Перейти к содержимому
ЕГЭ-2023. Сборник тренировочных вариантов. Книга предназначена для подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ по английскому языку. В сборнике представлены: 20 типовых экзаменационных вариантов, составленных в соответствии с демоверсиями КИМ ЕГЭ 2023 года; ответы ко всем заданиям и критерии оценивания.
Читать онлайн и скачать сборник в формате PDF: Скачать
* Еще больше пособий ЕГЭ и ОГЭ
* Учебные материалы
Поделиться:
Пройти тестирование по этим заданиям
Вернуться к каталогу заданий
Версия для печати и копирования в MS Word
1
38.1. Imagine that you are doing a project on what book genres are popular among teenagers in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
Book genre | Number of readers (%) |
---|---|
Adventure | 55.4 |
Detective/war/spy stories | 55.3 |
Sports stories | 49.2 |
Animal stories | 27.2 |
Romance | 17.6 |
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2—3 facts;
— make 1—2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with reading and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of reading for teenagers.
38.2. Imagine that you are doing a project on what people use their smartphones for in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the diagram below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
Write 200—250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that one can face using smartphones and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the role of smartphones in our life.
Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2022 по английскому языку
2
38.1. Imagine that you are doing a project on what social networks are used by teenagers in Zetland for communication. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
Social networks | Number of teenage users (%) |
---|---|
33 | |
Snapchat | 32 |
TikTok | 27 |
5 | |
3 |
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with social media and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of social media for modern teenagers.
38.2. Imaginе that you arе doing a projеct on what pieces of classical music people in Zetland can recognize when they hear them. You have found some data on the subject — the results оf the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.
Classical Music Pеoplе Can Rеcognizе
Write 200—250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with classical music and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the role of classical music in our life.
3
Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных заданий (38.1 или 38.2). Укажите его номер и выполните согласно данному плану. В ответе на задание 38 числительные пишите цифрами.
38.1 Imagine that you are doing a project on how teenagers in Zetland spend their free time. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
Activities | Number of teenagers (%) |
---|---|
Hanging out with friends | 47 |
Watching movies | 20 |
Doing online shopping | 16 |
Cooking | 12 |
Reading the same book and discussing it | 5 |
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with spending free time and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the best way of spending free time.
38.2 Imagine that you are doing a project on what teenagers in Zetland use social networks for. You have found some data on the subject — the results оf the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
What teenagers in Zetland use social networks for
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that one can face using social networks and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the role of social networks in our life.
4
Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных заданий (38.1 или 38.2). Укажите его номер и выполните согласно данному плану. В ответе на задание 38 числительные пишите цифрами.
38.1 Imagine that you are doing a project on the sources of information teenagers in Zetland prefer using. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
Sources of information | Number of teenagers (%) |
---|---|
Web browsers | 38 |
Peers | 26 |
Family | 17 |
Television | 13 |
Periodicals | 6 |
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with ways of getting information and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the best way of getting information.
38.2 Imagine that you are doing a project on the jobs most popular with young people in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject — the results оf the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
The jobs most popular with young people in Zetland
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that one can face choosing jobs and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most popular job.
5
Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных заданий (38.1 или 38.2). Укажите его номер и выполните согласно данному плану. В ответе на задание 38 числительные пишите цифрами.
38.1 Imagine that you are doing a project on what is important to get a job in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
Prerequisites | Number of applicants (%) |
---|---|
Social skills | 36 |
Leadership skills | 24 |
Teamwork skills | 20 |
Thinking skills (problem solving and decision making) | 15 |
Multitasking skills | 5 |
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that one can face applying for a job and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most important factor to get a job.
38.2 Imagine that you are doing a project on what modern teenagers in Zetland dream about. You have found some data on the subject — the results оf the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the diagram and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
What modern teenagers in Zetland dream about
Write 200−250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
— outline a problem that can arise with realizing one’s dreams and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the dreams of modern teenagers.
Пройти тестирование по этим заданиям
Задание №9488.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Famous cats
2. Books about cats
3. Figuratively speaking
4. Cats through history
5. Cats in cinematography
6. Why keep a cat?
7. A cat in your mobile
8. A cat or a dog?
A. Cats are among the most popular pets in the world. People love them because they are very smart, agile, sly and independent. The most common reasons why people choose cats as pets are because they are beautiful, clean, low maintenance and mostly self sufficient. Cats may not demonstrate their love and affection for their master openly but they do it in very subtle ways. Cats can sense your mood, especially your depression, and try to help you to get out of this bad emotional state.
B. Cats have been around humans for centuries and their perception by humans has varied over time. In ancient Egypt, for example, cats were almost considered gods. We know of Bastet, a domestic feline goddess of motherhood. Killing a cat, even by accident, was a serious crime. Still, there were times when cats were considered to bring bad luck, like in Europe in the Middle Ages. So, from country to country and from epoch to epoch, the attitude of people to cats has changed greatly.
C. Among the most enjoyable of reads are adult fiction cat stories. There is a certain something about cat characters. They demonstrate resourcefulness like no human can. Their inventiveness and creativity are magical and they can do incredible things. One of top book cats is Oliver from the story The Cat Who Saved Christmas by Sheila Norton. Another author who loves writing fictional stories about cats is Rita Mae Brown. Share these ones with kids – they’ll love them!
D. Cats rule the Internet, but not all cats were created equal. Some of the cats are A-listers whether they are famous for their good looks or their remarkable stories. One of such cats is The Grumpy Cat as it always looks annoyed. There is also the Business Cat Emilio that lives in one of the offices of a big corporation and wears a collar and a tie. It’s supposed to bring luck to the firm. The Queen of the Internet is Venus, a cat whose face is half black half red plus its eyes are blue and green.
E. Not every parent is eager to get a cat as a pet for their kids. However, children, especially girls, want to get a cat so much that they buy fluffy cat toys and everything with cats on it – dresses, handbags, notebooks and so on. Now a cat lover can download a special App in their mobile and enjoy washing, feeding and stroking a virtual cat. The cat may even talk to you and play games with you. That seems to be a good solution for those who are not inclined to get a real cat.
F. Everybody likes cats, so these fluffy creatures are often featured in films, sometimes even as one of the main characters. In fact, cats are as much loved as dogs, so it’s a safe bet to make a film about cats. Still, cats are much more difficult to train than dogs so there also tend to be fewer cat movies compared to dog movies. Cat lovers also enjoy fictional cats and cats in cartoons. Actually, in some people’s opinion, cartoons about cats are even better than feature films.
