Fish reactions are affected by the changing amount of oxygen егэ

Вы услышите интервью с ученым. В следующих заданиях выберите правильный ответ.

ЗаданиеОтвет

Play интервью

1. Fish reactions are affected by
1) the changing amount of oxygen.
2) carbon dioxide.
3) carbonic acid.

2. Which sense is not used by young fish to seek new habitat?
1) Sense of smell.
2) Sense of sight.
3) Sense of hearing.

3. Scientists have chosen clown fish for their experiments because they
1) can be bred in captivity.
2) are similar to Nemo.
3) live in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef.

4. During the experiments the treatments of water were based on
1) today’s C02 environment.
2) different C02 environments.
3) predictions for the C02 environments later in the century.

5. In the environment with the normal level of C02 fish usually
1) show no preference for any direction.
2) move towards the speaker.
3) move away from the speaker.

6. What is the most probable explanation for the unusual behaviour of fish under high levels of C02?
1) They have lost their natural avoidance behaviour.
2) They have gone deaf.
3) Their hearing has been impacted on.

7. The scientists are not sure whether the impact of high C02 levels
1) is detrimental to fish.
2) will be seen in all fish species.
3) is necessary to study.

1 – 3
2 – 2
3 – 1
4 – 2
5 – 3
6 – 3
7 – 2

Interviewer: It is a proven fact that if you elevate the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this will have the effect of acidifying the sea, because carbon dioxide, when it dissolves, forms carbonic acid. This acidification, notwithstanding the invariable amount of dissolved oxygen, can change the way that fish react to the world around them. Dr Steve Simpson, who’s from Bristol University, has been looking at how this affects their ability to sense the sound of danger.
Dr. Simpson: My research has focused on the behaviour that coral reef fish show when they’re looking to seek habitat after a period of a few days of developing out at sea in the plankton. My interest has been particularly on the importance of auditory cues, which are sounds produced by animals on the coral reef that the small fish can detect and use to pick specific habitats. Recent research has demonstrated that fish which experience ocean acidification lose their natural sense of smell, which is the other cue that fish use to detect reef habitat. So the question is whether the sense of hearing is unaffected by ocean acidification and so, will be able to compensate for this loss of sense of smell, or whether hearing is also impacted on by ocean acidification.
Interviewer: So what was the experimental technique? What did you actually do and what fish did you test?
Dr. Simpson: We worked with clown fish. Clown fish are similar to Nemo, and are readily available through the aquarium trade. Clown fish are native to warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the Great Barrier Reef but they can be bred in captivity. So for scientists, this is great because it means that we can actually work with the embryos of these fish. So we took embryonic clown fish and put them into different treatments of water that were either based on today’s C02 environment, or based on different predictions, for the C02 environments later in the century. Then we took the fish and put them into a long tube facing towards a speaker and we allowed the fish to move around in this tube while we played sounds to them and monitored their behaviour.
Interviewer: What did the fish do under those circumstances when you played the sounds of a reef?
Dr. Simpson: We used a recording of daytime coral reef noise, and in the natural environment fish normally move away from this sound. A coral reef is a dangerous place during the daytime because of the high density of predators. And so, the noise of all these predators causes fish naturally to move away from the sound. On the contrary, the fish that had experienced high levels or elevated levels of C02 showed no response to the recordings. So they were equally spending time moving towards the speaker as well as away from it.
Interviewer: Gosh! So that’s quite striking, isn’t it? Have you any clue as to why they behave like that?
Dr. Simpson: It’s certainly possible that the fish have gone deaf or it may be that the fish can hear these sounds quite well but lose their natural avoidance behaviour. But it’s most likely that their hearing has been partly influenced by the environment because we did look at the growth of their ear bone, which is a central part of a fish ear, and we found there are differences in the shape or the size of the ear bone between the fish from different treatments. Either way, any of those three scenarios would be bad news for the fish in the natural environment.
Interviewer: And what do you think the implications are for what you’ve found?
Dr. Simpson: Well, the implications are that loss of hearing or their natural responses to sound are certainly detrimental to fish, because fish live in a very auditory world, and sounds are important for detecting and avoiding predators, and also for detecting potential prey items. So there would be fairly detrimental impacts on fish populations. We don’t know whether this impact would be seen across the board in terms of different fish species and that’s the focus of our research now. It is also necessary to study whether fish can adapt to C02 levels because there can be some rare fish that already have more tolerance that will then be able to keep pace with the change.

Упр. 55 | 56 | 57

Источник

Задание 3-9

Now we are ready to start.

Interviewer: It is a proven fact that if you elevate the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this will have the effect of acidifying the sea, because carbon dioxide, when it dissolves, forms carbonic acid. This acidification, notwithstanding the invariable amount of dissolved oxygen, can change the way that fish react to the world around them. Dr Steve Simpson, who’s from Bristol University, has been looking at how this affects their ability to sense the sound of danger.

Dr. Simpson: My research has focused on the behaviour that coral reef fish show when they’re looking to seek habitat after a period of a few days of developing out at sea in the plankton. My interest has been particularly on the importance of auditory cues, which are sounds produced by animals on the coral reef that the small fish can detect and use to pick specific habitats. Recent research has demonstrated that fish which experience ocean acidification lose their natural sense of smell, which is the other cue that fish use to detect reef habitat. So the question is whether the sense of hearing is unaffected by ocean acidification and so, will be able to compensate for this loss of sense of smell, or whether hearing is also impacted on by ocean acidification.

Interviewer: So what was the experimental technique? What did you actually do and what fish did you test?

Dr. Simpson: We worked with clown fish. Clown fish are similar to Nemo, and are readily available through the aquarium trade. Clown fish are native to warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the Great Barrier Reef but they can be bred in captivity. So for scientists, this is great because it means that we can actually work with the embryos of these fish. So we took embryonic clown fish and put them into different treatments of water that were either based on today’s CO2, environment, or based on different predictions, for the CO2, environments later in the century. Then we took the fish and put them into a long tube facing towards a speaker and we allowed the fish to move around in this tube while we played sounds to them and monitored their behaviour.

Interviewer: What did the fish do under those circumstances when you played the sounds of a reef?

Dr. Simpson: We used a recording of daytime coral reef noise, and in the natural environment fish normally move away from this sound. A coral reef is a dangerous place during the daytime because of the high density of predators. And so, the noise of all these predators causes fish naturally to move away from the sound. On the contrary, the fish that had experienced high levels or elevated levels of CO2, showed no response to the recordings. So they were equally spending time moving towards the speaker as well as away from it.

Interviewer: Gosh! So that’s quite striking, isn’t it? Have you any clue as to why they behave like that?

Dr. Simpson: It’s certainly possible that the fish have gone deaf or it may be that the fish can hear these sounds quite well but lose their natural avoidance behaviour. But it’s most likely that their hearing has been partly influenced by the environment because we did look at the growth of their ear bone, which is a central part of a fish ear, and we found there are differences in the shape or the size of the ear bone between the fish from different treatments. Either way, any of those three scenarios would be bad news for the fish in the natural environment.

Interviewer: And what do you think the implications are for what you’ve found?

Dr. Simpson: Well, the implications are that loss of hearing or their natural responses to sound are certainly detrimental to fish, because fish live in a very auditory world, and sounds are important for detecting and avoiding predators, and also for detecting potential prey items. So there would be fairly detrimental impacts on fish populations. We don’t know whether this impact would be seen across the board in terms of different fish species and that’s the focus of our research now. It is also necessary to study whether fish can adapt to CO2, levels because there can be some rare fish that already have more tolerance that will then be able to keep pace with the change.

You have 15 seconds to complete the task. (Pause 15 seconds.)

Now you will hear the text again. (Repeat.)

This is the end of the task. You now have 15 seconds to check your answers. (Pause 15 seconds.)

This is the end of the Listening Test.

1) Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Прослушайте запись дважды.

1. Watch a lot of foreign films.
2. Use the internet learning resources.
3. Keep listening to the language.
4. Take a language course.
5. Use the language as much as you can.
6. Enlarge your vocabulary.
7. Immerse yourself in the language environment.

Говорящий A B C D E F
Утверждение            

2) Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Прослушайте запись дважды.

A. Mark saw the advertisement about the job in a newspaper.
B. The manager fired one of the journalists last week.
C. Mark wrote a lot of articles for the college newspaper.
D. The woman has never been to Thailand.
E. Uluru leaves the most remarkable impression in the evening.
F. Mark has got the first university degree.
G. The manager is having lunch at the moment.

Утверждение A B C D E F G
Соответствие диалогу              

3) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

Fish reactions are affected by
1) the changing amount of oxygen.
2) carbon dioxide.
3) carbonic acid.

4) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

Which sense is not used by young fish to seek new habitat?
1) Sense of smell.
2) Sense of sight.
3) Sense of hearing.

5) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

Scientists have chosen clown fish for their experiments because they
1) can be bred in captivity.
2) are similar to Nemo.
3) live in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef.

6) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

During the experiments the treatments of water were based on
1) today’s CO2 environment.
2) different CO2 environments.
3) predictions for the CO2 environments later in the century.

7) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

In the environment with the normal level of CO2 fish usually
1) show no preference for any direction.
2) move towards the speaker.
3) move away from the speaker.

8) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

What is the most probable explanation for the unusual behaviour of fish under high levels of CO2?
1) They have lost their natural avoidance behaviour.
2) They have gone deaf.
3) Their hearing has been impacted on.

9) Вы услышите интервью с учёным. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Прослушайте запись дважды.

The scientists are not sure whether the impact of high CO2 levels
1) is detrimental to fish.
2) will be seen in all fish species.
3) is necessary to study.

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Вы услышите интервью с ученым. В следующих заданиях выберите правильный ответ.

ЗаданиеОтвет

Play интервью

1. Fish reactions are affected by
1) the changing amount of oxygen.
2) carbon dioxide.
3) carbonic acid.

2. Which sense is not used by young fish to seek new habitat?
1) Sense of smell.
2) Sense of sight.
3) Sense of hearing.

3. Scientists have chosen clown fish for their experiments because they
1) can be bred in captivity.
2) are similar to Nemo.
3) live in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef.

4. During the experiments the treatments of water were based on
1) today’s C02 environment.
2) different C02 environments.
3) predictions for the C02 environments later in the century.

5. In the environment with the normal level of C02 fish usually
1) show no preference for any direction.
2) move towards the speaker.
3) move away from the speaker.

6. What is the most probable explanation for the unusual behaviour of fish under high levels of C02?
1) They have lost their natural avoidance behaviour.
2) They have gone deaf.
3) Their hearing has been impacted on.

7. The scientists are not sure whether the impact of high C02 levels
1) is detrimental to fish.
2) will be seen in all fish species.
3) is necessary to study.

1 – 3
2 – 2
3 – 1
4 – 2
5 – 3
6 – 3
7 – 2

Interviewer: It is a proven fact that if you elevate the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this will have the effect of acidifying the sea, because carbon dioxide, when it dissolves, forms carbonic acid. This acidification, notwithstanding the invariable amount of dissolved oxygen, can change the way that fish react to the world around them. Dr Steve Simpson, who’s from Bristol University, has been looking at how this affects their ability to sense the sound of danger.
Dr. Simpson: My research has focused on the behaviour that coral reef fish show when they’re looking to seek habitat after a period of a few days of developing out at sea in the plankton. My interest has been particularly on the importance of auditory cues, which are sounds produced by animals on the coral reef that the small fish can detect and use to pick specific habitats. Recent research has demonstrated that fish which experience ocean acidification lose their natural sense of smell, which is the other cue that fish use to detect reef habitat. So the question is whether the sense of hearing is unaffected by ocean acidification and so, will be able to compensate for this loss of sense of smell, or whether hearing is also impacted on by ocean acidification.
Interviewer: So what was the experimental technique? What did you actually do and what fish did you test?
Dr. Simpson: We worked with clown fish. Clown fish are similar to Nemo, and are readily available through the aquarium trade. Clown fish are native to warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the Great Barrier Reef but they can be bred in captivity. So for scientists, this is great because it means that we can actually work with the embryos of these fish. So we took embryonic clown fish and put them into different treatments of water that were either based on today’s C02 environment, or based on different predictions, for the C02 environments later in the century. Then we took the fish and put them into a long tube facing towards a speaker and we allowed the fish to move around in this tube while we played sounds to them and monitored their behaviour.
Interviewer: What did the fish do under those circumstances when you played the sounds of a reef?
Dr. Simpson: We used a recording of daytime coral reef noise, and in the natural environment fish normally move away from this sound. A coral reef is a dangerous place during the daytime because of the high density of predators. And so, the noise of all these predators causes fish naturally to move away from the sound. On the contrary, the fish that had experienced high levels or elevated levels of C02 showed no response to the recordings. So they were equally spending time moving towards the speaker as well as away from it.
Interviewer: Gosh! So that’s quite striking, isn’t it? Have you any clue as to why they behave like that?
Dr. Simpson: It’s certainly possible that the fish have gone deaf or it may be that the fish can hear these sounds quite well but lose their natural avoidance behaviour. But it’s most likely that their hearing has been partly influenced by the environment because we did look at the growth of their ear bone, which is a central part of a fish ear, and we found there are differences in the shape or the size of the ear bone between the fish from different treatments. Either way, any of those three scenarios would be bad news for the fish in the natural environment.
Interviewer: And what do you think the implications are for what you’ve found?
Dr. Simpson: Well, the implications are that loss of hearing or their natural responses to sound are certainly detrimental to fish, because fish live in a very auditory world, and sounds are important for detecting and avoiding predators, and also for detecting potential prey items. So there would be fairly detrimental impacts on fish populations. We don’t know whether this impact would be seen across the board in terms of different fish species and that’s the focus of our research now. It is also necessary to study whether fish can adapt to C02 levels because there can be some rare fish that already have more tolerance that will then be able to keep pace with the change.

Упр. 55 | 56 | 57

Источник

1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Health Problem
2. Significant Difference
3. Fashions in Food
4. New Weapon
5. The Price of Success
6. Holiday Regulations
7. Strong Competitor
8. Psychological Barrier

A. Nowadays, potatoes are the ‘in’ thing so far as health is concerned. In the 60s and 70s we were told to avoid them at all costs for fear of getting fat, but now they have been reinvented by the dieticians as a source of fibre and vitamins. Sensible people, like you and me, have always eaten them because they taste so good.

B. Organizing a holiday isn’t the easiest task in the world; there are so many things to think about. Let’s keep it simple by assuming that there’s no overseas travel to arrange. That doesn’t mean that you can also forget about injections and other health precautions entirely. What about sun blocker? What about regular medication prescribed by your doctor? My point, quite frankly, is that planning a holiday can be a real pain although a well-planned holiday can more than reward the pains you go to before you set out.

C. Symantec, McAfee and Trend Micro have the US market for anti-virus software sewed up between them. But here comes Russia’s Kaspersky Lab trying to gain a foothold. The Moscow-based company opened a sales office outside of Boston in February and has signed up about 40 resellers. Kaspersky reacts quicker than the giants to new viruses and other forms of malware, and gets fixes out fast.

D. Sitting in the office armchairs all-day long has become the norm for many of us. Stress and rush make us forget about regular food and stuff our stomachs with cheeseburgers and sodas, which don’t do any good to our bodies. As a result, we rarely find time for exercises, gyms or balanced nutrition and it’s one of the reasons why a lot of people are overweight nowadays. However, it is possible to change your lifestyle and lose your weight if you are willing to.

E. The Internet is a very effective medium for spreading ideas or news. It eliminates geographical boundaries, and Greenpeace is aware of it, and benefits from it. For instance, in 1995, Greenpeace utilised its site to publicise a route that the French use to send nuclear shipments to Japan. They also included the fax number of the French Embassy and of the newspaper Le Monde so that letters of protest could be sent.

F. The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear, like Stage Fear. They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all. Don’t do this. Actually, the fastest way to learn anything is to do it — again and again until you get it right. Like anything, learning English requires practice. Don’t let your fear stop you from getting what you want.

G. Fuel cells are similar to a battery except unlike batteries, they don’t need to be recharged. Fuel causes air pollution and noise, while fuel cells do not cause either. Fuel cells don’t cause pollution because they don’t create waste like fuel. Fuel cells are also very efficient, so efficient that fuel cells have been providing energy on spacecrafts for a very long time.

A B C D E F G
             

2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

The ancient Greeks coined the term ‘atomos’, meaning the smallest possible separation of matter. In ancient times, both the Greeks and Indians had philosophised about the existence of the atom. However, it was first hypothesised scientifically by the British chemist John Dalton in the early years of the 19th century, ___ (A). Since then, smaller subatomic particles have been discovered and the part they play as the basic building blocks of the universe is clear. We now know that atoms are made up of differing numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, and these too are made up of even smaller particles.

Dalton’s theory about atoms was not immediately accepted by chemists, although one reason for this was Dalton’s well-known carelessness in experimental procedures. However, we know that Dalton was correct in almost everything he said in his theory of the atom. He described an atom, even though he had never seen one, ___ (B). It could combine with the atoms of other chemical elements to create a compound.

