCP in literature and journalism80″.

In October 1949, the People’s Republic of China was established. In February 1950, the Report on Chinese Traditional Theater magazine was founded in Shanghai, which became the first theatrical periodical of the People’s Republic of China. In the same year, «People’s Drama» and «New Drama»were published in Beijing. From 1951 to 1957, most drama magazines were published in Beijing. From 1958 to 1960. already in the whole country, 11 drama magazines were founded (among them «Sichuan Theater», «Anhui Drama», etc.), as local branches of the Chinese Association of Theater Critics were established everywhere, and they founded their own theater magazines.

80 Kryukov M. V. et al. Ethnic history of the Chinese in the XIX-early XX century. / Z. G. Lapina, M. L. Titarenko. — M.: Nauka, 1993. — p. 244.

Naturally, the opinions of such magazines were controlled by the authorities, and their main task was to promote the development of political movements. Such magazines were characterized by regionality and mainly published articles about local theater genres.

In1959-1961, the Great Chinese Famine broke out in the People’s Republic of China. About 15 million people have died from mass malnutrition, according to government data alone. China was experiencing serious economic difficulties, it was not up to art journalism. From 1960 to 1961, 10 provincial drama magazines were suspended. At the same time, among the theater magazines founded by the central Government, only the Script and the Drama Report continued to be published. In 19601962. the authorities have taken a course to settle, strengthen, replenish and improve the standard of living in the People’s Republic of China. At the same time, drama magazines have rethought their publishing guidelines and paid more attention to stimulating an increase in the level of theatrical creativity. The periodicals «Report on Drama» and «Shanghai Drama» published editorials that defended the scholarly nature of drama magazines, not just their service to politics. After the end of the Great Chinese Famine, new drama magazines were created during 1962-1963, such as «Western Theater Materials», «Little Stage», etc.

However, in November 1963, the then President of the People’s Republic of China, Mao Zedong, twice condemned the «Drama Report», saying that this magazine only promoted ideas about harmful elements and evil spirits81Mao issued a resolution: all unions under the jurisdiction of the All-China Association of Literary and Art Workers, as well as the journals controlled by them, are subject to the influence of revisionism. Eventually, by the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, all drama magazines were discontinued. During 1966-1976, there were no theater magazines in the PRC.

In the late 1970s, the Chinese returned to the opportunity to watch diverse movies. Along with this, television appeared in the life of the people. On the other hand, due to the fact that the drama for a long time focused on the performance of the ideological and

81 Editorial staff’s appeal to readers // Yangtze drama. — 1959. — No. 11. — p. 3-9 (in Chinese).

political educational function, the audience lost interest in the stage art. Thus, in the early 1980s, the total number of theater visitors plummeted, a large number of troupes disbanded, and the development of drama experienced difficulties. This crisis led to the emergence of new main topics in drama magazines. On the one hand, leading theater magazines, such as Drama Circles, Drama Art, etc., have published articles devoted to a comprehensive discussion of its problems in order to help Chinese drama get out of its predicament. On the other hand, magazines such as «Shanghai Drama», «Drama Circles», etc., paid more attention to the structural reforms of the troupes. These two issues were the main topics of Chinese theater journalism during the 1980s.

1.2.4 The Genesis of Chinese magazines about screen art

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the first works in the field of cinema appeared in China, at the same time, articles about this new phenomenon began to be published in newspapers. The 20-30s of the twentieth century — the heyday of the film industry in China, at this time, opportunities for familiarization with cinema are opening up.

Publishers take into account the interests of their readers and create special magazines dedicated to screen art. The «Film Magazine» was founded on April 1, 1921 in Shanghai, it is the first Chinese special periodical about cinema. The magazine has gained great popularity among readers. In the 1920s, other Chinese magazines were created among the first periodicals devoted to screen art, such as» Weekly about Cinema»,» Morning Star » and others.

The format of the publication of these magazines was similar. Most of them were established by film studios and published as a «special edition». So, for example, the film studio «Zvezda», for the purpose of advertising, put into print a special issue of» The Last Conscience » for its film of the same name. Undoubtedly, such magazines attracted the attention of the audience and increased the box office, but it must be admitted that in the pursuit of profit, the authors of the materials published in these

magazines exaggerated the merits of the film production and distorted the real picture.

