Fashion victims family limitations егэ ответы

1. Fashion victims
2. Family limitations
3. Teens are not to be blamed
4. Ridiculous looks
5. Victims of commercialism
6. Parental Influence
7. Impossible to avoid
8. Teens lack sense of style

A) It is absolutely sickening to see girls with extremely revealing tops, those funny ‘messy buns’ and worst of all, almost see-through gym-legging things, especially when they are not slim enough as some girls in my class. And the boys too, with their nonsense hairstyles, and what are those tight turned up denim shorts supposed to be about? Unlike my brainwashed peers, I don’t care about fitting in. I wish I didn’t care about what other people wore but when it gets to the extent that it makes you feel sick, especially the girls, you simply can’t help it.

B) If you look around at teenagers in today’s society, you will notice that they are all wearing the same trends, the same logos, and same designers. They are truly fashion victims and it is sad that no one is able to think for themselves anymore. If they got in a no name shop where there are no familiar labels or set outfits, what would they do? They won’t be able to make a proper stylish outfit. All they are able to do is to copy looks from fashion magazines.

C) I would hope that those who say children are fashion victims, do not buy any branded clothes at all. They go to a special shop (which I personally never heard of) where they buy plain clothes — without any pictures, any logos, any patterns or style. My family goes shopping to the nearest shopping centre where we normally choose between Top Shop, Zara and H&M where we get a standard set of clothes (t-shirts, jeans, dresses). Everything is just so modernized that wherever you shop, you look pretty the same.

D) Now lots of children and teenagers are into fashion but they didn’t start it. This is our new generation. All the teenagers want is to be liked by other people, by their peers mostly. And if in order to get this they have to wear certain logos or to follow certain fashion styles, they will do it. Today social groups assess new members according to the way they are dressed, and then make a decision if they accept newcomers. So if anyone wants to fit in, basically they have no choice.

E) Teenage fashion never comes out of the blue. Of course they have trendsetters among pop stars like Selena Gomez, but if we take a particular individual there is always a story behind. Take a little girl whose mother has enough money and time to make her look like a princess or a Barby girl or whatever she thinks is suitable. The girl follows her mother’s advice and years later we see a young person with set fashion traditions which are quite difficult to change, no matter how ridiculous or outdated it looks.

F) Teenagers aren’t fashion victims. I guess they don’t even care about styles. Instead, they are moved by commercials, what Hollywood stars wear and by mass media incursions into their consciousness. Teenagers have parents with money, so whatever the kids want, they have it straight away. And that is what commercials are geared toward. When the next hottest trainers, designed by a pop star, come out, teens will line up to get them. Not because they are super stylish, but because they saw them on TV.

G) Parental intervention stops us from becoming fashion victims or just freaks. Though many of us like to imitate the fashions adopted by our favourite stars, we are not allowed to do so. Parents always draw a line and persuade us as to why we should not wear such revealing clothes, zing bang jewelry and so on. At least they try to explain and point out that our family background and traditions always matter. If they don’t, parents can always stop the money flow.

1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Fashion victims
2. Family limitations
3. Teens are not to be blamed
4. Ridiculous looks
5. Victims of commercialism
6. Parental Influence
7. Impossible to avoid
8. Teens lack sense of style

A. It is absolutely sickening to see girls with extremely revealing tops, those funny ‘messy buns’ and worst of all, almost see-through gym-legging things, especially when they are not slim enough as some girls in my class. And the boys too, with their nonsense hairstyles, and what are those tight turned up denim shorts supposed to be about? Unlike my brainwashed peers, I don’t care about fitting in. I wish I didn’t care about what other people wore but when it gets to the extent that it makes you feel sick, especially the girls, you simply can’t help it.

B. If you look around at teenagers in today’s society, you will notice that they are all wearing the same trends, the same logos, and same designers. They are truly fashion victims and it is sad that no one is able to think for themselves anymore. If they got in a no name shop where there are no familiar labels or set outfits, what would they do? They won’t be able to make a proper stylish outfit. All they are able to do is to copy looks from fashion magazines.

C. I would hope that those who say children are fashion victims, do not buy any branded clothes at all. They go to a special shop (which I personally never heard of) where they buy plain clothes — without any pictures, any logos, any patterns or style. My family goes shopping to the nearest shopping centre where we normally choose between Top Shop, Zara and H&M where we get a standard set of clothes (t-shirts, jeans, dresses). Everything is just so modernized that wherever you shop, you look pretty the same.

D. Now lots of children and teenagers are into fashion but they didn’t start it.This is our new generation. All the teenagers want is to be liked by other people, by their peers mostly. And if in order to get this they have to wear certain logos or to follow certain fashion styles, they will do it. Today social groups assess new members according to the way they are dressed, and then make a decision if they accept newcomers. So if anyone wants to fit in, basically they have no choice.

E. Teenage fashion never comes out of the blue. Of course they have trendsetters among pop stars like Selena Gomez, but if we take a particular individual there is always a story behind. Take a little girl whose mother has enough money and time to make her look like a princess or a Barby girl or whatever she thinks is suitable. The girl follows her mother’s advice and years later we see a young person with set fashion traditions which are quite difficult to change, no matter how ridiculous or outdated it looks.

F. Teenagers aren’t fashion victims. I guess they don’t even care about styles. Instead, they are moved by commercials, what Hollywood stars wear and by mass media incursions into their consciousness. Teenagers have parents with money, so whatever the kids want, they have it straight away. And that is what commercials are geared toward. When the next hottest trainers, designed by a pop star, come out, teens will line up to get them. Not because they are super stylish, but because they saw them on TV.

G. Parental intervention stops us from becoming fashion victims or just freaks. Though many of us like to imitate the fashions adopted by our favourite stars, we are not allowed to do so. Parents always draw a line and persuade us as to why we should not wear such revealing clothes, zing bang jewelry and so on. At least they try to explain and point out that our family background and traditions always matter. If they don’t, parents can always stop the money flow.


2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Consumerism

Consumerism is the theory that a country that consumes goods and services in large quantities will be better off economically. Sometimes, consumerism is referred ___ (A).

Over-consumption is sometimes negatively attributed to consumerism. For instance, some people might argue that Christmas holidays are a time of heightened consumerism, due ___ (B). At its core, consumerism postulates that the more materials acquired, the better.

The consumer society emerged in the late seventeenth century and intensified throughout the eighteenth century. The change was attributed ___ (C) about luxury consumption and the growing importance of fashion as a motivator for purchasing rather than necessity.

The industrial revolution dramatically increased the availability of consumer goods, which led to the advent of the department store, which represented a paradigm shift in the consumer experience. For the first time, customers could buy an astonishing variety of goods, all in one place, ___ (D).

Advertising also played a major role in the emergence of a consumerist society, as goods were marketed through various platforms in nearly all aspects of life, advocating that the viewer’s life was in need of some product. Over the years, advertising changed with the evolving sophistication of consumer attitudes and tastes. Advertising media evolved as well as marketers tried to stay in touch with audiences’ constantly changing sensibilities and preferences. For example, billboards were created around the time that the automobile became prevalent in society in order to provide viewers with short details about a brand or a ‘catch phrase’ ___ (E).

In the 21st century the focus of advertising is ___ (F). In this new paradigm, consumer data and individual personal preferences have become increasingly available and actionable for marketers.

1. to enforce laws against unfair trade practices
2. to the large amounts of goods that are purchased during this time
3. and shopping became a popular leisure activity
4. to as a policy that promotes greed
5. on technology and digitization of culture
6. to a growing middle-class that embraced new ideas
7. that a driver could spot, recognize, and remember


3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The author bought an issue of Financial Times because…
1) it was cheap.
2) it was a nice colour.
3) it made her look prettier.
4) it made her look more intellectually advanced.


4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

In paragraph 2 the author describes her outfit in such detail because…
1) she was going to an important meeting.
2) a photo of her was taken for a teenage magazine.
3) she is fond of shopping.
4) she scrupulously remembers the origin of all clothes items.


5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

When the author sees a sign SALE in one of the shops, she feels…
1) surprised.
2) blissful.
3) disappointed.
4) confused.


6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the text, a Denny and George scarf is…
1) part of the author’s clothes in the drawer at home.
2) something the author is wearing at that moment.
3) something the author has always wanted to buy.
4) something the author has already bought.


7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The author can’t buy the scarf because…
1) someone has already bought the one she wanted.
2) she hasn’t got any money with her.
3) it’s too expensive.
4) she left her VISA card at home.


8) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the text, the author…
1) doesn’t want to buy the scarf.
2) will come later the same day.
3) will come the next day.
4) wants a bigger discount.


9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The word ‘relent’ means…
1) soften.
2) surrender.
3) give away.
4) reply.

Показать текст аудирования (секретно!)

Задание 1

Now we are ready to start.

Speaker A

My absolute favourite film of all time is ‘Local Hero’. Peter Riegert plays a Texas oil man who’s sent to a stunningly picturesque Scottish fishing town to negotiate with the locals to buy the whole town, so that his company can raze it to build an enormous oil refinery. This film, while being warm and hilarious, is also one of the most subtle films I’ve ever seen. The humour of some of the scenes can slip by if you’re not paying attention; in fact, I picked up more and of its subtleties with each subsequent viewing.

Speaker B

‘Manhattan’ is a film that could make a boy like me, who’s never been to New York, fall in love with the place. Funny, bitter-sweet, sad, pulsing to the great tunes of George Gershwin and shot in stunningly gorgeous widescreen black-and-white by Gordon Willis. And I almost always cry at the ending. I think this is Woody Allen’s greatest film, despite the fact that ‘Annie Hall’ won more accolades from Hollywood. It’s far more sophisticated, more bitter-sweet, still bitingly funny, but more of a ride for your emotions. A masterpiece.

Speaker C

Mere words fail to describe this film. You’ve heard of it. It’s ‘A Space Odyssey’. See it if you haven’t, and prepare to have your mind blown. It is a film that sort of encompasses art as a whole rather than just utilizing the cinema. It is a movie, it is a painting, it is a philosophy book, and finally a musical symphony. Do not watch it on video, or you’ll miss 2/3 of the images. Douglas Trumbull and the people who brought Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick’s vision to the screen set a standard of visual effects that’s still hard to beat, in my opinion.

Speaker D

My favourite film, The Jetty, is in black and white. It’s in French, it’s only 30 minutes long, and except for one briefly moving image, is told entirely in still images. After the destruction of Paris in World War III, a man obsessed by an image from his childhood is sent by the rulers of the survivors as an emissary to the past, in search of food and medicine, precisely because this image seems to be the only thing keeping the journey through time from failing. There, he falls in love … It’s one of the most amazing, brilliant, poetic and emotionally powerful films ever made.

Speaker E

I never used to like cartoons but ‘Ratatouille’ is, in a word, perfect. It’s the essence of ‘cinematic’. It is beautifully ‘photographed’, amazing fluid, sailing, flying camera movement, wonderful storytelling, endearing characters and acting, and it’s all about the love of food and finding the artist within yourself, being true to yourself and your abilities and passions. I absolutely adore this film and hope to see it again and again.

Speaker F

This is one of a handful of movies to earn a five-star rating from me. WALL-E should be recognized as the first film to truly reconcile digital technology with a human soul. Every single frame reflected back into itself as the artists and engineers created a mechanical character who gleaned the essence of humanity by sifting through all the things we tossed away. In the end, the machine captured the human condition and presented it back to us, using sophisticated and frequently brilliant film references. The movie successfully showed us how our rush toward digitization could destroy the fragile physical world we call home.

You have 15 seconds to complete the task. (Pause 15 seconds.)

Now you will hear the texts again. (Repeat.)

This is the end of the task. You now have 15 seconds to check your answers. (Pause 15 seconds.)

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1) My favourite film is made in an unusual format.
2) The idea behind the film is truly significant.
3) This film causes feelings of happiness and sadness at the same time.
4) I have watched this film several times
5) The film has won a Hollywood award.
6) This film should be seen on the big screen.
7) My favourite film is entirely computer-animated.

Задание ЕГЭ по английскому языку

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Показать текст аудирования (секретно!)

Задание 2

Now we are ready to start.