Almost a century later the first subatomic particles were discovered. By the 1930s, physicists were working with new ideas ___ (C). In turn, these developments helped them to develop quantum mechanics.

In chemistry, the atom is the smallest part of an element ___ (D). The difference in the number of subatomic particles makes one atom different from another.

Subatomic particles also have another purpose. If there is the same number of electrons and protons in the atom, ___ (E). A difference between the two means the atom has an electrical charge. In other words, it produces electricity. This electricity means the electrons can become attracted to each other. In this way, atoms can bond together to form molecules, and when enough molecules are joined together we have matter ___ (F).

1. when he suggested it was the smallest particle that could exist
2. that we can see
3. as he has no equipment
4. as a particle that cannot change its nature
5. then it will be electronically neutral
6. that can still be recognised
7. which allowed them to investigate the parts of the atom in great detail

A B C D E F
           

3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The current temperature change
1) is less than it was predicted.
2) is too little to cause any concern.
3) makes natural disasters more probable.
4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.

4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because
1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.
2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.
3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.
4) nature has proved the climate change theory.

5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means
1) added.
2) labelled.
3) doubled.
4) showed.

6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree C from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees C of warming.

7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Global warming has
1) only negative consequences.
2) only positive consequences.
3) more negative than positive consequences.
4) more positive than negative consequences.

8) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Cap-and-trade policy implies that
1) companies will have to cut their emissions.
2) companies could sell their emissions.
3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.
4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.

9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the IPCC, global warming
1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.
2) will have catastrophic effect.
3) is still uncertain.
4) is inevitable.

Источник

There is no doubt that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water has a major impact on fish behaviour and survival. What actually is dissolved oxygen though, where does it come from and what happens if there is insufficient available?

The most comprehensive and easy to understand article that I’ve read on dissolved oxygen is from the Fundaments of Environmental Measurements website and can be accessed by clicking on the following link:- http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/dissolved-oxygen/  I’ve summarised the key points below:-

“Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free, non-bonded oxygen present in water or other liquids. The red arrows indicate the free oxygen (O2) in the image below. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. In limnology (the study of lakes), dissolved oxygen is an essential factor second only to water itself.  A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality.

free-oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is the presence of these free O2 molecules within water. The bonded oxygen molecule in water (H2O) is in a compound and does not count toward dissolved oxygen levels. One can imagine that free oxygen molecules dissolve in water in much the same way that salt or sugar does when it is stirred.

dissolved_oxygen_aquaticlife

Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of life including fish, invertebrates, bacteria and plants. These organisms use oxygen in respiration, similar to organisms on land. Fish and crustaceans obtain oxygen for respiration through their gills, while plant life and phytoplankton require dissolved oxygen for respiration when there is no light for photosynthesis. The amount of dissolved oxygen needed varies from creature to creature. Bottom feeders, crabs, oysters and worms need minimal amounts of oxygen (1-6 milligrams per Litre of water or 1-6 mg/L), while shallow water fish need higher levels (4-15 mg/L).

Microbes such as bacteria and fungi also require dissolved oxygen. These organisms use dissolved oxygen to decompose organic material at the bottom of a body of water. Microbial decomposition is an important contributor to nutrient recycling. However, if there is an excess of decaying organic material (from dying algae and other organisms), in a body of water with infrequent or no turnover (also known as stratification), the oxygen at lower water levels will get used up quicker.
dissolved_oxygen_sources

Dissolved oxygen enters water through the air or as a plant byproduct. From the air, oxygen can slowly diffuse across the water’s surface from the surrounding atmosphere, or be mixed in quickly through aeration, whether natural or man-made. The aeration of water can be caused by wind (creating waves), rapids, waterfalls, ground water discharge or other forms of running water. Dissolved oxygen is also produced as a waste product of photosynthesis from phytoplankton, algae, seaweed and other aquatic plants.
dissolved_oxygen_photosynthesis

While most photosynthesis takes place at the surface (by shallow water plants and algae), a large portion of the process takes place underwater (by seaweed, sub-surface algae and phytoplankton). Light can penetrate water, though the depth that it can reach varies due to dissolved solids and other light-scattering elements present in the water.  Depth also affects the wavelengths available to plants, with red being absorbed quickly and blue light being visible past 100 metres below the surface. In clear water there is no longer enough light for photosynthesis to occur beyond 200 metres and aquatic plants no longer grow. In turbid water, this photic (light-penetrating) zone is often much shallower.

Regardless of wavelengths available, the cycle doesn’t change. In addition to the needed light, CO2 is readily absorbed by water (it’s about 200 times more soluble than oxygen) and the oxygen produced as a byproduct remains dissolved in water. The basic reaction of aquatic photosynthesis remains:

CO2 + H2O → (CH2O) + O2

As aquatic photosynthesis is light-dependent, the dissolved oxygen produced will peak during daylight hours and decline at night.

dissolved_oxygen_stratification-decomposition

In a stable body of water with no stratification, dissolved oxygen will remain at 100% air saturation. 100% air saturation means that the water is holding as many dissolved gas molecules as it can in equilibrium. At equilibrium, the percentage of each gas in the water would be equivalent to the percentage of that gas in the atmosphere. The water will slowly absorb oxygen and other gasses from the atmosphere until it reaches equilibrium at complete saturation. This process is sped up by wind-driven waves and other sources of aeration.

In deeper waters, dissolved oxygen can remain below 100% due to the respiration of aquatic organisms and microbial decomposition. These deeper levels of water often do not reach 100% air saturation equilibrium because they are not shallow enough to be affected by the waves and photosynthesis at the surface. This water is below an invisible boundary called the thermocline (the depth at which water temperature begins to decline).

dissolved_oxygen_fresh-salt

Two bodies of water that are both 100% air-saturated do not necessarily have the same concentration of dissolved oxygen. The actual amount of dissolved oxygen (in mg/L) will vary depending on temperature, pressure and salinity.

First, the solubility of oxygen in water decreases as temperature increases. This means that warmer surface water requires less dissolved oxygen to reach 100% air saturation than does deeper, cooler water. For example, at sea level (1 atm or 760 mmHg) and 4°C (39°F), 100% air-saturated water would hold 10.92 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. However, if the temperature were raised to room temperature, 21°C (70°F), there would only be 8.68 mg/L of dissolved oxygen at 100% air saturation.

Second dissolved oxygen decreases exponentially as salt levels increase. That is why, at the same pressure and temperature, saltwater holds about 20% less dissolved oxygen than freshwater. This is shown in the graph above.

dissolved_oxygen_altitude

Third, dissolved oxygen will increase as pressure increases. This is true of both atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures. Water at lower altitudes can hold more dissolved oxygen than water at higher altitudes. This relationship also explains the potential for “supersaturation” of waters below the thermocline – at greater hydrostatic pressures, water can hold more dissolved oxygen without it escaping. Gas saturation decreases by 10% per metre increase in depth due to hydrostatic pressure. This means that if the concentration of dissolved oxygen is at 100% air saturation at the surface, it would only be at 70% air saturation three meters below the surface.

In summary, colder, deeper fresh waters have the capability to hold higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen, but due to microbial decomposition, lack of atmospheric contact for diffusion and the absence of photosynthesis, actual dissolved oxygen levels are often far below 100% saturation. Warm, shallow saltwater reaches 100% air saturation at a lower concentration, but can often achieve levels over 100% due to photosynthesis and aeration. Shallow waters also remain closer to 100% saturation due to atmospheric contact and constant diffusion.

If there is a significant occurrence of photosynthesis or a rapid temperature change, the water can achieve dissolved oxygen levels over 100% air saturation. At these levels, the dissolved oxygen will dissipate into the surrounding water and air until it levels out at 100%.

Aquatic respiration and decomposition lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, while rapid aeration and photosynthesis can contribute to supersaturation. During the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is produced as a waste product. This adds to the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water, potentially bringing it above 100% saturation. In addition, the equalization of water is a slow process (except in highly agitated or aerated situations). This means that dissolved oxygen levels can easily be more than 100% air saturation during the day in photosynthetically active bodies of water.

dissolved_oxygen_over100

Supersaturation caused by rapid aeration is often seen beside hydro-power dams and large waterfalls. Unlike small rapids and waves, the water flowing over a dam or waterfall traps and carries air with it, which is then plunged into the water. At greater depths and thus greater hydrostatic pressures, this entrained air is forced into solution, potentially raising saturation levels over 100%.