G. Learning English you come across a lot of idioms with the word cat. The meaning of many such expressions can be easily guessed by a non-native speaker of English. For example, you hear the phrase to let the cat out of the bag, you immediately understand it means a secret has been revealed. Some of these expressions, though, are difficult to understand. For example, if a person is a cool cat, he or she is fashionable, and a fat cat means a person who is quite rich.
A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
Решение:
Заголовок 6 (Why keep a cat? — Зачем держать кошку?) соответствует содержанию текста A: «… because they are beautiful, clean, low maintenance and mostly self sufficient.»
Заголовок 4 (Cats through history. — Кошки в истории) соответствует содержанию текста B: «Cats have been around humans for centuries…»
Заголовок 2 (Books about cats. — Книги о кошках) соответствует содержанию текста C: «Among the most enjoyable of reads are adult fiction cat stories.»
Заголовок 1 (Famous cats. — Знаменитые кошки) соответствует содержанию текста D: «One of such cats is The Grumpy Cat as it always looks annoyed.»
Заголовок 7 (A cat in your mobile. — Кот в твоем мобильном) соответствует содержанию текста E: «Now a cat lover can download a special App in their mobile…»
Заголовок 5 (Cats in cinematography. — Кошки в кинематографе) соответствует содержанию текста F: «Everybody likes cats, so these fluffy creatures are often featured in films…»
Заголовок 3 (Figuratively speaking. — Образно говоря) соответствует содержанию текста G: «Learning English you come across a lot of idioms with the word cat.»
Показать ответ
Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
Сообщить об ошибке
Тест с похожими заданиями
Imagine that you are doing a project on the most popular film
genres among teenagers in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject —
the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion
on the subject of the project.
41% Fantasy 28% Thriller 18% Adventure 10% Comedy 3% Melodrama Write 200−250
words. Use the following plan:
— make an opening statement on the subject of the
project;
— select and report 2−3 facts;
— make 1−2 comparisons where relevant and give your
comments;
— outline the problem that can arise when selecting a
film to watch and suggest a way of solving it;
— conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the
most interesting film genre for you.
Undoubtedly, the film industry provides a great choice
of what to watch depending on one’s mood and interests. I am currently working
on a project that is aimed at finding out the most popular film genres among
teenagers in Zetland. I have found some data presented in a pie chart
that I would like to analyse and comment on.
According to
the pie chart, the most popular film genre is fantasy (41%) while the least popular
one is melodrama as only a tiny minority tends to watch it. Such genre as
comedy is preferred by one in ten participants.
It stands out
that the respondents prefer fantasy (41%) and thriller (28%) films to others. However,
it may be noted that the former makes one engaged in a world full of magic
while the latter is far more connected with our lives as it shows something
that ordinary people can face. All this illustrates how different the respondents’
film tastes and ways of escapism are.
It goes
without saying that tastes differ. Thus, people may find it difficult to select
a film to watch together. One solution that can be put forward is opting for a
film that combines some genres which are beloved by those who are to watch it.
In conclusion,
it’s worth mentioning that comedy is the film genre I like best. Good jokes
always lift my spirits and make my day better.
Practice Test 19 |
ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ |
||||
In the first paragraph, the author implies that Jack is someone who |
|||||
14 |
|||||
A15 |
1 |
||||
is careless with his possessions. |
|||||
2 |
always expects the worst. |
||||
3 |
learns from experience. |
||||
4 |
is quite forgetful. |
||||
In |
the second paragraph, we learn that Jack |
||||
15 |
|||||
A16 |
1 |
didn’t go fishing very often. |
|||
2 |
didn’t take fishing very seriously. |
||||
3 |
had taught himself how to fish. |
||||
4 |
had only recently taken up fishing. |
||||
A1716 |
‘them’ (line 6, paragraph three) refers to Jack’s |
||||
1 |
week-day evenings. |
||||
2 |
work colleagues. |
||||
3 |
flatmates. |
||||
4 |
fishing trips. |
||||
A1817 |
When the writer says in paragraph four that Jack was ‘put out’ by his flatmates’ jokes, |
||||
it means he was |
|||||
1 |
puzzled. |
||||
2 |
encouraged. |
||||
3 |
annoyed. |
||||
4 |
amused. |
||||
In paragraph five, the writer suggests that Jack |
|||||
A1918 |
|||||
1 |
doubted the quality of his poems. |
||||
2 |
had been discouraged by others’ opinions of his poems. |
||||
3 |
didn’t really care what others thought of his poems. |
||||
4 |
dreamt of publishing a book of poems. |
||||
A2019 |
When the writer says that Jack ‘had high hopes’ in paragraph six, he means that he |
||||
1 |
thought he might be disappointed by his trip. |
||||
2 |
was looking forward to a relaxing afternoon. |
||||
3 |
felt that he would achieve a lot that day. |
||||
4 |
felt that his afternoon would improve his mood. |
||||
A2120 |
The writer suggests that Jack was having difficulty writing because |
||||
1 |
the day was too hot. |
||||
2 |
he got distracted by reading old poems. |
||||
3 |
he lacked inspiration. |
||||
4 |
he was more focused on fishing. |
153
ЧАСТЬ 3 – ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Practice Test 19
1Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, сло& ва, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номера& ми B4–B10, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B4–B10.
B5 |
will be |
B6 |
Have you got |
B7 |
has been waiting |
B8 |
picking |
B9 hadn’t been driving |
|
B10 |
will leave |
2 Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11–B16, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответ& ствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11–В16.
Chess |
||
Chess is a fun and |
challenging |
board game played between two players. To |
beat an opponent, a player has to move their chess pieces on a chequered board in order to try to capture their opponent’s king.
This is not a new game. It has been played competitively since the 16th century. The first official
chess |
B129) |
competition |
was held in Madrid in 1560 and was won by a priest, |
|
Father Ruy |
Lopez de Segura. Centuries later, in 1886, the first official World Chess |
|||
Championship |
took place. |
|||
10) ………………………… |
||||
B13 |
Russia has a long history with the game of chess. In fact, Russia has produced more chess
champions than any other country. The most 11)B14 |
amazing |
of these players |
is Garry Kasparov. He holds the record for the most victories won in a row by any chess player.
In 1989, he even played against |
a chess playing computer Deep Thought. He won |
||
easily |
|||
12)B15 |
fortunate |
||
. |
|||
However, he wasn’t so |
13)B16 |
in 1997 when he lost against a newer |
|
computer, Deep Blue.
Despite this, Kasparov still remains the best player in the history of Chess.
CHALLENGE
COMPETE
CHAMPION
AMAZE
EASY FORTUNE
154
Practice Test 19 |
ЧАСТЬ 3 – ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА |
3Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22–А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям A22–A28, в которых представлены возмож& ные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.