Interviewer: I know you’ve always been interested in painting even when you were a young boy. Now, I’m particularly interested in this new project of yours which is aimed at encouraging the under-16s to paint.
Artist: Yeah — I can’t imagine life without painting. But you’re right, my main passion at the moment is getting through to kids. A few months ago I was doing a TV show and at the end of the programme I asked kids to write in and tell me how many of them spent time at home painting.
Interviewer: Did you get many replies?
Artist: I was amazed at the response. I thought if I get a 100 replies, I’ll be pleased, but do you know, I got more than 4000 and from kids all over the world. They wrote and told me what they paint, whether they use oils, watercolour, crayons or even make their own special paint mixtures! And in a way it proved my theory because I was convinced that there must be loads of young people out there painting, even though most TV art programmes are targeted at adult audiences.
Interviewer: And have you discovered things about this age group that do surprise you?
Artist: Yeah! I guess I thought these kids would be painting for their friends but what’s really nice is that they’re painting for their families. In most cases kids put up their pictures on the kitchen walls, stick them on the fridge door or a cup cupboard somewhere, but if everyone really likes it, they’ll get a frame and hang it somewhere it can be admired by all. I think that’s great!
Interviewer: I can remember when I was a kid that my mother used to get fed up with me if I spread things all over the kitchen table and then didn’t clear away. Do you think this generation is any different?
Artist: Probably not! But some kids mentioned a great idea which is that their parents set aside special times for them to take over the kitchen. One lad said he’d been painting since he was eight and that he’d learnt good practice automatically and now clears away and washes up his brushes without being told.
Interviewer: Is it difficult trying to experiment with mixing your own paints?
An artist: Hm — expensive, if not difficult! I used to ask my parents to buy all sorts of different kinds of oil paints so I could try out new ideas. They were pretty good about it but I know they weren’t happy if I wasted the paint or it was such a disgusting colour that it had to be thrown away. They preferred it if I played safe.
Interviewer: So what happens now with all the information you’ve collected?
Artist: The next thing is to select about twenty kids and involve them in my own TV art programme but using their ideas and pictures. I’m reading through things to see who sounds adventurous and who has really tried to create something individual. It’s also important to get a good range of ages into the programme, from about 8 to 16 and obviously a mix of boys and girls.
Interviewer: I thought the advice was to never work with animals or children!
Artist: Yeah, I think it is. You’ll never see me on an art programme with animals, that’s for sure!
But what I’d like is to create a relaxed atmosphere where viewers can learn as well as enjoy what’s going on. I can imagine we’re all going to get in each other’s way, but then that’s what an artist’s studio is usually like. My Dad would offer to help and just get in the way, messing up my paints and trying out different colours before I’d finished. It was maddening.
Interviewer: Well, thank you for talking to us today and good luck …

You have 15 seconds to complete the task. (Pause 15 seconds.)
Now you will hear the text again. (Repeat.)
This is the end of the task. You now have 15 seconds to check your answers. (Pause 15 seconds.)

2. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений A-G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A The artist had expected a large number of replies from children.
B The artist was sure that painting attracted many young people.

C The artist is surprised that children paint for their families.
D The artist thinks allowing children into a kitchen can be a problem.
E The artist’s parents taught him to experiment.
F The artist wants children to run their own TV show.
G The artist used to get annoyed when his father helped him.

Задание ЕГЭ по английскому языку

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Задание 3-9

Now we are ready to start.

Question: Can you explain the difference between a managed and unmanaged forest before we talk about water quality?
Answer: An example of an unmanaged forest might be a national park where by law, no forest management activities are allowed. They are strictly there to serve as recreation and as just natural areas. That’s one extreme, and then you have, say, land that is owned by the forest industry. We own the land to produce timber, to produce raw materials for our mills. When I speak of a managed forest, I’m talking about a place where trees are planted, they are nurtured through their lifetime, and they’re thinned. There might be some fertilization, then ultimately, they are harvested, taken to a mill to make forest products, and then the next forest is started.
Question: In your view, what is the role of the forest in producing high quality water?
Answer: In any given river basin the best water quality comes from the forest. This is true, whether it’s a national park where basically nothing is going on, or whether it’s a very heavily managed forest.
If you think about a forest, when it rains, some of the rain is intercepted by the tops of the trees and held there. The velocity of the rain is reduced as it falls down through the forest canopy, so that when the rain actually strikes the forest floor, it’s striking it with much less force. Plus, the forest floor is covered with leaves and bushes and other vegetation that also helps to absorb the velocity of the water as it falls. Therefore, you don’t get the rapid surface water runoff from the rainfall that you might get in some other land use, worse case being pavement. In addition to that, the trees have deep root systems, which create opportunities for lots of underground water storage. The water will eventually seep its way through the soil into the streams, rather than running across the surface and perhaps picking up sediment and other pollutants that can get into the water. That’s it in a nutshell, that’s what the forest does for water quality.
Question: What advice would you give to developers or city planners about the importance of trees?
Answer: I think trees are important in cities for a number of reasons. First of all, they make fora more attractive place. Additionally, trees mitigate, to some degree, hot temperatures and provide shade. Trees, especially in a hot climate, can make it more comfortable. As we all know, trees take in carbon dioxide, and give off oxygen and that’s something that we all need and certainly the more trees you have scattered out through developed areas, the more places you have for songbirds and squirrels and other types of wildlife.
Question: When the drought occurred last summer, we had a state of emergency. As an Environmental Manager, what is your view of what was happening and what it may mean from a larger perspective?
Answer: We’ve always had droughts and certainly the drought of last year was an extremely difficult one. Just looking at it from a forestry standpoint, you have to worry about whether the trees are getting enough water and certainly, the trees that had recently been planted just the winter before. That year is a critical year and they need enough water in their first year.
Question: So you really do get worried about it, because it could destroy the forest ultimately, if there wasn’t enough water, especially for the new crops?
Answer: A drought could probably not destroy the forest, but it certainly does slow down its growth. If trees are stressed by drought, it makes them more susceptible to disease and to attack by insects. As I mentioned, the trees that have just recently been planted, are particularly susceptible to drought in that first year.
Question: Speaking about saltwater intrusion, how do you see the problem getting started in the first place?
Answer: The saltwater moving up the river is largely a result of not enough fresh water coming down the river to keep the saltwater out where it’s supposed to be. This holds true particularly in times of drought, it allows the saltwater to come farther and farther up the river.
Question: What are the reasons why water is reduced downstream?
Answer: The freshwater flow can be reduced for a number of reasons. One is natural drought, which we can’t do a whole lot about. Another is interbasin transfer, say, if someone in one river basin is pulling their drinking water out of a particular river, using it, treating it and then discharging it into a different river, then certainly there’s been a net loss of fresh water flow coming down the river where that water was drawn. Consumptive uses can also affect the volume of fresh water. I mean uses where water is taken out of the river for manufacturing practices and released as steam, as opposed to being treated and released back into the river. Certainly as population increases, people need more water for drinking and washing clothes and more and more water is drawn out of the river.
Question: Many industries use water and fresh water is a key to the economy of the areas. What happened last year to your company when salt was making its way up the river? What would the salt have done if it had gotten into your operations?
Answer: If the saltwater comes far enough up the river and gets into the water intake where our manufacturing facility takes in the water, we cannot use saltwater in the process that we use to make pulp and paper. That results in having to shut the operations down and that entails great costs, plus it sends employees home. It puts us in a position where we are no longer able to accept logs from loggers, so it affects the loggers that are out in the countryside.
Question: How concerned are you about the future of saltwater intrusion, as upriver as you are?
Answer: We’ve always experienced saltwater intrusion in these coastal rivers. It is a natural phenomenon. However, more water will be drawn out of the river upstream, as the population increases, or if you have more situations of interbasin transfer. We don’t have a lot of that going on right now, but should that increase in the future, then the obvious result would be more frequent occurrences of saltwater coming up the river and that does give us concern. The intrusion of saltwater in these fresh water rivers not only has an impact, say, on manufacturing, but also has an impact on the biological communities that are in these rivers. I’m not an expert in that but I think I know enough to predict that when the water becomes saltier, the dissolved oxygen content will decrease and in most cases less dissolved oxygen is not good for many of the fish and plant communities that are in these river systems.

You have 15 seconds to complete the task. (Pause 15 seconds.)
Now you will hear the text again. (Repeat.)
This is the end of the task. You now have 15 seconds to check your answers. (Pause 15 seconds.)
This is the end of the Listening Test.

Вы услышите интервью с учёным. В заданиях 3-9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3. A managed forest is a place where

1. people can plant trees but they are not allowed to cut them down.2. people can plant and cut down trees. 3. people can neither plant nor cut down trees.

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4. The forest helps to produce high quality water by

1. increasing the velocity of rainwater as it runs across the surface.2. preventing rainwater from getting into the streams. 3. making it reach the streams through the soil.

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5. What did the manager NOT mention while speaking about the importance of trees in cities?

1. Trees improve air quality and attract wildlife. 2. Trees serve as a natural air-conditioner.3. Trees can prevent the rapid surface water runoff.

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6. The manager is worried that droughts

1. could retard the growth of trees.2. could make trees resistant to disease and attack by insects. 3. could destroy the forest ultimately.

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7. The saltwater intrusion in the river

1. is caused by both natural and artificial reasons. 2. can be reduced by interbasin transfers.3. is lower in time of droughts.

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8. The saltwater intrusion in the river results in

1. using saltwater in production of pulp and paper.2. accepting more logs from loggers.
3. employees’ lay-off.

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9. According to the manager, the saltwater intrusion

1. is a rare and unusual phenomenon.2. may happen more often in the future.
3. could have no impact on wildlife.

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10. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1) Different Explanations
2) Unexpected Invention
3) Circles on the Water
4) Ancient Ancestor

5) Hidden Menace
6) Solution to the Problem
7) Significant Benefits
8) Artificial Eye

A. Chocolate chip cookies were actually a mistake! One day in 1903, Ruth Wakefield, while baking a batch of cookies, noticed she was out of bakers’ chocolate! As a substitute she broke some semi-sweetened chocolate into small pieces and put them in the dough. She thought that the chocolate would melt in the dough and the dough would absorb it. When she opened up the oven, she realized she had invented the tasty treat called chocolate chip cookies!

B. Computers originally began as calculators. The first calculator was made by Blaise Pascal. It only had eight buttons, and it could only do addition and subtraction. There was a set of wheels, and all of the wheels had the numbers zero through nine on them. The wheels were connected by gears and each turn of one wheel would turn the next wheel one-tenth of a turn. This machine was completed in 1642 when Blaise was twentyone years old.

C. A helicopter has a big advantage over an airplane, especially when people might be trapped in a tight place like on a mountain, where there is not much space to land, or in the water. They are also used for rescuing people from burning buildings or from trees when there are floods. Without the helicopter as a rescue vehicle, many people would lose their lives because the rescuers would be unable to reach them if they were in a difficult area.

D. Cars have always caused air pollution. In the past, there was a lot more air pollution created by cars than there is today. In the future, there will probably be even less. Two good ways for pursuing the dream of less air pollution are cars that run on solar energy and cars that run on fuel cells. Solar energy and fuel cells don’t cause pollution because they do not give off any exhaust.

E. Reporter Rob Spence is planning to have a camera embedded in his eye socket and become a bionic reporter’. Spence, who lost one of his eyes when he was young, says he has a prototype in development and that one day the replacement of even healthy eyes with bionic ones may become commonplace. It seems shocking now, but it will become more and more normal, ’ he said.

F. Crop circles have been appearing in fields all over the world for the past 30 years.
There have been suggestions that they are made by flying saucers landing and flattening the crops, or even that they are messages left by visiting aliens.
Others think they are created by microwave beams from satellites orbiting the Earth. Other more rational suggestions are that crop circles are man-made hoaxes, attempting to convince the public of extra-terrestrial life on Earth.

G. The Egyptian Pyramids have always been surrounded by mystery.
When Egyptologists began to open the tombs of the pharaohs, rumours abounded that anyone who raided them would be cursed. Many think a curse was to blame for the death of Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to open King Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1923. He died of pneumonia after being bitten by a mosquito a few weeks after the tomb was opened.

Задание ЕГЭ по английскому языку

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11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Hogmanay is a Scottish holiday that celebrates the New Year. Observed on December 31, festivities typically spill over into the first couple of days of January. In fact, there’s a tradition known as ‘first-footing’, A___________. Of course, the guest must be dark-haired and preferably male. Redheads and women aren’t nearly as lucky! This tradition stems from the time when a red- or blonde-haired stranger was probably an invading Norseman. Gifts are given to guests, and one of the popular food items on the Hogmanay menu is the black bun, B___________.

In addition to national observance, many local areas have their own customs C___________. In the town of Burghead, Moray, an ancient tradition called ‘burning the clavie’ takes place each year on January, 11. The clavie is a big bonfire, fuelled primarily by split casks. One of these is joined back together with a big nail, filled with flammable material, and lit on fire. Flaming, it’s carried around the village and up to a Roman altar known to residents as the Douro. The bonfire is built around the clavie. When the burnt clavie crumbles, D___________.

In Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, the locals make giant balls of tar, paper and chicken wire. These are attached to several feet of chain or wire, and then set on fire. A designated ‘swinger’ whirls the ball around his head and walks through the village streets to the local harbor. At the end of the festival, any balls still on fire are cast into the water, E___________!

The town of Biggar, Lanarkshire, celebrates with a big holiday bonfire. In the early 1940s, one or two locals complained about the size of the fire, and celebration organizers agreed to have a smaller fire. This was erected as promised, but before it was lit, the local traditionalists trucked in cartload after cartload of coal and wood, making a giant pyre, F___________!