Rapid temperature changes can also create dissolved oxygen readings greater than 100%. As water temperature rises, oxygen solubility decreases. On a cool summer night, a lake’s temperature might be 15° Celcius. At 100% air saturation, this lake’s dissolved oxygen levels would be at 9.66 mg/L. When the sun rises and warms up the lake to 21° Celcius, 100% air saturation should equate to 8.68 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. But if there is no wind to move the equilibration along, the lake will still contain that initial 9.66 mg/L dissolved oxygen, an air saturation of 111%.

dissolvedoxygen_daily

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are constantly affected by diffusion and aeration, photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. While water equilibrates toward 100% air saturation, dissolved oxygen levels will also fluctuate with temperature, salinity and pressure changes. As such, dissolved oxygen levels can range from less than 1 mg/L to more than 20 mg/L depending on how all of these factors interact. In freshwater systems such as lakes, rivers and streams, dissolved oxygen concentrations will vary by season, location and water depth. The graph above, where dissolved oxygen is the black line, shows how dissolved oxygen levels vary with the seasons.

Rivers and streams tend to stay near or slightly above 100% air saturation due to relatively large surface areas, aeration from rapids, and groundwater discharge, which means that their dissolved oxygen concentrations will depend on the water temperature ¹. While groundwater usually has low dissolved oxygen levels, groundwater-fed streams can hold more oxygen due to the influx of colder water and the mixing it causes.

Saltwater holds less oxygen than freshwater, so oceanic dissolved oxygen concentrations tend to be lower than those of freshwater. In the ocean, surface water mean annual dissolved oxygen concentrations range from 9 mg/L near the poles down to 4 mg/L near the equator with lower levels at further depths. There are lower dissolved oxygen concentrations near the equator because salinity is higher.

ocean_surface_dissolved_oxygen

Coldwater fish like trout and salmon are most affected by low dissolved oxygen levels . The mean dissolved oxygen level for adult salmonids is 6.5 mg/L, and the minimum is 4 mg/L. These fish generally attempt to avoid areas where dissolved oxygen is less than 5 mg/L and will begin to die if exposed to levels less than 3 mg/L for more than a couple days. For salmon and trout eggs, dissolved oxygen levels below 11 mg/L will delay their hatching, and below 8 mg/L will impair their growth and lower their survival rates. When dissolved oxygen falls below 6 mg/L (considered normal for most other fish), the vast majority of trout and salmon eggs will die.

dissolved_oxygen_levels-fresh

Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, White Perch, and Yellow Perch are considered warmwater fish and depend on dissolved oxygen  levels above 5 mg/L. They will avoid areas where dissolved oxygen levels levels are below 3 mg/L, but generally do not begin to suffer fatalities due to oxygen depletion until levels fall below 2 mg/L. The mean dissolved oxygen levels should remain near 5.5 mg/L for optimum growth and survival.

Walleye also prefer levels over 5 mg/L, though they can survive at 2 mg/L levels for a short time. Muskie need levels over 3 mg/L for both adults and eggs. Carp are hardier, and while they can enjoy dissolved oxygen levels above 5 mg/L, they easily tolerate levels below 2 mg/L and can survive at levels below 1 mg/L.

The freshwater fish most tolerant to dissolved oxygen levels include fathead minnows and northern pike. Northern pike can survive at dissolved oxygen concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L for several days, and at 1.5 mg/L for an infinite amount of time. Fathead minnows can survive at 1 mg/L for an extended period with only minimal effects on reproduction and growth.

Saltwater fish and organisms have a higher tolerance for low dissolved oxygen concentrations as saltwater has a lower 100% air saturation than freshwater. In general, dissolved oxygen levels are about 20% less in seawater than in freshwater.

This does not mean that saltwater fish can live without dissolved oxygen completely. Striped bass, white perch and American shad need dissolved oxygen levels over 5 mg/L to grow and thrive. The red hake is also extremely sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels, abandoning its preferred habitat near the seafloor if concentrations fall below 4.2 mg/L.

dissolvedoxygen_levels-salt

The dissolved oxygen requirements of open-ocean and deep-ocean fish are a bit harder to track, but there have been some studies in the area. Billfish swim in areas with a minimum of 3.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen, while marlins and sailfish will dive to depths with concentrations of 1.5 mg/L. Likewise, white sharks are also limited in dive depths due to dissolved oxygen levels (above 1.5 mg/L), though many other sharks have been found in areas of low dissolved oxygen. Tracked swordfish show a preference for shallow water during the day, basking in oxygenated water (7.7 mg/L) after diving to depths with concentrations around 2.5 mg/L. Albacore tuna live in mid-ocean levels, and require a minimum of 2.5 mg/L, while halibut can maintain a minimum tolerance threshold of 1 mg/L.

Many tropical saltwater fish, especially those surrounding coral reefs, require higher levels of dissolved oxygen. Coral reefs are found in the euphotic zone (where light penetrates the water – usually not deeper than 70 m). Higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are generally found around coral reefs due to photosynthesis and aeration from eddies and breaking waves. These dissolved oxygen levels can fluctuate from 4-15 mg/L, though they usually remain around  5-8 mg/L, cycling between day photosynthesis production and night plant respiration. In terms of air saturation, this means that dissolved oxygen near coral reefs can easily range from 40-200%.

Crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters are benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms, but still require minimum levels of dissolved oxygen. Depending on the species, minimum dissolved oxygen requirements can range from 4 mg/L to 1 mg/L. Despite being bottom dwellers, mussels, oysters and clams also require a minimum of 1-2 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, which is why they are found in shallower, coastal waters that receive oxygen from the atmosphere and photosynthetic sources.

Dissolved Oxygen and Water Column Stratification

Stratification separates a body of water into layers. This layering can be based on temperature or dissolved substances (namely salt and oxygen) with both factors often playing a role. The stratification of water has been commonly studied in lakes, though it also occurs in the ocean. It can also occur in rivers if pools are deep enough and in estuaries where there is a significant division between freshwater and saltwater sources.

The uppermost layer of a lake, known as the epilimnion, is exposed to solar radiation and contact with the atmosphere, keeping it warmer. The depth of the epilimnion is dependent on the temperature exchange, usually determined by water clarity and depth of mixing initiated by wind. Within this upper layer, algae and phytoplankton engage in photosynthesis. Between the contact with the air, potential for aeration and the byproducts of photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen in the epilimnion remains near 100% saturation. The exact levels of dissolved oxygen vary depending on the temperature of the water, the amount of photosynthesis occurring and the quantity of dissolved oxygen used for respiration by aquatic life.

dissolved_oxygen_stratification-layers

Below the epilimnion is the metalimnion, a transitional layer that fluctuates in thickness and temperature. The boundary between the epilimnion and metalimnion is called the thermocline – the point at which water temperature begins to steadily drop off . Below the metalimnion is the hypolimnion. This deep, cold layer has a more gentle temperature drop toward the bottom. Generally most fish will hold at or about 1 -2 metres above the thermocline.

Estuary stratifications are based on salinity distributions. Because saltwater holds less dissolved oxygen than freshwater, this can affect aquatic organism distribution. The stronger the river flow, the higher the oxygen concentrations. This stratification can be horizontal, with dissolved oxygen levels dropping from inland to open ocean, or vertical, with the fresh, oxygenated river water floating over the low dissolved oxygen seawater. When the stratification is clearly defined, a pycnocline divides the fresher water from the salt water, contributing to separate dissolved oxygen concentrations in each strata.

dissolvedoxygen_stratification-estuary

What does all this mean?

If dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below a certain level, fish mortality rates will rise. Sensitive freshwater fish like salmon can’t even reproduce at levels below 6 mg/L. In the ocean, coastal fish begin to avoid areas where dissolved oxygen is below 3.7 mg/L, with specific species abandoning an area completely when levels fall below 3.5 mg/L. Below 2.0 mg/L, invertebrates also leave and below 1 mg/L even benthic organisms show reduced growth and survival rates”.

In summer, when the water temperature increases, river fish will hold in deeper, shaded areas where the water is colder, areas where cooler side streams enter the main river, in pockets of cooler water or in riffly water as this is where the dissolved oxygen levels are higher. Their feeding behaviour may also change to take advantage of the higher dissolved oxygen levels and cooler temperatures around dawn and dusk. In lakes and reservoirs many prey species and predators will aggregate around the thermocline particularly during the daytime. This zone represents the coolest water in the lake that contains adequate dissolved oxygen for use by fish. It also harbors more zooplankton (micro-crustaceans) during daylight hours and thus provides high food abundance for prey fish. Many modern fish finders can detect the thermocline as the density change in the water is strong enough to deflect sonar. Learning to find the thermocline is a critical skill for lake and reservoir anglers. Also in lakes fish will hold at the mouths of rivers and streams entering the lake as this is where the water is often cooler and contains higher levels of dissolved oxygen. Some anglers carry a thermometer to measure water temperature as this provides clues as to where the dissolved oxygen levels are higher and thus where fish may be holding.