The First Mobile Phone
On April 3, 1972, a man came out of the Hilton Hotel in New York, USA, and started walking |
……..14)A22 |
the street. He stopped, |
|
15)A23…….. |
a strange object against his ear and started talking into it. The man was Martin Cooper, General Manager of a major |
communications company, and he was making the world’s first telephone call on a mobile phone, nicknamed ‘the shoe’ because
of its unusual 16)A24…….. .
The reason Mr Cooper had gone to New York was to 17)A25…….. the new phone. The call he made was to Joe Engel who worked at a rival company. Engel was responsible 18)A26…….. the development of radiophones for cars. “I said that I was talking on a real mobile phone that I was holding in my hand,” Cooper reported. “I don’t remember what he said in 19)A27…….., but I’m sure he wasn’t happy.”
The quality of the call made that day was very good, because although New York had only one base station at the 20)A28…….., it was being used by only one user — Martin Cooper!
A22 |
1 |
to |
2 |
by |
3 |
down |
4 |
through |
A23 |
1 |
held |
2 |
pulled |
3 |
caught |
4 |
kept |
A24 |
1 |
build |
2 |
pattern |
3 |
model |
4 |
shape |
A25 |
1 |
introduce |
2 |
welcome |
3 |
insert |
4 |
begin |
A26 |
1 |
for |
2 |
of |
3 |
about |
4 |
to |
A27 |
1 |
explanation |
2 |
reply |
3 |
answer |
4 |
reaction |
A28 |
1 |
occasion |
2 |
point |
3 |
moment |
4 |
time |
ЧАСТЬ 4 – ПИСЬМО
C11 You have received a letter from your English speaking pen friend Jamie who writes:
… I just got a new computer for my birthday. I’m so excited about it! How about you – do you have a computer? What do you use computers for? What other high tech gadget would you like to have?
My latest news is that I’ve broken my arm …
Write a letter to Jamie. In your letter ● answer her questions
● ask 3 questions about her broken arm Write 100 140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
C22 Comment on the following statement.
“Living in a city has many disadvantages. Living in the country also brings its own share of problems.”
What is your opinion? Would you rather live in the city or the country? Write 200 250 words.
Use the following plan:
●write an introduction (state the problem/topic)
●express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
●give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
●draw a conclusion
155
ЧАСТЬ 1 – АУДИРОВАНИЕ |
Practice Test 20 |
1 Вы услышите высказывания шести людей о различной еде. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего 1–6 и утверж дениями, данными в списке A–G. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозна ченное буквой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение.
Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу B1.
A I don’t have this food often because I know I shouldn’t.
B Preparing and eating this food relaxes me.
C I don’t like this food as much as most other people do.
D I only recently discovered this food.
E I eat too much of this food.
F I’ve changed my mind about this food.
G This food brings back happy memories for me.
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
B1 A |
C |
G |
D |
F |
B |
2Вы услышите беседу двух друзей об игре на музыкальных инструментах. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А1–А7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1– True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положи тельного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Вы услышите запись дважды. Обведите правильный ответ.
A17 |
Tim was advised not to learn to play the violin. |
||||||
1 |
True |
2 |
False |
3 |
Not stated |
||
Tim thought learning to play the violin would be easy. |
|||||||
A28 |
|||||||
1 |
True |
2 |
False |
3 |
Not stated |
A39 Chloe plays the piano really well.
1 True 2 False 3 Not stated
A410 Tim’s parents made him start having music lessons.
1 True |
2 False |
3 Not stated |
A511 Chloe did not like her music teacher.
1 |
True |
2 |
False |
3 |
Not stated |
|||
Tim doesn’t think that he practises |
a lot. |
|||||||
A612 |
||||||||
1 |
True |
2 |
False |
3 |
Not stated |
|||
Tim’s ambition is to join an orchestra. |
||||||||
A713 |
||||||||
1 |
True |
2 |
False |
3 |
Not stated |
|||
156
Practice Test 20 |
ЧАСТЬ 1 – АУДИРОВАНИЕ |
3Вы услышите мужчину, рассказывающего о смене своего рода деятельности. В заданиях А8–А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
A814 |
The narrator decided to make a career change because |
|||||||
1 |
his family wanted him to. |
|||||||
2 |
he no longer looked forward to work. |
|||||||
3 |
he wanted a job with less responsibility. |
|||||||
When the narrator started his dog walking business, he |
||||||||
A915 |
||||||||
1 |
had no trouble finding clients. |
|||||||
2 |
found his previous knowledge of business useful. |
|||||||
3 |
had to advertise more than expected. |
|||||||
The narrator says that he was surprised by |
||||||||
16 |
||||||||
A10 |
||||||||
1 |
how challenging running a business was. |
|||||||
2 |
how quickly his business became successful. |
|||||||
3 |
how many other dog walking businesses there were. |
|||||||
The narrator criticises |
||||||||
A1117 |
||||||||
1 |
dog owners who insist that he does things a certain way. |
|||||||
2 |
people who think he charges too much for his services. |
|||||||
3 |
other dog walkers who don’t take their job seriously. |
|||||||
The narrator believes his success is due to his |
||||||||
A1218 |
||||||||
1 |
high standards. |
|||||||
2 |
reasonable prices. |
|||||||
3 |
good fortune. |
|||||||
When the narrator says he gets most new clients ‘by word-of-mouth’, he means |
||||||||
A1319 |
||||||||
1 |
his employees spend a lot of time telling people about his business. |
|||||||
2 |
he is good at persuading people to use his services. |
|||||||
3 |
his current clients recommend him to other dog owners. |
|||||||
The narrator ends by saying that |
||||||||
A1420 |
||||||||
1 |
dog walking isn’t suitable for everyone. |
|||||||
2 |
he wishes he’d become a dog walker sooner. |
|||||||
3 |
there are more disadvantages to dog walking than people think. |
157
ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ |
Practice Test 20 |
1Установите соответствие между заголовками A–Н и текстами 1–7. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу B2. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
A |
An exciting find |
E |
The great escape |
B |
Getting close to nature |
F |
An unusual contest |
C |
Upcoming show |
G |
Competition time |
D |
An exciting adventure |
H |
Looking for a good read |
of pollution and traffic. Many of the families that are moving are also excited by the idea of having a garden where their children can play outdoors safely.
7 If you are looking for a wild ride, then white water rafting is for you. This thrilling extreme sport involves moving along rapids and fastmoving rivers in a five-man boat. It can be dangerous but if you’re careful and properly equipped it can be fantastic fun. People of all ages can enjoy this activity and there are many exciting locations where you can try it out.
similarities to the famous authors of the time.