The Presbyterian church disapproved of Hogmanay in the past, but the holiday still enjoys a great deal of popularity.

1) which then burned for a whopping five days before running out of fuel
2) which is quite an impressive sight in the dark
3) where they are able to follow national traditions
4) the locals each grab a lit piece to kindle a fire in their own hearth
5) in which the first person to cross a home’s threshold brings the residents good luck for the coming year
6) when it comes to celebrating Hogmanay
7) which is a really rich fruitcake

Задание ЕГЭ по английскому языку

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Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

There were three of them. There were four of us, and April lay on the campsite and on the river. This was Deer Lodge on the Pine River in New Hampshire. Brother Bentley’s father had found this place sometime after the First World War, a foreign affair that had seriously done him no good but he found solitude abounding here. Now we were here, post World War II, post Korean War, Vietnam War on the brink. Peace was everywhere about us, in the riot of young leaves, in the spree of bird confusion and chatter, in the struggle of pre-dawn animals for the start of a new day.

We had pitched our camp in the near darkness, Ed LeBlanc, Brother Bentley, Walter Ruszkowski and myself. A dozen or more years we had been here and seen no one. Now, into our campsite deep in the forest came an old van. Two elderly men sat in the front seat, felt hats at the slouch and decorated with an assortment of tied flies. ‘Morning, been yet?’ one of them said as he pulled his boots up from the folds at his knees. His hands were large, the fingers long and I could picture them in a shop barn working a primal plane across the face of a maple board.

‘Barely had coffee, ’ Ed LeBlanc said, the most vocal of the four of us, quickest at friendship, at shaking hands. ‘We’ve got a whole pot almost. Have what you want.’ The pot was pointed out sitting on a hunk of grill across the stones of our fire, flames licking lightly at its sides. When we fished the Pine River, coffee was the glue, the morning glue, the late evening glue, even though we’d often unearth our beer from a natural cooler in early evening. Camp coffee has a ritual. It is thick, it is potboiled over a squaw-pine fire, it is strong enough to wake the demon in you. But into that pot has to go fresh eggshells to hold the grounds down, give coffee a taste of history, a sense of place. That means at least one egg must be cracked open for its shells. I suspect that’s where ‘scrambled eggs’ originated, from some camp like ours.

‘You’re early enough for eggs and bacon if you need a start.’ Eddie added, his invitation tossed kindly into the morning air. ‘We have hot cakes and home fries, if you want.’ ‘Been there already, ’ the other man said, his weaponry also noted by us, a little more orderly in its presentation, including an old Boy Scout sash across his chest and the galaxy of flies in supreme positioning. They were old Yankees, in the face and frame, the pair of them undoubtedly brothers. They were taller than we were, no fat on their frames, wideshouldered, big-handed, barely coming out of their reserve, but fishermen. That fact alone would win any of us over.

Then the pounding came from inside the truck and the voice of authority from some place in space, some regal spot in the universe. ‘I’m not sitting here the livelong day whilst you boys gab away.’ ‘Coming, pa, ’ one of them said, the most orderly one. They pulled open the back doors of the van, swung them wide, to show His Venerable Self, ageless, white-bearded, felt hat too loaded with an arsenal of flies, sitting on a white wicker rocker. Across his lap he held three delicate fly rods, old as him, thin, bamboo in colour, probably too slight for a lake’s three-pounder.

Rods were taken from the caring hands and His Venerable Self was lifted from the truck and set by our campfire. The old one looked about the campsite, noted clothes drying from a previous day’s rain, order of equipment and supplies aligned the way we always kept them, the canvas of our tent taut and true in its expanse, our fishing rods off the ground and placed atop the flyleaf so as not to tempt raccoons with smelly cork handles, no garbage in sight. He nodded. We had passed muster.

“You the ones leave it cleaner than you find it every year. We knew something about you. Never disturbed you before. But we share the good spots.’ He looked closely at Brother Bentley, nodded a kind of recognition. ‘Your daddy ever fish here, son?’ Brother must have passed through the years in a hurry, remembering his father bringing him here as a boy. ‘A ways back, ’ Brother said in his clipped North Saugus fashion, outlander, specific, no waste in his words.

(Adapted from ‘The Three Fishermen’ by Tom Sheehan)

12. When Brother Bentley’s father found Deer Lodge, he appreciated that

1. he could listen to the birds singing2. there were lots of animals to hunt3. there were no people there 4. there was no war

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13. The narrator thought that the elderly men could have worked as

1. carpenters2. plumbers 3. mechanics4. shop assistants

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14. Ed LeBlanc

1. was the most modest of the four people2. had the best voice in the company 3. was the most outspoken of the four people4. was the worst at communication

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15. The narrator and his friends

1. always had ‘scrambled eggs’ for breakfast. 2. made coffee in a special way3. drank coffee only in the morning.4. drank only coffee in the camp.

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16. The four men liked newcomers because

1. were old Yankees. 2. they were fisherman.3. they had a notable weaponry.4. they were friendly.

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17. In paragraph 6 ‘We had passed muster’ means that

1. we felt a surge of relief. 2. we had to leave our camp in a clean state.3. the old man approved of our camp.4. we were considered to be experienced fishermen.

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18. The old fisherman

1. was a friend of Brother Bentley’s father.2. didn’t want to disturb Brother Bentley.3. had already seen Brother Bentley here. 4. did not recognize Brother Bentley.

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Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст, предложения которого распределены по заданиям 19-25. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

19. Cristiano Ronaldo, the World’s Best Football Player

Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo is a special man. What makes Ronaldo special is that he is a football great who ____________(DOMINATE) the soccer world today.

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Верный ответ: Isdominating;Dominates

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20. Only last Sunday, Ronaldo became the ____________(ONE) Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year.

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21. Ronaldo ____________(HAND) a golden trophy and he expressed his joy, speaking to the audience.

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22. ‘This is a special moment in my life. I ____________(NOT THINK) (even) about winning this award, ’ said Ronaldo.

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Верный ответ: Havenoteventhought;Havenotthought

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23. However, it ____________(SEEM) that football players can demonstrate much more experience at controlling a game on the pitch than a powerful car on the road.

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24. Ten days ago, Ronaldo ruined his Ferrari in a tunnel near Manchester Airport while he ____________(HAVE) a race with Van der Sar.

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25. According to The Guardian, Ronaldo ____________(OWN) his Ferrari for just two days before the accident.

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Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст, распределенный по заданиям 26-31. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

26. The Internet — a Blessing or a Curse?

We live in the age of information technology and the Internet is a unique ____________(INVENT), which has influenced all areas of our lives.

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27. Yet some people are ____________(CERTAIN) about the importance of the Web. Is it a blessing or a curse?

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28. On the one hand, with the Internet, it is now possible to communicate ____________(EASY) with people all over the world.

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29. In addition, the Internet is very useful, because it makes the world of facts and knowledge ____________(ACCESS) to everyone.

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30. However, a huge amount of information on the Internet is also one of its ____________(WEAK). This diversity makes it difficult to find the type of information you want.

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31. Moreover, the Internet can become ____________(DANGER) for our society, because of cybercriminals. The information wars of the future may be fought on Web sites.

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Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32-38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов вместе с предложениями из текста ниже.

Leisure Activities in Japan

The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher 32___________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.

Japanese 33___________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Kyushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf 34___________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural settings. Each year this region sees a rise 35___________ the number of ski resorts, featuring resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu 36___________ a large number of visitors from around the country.

Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand 37___________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be 38___________ in the future.

32. Выберите пропущенное слово

The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher 32___________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature.

1. incomes2. perks3. taxes4. outcomes

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33. Выберите пропущенное слово

Japanese 33___________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round.

1. abandoned2. redundant3. abundant4. enormous

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34. Выберите пропущенное слово

A number of golf 34___________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural settings.

1. courses2. pitches3. fields4. courts

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35. Выберите пропущенное слово

Each year this region sees a rise 35___________ the number of ski resorts, featuring resort hotels and other facilities.

1. between2. in3. of4. at

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36. Выберите пропущенное слово

And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu 36___________ a large number of visitors from around the country.

1. drags2. collects3. picks4. draws

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37. Выберите пропущенное слово

Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand 37___________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation.

1. on2. of3. for4. in

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38. Выберите пропущенное слово

It is hoped that this rapid development can be 38___________ in the future.

1. obtained2. abstained3. maintained4. contained

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Обратите внимание на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него.

39. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Tina who writes:

I can’t really understand why all my friends are crazy about soap operas. I think soaps are silly and boring. They don’t show life realistically, do they? And what about you? What kind of films do you like watching? Do you prefer watching films in the cinema or at home? Why?

We all miss you, too. Everybody sends their love. Can’t wait to see you in the summer. Write back soon.

Write a letter to Tina.
In your letter

— answer her questions

— ask 3 questions about her family

Write 100 — 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

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40. Comment on the following statement.

Everyone would like to be rich.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200 — 250 words.
Use the following plan:

— make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing the given statement)

— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion

— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion

— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

— make a conclusion restating your position

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Ââîäíûé òåñò

1 I’ll (Ñ) burn keep these songs onto a CD and give you a copy. (ß çàïèøó ýòè ïåñíè íà äèñê è îòäàì âàì êîïèþ)

2 Stephen (C) should talk to his teacher if he’s having problems with the assignment. (Ñòèâåí ñìîæåò ïîãîâîðèòü ñî ñâîèì ó÷èòåëåì, åñëè ó íåãî áóäóò ïðîáëåìû ñ çàäàíèåì)

3 Mum (B) has been looking for her car keys for the last hour, and she still can’t find them. (Ìàìà èùåò êëþ÷è îò ñâîåé ìàøèíû â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà, è äî ñèõ ïîð íå ìîæåò èõ íàéòè)

4 Sophia never (B) takes the car for short distances; she prefers walking. (Ñîôèÿ íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçóåò àâòîìîáèëü äëÿ êîðîòêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé; îíà ïðåäïî÷èòàåò õîäèòü ïåøêîì)

5 It doesn’t matter if you lose the game; just do C the best you can. (Íå âàæíî, åñëè âû ïðîèãðàåòå; ïðîñòî ñäåëàéòå âñå, ÷òî â âàøèõ ñèëàõ)

6 Lydia is thinking of trying a new sport, so she might take (A) up tennis. (Ëèäèÿ äóìàåò î òîì, ÷òîáû ïîïðîáîâàòü çàíÿòüñÿ íîâûì âèäîì ñïîðòà, ïîýòîìó îíà ìîæåò çàíÿòüñÿ òåííèñîì)

7 Oliver wishes he (B) had left his house earlier; then he wouldn’t be stuck in traffic now. (Îëèâåð õî÷åò âûéòè èç äîìà ïîðàíüøå; òàê îí íå çàñòðÿíåò â ïðîáêå)

8 This meal (B) was prepared by a professional chef. (Ýòî áëþäî áûëî ïðèãîòîâëåíî ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûì ïîâàðîì)

9 Feel free to use my dictionary to look (A) up any words you don’t know. (Íå ñòåñíÿéòåñü èñïîëüçîâàòü ñëîâàðü, ÷òîáû ïîñìîòðåòü ñëîâà, êîòîðûå âû íå çíàåòå)

10 What did John (A) say to you that you’re so upset? (×òî òåáå ñêàçàë Äæîí, ÷òî òû òàêîé ðàññòðîåííûé?)

11 By the time they got to the theatre, the play (B) had already started. (Ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êàê îíè äîáðàëèñü äî òåàòðà, ïüåñà óæå íà÷àëàñü)

12 Andrew spends most of his free time (A) surfing the Net. (Àíäðåé ïðîâîäèò áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ñâîåãî ñâîáîäíîãî âðåìåíè â Èíòåðíåòå)

13 Jill is very proud (C) of her son because he got top marks in all his exams. (Äæèëë î÷åíü ãîðäèòñÿ ñâîèì ñûíîì, ïîòîìó ÷òî îí ïîëó÷èë íàèâûñøèå îöåíêè ïî âñåì ýêçàìåíàì)

14 Harry is a very easy-going person and gets (C) on well with everyone in his class. (Ãàððè î÷åíü îáùèòåëüíûé ÷åëîâåê è õîðîøî ëàäèò ñî âñåìè â ñâîåì êëàññå)

15 Nathan asked Ian if B he could borrow his car for a few hours. (Íàòàí ñïðîñèë ßíà, ìîã áû îí îäîëæèòü åìó ñâîé àâòîìîáèëü íà íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ)

16 Evelyn is the shortest student in her class, so her classmates are always picking (B) on her. (Ýâåëèí — ñàìàÿ íèçêàÿ ó÷åíèöà â ñâîåì êëàññå, ïîýòîìó îäíîêëàññíèêè âñåãäà äðàçíÿò åå)

17 A simple way to (A) save energy at home is to turn off the lights when you leave a room. (Ïðîñòîé ñïîñîá ñýêîíîìèòü ýíåðãèþ äîìà — âûêëþ÷àòü ñâåò, êîãäà âûõîäèøü èç êîìíàòû)