The chart below shows how the dissolved oxygen levels change with salinity and temperature. Typically seawater has a salinity of 35 grams of salt per kilogram (3.5%) whereas freshwater has 0 grams per kilogram. When fresh and saltwater streams meet the freshwater will rise above the saltwater as it is less dense and forms a layer. Fish in estuaries will hold downstream of a freshwater inflow especially when the tide is running strongly and mixing the two layers. This is because the dissolved oxygen level of the mixed streams is higher due to the lower salinity.

dissolvedoxygen_solubility_chart

As you can see Dissolved oxygen is one of the many factors which helps anglers identify where fish are likely to be holding and this is why it is very important to have a basic understanding of it.

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Practice Test 12

ЧАСТЬ 1 – АУДИРОВАНИЕ

3Вы услышите девушку, рассказывающую о своём путешествии в Южную Америку. В заданиях А8–А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

14A8 The narrator wanted to go to South America because 1 she had enjoyed working on a project about it.

2 she wanted to see the nature there. 3 her father had told her a lot about it.

15A9 The narrator’s parents were worried that she 1 would get homesick while she was away. 2 wouldn’t come back from South America. 3 wanted to travel by herself.

16A10 The narrator says that she was surprised by

1 how well she did in her exams.

2 how long her trip took to plan.

3 how relaxed her parents were about the trip.

17A11 The narrator decided to do volunteer work because 1 some friends recommended it to her.

2 she thought it would be the most enjoyable way to spend her time. 3 she thought it would impress future employers.

18A12 Regarding her time in the mountain village, the narrator suggests that 1 it passed very quickly.

2 she would have liked to stay longer.

3 it had made her want to become a teacher.

19A13 The narrator says that she is glad that, while on her trip, she 1 spent time getting to know the locals.

2 knew how to speak some Spanish.

3 visited every country in South America.

20A14 Now that she is back from her trip, the narrator 1 is keen to travel again.

2 is recovering from an illness she caught in South America. 3 is considering going to university in South America.

93

ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ

Practice Test 12

1Установите соответствие между заголовками A–Н и текстами 1–7. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу B2. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A A better method

B Responsible shopping

C Lucky winners

DHelp from nature

1 Two families – one from London, and one from Liverpool – have won last night’s national lottery. Speaking from outside their home in London’s East End, Mr and Mrs Miller said that they will ‘not let the money change their lives’ and that they will both be at work as usual on Monday morning. The Liverpool family, who do not wish to be named, plan to move abroad.

2 For many years now, Changi Airport in Singapore has been voted the world’s best airport by airline travellers. Changi Airport does not simply provide travellers with wonderful restaurants and shops in a calm and pleasant atmosphere. You can also swim in its rooftop swimming pool, have a massage in one of its spas, sit quietly in the ‘garden’ area of its main hall, or watch TV in comfortable chairs while waiting for your flight.

3Before the invention of the compass, sailors looked to the sun in the daytime and to the stars at night to help them find their way across the oceans. For example, by locating Polaris (or ‘the North Star’) in the night sky, sailors could identify the direction of North. This is because Polaris never moves from its position in the night sky directly above the North Pole.

4Long ago, zoos obtained their animals by going out into the wild and capturing them. Today, this happens very rarely. For one thing, it is extremely stressful for the animals involved and there is a high risk of injury.

E A great shopping experience

F Working to protect animals

G Everything you need

H Waiting in comfort

Also, wild animals often carry diseases that would harm the other animals in the zoo. Today, therefore, most zoos get their animals from the captive breeding programmes of other zoos.

5Gyms these days are full of all kinds of fancy exercise equipment; treadmills, rowing machines, exercise bikes, resistance machines and much more. But the biggest gyms also have swimming pools, steam rooms and cafeterias. They offer classes in yoga, dance, aerobics and many other forms of exercise. And they have expert trainers on hand to answer all your fitness questions.

6Here is one thing that we can all do to help species that are close to extinction. When travelling overseas, be very careful not to buy any souvenirs that have been made from species nearing extinction. This means avoiding purchasing items made from ivory, coral and fur and also ‘medicinal’ products as they often contain rhino, tiger and bear parts.

7Wildlife parks and zoos are very educational places but perhaps their greatest purpose is the conservation of endangered species. Animal centres all around the world work together in order to breed rare and endangered species. For example, today there are only a few hundred giant pandas left in the wild. If breeding programmes and conservation efforts are successful, future generations may still be able to see these beautiful animals in the flesh, not just in books.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B2 C

H

D

A

G

B

F

94

Practice Test 12

ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ

2 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1–6 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами A–G. Одна из частей в списке А–G лишняя. Занесите букву, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу B3.

In 2004, a grave containing the skeletons of a human and a cat, lying close together, was excavated in Cyprus.

The grave was around 9,500 years old, 1) …….. .

The ancient Egyptians kept cats as pets,

2) …….. .

People often placed statues of cats outside their homes, 3) …….. . When a cat died, their former owners and the other occupants of the house would go into deep mourning and would often even shave their eyebrows as a sign of grief.

Moreover, cats were frequently mummified and bowls of milk and dead rats and mice were placed in their tombs, 4) …….. .

Awhich seems very strange to modern cultures

Band showed that cats had been kept by humans for far longer than we had previously thought

Cso that they would have food for their journey into the afterlife

Das they kept rats and mice away from homes

Cats were so respected in ancient Egypt that they were even protected by law. People could be sentenced to death if they killed a cat, 5) …….. .

One record documents the execution of an unfortunate Roman soldier whose chariot had run over a cat.

There are many tomb scenes that show cats as part of everyday life in ancient Egypt. They often showed them wearing jewellery including earrings, necklaces and fancy collars. The Egyptians even took their cats on hunting expeditions, 6) …….. .

Today, it is estimated that there are over 600 million domestic cats around the world, which makes the cat the most popular of all pets. However, the cat no longer has any religious significance in any culture.

Eand they also worshipped the cat like one of their gods

Fbecause they believed that this would protect the inhabitants

G even by accident

1

2

3

4

5

6

B3 B

E

F

C

G

A

95

ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ

Practice Test 12

3Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15–А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

A New Life

“Are you looking for a room?” the man had asked. We’d only just got off the bus. Ian was still pulling the bags out of the luggage

prices,” the man

A15

We’d been all around the country that summer, finding temporary work to pay for our travels. Ian had grown up in a village, so

A16

the local farmers had been happy to hire him to help them out for a week or two. I’m a city boy myself, but because I’m pretty well-built I didn’t have a problem either. Of course, that meant that I got all the heavy work!

Once we had collected our bags, we followed the man up a nearby side-street. He didn’t stop talking the whole way. After a few twists

That first night we strolled around the town to see what opportunities there might be for work. Our last job had given us enough to live off for a few weeks so we weren’t desperate,

A19

possible. Everyone we met was very friendly and we went back to our rooms feeling quite optimistic.

Within a couple of days, I had started work

at a fish restaurant in the town washing up the

A20

pots and dishes. Maybe it wasn’t the best job in the world, but after weeks of manual labour in the fields it was a welcome change. I could watch the chef preparing the food and sometimes, when the restaurant was particularly busy, I would help him. He knew

these rooms would be too expensive for us. The man must have read my thoughts. “Now, normally I’d be asking twice as much for these rooms,” he began, “but you’re in luck because the tourist season is practically over.”

The rooms were perfect. The décor was slightly shabby but, as if to make up for it, the balcony had a stunning view over the town. We decided to stay for a month initially, and depending on what happened, we would come to an arrangement after that. It was a relief to be settled somewhere, if only for a few weeks. I could now pack my suitcase in record time and we’d met so many people that I’d lost count. Sometimes when I was introduced to yet another stranger I would change my name, just to make it more interesting.

tasted amazing. I’d go home at night and write down the recipes and tips that I’d learnt.

Our first month in the town came to an end and we decided to stay for another three. Ian had found some painting and decorating work and I was quite happy. Those three months turned into six, and before I knew it I had been at the restaurant for a whole year. The chef asked me if I would like to become his assistant — he said I had a natural gift for cooking. So that’s how I ended up here, ten years later, as Head Chef at Alberto’s Fish

Restaurant. Ian is still here as well, running

A21

his own decorating business. One day I hope to achieve something similar for myself, too.

96

Practice Test 12

ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ

The man waiting at the bus stop was very

14

A15

1

rude.