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
B2 C |
G |
H |
A |
B |
E |
D |
158
Practice Test 20 |
ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ |
2 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1–6 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами A–G. Одна из частей в списке А–G лишняя. Занесите букву, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу B3.
The Norse people lived from about 200 500 A.D. in northern Europe and Scandinavia. After 700 A.D., they began to travel to find new lands and subsequently lived in parts of Britain, Iceland, Greenland and Russia. From this period on, the Norse were known as Vikings.
There were many different Norse tribes and clans who spoke a variety of languages 1) ….. . Their family lives, jobs, houses and traditions were very similar and they had the same beliefs.
Most Norse people lived on small farms, 2) ….. .
These were from 5 to 7 metres wide and from 15 to 75 metres long. They usually had stone bases, wooden walls and dirt floors.
The Norse people lit fires in the rooms of their houses to give them light and heat and there were holes in the roof so that the smoke could escape. They had wooden benches to sit, eat, work and sleep on. Longhouses didn’t usually have windows.
In early Norse times, animals and people lived and worked together in the longhouses. Later, only
Aso portion sizes were several times larger than those of today
Band they put everything else in other buildings
Cand were mostly farmers, craftsmen or traders
Dbut they used honey to make food taste sweet
people lived in the longhouses 3) ….. . Several families often lived in the same longhouse and worked on the same farm.
Norse people mainly ate food from their own farms. Their diet consisted of meat, cereals, dairy produce, vegetables and fruits. They didn’t have sugar, 4) ….. . Those who lived near the sea, rivers or lakes ate fish. They used cereals to make bread and ale – a very popular drink.
Norse people used spears or bows and arrows to hunt wild animals. They caught deer, bears and boars, 5) ….. . In the north, they caught seals and walruses for their meat and skins.
Norse people usually ate in the morning and in the evening. They ate at a table, and used wooden bowls and spoons and drank from animal horns. The Norse people needed a lot of energy, 6) ….. .
The Norse people worked hard, but they also made time for leisure activities and celebrations.
E each of which had a longhouse
F but had a lot of things in common
Gas well as smaller animals like rabbits
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
B3 F |
E |
B |
D |
G |
A |
159
ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ |
Practice Test 20 |
3Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15–А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.
The Journalist
concourse hoping to spot him among the crowd of bag-laden shoppers. “He will come, won’t he?” he thought to himself, biting his
. It would be the in journalism if the informer did turn up, and a huge
embarrassment for Toby if he failed to deliver the front page story he had promised the editor by midnight that night.
It had taken Toby nearly ten years to work his way up from his first job at a local paper to a desk at a national one. He’d mainly covered small local stories and was only just beginning to make his mark in the world of front page headlines. Most of the other reporters in the office had been there for years and found his energy and enthusiasm for the work highly amusing. “You’ll learn,” they said, patting him on the shoulder as they trudged wearily to their desks to punch out another short, snappy news
his big break would come.
When his chance did finally come, it took him completely by surprise. He had been working on a story about a government minister’s involvement in a national scandal. There were plenty of rumours flying around, but Toby hadn’t managed to get hold of any concrete evidence. Nobody wanted to talk. Then, one evening at a cocktail party, someone had approached him and said he could give him all the proof he needed.
Toby looked at his watch yet again, the knot of nervousness in the pit of his stomach beginning to turn to angry resentment. He didn’t care if he was young and inexperienced,
walk over him now, but the day would come when he would be in a position to take revenge. It was a moment before Toby realised the informer had slipped into the seat beside him at the table.
The last time Toby had seen him he’d been wearing an expensive tailored suit. Now, he was dressed in casual clothes to better fit in with the more humble surroundings. The informer halfsmiled at Toby and apologised for keeping him waiting as he pushed a fat envelope across the table. “You’ll find everything you need and more,” he said. “I’m sure it will mean the start
of a dazzling career in journalism for you.” Toby picked up the envelope and put it in his
briefcase, resisting the urge to rip it open and greedily savour its contents. The informer was right. This was, without doubt, a fine beginning
to an illustrious career as a leading reporter at one of the country’s most respected national
cream cake. “Just one question before you go,” said Toby when he’d got his composure back. “You’ve been friends with the minister since your days at university. Why betray him now?” As the informer stood up to leave, he patted Toby on the shoulder. “Ah yes, friends,” he said. “Indeed, I’ve been very useful to him in his career these past forty years. Now it’s his turn to prove useful in mine.” The informer began to walk away. “I shall look forward to working with you more in the future, Sir,” Toby called after him. The informer carried on walking with not so much as a backward glance. Toby couldn’t stop smiling as he patted his
briefcase.
160
he realised the story involved someone he knew. another journalist offered to help him.
he managed to make the right contacts. he was unexpectedly offered information.
Practice Test 20 |
ЧАСТЬ 2 – ЧТЕНИЕ |
A1514 While in the shopping centre, Toby felt anxious about
1 being disappointed by someone.
2 losing someone in the crowd.
3 having made a mistake.
4 losing his job.
A1615 In the second paragraph, the writer suggests that Toby
1 was more ambitious than his colleagues.
2 respected and admired his colleagues.
3 didn’t get on well with his colleagues.
4 worked harder than his colleagues.
A1716 Toby’s chance to get his first big story came after 1 2 3
4
A1817 In the fourth paragraph, the writer implies that Toby didn’t notice the informer arriving because
1 he had decided that he wouldn’t come.
2 he was lost in thought.
3 he was approached from behind.
4 he was expecting him to arrive later.
A1918 ‘it’ (line 8, paragraph five) refers to
1 |
money that the informer gave Toby. |
2 |
the national newspaper. |
3 |
the news story. |
4 |
the contents of the envelope. |
A2019 When Toby received the envelope, he
1 decided to open it immediately.
2 felt himself begin to relax.
3 became suspicious about what was inside.
4 had difficulty in controlling his feelings.
A2120 The informer says that he betrayed the minister because 1 it would benefit him.
2 the minister had betrayed him in the past.
3 he owed Toby a favour.
4 he had never liked him.
161
ЧАСТЬ 3 – ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Practice Test 20
1Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, сло ва, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номера ми B4–B10, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B4–B10.
B4 had been working |
|
B5 |
Are you coming |
B6 |
was |
B7 walked/was walking
B8 had offered
2 Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11–B16, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответ ствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11–В16.
The Future of Mobile Phones
Mobile phone technology has come a(n) |
B11 |
extremely |
long way in a short time. In |
fact, it’s almost difficult to believe that just a few years ago, we only used mobile phones to make phone calls or send text messages.