18 I’m sorry I took your bag; I mistook it (A) for mine. (Ïðîñòè, ÷òî ÿ âçÿë òâîþ ñóìêó; ÿ ïðèíÿë å¸ çà ñâîþ)

19 If I (C) were you, I would book a table before going to the new Thai restaurant. (Íà òâîåì ìåñòå ÿ áû çàðàíåå çàêàçàë ñòîëèê ïåðåä òåì, êàê ïîéòè â íîâûé òàéñêèé ðåñòîðàí)

20 Do you know what time the next train (B) leaves? (Âû íå çíàåòå, êîãäà ïðèáóäåò ñëåäóþùèé ïîåçä?)

21 Lucy has decided (A) to study Law at university. (Ëþñè ðåøèëà èçó÷àòü ïðàâî â óíèâåðñèòåòå)

22 Be careful! You (C) are going to fall off the ladder. (Îñòîðîæíåå! Òû ñåé÷àñ óïàäåøü ñ ëåñòíèöû)

23 The school rules clearly state that we (C) must not leave the school grounds without permission from

a teacher. (Øêîëüíûå ïðàâèëà ÷åòêî ãëàñÿò, ÷òî ìû íå äîëæíû ïîêèäàòü òåððèòîðèþ øêîëû áåç ðàçðåøåíèÿ ó÷èòåëÿ)

24 Julie (B) had been trying to fix her computer for two hours before she decided to call a technician. (Äæóëè â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ÷àñîâ ïûòàëàñü ïî÷èíèòü ñâîé êîìïüþòåð, ïðåæäå ÷åì ðåøèëà âûçâàòü ñïåöèàëèñòà)

25 Having two jobs had become too exhausting for Daniel, so he gave one of them (A) up. (Ðàáîòàòü íà äâóõ ðàáîòàõ ñòàëî ñëèøêîì óòîìèòåëüíûì äëÿ Äàíèåëÿ, ïîýòîìó îí îòêàçàëñÿ îò îäíîé èç íèõ)

26 Juan prefers watching English films without reading the Spanish (B) subtitles, so that he can practise

his English. (Õóàí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ñìîòðåòü ôèëüìû íà àíãëèéñêîì, íå ÷èòàÿ èñïàíñêèå ñóáòèòðû, ÷òîáû ïðàêòèêîâàòüñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå)

27 Where (C) did you go on holiday last summer? (Êóäà âû åçäèëè îòäûõàòü ïðîøëûì ëåòîì?)

28 Helen said she (C) would be leaving in two weeks’ time. (Õåëåí ñêàçàëà, ÷òî óåäåò â òå÷åíèå äâóõ íåäåëü)

29 Will you drive me to the airport if you (B) have enough time tomorrow? (Âû îòâåçåòå ìåíÿ çàâòðà â àýðîïîðò, åñëè ó âàñ áóäåò äîñòàòî÷íî âðåìåíè?)

30 The visitors (A) will be taken on a tour of the city’s major sights. (Ïîñåòèòåëÿì ïðîâåäóò ýêñêóðñèþ ïî îñíîâíûì äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòÿì ãîðîäà)

31 George (A) is having trouble with his car these days, so he uses the bus to go to work. (Ó Äæîðäæà âîçíèêëè ïðîáëåìû ñ àâòîìîáèëåì, ïîýòîìó îí èñïîëüçóåò àâòîáóñ, ÷òîáû äîáèðàòüñÿ äî ðàáîòû)

32 Alan likes extreme sports, but I wouldn’t say he’s crazy (A) about them. (Àëàí ëþáèò ýêñòðåìàëüíûå âèäû ñïîðòà, íî ÿ áû íå ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïîìåøàí íà íèõ)

33 Don’t worry, the painters (B) will have finished painting your house by the time you’re ready to move

in. (Íå âîëíóéñÿ, ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êîãäà òû áóäåøü ãîòîâ âúåõàòü, õóäîæíèêè çàêîí÷àò ðàçðèñîâûâàòü òâîé äîì)

34 David can’t speak to you right now; he’s (C) on the phone, talking to his mother. (Äàâèä íå ìîæåò ñåé÷àñ ïîãîâîðèòü ñ âàìè; îí ðàçãîâàðèâàåò ïî òåëåôîíó ñî ñâîåé ìàòåðüþ)

35 Can you believe it started raining while we (C) were swimming in the sea? (Êîãäà ìû êóïàëèñü â ìîðå, íà÷àëñÿ äîæäü, òû ìîæåøü â ýòî ïîâåðèòü?)

36 If Martha (B) had apologised to Jenny, she would have forgiven her. (Åñëè áû Ìàðòà èçâèíèëàñü ïåðåä Äæåííè, îíà ïðîñòèëà áû åå)

37 I heard this (A) catchy tune on the radio this morning, and I’ve been humming it all day. (ß ñëûøàë ýòó ïåñíþ ïî ðàäèî ñåãîäíÿ óòðîì, è ÿ íàïåâàþ åå âåñü äåíü)

38 I’m so glad I ran (C) into Joshua the other day; I hadn’t seen him for ages! (ß áûë òàê ðàä, ÷òî ïðèáåæàë ê Äæîøóà íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü; ÿ íå âèäåë åãî öåëóþ âå÷íîñòü!)

39 Can you turn that music down? It’s really starting to get on my (B) nerves! (Íå ìîãëè áû âû ñäåëàòü ìóçûêó ïîòèøå? Ýòî íà÷èíàåò äåéñòâîâàòü ìíå íà íåðâû!)

40 Julie (A) can’t play the guitar very well yet; she’s only had four lessons. (Äæóëè åùå íå òàê õîðîøî óìååò èãðàòü íà ãèòàðå; ó íåå áûëî òîëüêî ÷åòûðå óðîêà)

41 Can we have something to eat, please? My tummy is (B) rumbling. (Ìû ìîæåì ÷òî-íèáóäü ïîåñòü? Ó ìåíÿ óð÷èò æèâîòèê)

42 Leslie and Susan (C) haven’t arrived yet. Should we leave without them? (Ëåñëè è Ñþçàí åùå íå ïðèåõàëè. Ìû ìîæåì óéòè áåç íèõ?)

43 John doesn’t let his cat out of the house; he’s afraid it (C) will get lost. (Äæîí íå âûïóñêàåò ñâîþ êîøêó èç äîìà, îí áîèòñÿ, ÷òî îíà ïîòåðÿåòñÿ)

44 This time next week we (C) will be enjoying ourselves at a luxurious hotel in Hawaii. (Íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå â ýòî âðåìÿ ìû áóäåì âåñåëèòüñÿ â ðîñêîøíîì îòåëå íà Ãàâàéÿõ)

45 If only my school (A) weren’t been so far from my house! Then I wouldn’t have to get up so

early to get there. (Åñëè òîëüêî ìîÿ øêîëà íå áûëà òàê äàëåêî îò äîìà! Òîãäà ìíå áû íå ïðèøëîñü âñòàâàòü òàê ðàíî, ÷òîáû äîáðàòüñÿ òóäà)

46 Wendy didn’t start cleaning up after the party until her last guest (C) had gone. (Âåíäè íå íà÷àë óáîðêó ïîñëå âå÷åðèíêè, ïîêà íå óøåë ïîñëåäíèé ãîñòü)

47 Mr Williams is the only one of our teachers (C) that tells jokes during the lesson. (Ìèñòåð Óèëüÿìñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü îäíèì èç íàøèõ ó÷èòåëåé, êîòîðûé ðàññêàçûâàåò øóòêè âî âðåìÿ óðîêà)

48 Maxwell is thinking of (B) renting a bigger house, as he needs more space. (Ìàêñâåëë äóìàåò î òîì, ÷òîáû àðåíäîâàòü áîëüøèé äîì, ïîòîìó ÷òî åìó íóæíî áîëüøå ìåñòà)

49 My aunt never misses her favourite daytime soap (B) opera. (Ìîÿ òåòÿ íèêîãäà íå ïðîïóñêàåò åå ëþáèìûé åæåäíåâíûé ñåðèàë)

50 Alex couldn’t find his glasses and he asked me if I knew where (B) they were. (Àëåêñ íå ìîã íàéòè ñâîè î÷êè è ñïðàøèâàë ìåíÿ, íå çíàþ ëè ÿ, ãäå îíè)

51 Jane needs to see a doctor because she has been suffering (A) from headaches lately. (Äæåéí íóæíî îáðàòèòüñÿ ê âðà÷ó, ïîòîìó ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îíà ñòðàäàåò îò ãîëîâíîé áîëè)

52 George (A) is said to be the best student in the school. (Äæîðäæ ñêàçàë, ÷òî áûë ëó÷øèì ó÷åíèêîì â øêîëå)

53 Don’t use these eggs! They are (A) rotten. (Íå èñïîëüçóé ýòè ÿéöà! Îíè èñïîð÷åíû)

54 Let’s order some dessert. I (B) will have some chocolate cake. (Äàâàéòå çàêàæåì äåñåðò. ß áóäó êóñî÷åê øîêîëàäíîãî òîðòà)

55 These jeans are too (C) loose. You need a smaller size. (Ýòè äæèíñû ñëèøêîì áîëüøèå. Òåáå íóæåí ðàçìåð ïîìåíüøå)

56 Has Henry found a way to deal (C) with his problem? (Ãåíðè íàøåë ñïîñîá ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñî ñâîåé ïðîáëåìîé?)

57 Garry is so (C) dishonest that very few people trust what he says. (Ãàððè íàñòîëüêî íå÷åñòíûé, ÷òî ëèøü î÷åíü íåìíîãèå ëþäè äîâåðÿþò òîìó, ÷òî îí ãîâîðèò)

58 What (C) did Tom say when he heard the good news? (×òî ñêàçàë Òîì, êîãäà óñëûøàë õîðîøèå íîâîñòè?)

59 A cold glass of water is more refreshing (A) than a glass of cola. (Ñòàêàí õîëîäíûé âîäû îñâåæàåò ëó÷øå, ÷åì ñòàêàí êîëû)

60 Tonia is really interested (A) in photography and is planning to take classes. (Òîíÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíî èíòåðåñóåòñÿ ôîòîãðàôèåé è ïëàíèðóåò ïîñåùàòü çàíÿòèÿ)

61 Of all the household (B) chores, ironing is my least favourite. (Èç âñåõ äîìàøíèõ îáÿçàííîñòåé ãëàæêà – ìîÿ ñàìàÿ íåëþáèìàÿ)

62 The children are really looking forward (B) to going on holiday abroad. (Äåòè ñ íåòåðïåíèåì æäóò ïîåçäêè íà îòäûõ çà ãðàíèöó)

63 Lisa hasn’t called me (C) for three weeks. I hope she is alright. (Ëèçà íå çâîíèëà ìíå òðè íåäåëè. Íàäåþñü, ñ íåé âñå õîðîøî)

64 Frank told Jenny (A) to take the dog for a walk, but she didn’t have time. (Ôðýíê ñêàçàë Äæåííè âûãóëÿòü ñîáàêó, íî ó íåå íå áûëî âðåìåíè)

65 I (C) am looking for my MP3 player. Do you know where it is? (ß èùó ñâîé ÌÐ3 ïëååð. Òû íå çíàåøü, ãäå îí?)

66 Andrew looks (B) up to his older brother and wants to be like him when he grows up. (Àíäðåé óâàæàåò ñâîåãî ñòàðøåãî áðàòà è õî÷åò áûòü ïîõîæèì íà íåãî, êîãäà âûðàñòåò)

67 Some ways to help (A) eliminate waste include buying products with as little packaging as possible

and recycling. (Ñïîñîáû ïîìîùè â óìåíüøåíèè êîëè÷åñòâà îòõîäîâ âêëþ÷àþò â ñåáÿ ïîêóïêó ïðîäóêòîâ ñ êàê ìîæíî áîëåå ìåíüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì óïàêîâêè, è óòèëèçàöèþ)

68 The Smiths prefer taking (A) package holidays, because it saves them the trouble of making all the arrangements themselves. (Ñìèòû ïðåäïî÷èòàþò áðàòü îòäûõ ïî ïóòåâêå, ïîòîìó ÷òî ýòî îñâîáîæäàåò èõ îò íåîáõîäèìîñòè äåëàòü âñå ñàìèì)

69 I (C) will have finished the report by Tuesday. Do you want me to email it to you then? (ß çàêîí÷ó äîêëàä êî âòîðíèêó. Âû õîòèòå, ÷òîáû òîãäà ÿ îòïðàâèë åãî âàì?)