2

impatient.

3

unhelpful.

4

persistent.

15A16 The farmers gave the narrator and his friend Ian work because

1 they thought they would be suitable for it.

2 they needed seasonal workers.

3 they had known Ian since he was young.

4 they found both boys cheerful and friendly.

16A17 The narrator thought the rooms could be too expensive after he realised 1 how popular they were.

2 what time of year it was.

3 how nice the exterior was.

4 where they were.

17A18 In paragraph four, the narrator suggests that he had become tired of 1 staying in hotels.

2 packing his suitcase.

3 moving from place to place.

4 meeting new people.

18A19 In paragraph five, the narrator uses the phrase ‘put out feelers’ to mean 1 meet as many people as possible.

2 speak to people to get information about work.

3 find a suitable job to earn some money.

4 get to know a new place.

19A20 The narrator enjoyed his new job because 1 all his food was cooked for him.

2 it was different from his previous jobs.

3 his boss took an interest in teaching him to cook. 4 the time passed quickly.

20A21 In the final paragraph, we learn that the narrator 1 would like to start a business with Ian.

2 regrets staying so long at Alberto’s restaurant.

3 hopes that his career as a chef will continue to advance. 4 wishes that he had achieved as much as Ian.

97

ЧАСТЬ 3 – ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Practice Test 12

1Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, сло* ва, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номера* ми B4–B10, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B4–B10.

B4

was

B5

was trying

B6

will find

B7

had passed

B8

have been given

B9

had left

B10

fixed

2 Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11–B16, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответ* ствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11–В16.

The Trans Siberian Railway

Travelling on the

Trans Siberian

Express is an

extraordinary journey. It

is the

longest

continuous

B11 8)

railway in the world — 10,000 kilometres long, or one third of the distance

around

the globe.

Travellers on

the Trans Siberian railway describe the

journey

as a(n)

amazing

B129)

adventure; seven days or more of exotic travel from Moscow to Vladivostok.

10)B13

conversation

with other passengers that

However, many travellers say that it is the

makes the journey special. You can spend many hours making new friends and discussing the

landscape of the Ural Mountains and Siberia.

You can either stay on

the

train

for the

whole journey

or,

if

you are

feeling more

1B14)

adventurous

,

you

can

arrange

stops along the

way.

A

stopover

at Irkutsk is

recommended for a few days. Here you can explore the city and visit the

12)B15

beautiful

Lake Baikal; the deepest lake in the world.

The journey ends on the east coast of Russia in Vladivostok, whose name means “Lord of the East”. However you decide to spend your time on the Trans Siberian Express, it will be an extremely

13)B16

memorable

experience.

CONTINUE

AMAZE CONVERSE

ADVENTURE BEAUTY

MEMORY

98

Practice Test 12

ЧАСТЬ 3 – ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

3Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22–А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям A22–A28, в которых представлены возмож* ные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

The Report Card

John had never been very good 14)A22…….. sports. He simply wasn’t an athletic kind of person. He knew it, his

friends knew it, and his gym teachers at school had known it, too. On his school report for the year 1992, his

Physical Education teacher had written: ‘John tries very

……..15)A23

in class, but achieves below average results.’

The teacher had obviously thought that it would be a good idea to mention John’s effort, but he only

16)A24……..

in emphasising his failure.

As an adult in his

thirties, John did everything he could to avoid playing any sort of sport. Whenever

17)A25………

his friends were trying to organise a friendly game of football, or his boss needed to find a tennis partner, John

would always 18)A26…….. an excuse. Once, he even faked an injury so that he didn’t have to take 19)A27…….. in

a basketball game. But it was only when John had to explain to his new girlfriend why he couldn’t play squash with

her that he decided that his problem with sports had gone on for long enough. It was

……..20)A28

to change.

A22

1

for

2

at

3

to

4

on

A23

1

strongly

2

well

3

heavily

4

hard

A24

1

achieved

2

succeeded

3

managed

4

ended

A25

1

beginning

2

young

3

early

4

opening

A26

1

make up

2

find out

3

put up

4

think over

A27

1

position

2

role

3

place

4

part

A28

1

time

2

moment

3

season

4

point

ЧАСТЬ 4 – ПИСЬМО

C11 You have received a letter from your English speaking pen friend Jack who writes:

… Well, my exams start next week and I’m feeling a little stressed even though I’ve studied hard. How often do you have exams at your school? Do you like taking exams? How do you

cope with the pressure?

It’s my best friend John’s birthday this weekend …

Write a letter to Jack. In your letter ● answer his questions

● ask 3 questions about his best friend’s birthday Write 100 140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

C22 Comment on the following statement.

“Extreme sports have become more and more popular. However, some say that they are too risky.”

What is your opinion? Does the thrill of the sport outweigh the risk? Write 200 250 words.

Use the following plan:

●write an introduction (state the problem/topic)

●express your personal opinion and give reasons for it

●give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it

●draw a conclusion

99

ЧАСТЬ 1 – АУДИРОВАНИЕ

Practice Test 13

1 Вы услышите высказывания шести людей о путешествиях. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего 1–6 и утверждениями, данными в списке A–G. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное буквой,

только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу B1.

A I appreciate travelling for my job.

B I have found a way to travel quite cheaply.

C I don’t have to travel far to find what I want. D I prefer to travel by myself.

E Thinking about my holiday helps me to cope with my busy schedule. F I think people should think about the negative effects of travelling. G I want to travel more but I have a problem that stops me.

1

2

3

4

5

6

B1 C

E

F

A

G

B

2Вы услышите беседу двух друзей о мобильных телефонах и Интернете. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А1–А7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1– True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положи’ тельного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Вы услышите запись дважды. Обведите правильный ответ.

A17 Laura is looking at mobile phones in a shop window.

1 True

2 False

3 Not stated

A28 Dave doesn’t own a mobile phone.

1

True

2

False

3

Not stated

A39

Dave believes that using technology has made people more anti-social.

1

True

2

False

3

Not stated

Both Laura and Dave would like to use the Internet when they are not at home.

A410

1

True

2

False

3

Not stated

Dave is worried about the Internet having harmful effects on young people.

A511

1

True

2

False

3

Not stated

A612 Laura’s parents monitor her use of the Internet.

1 True

2 False

3 Not stated

A713 In the end, Laura decides not to buy an Internet phone.

1 True

2 False

3 Not stated

100

Practice Test 13

ЧАСТЬ 1 – АУДИРОВАНИЕ

3Вы услышите рассказ молодого человека о вегетарианстве. В заданиях А8–А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A814 While growing up, the narrator ate food that was 1 unhealthy.

2 badly cooked.

3 not very varied.

A915 The narrator says his university served food that was 1 liked only by the foreign students.

2 good value but not very healthy.

3 worse than what he was used to.

A1016 The narrator tried a vegetarian dish because

1 his vegetarian friends encouraged him to.

2 he thought the quality might be better.

3 the meat dishes had started to make him ill.

A1117 After he started eating vegetarian meals, the narrator

1 realised his attitude towards vegetarians had been wrong.

2 began to really dislike the smell of meat.

3 began to lose weight.

A1218 While deciding whether to become a vegetarian or not, the narrator

1 did some research into vegetarianism.

2 continued to eat some meat.

3 realised how healthy he felt.

A1319 The narrator finally made his decision based on

1 what he found out about the benefits of vegetarianism. 2 how much healthier he was feeling.

3 the opinions of others.

A1420 The narrator’s parents

1 are slowly accepting his decision to be a vegetarian. 2 are now thinking about becoming vegetarians too. 3 are unhappy that he is a vegetarian.

101

ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ

Practice Test 13

1Установите соответствие между заголовками A–Н и текстами 1–7. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу B2. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A Travel with a purpose

B Make a discovery

C Getting a good view

DA difficult task

1 For hundreds of years, people have been competing in bizarre ‘gurning’ contests around England. What is gurning? Well, it is simply the act of making the ugliest face possible. Some elderly people can make some spectacular gurns. If they have false teeth, they can take them out and bring their lower lip so far up that it can cover their nose! But even younger people can make amazing gurns – just look at celebrity Jim Carrey!

2Thousands of spectators line the route of the Tour de France bike race each year, trying to see over other people’s heads. Then when the competitors pass, they flash by so quickly that it is hard to get even a glimpse of them. Therefore, it’s worth buying a tour guide with route information so that you can plan well in advance the best place to stand to see your favourite cyclists speed by.

3The goal of responsible tourism is to help people in need as well as the holidaymakers themselves. Some tour operators, for example, organise charity bike rides. Visitors cycle around places of interest following a pre-arranged route. They enjoy a valuable new experience and at the same time part of the cost of the holiday is donated to local community projects.