Today, not only can you take pictures and shoot videos with your mobile, you can use it to send emails,
surf the Web, listen to music and even get 9)B12 |
directions |
. |
So, with mobile technology moving so quickly, it is interesting to think about what the average mobile
phone |
10)B13 |
user |
will be doing with their phone in the future. |
One very possible future |
11)B14 |
development |
is that a small chip will be put inside mobile |
phones so that people can use them as a credit or debit card. To pay for goods in a shop, you would simply hold the phone up to a special reader and your account would be charged.
You will probably also be able to use your mobile phone as a front door or car key, so you won’t have to carry your keys around anymore.
But the truly revolutionary changes will come when intelligent software allows mobiles to predict your
needs, learn your |
12)B15 |
behaviour |
and recognise your speech. |
||
So, it seems that soon |
mobile phones will become even more necessary to people’s |
||||
lives |
than they are today. |
||||
13) ………………………… |
|||||
B16 |
EXTREME
DIRECT
USE DEVELOP
BEHAVE
LIVE
162
Соседние файлы в предмете Английский язык
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
20.06.20148.88 Mб95Примеры резюме на английском языке.pdf
- #
- #
Shopping guide in Saint-Petersburg. What and where to buy?
What do you know about traditional souvenirs from Russia? Most probably you’ve heard of Russian nesting doll (it’s called ‘mastryoshka’ in Russian), but not many visitors to our country can remember other traditional crafts. During your tour you’ll be able to see beautiful Palekh, bright shawls from Pavlovsky Posad, elegant amber jewelry, funny felt boots and numerous other souvenirs.
This section represents the history of the main Russian crafts. You’ll have an idea of what to look for during your trip to the country and learn the story of the Russian folk art. Your guide will help you to find the perfect gift from Russia.
If you’re not into shopping souvenirs it might be a good idea to buy something traditional you can eat or drink, and we’ll give you some tips on what food or drink could be a good present to your friends.
Matryoshka is the best known and most popular Russian souvenir. It is a set of painted wooden dolls of decreasing sizes one hidden inside another. The number of nested figures usually varies from three to ten, but in some rare cases can reach 50 and even more. Traditional matryoshka doll represents a woman dressed in a Russian peasant dress wearing a scarf on her head.
The name of the doll is a diminutive form of the name «Matryona». In pre-revolutionary Russia it was a female name, most popular in peasant families. It was derived from the Latin root ‘mater’ which means ‘mother’. This name is associated with the mother of a large family who was a plump healthy woman. In the west the doll is often referred to as a ‘Russian doll’ or even ‘babushka doll’ which is wrong because ‘babushka’ means grandmother in Russian.
It’s hard to imagine that matryoshka didn’t exist until the late 19th century. The first Russian nested doll set was carved in 1890 in Abramtsevo estate which belonged to Savva Mamontov who was a famous patron of arts. Many artists lived in worked in the estate. The doll represented a girl wearing a traditional dress holding a rooster. The smaller dolls inside were boys and girls and the smallest was a baby. The first matryoshka was carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin from a design by Sergey Malyutin who painted the doll. There’s a legend that the Russian artist was inspired by an old Japanese doll fukuruma which was also a nesting doll portraying a bald Buddhist monk.
Even if you are in Russia for the first time during your Saint-Peterburg tour you probably heard something about Russian vodka. How comes this strong alcohol drink became an integral part of the Russian life? Let’s get acquainted with the history of vodka with the help of your saint-petersburg tour guide and learn some interesting facts about Russian vodka.
Ushanka or shapka ushanka is a traditional Russian fur hat. It has ear flaps that might be tied at the chin to protect ears and neck from the cold or fixed at the back of the head. It is known in the west sometimes as simply ‘shapka” (which actually means “hat’ in Russian) and its name ‘ushanka’ derives from the Russian word ushi (“ears”).
The hat is usually made of sheepskin, rabbit or muskrat fur. It might also be made of artificial fur. In fact hats with ear protection were known in Russia and some other countries for centuries. But modern type of ushanka was developed in Russia in the 20th century. A hat very similar to modern ushanka appeared in 1918-1919 during the Civil War in Russia. It was introduced by Admiral Alexander Kolchak who ruled in Siberia and was the White Army commander as the army uniform. White Army lost the war but the hat was later widely used in the Soviet Union. Since 1940 the cap with earflaps became the uniform in the army and police. Shapka ushankas were also popular among Soviet leaders. Thus in 1960s-1970s Leonid Brezhnev started to wear reindeer-fawn hat and soon all members of the Soviet Government appeared in the same hats. Later Brezhnev also introduced the fashion of mink fur caps.
Valenki or Russian felt boots used to be very popular footwear in winter. They’re not so widespread today in big cities but are still common in the countryside. Valenki are among the warmest footwear that can be used in severe winters, today valenki are usually worn by little kids.
The name of the boots literally means «made by felting». They do not resist water; if the weather is slushy they are usually worn with rubber over boots. The tradition of making valenki was borrowed from Mongol tribes, but until 19th century they were quite expensive and only wealthy people could afford to wear them. Even tsars and tsarinas liked to wear valenki in winter, it’s know that empresses Catherine II and Anna Ivanovna had valenki to match their luxurious ball gown.
Caviar would be №1 on the list of desired food from Russia. Black caviar is exorbitant, but red caviar is very affordable. Do not wait until you get to the Duty Free, their selection may be limited and prices higher than in local stores. Go to any grocery store, buy several jars of caviar and put them in the fridge until the time you get out of the door to go to the airport (I usually put a post it on the door, so that I do not leave the caviar in the fridge)). Caviar survives even trans-atlantic flights, proven many times. I prefer to buy caviar in glass jars, so that I can see the product, good brand is Северная Компания. Try to choose caviar that looks light orange and not dark red, it will be more tender (different colors are due to different types of fish)
Amber is fossilized resin of ancient extinct coniferous trees known for its natural beauty and magic qualities. Amber was described by ancient Greek and Roman philosophers. In ancient times amber was often prized higher than jewels.
Amber can range in color from dark brown to a light almost clear lemon yellow. Most amber used in jewelry is from the region of the Baltic Sea. In old times people believed in magic and healing properties of amber. Thus Avicenna wrote in the early 11th century that amber cures many diseases, including stomach pains, abdominal cramps, fever, and fainting. Since ancient times amber has been used to make jewelry and household items. In the 18th-19th century it was a popular decoration for such practical items as cigarette cases, ashtrays, boxes, chests, clocks. In St Petersburg you’ll have a chance to visit the famous Amber room faced with amber panels.
Balalaika is a stringed instrument like a guitar but it has a three-cornered form and only three strings (in some cases two). Nowadays, it has almost completely disappeared from daily life. Only musicians in Russian folk music companies and in folk instrument orchestras play the balalaika.