70 Alex isn’t really keen (A) on video games; we’d better get him something else for his birthday. (Àëåêñ íå î÷åíü óâëå÷åí âèäåîèãðàìè; ìû ìîãëè áû êóïèòü åìó íà äåíü ðîæäåíèÿ ÷òî-íèáóäü äðóãîå)

71 Evelyn is lucky (B) to have friends who love her so much. (Ýâåëèí ïîâåçëî ñ äðóçüÿìè, êîòîðûå ëþáÿò åå òàê ñèëüíî)

72 Little Nathan can’t sleep at someone else’s house unless he (A) takes his own pillow with him. (Ìàëåíüêèé Íàòàí íå ìîæåò ñïàòü â ÷óæîì äîìå, åñëè îí íå âîçüìåò ñ ñîáîé ñâîþ ïîäóøêó)

73 People say that the train is the safest form of (B) transport. (Ëþäè ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ïîåçä — ñàìûé áåçîïàñíûé âèä òðàíñïîðòà)

74 The printer isn’t working because there’s some paper (B) jammed in it. (Ïðèíòåð íå ðàáîòàåò, ïîòîìó â íåì çàìÿëàñü áóìàãà)

75 Chris keeps himself fit by taking (A) regular exercise. (Êðèñ äåðæèò ñåáÿ â ôîðìå, äåëàÿ ðåãóëÿðíûå ôèçè÷åñêèå óïðàæíåíèÿ)

76 Films like Kung Fu Panda and Shrek are more suitable for younger (C) audiences. (Òàêèå ôèëüìû, êàê Êóíã-ôó Ïàíäà è Øðåê áîëüøå ïîäõîäÿò äëÿ ìîëîäåæíîé àóäèòîðèè)

77 The number of animal and plant species that are (C) under threat of extinction is growing every year. (êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ êàæäûì ãîäîì ðàñòåò)

78 Trudy (A) has been working in the garden all day today and her clothes are dirty. (Òðóäè ðàáîòàëà â ñàäó âåñü äåíü è åå îäåæäà ãðÿçíàÿ)

79 Liam (B) attended the opening of the new art gallery and met many famous artists there. (Ëèàì ïðèíÿë ó÷àñòèå â îòêðûòèè íîâîé õóäîæåñòâåííîé ãàëåðåè è ïîçíàêîìèëñÿ òàì ñî ìíîãèìè èçâåñòíûìè õóäîæíèêàìè)

80 Janet can’t help (C) buying presents for her baby nephew all the time; she absolutely adores him! (Äæàíåò íå ìîæåò ïîìîãàòü âñå âðåìÿ â ïîêóïêå ïîäàðêîâ äëÿ ñâîåãî ìàëåíüêîãî ïëåìÿííèêà; îíà îáîæàåò åãî!)

Ïèñüìî

Âû ïîëó÷èëè ïèñüìî îò âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî äðóãà ïî ïåðåïèñêå, Áèëëà, êîòîðûé ïèøåò:

… ß äóìàþ î òîì, ÷òîáû óåõàòü íà âîëîíòåðñêèé ïðîåêò âî âðåìÿ ìîåãî ãîäè÷íîãî ïåðåðûâà. Òû íå äåëàë òàê â ïðîøëîì ãîäó? Êóäà èìåííî òû îòïðàâèëñÿ? ß íàøåë èíòåðåñíûé ïðîåêò â Àôðèêå, êîòîðûé íóæäàåòñÿ â äîáðîâîëüöàõ. ß äîëæåí áóäó îïëàòèòü ñâîè ñîáñòâåííûå ðàñõîäû íà ïðîåçä è íàéòè æèëüå, ïîýòîìó, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ ñîáðàòü íåìíîãî äåíåã. Åñòü ëè ó òåáÿ êàêèå-ëèáî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ î òîì, ãäå ìíå ñòîèò èõ ïîèñêàòü?

Ïîæàëóéñòà, íàïèøè ìíå ëþáûå èäåè. Âîò ìîé íîâûé àäðåñ:

5 Ïîðòëåíä-Ñêâåð, Ëîíäîí, W1K 7TN

Íàïèøèòå Áèëëó ïèñüìî. Â ñâîåì ïèñüìå

• îòâåòüòå íà åãî âîïðîñû

• çàäàéòå 3 âîïðîñà î åãî âîëîíòåðñêîì ïðîåêòå. Íàïèøèòå 100-140 ñëîâ.

Ðåøåíèå #

Bill,

Good to hear from you! Of course I’m happy to share whatever tips and advice I can about planning a gap year.

Last year I spent two months in the Brazilian rainforest, working for an environmental organisation. It was a rewarding experience and I’d definitely recommend that you try something similar.

There are many helpful websites for finding cheap accommodation around the world. Also, I know of some programmes that locate jobs for gap year students. But it would help if you told me more. Where exactly in Africa is the project? What sort of work does it involve? Also, have you considered all of the difficulties involved in a project like this? It won’t be all fun, you know.

Write back soon with some detaite of the project, and we can plan it together.

Yours,

Steven

Ïðèâåäåì âûäåðæêó èç çàäàíèÿ èç ó÷åáíèêà Þëèÿ Âàóëèíà, Äæóííè Äóëè 11 êëàññ, Ïðîñâåùåíèå:

Ââîäíûé òåñò

1 I’ll (Ñ) burn keep these songs onto a CD and give you a copy.

2 Stephen (C) should talk to his teacher if he’s having problems with the assignment.

3 Mum (B) has been looking for her car keys for the last hour, and she still can’t find them.

4 Sophia never (B) takes the car for short distances; she prefers walking.

5 It doesn’t matter if you lose the game; just do C the best you can.

6 Lydia is thinking of trying a new sport, so she might take (A) up tennis.

7 Oliver wishes he (B) had left his house earlier; then he wouldn’t be stuck in traffic now.

8 This meal (B) was prepared by a professional chef.

9 Feel free to use my dictionary to look (A) up any words you don’t know.

10 What did John (A) say to you that you’re so upset?

11 By the time they got to the theatre, the play (B) had already started

12 Andrew spends most of his free time (A) surfing the Net.

13 Jill is very proud (C) of her son because he got top marks in all his exams.

14 Harry is a very easy-going person and gets (C) on well with everyone in his class.

15 Nathan asked Ian if B he could borrow his car for a few hours.

16 Evelyn is the shortest student in her class, so her classmates are always picking (B) on her.

17 A simple way to (A) save energy at home is to turn off the lights when you leave a room.

18 I’m sorry I took your bag; I mistook it (A) for mine.

19 If I (C) were you, I would book a table before going to the new Thai restaurant.

20 Do you know what time the next train (B) leaves?

21 Lucy has decided (A) to study Law at university.

22 Be careful! You (C) are going to fall off the ladder.

23 The school rules clearly state that we (C) must not leave the school grounds without permission from a teacher.

24 Julie (B) had been trying to fix her computer for two hours before she decided to call a technician.

25 Having two jobs had become too exhausting for Daniel, so he gave one of them (A) up

26 Juan prefers watching English films without reading the Spanish (B) subtitles, so that he can practise his English.

27 Where (C) did you go on holiday last summer?

28 Helen said she (C) would be leaving in two weeks’ time.

29 Will you drive me to the airport if you (B) have enough time tomorrow?

30 The visitors (A) will be taken on a tour of the city’s major sights.

31 George (A) is having trouble with his car these days, so he uses the bus to go to work.

32 Alan likes extreme sports, but I wouldn’t say he’s crazy (A) about them.

33 Don’t worry, the painters (B) will have finished painting your house by the time you’re ready to move in.

34 David can’t speak to you right now; he’s (C) on the phone, talking to his mother.

35 Can you believe it started raining while we (C) were swimming

in the sea?

36 If Martha (B) had apologised to Jenny, she would have forgiven her.

37 I heard this (A) catchy tune on the radio this morning, and I’ve been humming it all day.

38 I’m so glad I ran (C) into Joshua the other day; I hadn’t seen him for ages!

39 Can you turn that music down? It’s really starting to get on my (B) nerves!

40 Julie (A) can’t play the guitar very well yet; she’s only had four lessons.

41 Can we have something to eat, please? My tummy is (B) rumbling

42 Leslie and Susan (C) haven’t arrived yet. Should we leave without them?

43 John doesn’t let his cat out of the house; he’s afraid it (C) will get lost.

44 This time next week we (C) will be enjoying ourselves at a luxurious hotel in Hawaii.

45 If only my school (A) weren’t B hadn’t been so far from my house! Then I wouldn’t have to get up so early to get there.

46 Wendy didn’t start cleaning up after the party until her last guest (C) had gone

47 Mr Williams is the only one of our teachers (C) that tells jokes during the lesson.

48 Maxwell is thinking of (B) renting a bigger house, as he needs more space.

49 My aunt never misses her favourite daytime soap (B) opera

50 Alex couldn’t find his glasses and he asked me if I knew where (B) they were

51 Jane needs to see a doctor because she has been suffering (A) from headaches lately.

52 George (A) is said to be the best student in the school.

53 Don’t use these eggs! They are (A) rotten

54 Let’s order some dessert. I (B) will have some chocolate cake.

55 These jeans are too (C) loose You need a smaller size.

56 Has Henry found a way to deal (C) with his problem?

57 Garry is so (C) dishonest that very few people trust what he says.

58 What (C) did Tom say when he heard the good news?

59 A cold glass of water is more refreshing (A) than a glass of cola.

60 Tonia is really interested (A) in photography and is planning to take classes.

61 Of all the household (B) chores, ironing is my least favourite.

62 The children are really looking forward (B) to going on holiday abroad.

63 Lisa hasn’t called me (C) for three weeks. I hope she is alright.

64 Frank told Jenny (A) to take the dog for a walk, but she didn’t have time.

65 I (C) am looking for my MP3 player. Do you know where it is?

66 Andrew looks (B) up to his older brother and wants to be like him when he grows up.

67 Some ways to help (A) eliminate waste include buying products with as little packaging as possible and recycling.

68 The Smiths prefer taking (A) package holidays, because it saves them the trouble of making all the arrangements themselves.

69 I (C) will have finished the report by Tuesday. Do you want me to email it to you then?

70 Alex isn’t really keen (A) on video games; we’d better get him something else for his birthday.

71 Evelyn is lucky (B) to have friends who love her so much.

72 Little Nathan can’t sleep at someone else’s house unless he (A) takes his own pillow with him.

73 People say that the train is the safest form of (B) transport

74 The printer isn’t working because there’s some paper (B) jammed in it.

75 Chris keeps himself fit by taking (A) regular exercise.

76 Films like Kung Fu Panda and Shrek are more suitable for younger (C) audiences

77 The number of animal and plant species that are (C) under threat of extinction is growing every year.

78 Trudy (A) has been working in the garden all day today and her clothes are dirty.

79 Liam (B) attended the opening of the new art gallery and met many famous artists there.

80 Janet can’t help (C) buying presents for her baby nephew all the time; she absolutely adores him!

Writing

You have received a letter form your English-speaking pen-friend Bill who writes:

…I am thinking about going away on a volunteer project for part of my gap year. Didn’t you do this last year? Where did you go exactly? I found an interesting project in Africa that is in need of volunteers. I would have to pay my own travel expenses and find accommodation, so I will have to raise some money first. Do you have any suggestions on where I should look?

Please, write me back with any ideas. Here is my new address:

5 Portland Square, London, W1K 7TN

Write a letter to Bill. In your letter

• answer his questions

• ask 3 questions about his volunteer project Write 100—140 words.

*Öèòèðèðîâàíèå ÷àñòè çàäàíèÿ ñî ññûëêîé íà ó÷åáíèê ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ó÷åáíûõ öåëÿõ äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ ðàçáîðà ðåøåíèÿ çàäàíèÿ.

Тест ЕГЭ-2011 по английскому языку.

Демонстрационный вариант (II).

(Ответы в конце теста)

1. ЧТЕНИЕ (30 минут). Задания В2, В3, А15-А21 

B2. Прочитайте тексты.

1. Her Majesty’s Government, in spite of its name, derives its authority and power from its party representation in Parliament. Parliament is housed in the Palace of Westminster, once a home of the monarchy. Like the monarchy, Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from the middle of the thirteenth century. Parliament is the seat of British democracy, but it is perhaps valuable to remember that while the House of Lords was created in order to provide a council of the nobility for the king, the Commons were summoned originally in order to provide the king with money.

2. The reigning monarch is not only head of state but symbol of the unity of the nation. The monarchy is Britain’s oldest secular institution, its continuity for over a thousand years broken only once by a republic that lasted a mere eleven years (1649-60). The monarchy is hereditary, the succession passing automatically to the oldest male child, or in the absence of males to the oldest female offspring of the monarch. In law the monarch is head of the executive and of the judiciary, head of the Church of England, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

3. The dynamic power of Parliament lies in its lower chamber. Of its 650 members, 523 represent constituencies in England, 38 in Wales, 72 in Scotland and 17 in Northern Ireland. There are only seats in the Commons debating chamber for 370 members, but except on matters of great interest, it is unusual for all members to be present at any one time. Many MPs find themselves in other rooms of the Commons, participating in a variety of committees and meetings necessary for an effective parliamentary process/

4. Britain is a democracy, yet its people are not, as one might expect in a democracy, constitutionally in control of the state. The constitutional situation is an apparently contradictory one. As a result of a historical process the people of Britain are subjects of the Crown, accepting the Queen as the head of the state. Yet even the Queen is not sovereign in any substantial sense since she receives her authority from Parliament, and is subject to its direction in almost all matters. This curious situation came about as a result of a long struggle for power between the Crown and Parliament during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries.