4The Sibit-sibit Festival is held each year to give tourists a rich and colourful picture of the history of Olongapo in the Philippines. Sibit-sibits are ancient paddle boats that

E Greatest invention

F An unusual competition

G Keeping traditions alive

H Still popular today

were used by fishing villages. During past celebrations, fishermen held races and won with their great physical strength alone. Today, the traditional Sibit-sibit Festival is a lively and enchanting event that brings together Olongapo’s rich past, successful present and promising future.

5Bicycles were first introduced in the 19th century and there are now over one billion of them worldwide. Many people still prefer this eco-friendly mode of transport. Postmen, delivery personnel and even police officers can often be seen riding bicycles.

6The Archaeological Seminars Foundation offers visitors of all ages the opportunity to ‘Dig for a Day’. This programme allows the unskilled enthusiast to get their hands dirty while getting the chance to make a fabulous discovery. Activities include digging, pottery examination and touring the latest excavation site. Thousands of people have already participated in this memorable experience!

7What is the most important mechanical invention of all time? The wheel no doubt! The earliest known use of the wheel was probably the potter’s wheel in 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. Interestingly enough, the wheel was used for manufacturing before it was used for transporting. Today, nearly every machine includes the wheel; from the smallest of pocket watches to the largest of aeroplanes.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B2 F

C

A

G

H

B

E

102

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  • Вариант 8

Назад

Время

3:0:00

№1

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. Climate can influence national character

2. The weather changes according to some objective phenomena

3. The stock market depends on weather conditions

4. Bad weather can be the result of human behavior

5. Wet weather can be good in any season

6. Some people have a gift for predicting things

7. The weather can affect people’s health and emotions

№2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A. Jackie and her boyfriend have purchased an accommodation

B. Jackie and Simon seem to split up soon

C. Jackie teaches economics at the University

D. David rents a flat

E. Jackie’s flat was quite expensive

F. Jackie’s boyfriend works in a bank

G. The two couples will have lunch out of town

№3

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

Why did Helen change her original name?

1) She wanted to break her tribe traditions.

2) People found it difficult to pronounce it.

3) She did not like its meaning.

№4

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

4

Which tradition, according to Helen, is still alive in Navaho lifestyle?

1) Horse riding.

2) Clothes.

3) Houses.

№5

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

5

How does Helen characterize her family?

1) They stick to the reservation area.

2) It tries to preserve old traditions.

3) It is unusually big for Navaho tribes.

№6

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

6

What is Helen’s opinion about keeping Navaho traditions?

1) Navaho people must assimilate into white culture.

2) Traditional lifestyle is appropriate only in reservations.

3) There should be a balance in accepting white culture.

№7

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

7

What does Helen say about her knowledge of the Navaho language?

1) She used to be better at it.

2) She still has an excellent command of it.

3) Her speaking skills are better than her writing.

№8

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

8

Which of the following weekend activities does Helen NOT mention as her habit?

1) Watching films.

2) Taking part in traditional ceremonies.

3) Meeting peers.

№9

Вы услышите интервью. В задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

9

What does Helen dream of visiting?

1) Local places of interest.

2) American cities.

3) Countries on other continents.

№10

Установите соответствие заголовков 1–8 абзацам текста А–G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании одна тема лишняя.

1. Tourist Attraction Area 5. Water Takes the Secrets Away
2. Geographical Wonders  6. Mysterious Stones Origin
3. Conquerors’ Exploitation  7. Vanished in the Air
4. Before It Is Too Late  8. Roman Invention

A. For thousands of years, the Cantabrian Sea has periodically engulfed the massive rock formations on Cathedrals Beach in Galicia, north-western Spain, chipping the softened rock into soaring arches and dark caves. But as well as sculpting this revered and popular landscape, the constant floods may have also washed away evidence of ancient hidden treasure.

B. After the Romans conquered Galicia about 2,000 years ago, joining the territory to the vast and powerful Roman Empire, they minted coins with gold mined in the area. The Galician government, which still oversees abundant reserves of the precious metal, has recognized several local gold mines discovered and exploited by the invaders, who may have also extended their hunt for gold to the wet and weathered caves of Cathedrals Beach.

C. The government nowadays has expressed more interest in protecting Cathedrals Beach than commissioning a study on its past. It recently capped the number of people who can visit the popular site on peak travel dates, requiring online reservations for up to 4,812 visitors daily from July through September, and during Holy Week in the spring, a holiday in Spain when many residents travel. Nearly 250,000 reservations were made last summer, most of them by domestic travellers, according to the Galician government, which declared the beach a Natural Monument because of the beauty and rarity of its rock-studded vista.

D. The beach stretches along the coast of Lugo province in Galicia, a region best known for pilgrimages by foot to St James Cathedral in its capital, Santiago de Compostela, the reputed burial site of the saint. The pilgrims can continue to Cape Finisterre, a peninsula on the west coast of Galicia, which was considered the end of the world during the Roman era. A prehistoric circle of stones a mile from Cathedrals Beach, its purpose unknown, has been likened to Stonehenge in England.

E. Before those legends arose, about 350 million years ago, the ancient continents Laurussia and Gondwana collided, breaking apart a mountain range as tall as the Himalayas. It’s believed the rocks on Cathedrals Beach came from those mountains.

F. In the meantime, the beach continues to lose traces of its history. Scientists hope to unravel the area’s latest mystery and find the last vestiges of the past before they are gone, swallowed by the sea.

G. On a cliff overlooking Cathedrals Beach and the sea, geologists found an un-dated manmade canal carved in the ground, which bears similarities to canals used by the Romans to excavate gold mines in the area. During their searches for gold, the Romans would light fires on the ground and douse the flames with water carried by the canals, a process that cracked the ground so they could dig with hand tools.

№11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу

In an 1898 advertising poster, a man made of rubber rings hoists a giant champagne coupe full of broken glass and nails (garnished with a horseshoe) and toasts “Nunc est bibendum” — Latin for “Now is the time drink.” Michelin tyres, the ad implied, were tough enough to digest everything the road had to offer.

Advertising metaphor was a bit heavy-handed in 1898, but the idea of eating up the road (as delivered by that rotund rubber spokesman, formally known as Bibendum) would become the guiding principle of that fledgling French rubber company. And while durable tyres made them money, A_______________________.

In 1900, brothers Édouard and André Michelin released the first Guide Michelin. To the 3000 or so motorists in France who bought their tyres, they handed a slim book containing maps, basic maintenance instructions, and lists of mechanics, petrol stations, hotels, and — as information no more vital than the nearest gas pump — suggestions for restaurants along the routes. They were keen to make motoring a recreational hobby for the few well-to-do who actually owned cars, and realized B___________________would result in more wear (and the occasional hobnail puncture) on their flagship products.

The red guidebooks were soon vital automotive equipment, living in glove boxes long after gloves were passé. As more and more cars entered the roads, the addresses of service stations became less necessary, C_________________. In 1926, stars were added to establishments of special note, and a three-star system was implemented in 1933. To create the ratings, the company sends out an army of anonymous critics D_________________. They visit each restaurant several times, and then issue pronouncements that earn biblical reverence, a sort of Chow’s Little Red Book. The Guide Michelin’s genius may be its parsimony; unworthy restaurants are simply not listed, E__________________. Stars make or break both culinary careers and profit-and-loss reports, and chefs have driven themselves to madness and suicide in the quest to gain — F________________— a third star.

1. and the guides began to focus exclusively on hospitality

2. that was done according to the rules

3. another marketing gimmick would change the world of dining

4. or in the heartache of losing

5. that giving them places to go and advice on getting there

6. and three-star establishments are few and far between

7. who are called “inspectors”

№12

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

12

1) Compass points

2) Predators and herbivores

3) Urban and rural life

4) Traditional and modern

№13

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

13

The flower on the flag…

1) originally is from Hong Kong.

2) belongs to the orchid family.

3) has small flowers.

4) can be found in Hong Kong in big amount.

№14

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

14

Grafting…

1) is used by farmers only.

2) is a kind of cultivation.

3) is a simple process.

4) has been implemented recently.

№15

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

15

According to the genetic research, the flower on the flag …

1) can reproduce by itself.

2) is a parasite.

3) is a mutant.

4) can grow only in Asia.

№16

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

16

The fertile orchid tree…

1) is more beautiful than the sterile one.

2) stays in bloom longer that the sterile one.

3) doesn’t exist.

4) has been found.

№17

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

17

What does “apt” mean?