Along with mostly text-based publications, since the 1920s in Shanghai, illustrated magazines about cinema began to appear, such as» Star Photo Newspaper»,» Yang Naimei Photo Newspaper», etc.In these magazines, articles were accompanied by photos of scenes from movies and the lives of stars. The articles reported on film news, details of the personal lives of directors and actors, and published short reviews and reviews. The simplicity of the language and the popularity of the film sphere attracted the attention of many readers. Film studios published magazines, among other things, in order to increase interest in the company, based on the popularity of a particular person. An example is the » Yang Naimei Photo Newspaper»: in this magazine, most of the articles were dedicated to the actress Yang Naimei. Such magazines focused on sales and were produced as advertisements.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, the popularity of Chinese special periodicals related to cinema art is even more increasing. There were more than 100 film magazines on the market, most of which were founded by the propaganda departments of film studios in Shanghai, where cinema was well developed, and focused on advertising films and the stars of their studio. These include such publications as the» Two-Week Magazine Zvezda «of the Zvezda film Studio and the» Xinhua Illustrated Magazine «of the Xinhua Studio. In addition to film studios, cinemas were also engaged in the production of periodicals for advertising purposes, for example, «Asia», which published the magazine «News of Cinema in Asia». Chinese special periodicals at that time achieved significant success in terms of material quality and sales volumes. Researcher Wang Suping notes: «An unprecedented period of success has begun for Chinese special periodicals about cinema»82.

Also during this period, magazines about left-wing ideological cinema began to appear. This was due to the political situation of the time in the country. In 1931, there was an incident on September 18 in the city of Shenyang, which began the invasion of China by the troops of imperialist Japan. After these events, famous artists Xia Yan,

82 Wang Supin. A study of the cinema of the 40s based on the process of development of periodicals about cinema //

Modern cinema. — 1996. — No. 2. — p. 13 (in Chinese).

Ibid.

Zheng Boqi, and Ah Ying brought the idea of revolution to Chinese cinema. In the cinema of China, a direction has been formed, where the themes of the national state crisis and patriotism have clearly manifested themselves. In 1930, Xia Yan founded the Art and Sha Lun magazines. Since May 1932, appendices to newspapers about left-wing cinema began to be published.

From the late 1930s until the end of the war in 1945, Chinese cinema and journalism devoted to screen art were in decline. The number and quality of periodicals about cinema declined sharply. The market of such magazines was represented by less than 10 titles, the most famous of which were «Zhonglian News about Cinema» and «New World of Cinema».

After 1945, there was a revival in the roar of cinematography, and another period of recovery began. The periodical press played an important role in spreading the theory of cinema and film criticism. Until 1949, more than 380 film magazines appeared on the Chinese market83.

After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (1949), according to Sun Yingli, a professor at Henan University, » the publishing industry, as an important platform for propaganda and ideological activities, entered a new historical period — the period of restoration and development of periodicals»84. A new stage of development was also entered by the company specializing in lighting of screen art. In the middle of the XX century, numerous and still well-known magazines about cinema were founded, such as «The World of Cinema», «Literature about Cinema», «The Illustrated Magazine of the Shanghai Film Studio», etc. The magazine «Mass Film», founded in 1950, was of great historical importance. Prior to the Cultural Revolution, the leading direction in the development of Chinese film magazines was marked by this magazine. Many authoritative articles and news about cinema were published on its pages. The establishment of the Chinese Screen magazine in 1958 was also a milestone — it was the first magazine about Chinese cinema released for sale abroad.

Special attention should be paid to the magazine «Kinoiskusstvo» — one of the

83 In the same place.

84 Sun Yingli. History of the development of Chinese periodicals. Zhengzhou: Henan University Press, 2000, p. 224 (in Chinese).