5. Her Majesty’s Government governs in the name of the Queen, and its hub, Downing Street, lies in Whitehall, a short walk from Parliament. Following a general election, the Queen invites the leader of the majority party represented in the Commons, to form a government on her behalf. Government ministers are invariably members of the House of Commons, but infrequently members of the House of Lords are appointed. All government members continue to represent “constituencies” which elected them/

6. Each parliamentary session begins with the “State Opening of Parliament”, a ceremonial occasion in which the Queen proceeds from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster where she delivers the Queen’s Speech from her throne in the House of Lords. Her speech is drafted by her government, and describes what the government intends to implement during the forthcoming session. Leading members of the Commons may hear the speech from the far end of the chamber, but are not allowed to enter the House of Lords.

7.  The upper chamber of Parliament is not democratic in any sense at all. It consists of four categories of peer. The majority are hereditary peers, a total of almost 800, but of whom only about half take an active interest in the affairs of the state. A smaller number, between 350 and 400, are “life” peers – an idea introduced in 1958 to elevate to the peerage certain people who rendered political or public service to the nation. The purpose was not only to honour but also to enhance the quality of business done in the Lords.

Установите соответствие между заголовками A – Н и текстами 1 – 7. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

A) The House of Commons

B) Parliamentary Procedure

C) The House of Lords

D) Westminster

E) The System of Government

F) Parliamentary Committees

G) Whitehall

H) The Crown

B3. Прочитайте текст.

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.
The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of 1___________________.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge – a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in 2  _________________ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue 3  __________________, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating
4 __________________  whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed – and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.».

He added: «We speculated in the past 5 ____________________ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated 6  _________________ was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

Заполните пропуски 1 – 6 частями предложeний, обозначенными буквами A – G. Одна из частей в списке А – G лишняя.

A) which could reveal

B) which they stood

C) which it was once made up

D) that this stretch of the river Avon

E) that there might have been something

F) that it should be considered as integral part

G) that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15 – А21. В каждом задании выберите вариант ответа: 1, 2, 3 или 4.

Getting What He Deserved?

There were seven or eight of us in the line, waiting to pay the cashier for our lunches. We were all in a hurry because that’s the way of the American business-day lunch. At the front of the line there was a pretty woman with a small boy of about eight. He was a cute little fellow wearing black jeans, white sneakers and a blue pullover sweater. A shock of dark hair fell over his eyes. He looked very much like his mother. The boy had a charming face with chiseled features but he was depressed.

As the woman fumbled in her purse, looking for money to pay her check, the kid noticed a display of candy bars beside the cash register and immediately wanted one.

“You can’t have any candy”, said his mother. “You had pie with your lunch”. She took out her handkerchief, then put it back and went on fumbling in her purse.

“But I want some candy”, said the kid. His tone was surprisingly insistent. Almost aggressive.

The mother continued her search for money in her purse, and the kid continued to whine about the candy. Then he began to stamp his feet and shout.

           The rest of us in line were beginning to get fidgety. We bunched a little closer together and several folks began mumbling under their breath. “Ought to snatch him bald”, said one man quietly.

The kid by now was reaching for the candy display in open opposition to his mother. She grabbed his arm and pulled it away, but not before he clutched a Snickers bar in his hand.

“Put it back”, she said.

“No!” shouted the child. It was an arrogant “No!”.

The line bunched even more closely together, and the man who had suggested snatching the kid bald appeared ready to do so himself. So much for the kid’s shock of dark hair, I thought.

But the mother moved suddenly and with purpose. She paid the cashier, took back her change and dropped it into her purse. Then with one quick motion, she grabbed hold of the child’s pullover sweater and lifted him off the floor. The moment his sneakers came back to earth, she turned his back toward her and began flailing him. A look of disbelief came across the kid’s face. His eyes filled with tears. He tried to break away but that made his mother flail him again.

When she had finished administering the punishment, she turned the child around and pointed a finger squarely in his sobbing face. With a voice strong and certain, she said, “The next time I tell you do something, young man, will you do it?”

The child looked at the floor. Meekly and sincerely, he replied, “Yes, ma’am.”

The mother turned to go. The child returned the Snickers bar without further hesitation and marched dutifully out behind her.

The people in a line broke into spontaneous applause.

“Did the kid deserve the punishment he had? What would I do if I were his mother? She may have been absolutely right for all I know. I have no children. I have no right to argue with the mother” I thought. “There is nothing I can do but wait. Perhaps the best way to get an idea of normal behavior of children is to get married and raise a few”.

А15. The people in the cafe were all in a hurry because

1) they had to buy their lunch far away from the office.

2) they wanted to be the first in line to pay for the food.

3) it was the way they normally behaved at lunch time.

4) they had to buy their lunch before the cashier left for her lunch.

А16. The woman was fumbling in her purse because she wanted to

1) pay for her food.

2) buy a candy bar.

3) find her phone.

4) pay with a check.

А17. The mother would not let the child buy a candy bar because she

1) didn’t have enough money to pay for it.

2) was unreasonably strict with the little kid.

3) thought that he had enough candy already.

4) didn’t trust the quality of the candy from the display.

А18. The boy was persistent in getting what he wanted and the people in the line

1) supported him.

2) started to show irritation.

3) started to shout at the kid.

4) remained indifferent to the incident.

А19. Judging by the child’s reaction to the punishment we can say that

1) it did not teach him anything.

2) he wasn’t used to being spanked.

3) he was indifferent to being spanked.

4) he wasn’t ready to change his behavior.

А20. The people in a line broke into spontaneous applause because the child

1) was forced to obey.

2) managed to get his way.

3) Had already eaten the candy bar.

4) manipulated his mother skillfully.

А21. Reflecting on the incident the narrator thought that

1) The mother had overreacted.

2) The mother was right in her reaction.

3) he/she wanted his/her own children badly.

4) One should be a parent to have a right to judge.

2. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА (40 минут)

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце предложений, так чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B4 – B10.

Where did basketball come from?

B4.

Basketball is now a major sport in the USA. Basketball __________________ by Dr. James Naismith at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Basketball is a game played between two teams of five players, in which each team tries to win points by throwing a ball through a net.

INVENT

В5.

Basketball is a very spectator-oriented sport. It is the __________________ most popular game in the USA. People enjoy both watching and playing it.

THREE

В6.

There__________________ many basketball centers in cities and towns of every state. They do not often produce sportsmen or sportswomen who are successful in world basketball championships but they help young people to keep fit and look athletic.

BE

В7.

Basketball __________________ by men and women at all levels, from the professional level to high schools and clubs.

PLAY

В8.

One of the __________________  and the most famous basketball teams is the Harlem Globetrotters, formed in 1926. It has a lot of fans in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

OLD

В9.

This team __________________ crowds of fans especially for final or championship matches. One can see photos of its members in newspapers and magazines all over the USA.

ATTRACT

В10.

The name of the team __________________   a symbol of a fast and furious play.

BECOME

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце предложений, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11 – В16.

The Opening Night

В11.

The Phantom of the Opera, Cats, Mama Mia… They are all stage musicals. The opening night of a new musical is always a  ________________ event.

MARVEL

В12.

After years of __________________ and weeks of rehearsals the production has to be ready for the public and the critics.

PREPARE

В13.

First nights usually start earlier than the regular  __________________ so that the critics can write their reviews in time to include them in the next morning’s newspapers.

PERFORM

В14.

The critics are the most __________________ people on the first night because their opinions will either help make the show a hit or force it to close.

FRIGHT

В15.

The rest of the audience on the first night is usually made up of friends of the cast and famous celebrities. The celebrities attract newspaper __________________ and help give the musical maximum publicity.

PHOTOGRAPH

В16.

There will also be some angels there who will __________________ be more nervous than the performers. And then after the curtain has come down and the show is over, there’s the opening night party.

PROBABLE

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22–А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям A22–A28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Укажите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

The Fruitcake Special 

I was a chemist at the Amos Cosmetics factory in New Jersey, USA, trying to design a new perfume when it happened. I never thought I would discover something quite so amazing by  A22______. Not me. I was only 23 and it was my second year at the factory. I liked my job very much but I was not a lucky person. I had come straight from the university then, but now I was a chemist in one of the biggest factories in New Jersey. It was an important position to have and meant lots of work 

I was A23______ out all the usual mixes of flowers and things- just as I always did — when I decided to throw in a A24______ of the fruitcake Momma had packed for my lunch. I don’t know why I did it –just did it. I put it into the mix with all the other things.

I thought it A25______ nice, but there was nothing special about it, so I put the bottle into my handbag. I couldn’t give something like that to my boss. After all, I was a chemist and my job was to make perfumes in the proper A26______.

If I told him how I made this one he would tell me not to be a silly girl.  Later, he would probably A27______ a joke about it to his friends at the golf club.

“Anna!”

It was my boss, David Amos. He happened to be walking past where I worked. I couldn’t A28______ being nervous. He was fairly sure of his good looks and never spoke to ordinary-looking girls like me. I was thrilled.

В каждом задании выберите один ответ.

А22.

1) incident

2) accident

3) event

4) occasion

А23.

1) producing

2) making

3) trying

4) doing

А24.

1) piece

2) lump

3) bunch

4) pinch

А25.

1) heard

2) touched

3) tasted

4) smelled

А26.

1) way

2) road

3) path

4) method

А27.

1) Do

2) produce

3) make

4) have

А28.

1) hold

2) feel

3) keep

4) help

Ответы:

Раздел 1

Раздел 2

B2

1D,2H,3A,4E,5G,6B,7C

B4

was invented

B3

1C,2B,3G,4A,5E,6D

B5

third

A15

3

B6

are

A16

1

B7

is played

A17

3

B8

oldest

A18

2

B9

attracts

A19

2

B10

has become

A20

1

B11

marvellous

A21

4

B12

preparation

B13

performance

B14

frightful

B15

photographers

B16

probably

А22

2

А23

3

А24

1

А25

4

А26

1

А27

3

А28

4

10

10

Установите соответствие тем 1 — 8 текстам A — G. Занесите свои ответы в соответствующее поле справа. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании одна тема лишняя.

1. То take from home

2. Evening drinks

3. Food for relaxation

4. Skipping the meal

5. Foreign cuisine

6. Unusual meals

7. Traditional morning meal

8. Take it ready to eat

A. If you go to a hotel in Britain and ask for a typical English breakfast, you will probably get bacon and eggs, sausage, mushrooms, baked beans, tea and toast. When porridge juice are offered as well, the meal is sometimes advertised as a «full Engilsh breakfast». Many years ago people couldn’t imagine their breakfast without a bowl of cerea or usual bacon and eggs.

B. But how many people in England actually eat an English breakfast? Only one person in ten. One in five people say all they have for breakfast is a cup of coffee, and many children go to school without eating anything. That is happening because people lack time. They are always in a hurry and prefer to choose something light and ready-made, especially in the morning.

C. If in Britain you stay with a family, you will almost certainly be given a «packed lunch» to eat for your midday meal. Some factories and schools have canteens where a packed lunch is the most common thing to eat. A packed lunch usually consists of some sandwiches, a packet of crisps, an apple, and a can of something to drink, for example, Coca-Cola. The quality of the packed lunch can vary.

D. Fish and chips is the classic English takeaway food. It is usually bought ready cooked at special shops — fish and chip shops, or «chippies» as they are sometimes called. This takeaway food is wrapped in paper to be eaten at home or outside. If you go to a fish and chip shop, you’ll be asked if you want salt and vinegar to be sprinkled over your chips. Be careful because sometimes they give you too much.

E. If you have trouble getting off to sleep, don’t panic. There are plenty of healthy, low fat alternatives to pills to help you nod off. Why not try a glass of warm skimmed milk, or even a cup of camomile tea? These natural and low-fat drinks will help you to get asleep. They can also relax you after a difficult day.

F. Every British town has Indian or Chinese restaurants. There are more Chinese takeaways than there are fish and chips shops in the UK. But most people are eating curry Curry is now Britain’s most popular meal because the majority of British people like spicy food. But British people like food from other countries, too. They say it allows them to understand other cultures better.

G. Eating carbohydrate-rich foods like bread, cereal, rice and pasta causes the production of serotonin, which makes us feel calm. Fruit and vegetables also set off the production of this chemical. Milk and cheese are also useful. The next time you feel stressed, try a little piece of bread and a glass of milk and you’ll feel better in no time.

11

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке лишняя.