1) Appropriate

2) Elegant

3) Obvious

4) Important

№18

Прочитайте текст и выполните заданиt. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Hong Kong is a city of contrasts: of new technology and old traditions, of high-rise buildings and stunning countryside, a hybrid between the East and the West. The territory’s flag bears a flower whose past, and future, are just as complicated. The flag of Hong Kong features a distinctive five-petalled white flower on a red background. This flower became Hong Kong’s emblem when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.

But the true origin of this mysterious plant has only been revealed in recent years. It is now the subject of community conservation projects hoping to save it from extinction. The flower in question is a peculiar plant known as the Hong Kong orchid tree. It is a native of the island of Hong Kong.Despite its name it is not an orchid, but rather a tree in the legume family, the group that includes peas and beans. However, its distinctive 15cm flowers are reminiscent of orchid flowers, and the common name stuck.

The first Hong Kong orchid tree was found around 1880 by Jean-Marie Delavay, a French Catholic missionary out hiking in the countryside. Near a ruined building, he found a single tree with incredible magenta flowers, and took a cutting.»He thought it was quite stunning, quite beautiful, and quite different to ones he had seen before, and so he took a cutting of it and brought it back to his sanatorium,» says data scientist Rob Davidson. Sanatoriums were popular in colonial times as a place of respite and recovery for missionaries that had contracted tropical diseases on their travels.

It is believed that all the Hong Kong orchid trees alive today are descendants of this single plant.»All the trees since then have been cultivated by hand, by someone who’s taken a bit of an old tree, and stuck it on to another root stock and let it grow from there,» says Davidson.This process is called «grafting». It has been familiar to gardeners and farmers for thousands of years, so much so that it is easy to forget that it is remarkable.

Only with modern genetics have scientists begun to unravel the mysterious origins of the Hong Kong orchid tree. A study published in 2005 revealed that the strange flower is actually a hybrid of two known species; the pink-flowered butterfly tree (B. variegata), and the purple-flowered B. purpurea. This explains why the trees can only reproduce with human help, by taking cuttings. Just like a mule, B. blakeana is a sterile hybrid. Hybridisation is when a new species is produced by combining half of the DNA of one species with half of the DNA of another. It is a hit-and-miss exercise. Most of the time, it fails because the two halves of DNA are simply too different to work together. The majority of hybrid embryos never develop.

Even when a hybrid does develop into an adult, they are often sterile. We may never know how the original hybrid tree came to be there. But scientists are now using modern genomic techniques to understand the orchid tree better. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong was a member of the team that discovered B. blakeana’s hybrid origin in 2005. He is now leading a search for mutant trees that are fertile. Such trees might exist: with a few mutations in the right places, a sterile B. blakeana could theoretically start producing viable seeds. If they do find a fertile B. blakeanatree, it might not be quite as beautiful as the sterile ones. That is because the flowers of sterile B. blakeana trees «stay in bloom longer because the plant doesn’t put any energy into producing seeds,» says Davidson.However, a fertile tree might just save the species. But until one is found, or one of the other approaches comes to fruition, the Hong Kong orchid tree will have to survive the way it has for the last century.

The orchid tree was chosen as Hong Kong’s emblem because it represents the merging of old and new. So it seems apt that the plant is itself a hybrid, and that it might be saved by melding new technology with old-fashioned amateur naturalism.

18

What does the flower on the flag symbolize?

1) Welcome of new technologies

2) Respect for traditions

3) Cooperation between traditional and modern

4) Green philosophy

№19

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

19

Nearly 20 years ago a valuable portrait __________, in bizarre circumstances, from a gallery in the northern Italian city of Piacenza.

STOLE

№20

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

20

Until recently there appeared to be little prospect of it ever being recovered — but then police received some perplexing new information, and they now think it ___________ back in the city within weeks or months.

BE

№21

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

21

Carabiniere Sgt Maj Salvatore Cavallaro was on a ladder ___________ out on to the roof of Piacenza’s Ricci-Oddi gallery through a partially open skylight.

LOOK

№22

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

22

«It doesn’t fit,» he shouted to his colleagues below, as he compared the size of a heavy gilded frame on the roof beside the skylight with the narrow opening (it was much _________ than the police expected). «No way the thief could have fished the painting from up here.»

BIG

№23

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

23

Ten months before the incident the Portrait of a Lady ______________ in a drama of a different kind, thanks to a sharp-eyed 18-year-old art student, Claudia Maga.

While flipping through The Complete works of Gustav Klimt she had noticed a strong resemblance between The Lady and another Klimt painting, Portrait of a Young Lady, that had not been seen since 1912.

INVOLVE

№24

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

24

Maga got the gallery’s former director, Ferdinando Arisi, interested in her theory. A few weeks later he picked her up from art school, drove her to the gallery, and removed the portrait from its frame. ____________it in brown paper they headed for the local hospital, where sure enough a series of X-rays revealed the dim shadow of the earlier work beneath the surface.

WRAP

№25

Прочитайте приведенные ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слово, напечатанное заглавными буквами после текста, так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. Впишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

The lost art of losing

25

The story behind the painting was the next surprise. Klimt had fallen madly in love with a young girl from Vienna, it was said, who had quickly become his muse. Then, when she suddenly died, he painted over _________portrait to forget the pain of his loss.

SHE

№26

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

26

The __________ of Katie Kitamura’s third novel, “A Separation” (Riverhead), is a literary translator, a job that appeals to her because of its “potential for passivity.”

PLEASE

№27

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

27

Today, the dinner table can instead begin to feel like a minefield. Is the bacon on your plate culinary asbestos, and will the wheat in your toast give you “grain brain”? Even the bubbles of gas in your fizzy drinks have been considered _____________

HAZARD

№28

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

28

Worse still, the advice changes continually. As TV-cook Nigella Lawson __________ put it: “You can guarantee that what people think will be good for you this year, they won’t next year.”

RECENT

№29

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

29

This may be somewhat inevitable: evidence-based health advice should be constantly updated as new studies explore the nuances of what we eat and the effects the meals have on our bodies. But when the media (and ill-informed health gurus) exaggerate the results of a study without providing the context, it can lead to ____________ fears that may, ironically, push you towards less healthy choices.

NECESSARY

№30

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

30

We’ve tried to cut through the ___________ by weighing up all the available evidence to date. You may be pleased to learn that many of your favourite foods are not the ticking time bomb you have been led to believe.

CONFUSE

№31

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слова, напечатанного заглавными буквами после текста, однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста. Запишите маленькими буквами полученное слово в поле для ответа.

31

Artificial __________ may be the lesser of two evils – they may carry some risks, but are still healthier than the full-sugar alternatives.

SWEET

№32

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

32

1) long 2) much 3) many 4) big

№33

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

33

1) asleep 2) tired 3) awake 4) sleepy

№34

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

34

1) clicks 2) kicks 3) beats 4) opens

№35

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

35

1) on 2) for 3) with 4) from

№36

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

36

1) every 2) any 3) some 4) many

№37

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

37

1) collected 2) did 3) showed 4) created

№38

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Danny Garcia wants you to respond to his emails — pronto. Take too 32 ____________and he starts getting anxious. He even lies 33_____________at night wondering when you’ll reply.Sending emails creates anxiety for Garcia. Butterflies churn in his stomach from the moment he 34 ______________ send.

That might sound extreme, but actually, it’s not all that uncommon. Waiting 35 _____________ a response can sometimes be anxiety-inducing under the best circumstances. With hundreds of emails finding their way into our inboxes every day, it’s nearly impossible to answer 36 _______________one immediately — if at all.

Plenty of research documents the stress that an overflowing inbox of unread messages can cause — one study found that getting constant email notifications during the day and checking emails in the morning and night 37 ___________increased levels of anxiety. But there are no statistics or research on just how anxious people get when e-mails go unanswered, at least none labelled as 38 _________ according to the American Psychological Association.

38

1) so 2) such 3) this 4) that

№39

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Nicole who writes:

…Last weekend was my mom’s anniversary and we had a family gathering. We entertained more than 25 people and lived on leftovers for 2 days after the event. What do you usually cook for special occasions? How often do you entertain people in your family? Do you normally celebrate your family holidays at home, or go to a café or to a club?

Oh, before I forget, my middle brother won our school tennis tournament…

Write a letter to Nicole.

In your letter

  • answer his questions,
  • ask 3 questions about her middle brother.

Write 100—140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have 20 minutes to do this task.

Comment on the following statement:

№40

1. The circus is the best entertainment for children.

2. Young people like travelling more than senior citizens.

What is your opinion?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Нажми, чтобы завершить тест и увидеть результаты

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1 / 6

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