oldest scientific periodicals about the screen arts of the People’s Republic of China. Thanks to his publications, today we have a rich material for studying not only artistic trends and audience preferences, but also the public mood of an entire era. In early 1956, the CPC Central Committee called on the people to » fight for the mastery of science.» In May of the same year, the President of the People’s Republic of China at the supreme state conference proclaimed a course for «the flowering of a hundred flowers and the rivalry of a hundred schools». This meant intolerance of sectarianism and dogmatism. The aim of the course was, on the one hand, to ease the tension in the CCP’s relations with the intelligentsia and to defuse the social atmosphere, on the other — to re-evaluate the experience of the USSR. Against this background, it was necessary to create new magazines, to give the intellectuals an opportunity to express their opinions and to mobilize their activity and creative enthusiasm. This is how the above-mentioned edition appeared. The magazine began publication in October 1956, initially under the name «Chinese Cinema» and under the editorship of the former deputy director of the State Film Agency Chen Huangmei. The editorial board consisted of many well-known film critics and film historians. In 1957, the Chinese Film Association was established and the magazine came under its management. In 1959, there was a merger of the magazines «Chinese Cinema» and «International Cinema» (founded in July 1957), this single publication became known as «Kinoiskusstvo». As the former chairman Mao put forward a policy of «increasing output and maintaining economy», in the debut issue, the editors explained: «The two magazines have joined together to improve their quality level and ease the burden of readers.»

From October 1956 to June 1957, the magazine had a free atmosphere. In the «Word of the Editorial Board» from the very first issue, it was emphasized: «The views of the authors and the editorial board may not coincide.» This issue featured articles by film executives, such as the then director of the State Film Agency, the director of the Shanghai Film Studio, and others. These articles promoted a course on «the heyday of a hundred flowers and the rivalry of a hundred schools», and also revealed some problems in the field of cinema. At the same time, foreign publications on screen arts, such as «Art of Cinema» (USSR), «Kinoiskusstvo» (Germany), «Kinomatografiya» (India), etc.,

were presented on the pages of the magazine in a comparative way, and news about foreign film festivals and forums were published. In the last issue of 1956, an article by V. A. Zhuravlev «A conversation with newcomers to film-making»was published. In the first issue of 1957, an article by L. D. Lukov «About my work» and F. S. Bondarchuk «About the actor»were published. These filmmakers became the first foreign authors of this magazine.

At the end of 1956, the newspaper «Wenhui» held a discussion about the reason for the low box office of domestic films after the formation of the PRC. In the third issue of the magazine «Chinese Cinema», three articles were published on this issue: «Statistics of domestic films», «What interests the audience», «Opinion on Chinese films of the delegation from Czechoslovakia». Thus, the reform party was formed and the idea of transforming the Chinese film system was born, which was to affect censorship and the government’s leadership role in film production.

In 1957, the first and second issues of the magazine published articles that rejected the reforms of the film system. Film critic Yuan Wenshu noted that the reformers deny the success of the national cinema after the formation of the PRC, which means that they long for the days of the Kuomintang85. Chinese Deputy Minister of Culture Chen Huangmei stressed that films, as an important platform for propaganda and ideological work, cannot pursue the goals of financial gain86. Generally speaking, conservatives have turned the discussion of cinema into a discussion of politics. On this basis, the reformers did not dare to object to them.

After the publication of the second issue of this magazine, many professionals in film circles accused the magazine of dogmatism. On March 9 of the same year, the Wenhui newspaper received encouragement from former Chinese President Mao. In the third issue, members of the Film Agency’s management team acknowledged that there were shortcomings in the film production process and that there were too many cases of administrative interference87.In such circumstances, from the 4th to the 6th issues of this

85 Yuan Weenshu. Sticking to the course-cinema serves the workers, peasants and soldiers / / Chinese Cinema. — 1957. — No. 1. -C. 56-69 (in Chinese).

86 Chen Huangmei. Films must qualify for the box office or the performance of the country’s course / / Chinese Cinema. -1957. — No. 2. — C. 68-82 (in Chinese).

1. Before you read. Group Discussion

1. Which of these inventions do you think are useful?
2. Which could you do without?
3. Which of them do you dislike or do not use?
4. If you could choose only one of these things, what would it be and why?

a. PC – personal computer
b. Television
c. Hi-tech trainers
d. CD-player
e. Walkman
f. Microwave oven
g. Automatic dishwasher
h. Karaoke
i. Car