1. depending on the survey and the time of year

2. rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern

3. could be measured in the thousands

4. could capture moving images

5. funding a number of research programmes

6. transmitting images 16 years before

7. had lived in a house without electricity

Television

Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary society, especially American society, as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with television sets A ______ . By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends (B ______ ) from two-and-a-half to almost five hours a day watching television.

The invention of TV is not credited to one single person. Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth both played instrumental roles. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who C ______ until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to think of a system that D ______ in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rosing and Vladimir Zvorykin in Russia had conducted some experiments in E ______ Farnsworth’s first success.

Also, a mechanical television system, which scanned images using a F ______ , had been demonstrated by John Logic Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s. However, Farnsworth’s invention and Vladimir Zvorykin’s electronic TV system are the direct ancestors of modern television.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18, обводя цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Lesson in humility

I was nine when this started. That was in 1964, the year my mother left us. Chess led me to Horatio — chess and my father and my absent mother and the fact that on that day, I broke the rule about not showing what you feel. My form-master of that year at the private day-school I went to was a chess enthusiast. He explained the rules to us, he encouraged us to play. He was kind to me and I admired him, more than admired: I wanted to be where he was. I suppose I was more than usually responsive to kindness just at that time. To please him I tried hard to be good at chess and I discovered that I was good. I had a natural talent, the master said.

I joined the school chess club. I took part in tournaments and distinguished myself. Shining at few things, for a brief season I shone at chess. I studied the game, I read the accounts of historic encounters, the ploys of long-dead masters, and I played them out alone. I would set out the pieces at random, then sweep them off and try to replace them from memory. At night, I would picture the chess board, go through the moves of some legendary end-game and find consolation.

A colleague of my father was there one Sunday afternoon — my father was a senior official at the Treasury. «Your father tells me you are quite a chess-player.” On his reddish face an indulgent look. «At least by his own report,” my father said with a sarcastic smile. He seemed to suggest I had boasted. Perhaps I had. “Not up to your level, Henry, not yet.» Henry, Harry, Humphrey. A chessplayer ot note. Fancy a game, young man?

We played and I won. He still had half his pieces on the board when l checkmated him. I leasure in victory, expectation of praise — face and voice were not yet practiced enough, I suppose I showed my feelings too clearly. My father looked at me, but uttered no word. He went out, came back with a book from his study, brought it over for me to see. “Look here,” he said, the colleague meanwhile looking on. “Look at these people here.”

He had opened the book roughly in the middle. There were two faces, one on either side: William Pitt the Younger and Horatio Nelson. Neither name meant anything to me at the time. Later, ot course, I knew them tor close contemporaries -Horatio was a year older and died three months earlier.

“Take a good look,” my father said. “These two men saved our country, they had reason to be pleased with themselves.”

He meant it for my benefit or so I like to think. He did not want me to be jubilant in victory, to overrate small achievements. He wanted to inspire me with worthy ambitions. But in his mannei and tone I sensed displeasure; he was not pleased at my success, it had disturbed his sense of the natural order.

My interest in chess did not long survive that day, the lesson in humility proved the death-blow to it. I continued to play during what was left of the term, but my heart was not in it, I lost the appetite for victory, my game fell off. In the autumn, Monty and I were sent away to boarding school and I never played chess again.

12

12

The narrator started playing chess because of the encouragement from …

1. his father.

2. his mother.

3. his teacher.

4. Horatio.

13

13

In paragraph 2 the words “shining at few things” mean that the boy …

1. did not have many achievements.

2. won a few tournaments.

3. perfected his chess skills.

4. devoted himself to many activities.

14

14

The father spoke about his son’s chess talent …

1. enthusiastically.

2. boastfully.

3. happily.

4. ironically.

15

15

The father was displeased with his son because …

1. his colleague was hurt by the defeat.

2. the boy couldn’t hide his pleasure.

3. he had hoped for his loss.

4. the boy broke the rules of the game.

16

16

What did the boy think about William Pitt and Horatio Nelson?

1. They were models for the boy.

2. He didn’t want to be like them.

3. He knew nothing about them at the time.

4. He liked William Pitt but disposed Horatio Nelson.

17

17

The father’s words were meant to …

1. teach his son some history.

2. show his son how wrong he was.

3. show his son how to celebrate a victory.

4. teach his son to evaluate one’s achievements.

18

18

The boy stopped playing chess because …

1. he had to leave his school.

2. he lost interest.

3. his father wouldn’t let him play.

4. he had started losing games.

Подробности

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Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В13-В18 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 19 (part 2)

How I was a ‘punk’

B13

In the fashion and music industries hair styles change as quickly as traffic lights but bright red or green usually dominates.

 QUICK

B14

So, I’m neither the first nor the last to dye my hair a shock. When you dye your hair some unnatural color,

 NATURAL

B15

people feel that you are trying to draw attention to yourself and they start passing different comments.

 DIFFER

B16

So, when some adults saw my colourful red and green hair, they told me that they hated the color and some children cried, ‘Look­it’s a punk’.

At last I was not allowed to take my school exams because of that bright color.

 COLOR

B17

I seriously think that our social attitudes haven’t changed since the late 1970’s and the days of the punk Mohican.

 SERIOUS

B18

I was called ‘rebellious’ and ‘impolite‘. I have also discovered what poor manners many people show when it comes to reacting to other people’s choice of hair color. Only hair color and nothing else.

 POLITE

 

esse edit

Английский язык (Вариант 5)

  • 1
  • 2

Раздел 2. (задания по чтению)

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами АGподберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1-8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок. 

1. Fashion hurts

2. Personal style

3. More money — more fashionable

4. Fashion victims

5. What fashion is

6. A new factor to be fashionable

7. Sensible advice on shopping

8. How to wear stylishly

A. Wearing too much of one thing is never a good idea whether it is jewellery, make up, designer clothes or perfume. The right style tactic is to create a single focal point. It might be a designer T-shirt or some unusual boots or perhaps a trendy jacket. If you wear them all at once, they just complete for attention. Wear one fashion item at a time and keep the rest simple.

B. Fashion does not just depend on one person’s idea of a new line or a different look, but on something much wider. It expresses a feeling for what is going on in the world around. It is a mirror in which are reflected the events, ideas and interests of an entire era. Dress designers, the artists of the fashion world, try to interpret these influences and express them in the fashions they produce.

C. Following the latest fashion trends can be unhealthy. Things we wear can lead to stomach problems, rashes, backache and painful feet. Very tight clothes can prevent people moving naturally. If you wear trousers or skirts that are too tight around the waist, this can cause stomachache. Rashes can be caused by an allergic reaction to synthetic material. And last, but not least — wearing shoes with high heels can lead to foot and back problems.

D. There are some people who take a fashion trend and follow it slavishly. They don’t care whether it looks good on them or not, whether it is appropriate or whether they are wearing it in excess. For these people fashion sense is more important than common sense. They will go out in the latest spring fashions even is it is snowing or wear high-heeled shoes to a picnic in the woods.

E. A heightened awareness of the role image plays means that many men today also buy fashion magazines, and spend hours shopping and going to the hairdressers. This is not because they find these activities enjoyable. It is because they realise the way they look has an influence on professional success. Of course it does play a role, and this can be a cause of anxiety for many men as well as women.

F. Oh, when do I dress up? Every day and for every event. I have developed my personal dress code. There are many different levels of dressing up. There is ‘going drinking and dancing’ dressing up, when I usually wear pants with a cute shirt. And then there is ‘going to a wedding’ dressing up, when it’s more formal. And finally, there is work dressing up, and that’s when I am more professional.

G. There are people who buy a completely new wardrobe every season. This is fine if you happen to have a lot of money, of course. However, this costs them a fortune and makes it obvious to everyone else that they have fallen to an obsession with fashion. Instead, look critically at your clothes and follow the trends that really suit you. Buy cheap, wear often and invest in classic items that never go out of fashion. That will save your money and you won’t run the risk of becoming a fashion victim.

Запишите выбранные цифры в соответствующем порядке.

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Выделите её и нажмите Ctrl + Enter

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.   CHRISTMAS SHOPPING

2.   CRIME AT CHRISTMAS

3.   CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS

4.   CHRISTMAS – A FAMILY CELEBRATION

5.   CHRISTMAS IN RUSSIA

6.   CHRISTMAS DINNER

7.   CHRISTMAS WEATHER

8.   NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATIONS

A. There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts.

B. At some time on Christmas day the family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding or Christmas cake. As for Christmas cake, heavy and overfilling it is not to everybody’s taste. To make things worse, it takes weeks to make and when it is ready it can last until Easter, so if you don’t like it, you have to try and eat some at Christmas to avoid being haunted by it months after.

C. Officially Christmas and New Year celebrations run from the 24th of December to the 2nd of January. However, for many Brits the Christmas marathon starts as early as the beginning of October with the first festive adverts on TV. The idea of Christmas shopping is that you spend as much money as you can on anything you cast your eyes on, preferably something neither you nor your family or friends will ever use. An average British family spends 670 pounds or more around the Christmas period.

D. Long live Christmas! -say pickpockets, car thieves and burglars getting their share of Christmas shopping. Every year thousands of people get their wallets stolen in overcrowded shops and streets. Lots of lovely presents, which somebody spent so much time and money on, disappear without a trace when cars and homes are broken into. As much as 9% of people experience a burglary in December.

E. Who doesn’t want to have a white Christmas? Playing snowballs and making a snowman with the whole family on Christmas Day is most people’s dream (apart from the countries like Australia that celebrate Christmas in summer, on the beach). This dream is more likely to come true in northern countries like Russia, but for the British people it’s different. Although it’s not uncommon to get some snow in Scotland and northern England, the rest of Britain is normally only lucky enough to get some frost. In most cases the weather is wet and gloomy.

F. New year is a time for celebrating and making a new start in life. In Britain many people make New Year’s resolutions. This involves people promising themselves that they will improve their behaviour in some way, by giving up bad habits. People might decide to give up smoking, for example, or to go on a diet. These promises are often broken in the first few days of the New Year, however!

G. Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December. For most families, this is the most important festival of the year. On this day many people are travelling home to be with their families. Most houses are decorated with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and there is usually a Christmas tree in the corner of the front room. Unfortunately, not all families get on well together. As it is a well-known fact, some magazines publish tips on how to cope with Christmas, such as yoga, meditation or holidays abroad.

Текст A B C D E F G
Заголовок

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

  1. through a small hole in the floor

  2. through the hole for the hamster

  3. and locked the runaway hamster

  4. to come out of the hole

  5. to look after the pet

  6. to try and locate the missing hamster

  7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

1

4

7

2

3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

  1. just overfill your stomach

  2. could be bad for your weight

  3. have a habit of eating quickly

  4. linked to obesity

  5. eat as slowly as possible

  6. put on weight

  7. learned at a very early age

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

2

1

7

5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

  1. than any other group

  2. watching television

  3. in the company of someone else

  4. than two computers in the home

  5. communicated with their families

  6. helping them communicate

  7. owning a mobile

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

1

4

7

2

3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

  1. it has become a way of life.

  2. when it passes you on the street.

  3. when you see him and talk to him.

  4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

  5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

  6. however small or simple the greeting is.

  7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

5

2

1

7

4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

  1. but we did anyway.

  2. whenever a need arises.

  3. they did not really care.

  4. whenever they need your help.

  5. could not guarantee would even last.

  6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

  7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

1

3

5

7

6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

  1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

  2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

  3. and relying instead on actual call charges

  4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

  5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

  6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

  7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

4

2

1

5

3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

  1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

  2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

  3. which take place every day, from

  4. because they see and touch them close up

  5. despite the serious side to our work

  6. which demand much time and effort

  7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

7

1

5

4

3

2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

  1. which could reveal

  2. which they stood

  3. which it was once made up

  4. that this stretch of the river Avon

  5. that there might have been something

  6. that it should be considered as integral part

  7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

2

7

1

5

4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

  1. that once stood here

  2. that is almost continent long

  3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

  4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

  5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

  6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

  7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

7

2

1

5

6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

  1. which is contacted by radio

  2. that familiar figure of the London scene

  3. for they are accustomed to military bands

  4. which possesses its own separate police force

  5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

  6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

  7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ

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Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

  1. up for the optional module, part of

  2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

  3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

  4. such as the response of the writer

  5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

  6. to growing demand from the student

  7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ

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Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

  1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

  2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

  3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

  4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

  5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

  6. while their caretakers tickled them

  7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ

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Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

  1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

  2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

  3. the environment is under pressure

  4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

  5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

  6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

  7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ

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Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

  1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

  2. alarm about these changes

  3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

  4. change is due to

  5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

  6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

  7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ

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Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

  1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

  2. who do not hunt elephants

  3. when they detected the smell of clothes

  4. who carried out the research

  5. the amount of risk they sense

  6. spearing elephants

  7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ

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B

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Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

  1. to perform other actions

  2. outnumber traditional telephones

  3. to communicate with each other

  4. combined with the Internet

  5. to serve basic needs

  6. banned in some countries

  7. carry in our pockets

Ответ

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Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

  1. like she was a rag doll

  2. whether I was good at it or not

  3. wished I, too, could be on stage

  4. and I designed the rest

  5. and I was star struck

  6. so Heather could do her tap routine

  7. because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ

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Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

  1. on the look-out for more treats

  2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

  3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

  4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

  5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

  6. when her son is having a lie-in

  7. collected by car every morning

Ответ

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Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

  1. whatever it costs

  2. most excellent impression

  3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

  4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

  5. would never know it really well

  6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

  7. and all this

Ответ

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Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

  1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

  2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

  3. which is invisible to the human eye.