Its first mention was in an old document in 1688. Balalaika is considered to be a symbol of Russian culture and Russian people similar to the accordion.
Russian word “samovar”, which through the years has become one of the symbols of our country, can be translated to English as “self-boiler”. This metal container, traditionally used for heating water during the tea ceremony, is often mentioned in our literature, songs and folklore.
Traditional samovar consists of body, base and chimney, cover and steam vent, handles, faucet and key, crown and ring, chimney extention and cap, drip-bowl and teapot. It heats water with the help of charcoal, that is put in its firebox. Russian samovar may have different shape (urn, krater, barrel, cylinder or sphere), vary in design and volume (may heat from 1 to 400 litres of water).
The first Russian samovars heated with coal, according to the written documents, were made in Tula in the Lisitsyn brothers’ workshop in 1778. By the XIX century Tula deserved a reputation of the main samovars’ forgery. Even nowadays in Russian language there is a saying «to travel to Tula with one’s own samovar», which in fact has the same meaning as “to carry coal to Newcastle” in English.
Khokhloma is a traditional Russian craft originated in the 17th century in the area of Nizhniy Novgorod. It’s the style of painting on wooden tableware and furniture. Khokhloma style can be recognized for its red and gold flower pattern on a dark background.
Most popular theme of paintings are flowers, strawberries, branches of mountain ash, sometimes birds, fish and animals. The beautiful pieces of tableware give you an impression of being painted with gold, but Kokhloma masters had an interesting secret of ‘gilding’.Dishes were rubbed with tin powder, coated with linseed oil and heated in an oven. As a result of heat the linseed oil turned yellow, and the tin started to shine like gold. Most probably Khokhloma craft was invented by icon masters, as the technique of painting is quite similar. Some historians believe that this handicraft was started by Old Believers, a group of people who didn’t accept church reforms of the 17th century and were severely persecuted by the officials.
Many of them fled from big cities and took refuge in the woods of Nizhny Novgorod. Many of old believers new the secrets of icon painting who taught local craftsmen this painting technology. The Khokhloma handcraft was fading away in the early 20th century, but it revived during the Soviet times. The main centers of production are Khokhloma Painter factory near the Khokhloma village and Khokhloma Painting enterprise in a town of Semyonov.
Gzhel is a style of Russian ceramics which originates from the village of Gzhel not far from Moscow. This area has long been famous for its clays. Since the XIV century the Gzhel and some 30 villages in the neighbohood have become the centre of Russian ceramic production.
In the distant past Gzhel drawings were colored. Local masters painted clay household items: plates, dinner sets, mugs, jugs, toys, etc. Today the pottery feature distinctive blue designs on white background. This style of paintings was borrowed from the Dutch. White-and-blue paintings appear in an unusual way: At first the object is painted with cobalt oxide which is black. Then it covered with white glaze and placed in the oven. After heating the glaze becomes transparent and cobalt acquires sky-blue color.
Gzhel ceramics is always hand-made! Artist paint every plate or vase with a brush, making each object an individual piece of art. Many Russian people today collect Gzhel, decorating their houses with cups and plates, pitchers and samovars, clocks, teapots and funny figurines.
One of the most popular Russian crafts which can be found in any open-air souvenir marker, at the stall or in a shop is Pavlov-Posad shawl. It is a perfect gift from Russia which will be an essential item in the wardrobe of any woman.
The history of Pavlovo-Posad shawls goes back to late 18th century, when the factory was founded by Ivan Labsin. His business soon became very successful and known in different parts of Russian. Woven of yarns at the beginning printed woolen shawls replaced costly color woven shawls. Originally the hard wooden block used for each color was applied to print the design. In late 19th century it was replaced with metal plate and later with roller printing. The characteristic feature of such a shawl is bright whimsical floral ornament on the woolen shawl with tassels on its edges. The shawls ranging in colors and ornamental styles can satisfy the taste of the most demanding fashionable lady. No wonder that in 20th century in 1938 Pavlovo Posad received the Grand Prix at Paris World Fair and some years later a new generation of designers confirmed its status and were awarded at the Brussels World Trade Fair in 1959. Thus Pavlovo-Posad shawls became world-known and loved not only in Russian but also beyond. Nowadays one can see Pavlovo-Posad shawl motives in the collections of haut-couture designers.
За это задание ты можешь получить 4 балла. На решение дается около 8 минут. Уровень сложности: базовый.
Средний процент выполнения: 89.6%
Ответом к заданию 10 по английскому языку может быть последовательность цифр, чисел или слов. Порядок записи имеет значение.
Разбор сложных заданий в тг-канале
Задачи для практики
Задача 1
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Confused with human hands |
Тексты
A. For over 30 million years, bears in one form or another have roamed the Earth. There are only 8 extant species of bear on Earth now. Bears live all over the world, and the different species inhabit various geographic regions. The different adaptations each species of bear has for its environment is one of the facts that helps us learn about evolution. We can see from these different adaptations how bears evolved from a common ancestor to have the traits they have today. B. While bears did live in the Atlas Mountains of Africa for a period of time, there are no species of bear living in Africa at this time. Scientists today believe the Atlas bear to be extinct. The Roman Empire used many animals from Northern Africa to fight in spectacular competitions. From records, it seems thousands of bears were taken and made to fight with other animals like lions and tigers. The environment also had an impact on the extinction of the Atlas bear. As the desert in Northern Africa expanded, it reduced the woodland habitat where the Atlas bear lived. C. Bears adapted in various ways for different environments. While most bears live in forests, the polar bear lives in the icy conditions of the Artic. In all species of bear, the male is larger than the female on average. There is a wider range of size between the different bear species. Kodiak bears and polar bears are the largest bears. The sun bear is the smallest bear. The largest male Kodiak bears can weigh up to 1500 lbs., and the smallest female sun bears can weigh as little 50 lbs. D. The structure of the human hand and the bear claw are very similar. The bone structure is so alike, that the National Wildlife Laboratory published a special guide to help people tell the difference. People sometimes put bear paws out in public to shock other people. Also, bear remains which were found during excavation or construction, shocking workers and halted work on the job site. The National Wildlife guide helps people quickly identify the remains by highlighting the subtle differences between bear paws and human hands. E. Polar bears may look nice and clean because of their white fur. Polar bears use their feet to leave scent markings. Polar bears have a very large territory, and scientists believe that sweat glands on their paws is a convenient way to mark their territory. This means polar bears are marking their territory simply by walking around. Most bears mark their territory by rubbing their backs against trees. However, polar bears have relatively few trees in their natural habitat in the Arctic. F. The spectacled bear is the only bear that lives in South America and the species is classified as vulnerable to extinction on the Endangered Species List. The spectacled bear makes its home in the Andean jungles. This habitat is currently being devastated by human development. Spectacled bears are also killed by farmers who see them as pests, and are poached for their meat and claws. With fewer than 3,000 alive in the world today, we need to act soon before spectacled bears suffer the same fate as Atlas bears. G. Scientists have been breeding panda bears in captivity since at least the 1960s to help stabilize the fragile panda bear population. Many advances have been made, and many new bear facts have been revealed. Breeding panda bears in captivity is a difficult task. The panda bear fetus is so small, that it’s often not seen by ultrasound. Baby panda bears are tiny fragile creatures. They are blind, hairless and only 1/900th the size of the mother. Pandas International compares the size of a baby panda bear to a stick of butter. |