2. Read the text.

In 1971, Daisuke Inoue, an amateur electone (electric organ) player at a
Kobe club whose speciality was accompanying singing customers was asked to go to a
year-end office party to play for one of the club’s regular customers.
Instead of going to the party, Mr. Inoue recorded a taped accompaniment. He later founded
a company, Crescent, which rented to clubs in the Kobe area tapes of popular song
accompaniments and speaker boxes equipped with echo devices designed to make the
singer’s voice sound better.
From this, karaoke (literally “empty orchestra”) became a household word in Japan and
the world. Surprisingly, Inoue now runs a company which makes insect traps but it was
Crescent which provided the seed from which karaoke was born, though it took others to
introduce many improvements to the system.
Sharp, an Osaka-based electronics manufacturer, represents a very different model of
Kansai innovation. Founded in 1915 to make propelling pencils, it built Japan’s first
mass-production radio receiver in 1925, its first television set in 1953, and in late
1960s, became the first Japanese company to market electronic calculators, beating
Tokyo’s Casio Computer Company.
The company’s main strength is liquid crystal display technology used, for example, in
the LCD Viewcam, a video camera. As a technological leader in consumer electronics, Sharp
has a record which bears comparison with household names from the neighbouring Kanto
region – and a history that goes further back than any of its Kanto competitors.
Tatsuo Yamamoto, director general of the Kansai New Business Conference, is certain the
Kansai region can and will produce more Sharps, but he recognises a big problem: as is the
case in Kanto, innovation in the financial sector has failed to keep up with progress in
manufacturing and services.
To encourage a more risk-oriented attitude among investors, and to introduce the idea of
business “angels”, his group hopes to open a venture university which would offer
courses for wealthy individuals on how to invest in emerging companies. If it
materialises, Mr. Yamamoto’s plan will be yet another example of Kansai setting a trend
that the rest of Japan might want to follow.

From the Financial Times

3. What do these figures refer to?

1. 1925;
2. 1953;
3. 1971;
4. 1960s

4. All the statements in this exercise are false. Reread the article
if necessary and correct these statements about Mr. Inoue:

1. Mr. Inoue still makes karaoke machines today.
2. He started a company to make karaoke machines.
3. He invented karaoke as we know it today.
4. He accepted an invitation to accompany one of the club’s members at an end-of-year
party.
5. He was a professional organist at a club.

5. Find all the irregular verbs in the text and compose sentences of
your own using them.

6. Find out all the adjectives in the text and give their three
degrees of comparison.

7. Guess who is meant:

1. _________ – the boss of the company.
2. _________ – the one who produces things.
3. _________ – the one who is the first to make some new device.
4. _________ – not a professional.
5. _________ – a person with a good voice (usually =) to perform songs.

8. Find in the text words and expressions that mean:

1. rich – _________
2. growing firms – _________
3. starting a tendency – _________
4. a project – _________
5. ready to take risks – _________
6. an academic institution for investors – _________

9. Explain these words in English:

1. innovation – _________
2. progress – _________
3. model – _________
4. customer – _________
5. attitude – _________
6. trend – _________
7. calculator – _________
8. strength – _________
9. household – _________
10. leader – _________

10. Match the words to build new word combinations:

1. neighbouring	a. a company
2. to recognize	b. calculator
3. risk	c. party
4. electronics	d. leader
5. to fail	e. companies
6. liquid crystal	f. oriented
7. technological	g. production
8. electronic	h. a problem
9. emerging	i. to keep
10. to run	j. region
11 mass	k. display
12. office	l. manufacturer

11. Jumbled words. Put the letters in their right places and
unscramble the words from the articles:

1. SOSGEPRR
2. RISNVOTE
3. TERUNEV
4. MEEPAXL
5. TAREKM

12. Write an acrostic on the word “INVENTION”.

13. Rank these inventions on order of importance. Explain your
choice.

Money ___
Wheel ___
Steam engine ___
Telephone ___
Electricity ___
Photo camera ___
TV ___
Printing ___
Clocks ___

14. Quality Puzzle

Unscramble each of the clue words.
Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other cells with the same number to discover the
hidden message.
As soon as you get the message – discuss it with your classmates.
Is it always true or not? Give your reasons.

Innovation Puzzle

KEY:

7. 1. Director; 2. Manufacturer; 3. Inventor; 4. Amateur; 5. Singer

10. 1. j; 2. h; 3. f; 4. l; 5. i; 6. k; 7. d; 8. b; 9. e; 10. a;
11. g; 12. c

11. 1. Progress; 2. Investor; 3. Venture; 4. Example; 5. Market

14. The words are: karaoke; finance; amateur; customer; speaker;
orchestra; world; popular; improvement; system; general; history; progress; risk; service;
attitude; individual; materialize; crystal; household

The hidden phrase is: Laziness is the engine of science.

By Alyona Pavlova ,
Moscow State University of Printing Arts