  4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

  5. so it has a clear view of space.

  6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

  7. but where it is.

Ответ

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Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

  1. and finally measure them.

  2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

  3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

  4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

  5. as they study mechanical forces.

  6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

  7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ

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Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

  1. the chocolate consumed today is made

  2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

  3. central and southern America for

  4. of the world’s most popular flavours

  5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

  6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

  7. many countries worldwide at

Ответ

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Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

  1. due to basic human instinct that

  2. is still early to judge

  3. are simply the cycles of fashion

  4. but more usually the stars are members

  5. that the television phenomenon

  6. is a type of programme that

  7. seem to have disappeared

Ответ

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Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

  1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

  2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

  3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

  4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

  5. the contemporary European powers in

  6. are marked by special events and festivities at

  7. famous among all educated people

Ответ

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Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

  1. not like to spend our time

  2. that it’s probably not quite

  3. that particular day turned

  4. our real shopping in

  5. sometimes go shopping for real

  6. anything you want and there is

  7. but when we are together

Ответ

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Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

  1. me to take a print of your credit card

  2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

  3. if I would even see her when

  4. although it seemed virtually identical

  5. so sure was I that nobody would

  6. me to help you with your luggage

  7. as if I am being processed like a product

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Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

  1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

  2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

  3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

  4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

  5. that needed public attention and a new building

  6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

  7. through education programmes and on-site tours

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Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

  1. that are offered to the visitors

  2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

  3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

  4. by joining our e-community

  5. that was sweeping the country

  6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

  7. to learn more about American history

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Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

  1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

  2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

  3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

  4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

  5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

  6. that young people should stay on at school, as

  7. but a lot more of it is being done online

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Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

  1. from international names to family-run guest houses

  2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

  3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

  4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

  5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

  6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

  7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

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Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

  1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

  2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

  3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

  4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

  5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

  6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

  7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

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Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

  1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

  2. which let me know he approved of me

  3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

  4. which I needed to become a professional skier

  5. which I would happily spend as I liked

  6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

  7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

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Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

  1. elegant meals were served to passengers

  2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

  3. who rode the train

  4. who wrote about it

  5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

  6. that served dishes and wines

  7. there was no money

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Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

  1. that nature has ever created in the wild

  2. that none of the others have

  3. hovering over the magnificent lake

  4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

  5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

  6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

  7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

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Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

  1. as party influence has declined

  2. against the spirit of the Constitution

  3. being so large (435 members)

  4. empowered to make laws

  5. unlike the British Parliament

  6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

  7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

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Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

  1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

  2. for the first time in history

  3. thus replacing them forever

  4. as territories became interdependent

  5. the use of covered wagons

  6. by taking land from Native peoples

  7. forming the largest mass migration in history

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Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

  1. who is not a member of any political party

  2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

  3. but it was not a total shock to her

  4. being a politics student at the university

  5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

  6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

  7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

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Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

  1. has been developed very quickly

  2. not understand why they are doing it for

  3. as Americans call them

  4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

  5. just because they can

  6. can also be used to take and send photos

  7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

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Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

  1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

  2. which includes language teaching and learning

  3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

  4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

  5. funding a number of educational programmes

  6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

  7. where details about the application procedures are given

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Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

  1. the essentials of starting

  2. that awaits when you step

  3. trials and tribulations of employment

  4. establishing and conducting

  5. preparing a business plan

  6. waiting to be acquired

  7. undertaking the commercial activity

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Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

  1. that existed long before the invention of writing

  2. that nearly every object made by humans

  3. what those people were really like

  4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

  5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

  6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

  7. and what was discovered underwater

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Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

  1. that are displayed during the nesting season

  2. while the city has grown up around them

  3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

  4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

  5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

  6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

  7. that take cyclists away from traffic

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Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

  1. as well as education and the law

  2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

  3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

  4. many being able to speak Welsh only

  5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

  6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

  7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

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Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

  1. make it a healthy diet

  2. other parts of the world

  3. four times higher than the average

  4. have a cultural tradition

  5. sends a signal to the body

  6. the rest of the population

  7. makes the body protect itself

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Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

  1. where one can enjoy close contact with

  2. which meet every need of their users

  3. than to discover them once for oneself

  4. who has never been to this wonderful city

  5. which is ideal for various water sports

  6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

  7. who have different options around the capital

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Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

  1. try to avoid the boredom of life

  2. that has consistently remained part of society

  3. that they are not alone

  4. going through something difficult

  5. without having to bear any responsibility

  6. that range from unlikely to impossible

  7. at your own pace

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Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

  1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

  2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

  3. which was the burial place of Russian

  4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

  5. as the most protected part of the city

  6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

  7. that are located at the corners

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Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

  1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

  2. whenever it rains

  3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

  4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

  5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

  6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

  7. that help them to live in the desert

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Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

  1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

  2. showing the original width of the avenue

  3. which was not as straight as it was planned

  4. which were built by famous architects and

  5. connecting these two important structures with

  6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

  7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

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Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

  1. in using underwater microphones

  2. to locate food and find their way

  3. result in injury and even death

  4. track and identify their habitats

  5. to filter out food from the water

  6. to provide a platform for marine research

  7. when large numbers come ashore

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Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

  1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

  2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

  3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

  4. which has the second largest concentration of

  5. to be a place of many water sources

  6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

  7. that makes it a place to visit when

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Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

  1. read the book to find out what happens

  2. some food and water on the lifeboat

  3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

  4. received an award for being strong

  5. sold seven million copies worldwide

  6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

  7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

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Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

  1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

  2. became the subject of many legends

  3. began dressing up unemployed men in

  4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

  5. was only a matter of time

  6. stretches all the way back to

  7. appeared in American popular culture

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Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

  1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

  2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

  3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

  4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

  5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

  6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

  7. and two museums are situated in New York City

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Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

  1. which is now called the West building

  2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

  3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

  4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

  5. as well as partnership with private organizations

  6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

  7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

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Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

  1. such as Easter and Christmas

  2. visiting a local farm

  3. local, fresh and organic where possible

  4. provide good quality food

  5. definitely improve after a good meal

  6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

  7. when the school was awarded

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Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

  1. part in the project

  2. taking exercise

  3. gave marked health benefits

  4. in fitness levels

  5. on simply getting people to take exercise

  6. not enough to get fit

  7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

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Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

  1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

  2. use double-decker buses for public transport

  3. double-decker city buses are less common

  4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

  5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

  6. have an open upper deck

  7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

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Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

  1. I never quite leave home

  2. but human nature does not

  3. that we are now harvesting

  4. but we as well as our heart did not

  5. not worse than those who came before us

  6. just as the farmers who came before me did

  7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

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Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

  1. I could be playing down there someday

  2. and set real close together

  3. which were so old and posh

  4. and he had a beard and moustache

  5. I wasn’t that good at music

  6. getting ready and warming up

  7. laughing and chattering away

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Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

  1. who are more interested in the past

  2. and girls in blue uniforms

  3. that were generally better

  4. was not particularly unusual as

  5. went on camping expeditions

  6. interact with other people

  7. had become a popular activity

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

1

5

4

6

7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

  1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

  2. have been turning to tanning beds

  3. they are actually quite classy accessories

  4. better to avoid indoor tanning

  5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

  6. will eventually turn into a tan

  7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

1

6

7

2

4

3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

  1. who is appointed by the president

  2. but of other countries of the world

  3. but in every aspect of social sciences

  4. who are also appointed by the president

  5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

  6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

  7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

7

1

4

6

5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

  1. differences in traditions

  2. children and hope that they

  3. the day for fireworks lovers

  4. the explosion lights up the sky

  5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

  6. waits at home though: sparklers

  7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

2

7

4

6

5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

  1. are built on the ground

  2. are usually very organic

  3. is being built facing south

  4. being environmentally friendly

  5. building materials and lifestyle

  6. is that these homes are safe from fire

  7. can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

1

4

2

6

7

5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

  1. Australia is one of the most

  2. were born in other countries

  3. Australia also defines itself by

  4. many animal species that occur here

  5. may have travelled from Asia across

  6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

  7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

5

7

6

3

4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

  1. which is felt all year round

  2. which take place in Madeira all year round

  3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

  4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

  5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

  6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

  7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

5

1

4

7

2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

  1. cause lots of problems

  2. in the city and take them back

  3. walk in the street and cause traffic

  4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

  5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

  6. have been many reports in newspapers and

  7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

5

4

2

3

7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

  1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

  2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

  3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

  4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

  5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

  6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

  7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

4

3

6

5

7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

  1. that is the largest in Venice

  2. which was built in the early I century

  3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

  4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

  5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

  6. the venue for major international festivals

  7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

2

6

5

7

1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

  1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

  2. which is a former royal countryside residence

  3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

  4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

  5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

  6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

  7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

1

7

4

5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

  1. and the views that open from it

  2. which is built on the top to give visitors

  3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

  4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

  5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

  6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

  7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

4

7

5

1

2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

  1. that is built on hundreds of islands

  2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

  3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

  4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

  5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

  6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

  7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

3

1

7

6

2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

  1. that they are particularly interested in

  2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

  3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

  4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

  5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

  6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

  7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

5

2

1

6

4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

  1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

  2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

  3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

  4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

  5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

  6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

  7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

7

5

1

4

6

55

Test.
9 form. Variant- 1

1Translate into English

1.     Джинсовая
ткань

2.     Шелковый

3.     Бархатный

4.     Подиум

5.     Шнурки

6.     Пирсинг

2 Complete the sentences
with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or present continuous.

1.     I
(wear) jeans at the weekend.

2.     My
sister (speak) four languages.

3.     She
(read) an interesting book at the moment.

4.     Be
quiet. You (make) a lot of noise.

5.     She
(spend) a lot of money on clothes.

6.     I
(write) a postcard now.

7.     We
usually (buy) checked shirts.

8.     She
(play) in an orchestra at school concerts.

3 Complete the questions.
Use the present simple or present continuous.

1.     Where
…… ? – They live in London.

2.     When
…… ? – The film starts at 6 o’clock.

3.     What
….. ? – He is doing his homework.

4.     How
…. ? – My dad usually travels to work by car?

5.     How
often …..?- I play football every Saturday.

4. Complete the sentences
with who, which, where.

1. Most people have got
friends ___ like the same music.

2. Goths often wear
clothes ____ are black.

3. Are there any places
____ you can dance in your town?

4. My mom wants me to buy
shoes ____ are comfortable.

5. Nu- ravers are people
___ listen to rave music.

5.Complete the sentences
with the verb in the box.

1.     Why don’t you _____ sorry?

2.     Don’t
____ excuses!

3.     We
need to ____ a decision.

4.     Don’t
_____ risks. You don’t want to have an accident.

5.     You
should always ____ the truth.

6.     How
beautiful! Let’s ____ a photo!

Test.
9 form. Variant- 2

1 Translate into English

1.      Кожаный

2.      Хлопковый

3.      Дамская
сумочка

4.      Сережки

5.      Лак
для
ногтей

6.      Макияж

2 Complete the sentences
with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or present continuous.

1.      They always
(spend) their money on designer clothes.

2.      My father (visit)
India on business at the moment.

3.      Look! It (rain)
now!

4.      I (play) football
with my friends on Sundays.

5.      We usually (have)
English 3 times a week.

6.      I (sit) in the
classroom now.

7.      We (do) a test
every morning.

8.      I (read) a good
book at the moment.

3 Complete the questions.
Use the present simple or present continuous.

1.     What
……? – She is wearing a white dress.

2.     Where
….. ? – They are going to the cinema.

3.     How
often …. ? – We have English 3 times a week.

4.     What
time…. ? – The film starts at 3.30 p.m.

5.     When
… ? I play basketball on Sundays.

4. Complete the sentences with who, which,
where.

1.
I like clothes ___ are fashionable.

2.
Alexander McQueen is an Englishman ___ designs clothes.

3.
New Zealand is a country ____ people speak English.

4.
This is a belt _____ he wears at concerts.

5.
He’s the DJ _____ plays indie music.

5.Complete the sentences
with the verb in the box.

1.     Don’t ____ excuses! You need to clean your room!

2.     Please
___ me the truth- did you take me handbag or not?

3.     My
little sister always ____ a prayer before she goes to bed.

4.     A
person who ____ lies is called a liar.

5.     ___
care when you cycle on the main road!

6.     British
people are very polite. They always ___ ‘please’ and ‘thank you’.

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