Задача 2
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Making drafts |
Тексты
A. During its construction, which was completed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower became the tallest manmade structure, surpassing the height of the Washington Monument. In 1930, the Chrysler Building was built in New York City, becoming the tallest structure in the world at the time. The Eiffel Tower had held the title for 41 years! Later in 1957, an antenna was attached which, depending on how you determine the height of a structure, made the Eiffel Tower taller than the Chrysler Building. B. Gustave Eiffel, the famous architect for whom the structure was named, did not actually design the Eiffel Tower. The initial design was sketched by Maurice Koechlin in May of 1884, while he was working at home. Koechlin was a senior engineer working for Eiffel’s architecture firm at the time. Koechlin was working with another architect in the firm, Emile Nouguier, to design a monument for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. The exposition was planned as a World’s Fair to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of the French Revolution. C. In 1885 Eiffel presented the design to the Société des Ingiénieurs Civils as a symbol of the dawning Industrial Age. Two more years passed, and there were changes in government. Eiffel continued to lobby for the project and it was brought to review by a commission in 1886. The commission examined Eiffel’s proposal, along with competing proposals for the monument. Eiffel’s proposal was chosen because it was the most practical and most well planned. The other proposals seemed impossible or were not completely thought through. D. During the course of the planning, Eiffel’s firm produced 1,700 general drawings, and 3,629 detailed drawings. The drawings captured the 18,038 pieces that make up the tower. Bear in mind all of this was being done by hand, before the 1900s. The construction began in January of 1887 after a location had been determined. The massive concrete and limestone foundations of the Eiffel Tower were the first things to be put into place. The tower would be assembled in a modular fashion. E. While it is considered by many to be a work of art today, at the time, many artists and writers protested against the building of the tower based on the drawings that were exhibited. Eiffel responded by defending the monumental nature of the work, comparing it to the Pyramids of Egypt. It was an apt description. At the time, the Pyramids were still some of the largest man-made structures on Earth. Gustave Eiffel was not too concerned about the criticism, as the project had already been approved. F. In 1925, after World War I, the Eiffel Tower was not in the best condition. One conman, named Victor Lustig held a secret meeting of scrap dealers and, using forged government stationary, offered to sell the Eiffel Tower for scrap! The scrap dealer gave him a bribe along with the money for the tower. Lustig and his accomplice fled to Vienna with a suitcase full of money. A month later, Lustig couldn’t help himself, and he returned to Paris to try the scheme again. This time, the person he tried to scam went to the police. G. Elevators or lifts were installed in the tower shortly after its debut. This is a good thing! Walking to the top took early visitors hours. The lifts have been modified, upgraded and replaced many times over the years. Visitors to the Eiffel Tower include daredevils who have staged stunts, such as bungee jumping from the tower. The Eiffel Tower has become a must-see destination in Paris and, at the last count, more than 200,000,000 people had visited the tower! |
Задача 3
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. As hot as the Sun |
Тексты
A. The incredible natural resources and the ingenuity of the people that live on the Earth combine to make an impressive output of goods and services that are traded to sustain, inform and entertain. The sheer scale of the world economy is mind-boggling. Each year humankind produces $72 trillion worth of goods and services. When we examine historical facts, we see that the production of goods and services across the world really took off about 200 years ago with the dawn of the Industrial Age. B. Many people call the Earth Mother Earth because the planet sustains all life as we know it. In the same way a mother feeds and protects her children, the Earth feeds and protects all of humanity. Studies regarding the shape of the Earth show that our planet is not a perfect sphere. There is a bulge around the center of the Earth. This is what’s considered an oblate spheroid. This bulge around the center of the Earth means the diameter at the equator is 43 kilometers, or 27 miles, larger than the diameter going top to bottom or from the North Pole to the South Pole. C. The Earth is made up of a handful of elements and a sprinkling of trace elements. The Earth is strong! It is 32.1% iron. Surprisingly, oxygen accounts for 30.1%. Silicon, which makes computer chips, makes up 60.2% of the Earth’s crust and 15.1% of the total elements in the Earth. From these facts, it’s clear why certain elements are valuable. A metal like gold is only a trace element compared to the mass of the Earth. D. Conditions at the Earth’s core are shocking. It appears that 20% of the heat is still the Earth cooling off from when all the rocks slammed together to form the planet in the early solar system. Another 80% of this heat occurs in the form of radioactive decay. Radioactive elements are all present in the Earth’s core, and are giving off a lot of heat. So much heat, in fact, that the temperature of the Earth’s core is as hot as the surface of the sun, at more than 10,000 °F! E. All of the Earth’s oceans connect to form one large ocean that covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface. There’s a lot more water than land on the surface of the Earth. While the oceans only cover the surface of the Earth, they account for 1/4400 of the mass of the Earth. If the Earth was totally smooth, with no mountains, or valleys on land, or underwater, the result would be a 2.7 kilometer, or 1.5 mile, deep ocean that covered the entire surface of the Earth. F. There is no clear boundary between the Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. While we typically think of the Earth as this perfect sphere, scientists prove that spherical shape of the Earth is not so perfect. The atmosphere slowly becomes thinner and thinner until it fades into outer space. There’s no clear line or sign that says welcome to outer space. The atmosphere of Earth is one of the unique features that allows such an amazing array of life forms to exist on the planet. G. The speed at which the Earth orbits the Sun is over 100,000 kilometers per hour, or over 66,000 miles per hour! Moving at that speed, you could reach the moon in 3.5 hours, and you could travel the whole way around the Earth in about seven minutes. When we look at Earth facts about how fast the Earth rotates, we find that it’s spinning fast, too. The Earth is spinning at 1,675 kilometers per hour, or over 1,040 miles per hour! |
Задача 4
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Speaking position |
Тексты
A. It’s been said that people appreciate your ideas by the words you use, and this is true. Choose your words wisely. Words have power. They have the power to move nations and they have the power to destroy as well. When you speak, use your words carefully. Avoid using words that will cause the other person think poorly of you. Use words that communicate positive values. Make sure they are understandable. Use words that are colorful and rich with meaning, as long as they can be understood by the listener. B. Just as important as what you say is how you say it. What tone are you using? When you speak, are you monotone? Or do you move the tone of your voice, changing it up? This will naturally help people follow what you’re saying. Changing the tone of your voice is a very effective way to draw people into your message. Imagine if a painter only used one color. We want lots of colors and lots of tones. The speed with which you speak will tell others certain things. C. The emotions you communicate while speaking are vital. The key here is to show emotion without “getting emotional.” Emotions can be a very effective communicator. For example, showing anger can communicate that you are very serious about something. Allowing yourself to cry can show a side of you to others that communicates that you are a person of passion who, while being a hard-charging person who desires success, also has a tender side. Emotion, if controlled, is a powerful communicator. D. When you’re communicating, especially in a presentation situation, your speaking position, whether you are standing, sitting, kneeling, etc., can communicate a lot. For example, my good friend Zig Ziglar, a master of the stage, will frequently move to the front of the stage and kneel. He is saying, “Listen closely to this. This is really important.” He is bringing the audience in for an intimate moment. Sitting communicates casualness. Many speakers will give a considerable part of their presentation this way. This style is informative and casual—and it is effective. E. Clear-cut communication increases the likelihood that people will comprehend and take action on whatever you’re asking from them. It’s better to over-explain something than to leave room for misunderstanding. It’s helpful to prepare your thoughts in advance so you include all the relevant details. Don’t end a conversation until you’re sure the other person understands your objectives and how to achieve them. Deliver these instructions in a friendly, open way so the other person knows they can approach you with follow-up questions. F. Have you ever had a conversation with someone who only responded in two- or three-word sentences, and you walked away feeling like you learned very little? The person might not have been intentionally giving you short answers; perhaps you could have phrased your questions better. A lot of people fail to understand the power of asking quality questions. One effective tip for asking stronger questions is to frame questions in a positive tone. Framing things positively assures the direction of the conversation and leaves others with a pleasant memory of the exchange. G. If you prefer speaking on the main stage in front of larger groups, then you would fancy delivering keynotes. This option can create exceptional opportunities for consulting, long after your speech is over. If you have a new idea that you’re really passionate about or have an innovative way of presenting a familiar topic. If you enjoy sharing your expertise in a collaborative setting, consider the impact of participating in a conference environment as an expert panelist. Opportunities to communicate with smaller groups include breakout sessions or workshops. |
Задача 5
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Types of honey |
Тексты
A. Honey, often referred to as «liquid gold,» houses a wide range of vitamins and minerals. In the normal honey-making process, honey is filtered to remove contaminants, such as bee parts, waxes and other impurities. Nothing wrong there; nobody wants to chew on bee parts or wax, right? Ultra-filtration is a high-tech procedure in which honey is heated and pushed through extremely fine filters at high pressure. This technique not only removes contaminants, but pushes out the pollen and many other beneficial vitamins, minerals and enzymes, too. B. Did you know that there are more than 300 distinct varieties of honey? Different types of honey are categorized by the ways they are sold. Comb honey is taken directly just as it is stored by the bees. Liquid honey is the most common form of honey found on shelves and used by most people. Granulated honey is a powdered form of honey that is made by drying the honey in order to draw out the water. Creamed honey is a blend of granulated and liquid honey. C. Avocado honey from the flowers of this plant tends to be darker in color and has a rich, buttery taste. Blueberry honey, contrary to popular belief, is not honey with blueberries added. It is actually derived from blueberry flowers. Clover honey is the variety that most people think of as common, table honey. Eucalyptus honey is as varied as the species of plant from which it comes. It has a wide variety of color and flavor. Orange blossom honey is mixed with nectar from citrus flowers. D. Raw honey is not subjected to any sort of heat processing, though it is sometimes strained for a more pleasing presentation. This means that it still contains all of its natural nutrients. The best temperature for pasteurization of honey is 145 degrees Fahrenheit. This destroys many of the nutrients in the honey the same way that cooking vegetables at high temperatures breaks down their vitamins and minerals. Adding pasteurized honey to tea or coffee will have no effect on its nutrients, because they are already destroyed. E. It is believed that honey history dated as far back as 10 to 20 million years ago and the practice of beekeeping to produce honey, apiculture, dates back to at least 700 BC. In ancient times, Eygptians sacrificed honey by the tons to their river gods, Roman legions slathered honey on the wounds as a natural cure to promote healing, and medieval lords reserved honey for their private use. It’s told that the body of Alexander the Great was preserved and embalmed with honey. F. Honey is a miracle food; it never goes bad. It was reported that archaeologists found 2000 year old jars of honey in Egyptian tombs and they still tasted delicious! Many people find it rather surprising that bacteria cannot grow in honey because all things being equal, bacteria loves sugar. The unique chemical composition of low water content and relatively high acidic level in honey creates a low pH environment that makes it very unfavourable for bacteria or other micro-organism to grow. G. Personally, when selecting honey in the shop, I think it’s almost impossible to tell the bad from the good by just looking at the honey content through the jar or studying its food and nutrition labels. My take is always to go for the trusted or better known brands. The best is to be able to ask the source or supplier of the honey questions about the honey origin and how the honey is harvested and processed to get an assurance on the quality. |
Задача 6
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Taste preferences |
Тексты
A. A panda’s daily diet consists almost entirely of the leaves, stems and shoots of various bamboo species. Bamboo contains very little nutritional value so pandas must eat up to 38 kg every day to meet their energy needs. But they do branch out, with about 1% of their diet comprising other plants and even meat. While they are almost entirely vegetarian, pandas will sometimes hunt for small rodents. Indeed, as members of the bear family, giant pandas possess the digestive system of a carnivore, although they have evolved to depend almost entirely on bamboo. B. Where do pandas live? Pandas are native to the temperate-zone bamboo forests of central China. They once lived in lowland areas, but farming, forest clearing, and other development have pushed them into the mountains of southwestern China, mostly in the Sichuan Province. This is due to the fact that China’s human population has been steadily growing and is now the largest in the world. Pandas are beloved everywhere and their images often appear on many gift and novelty items. C. Pandas are said to have a predilection for copper and iron. They really seem to enjoy licking every scrap of food from their metal bowls, even turning the bowl in their two dexterous paws. An ancient reputation as a licker and eater of copper and iron came from a liking for dishes or cooking pots in dwellings of Chinese peasants. Another strange behaviour, but with a modern twist, we witnessed, is them enjoying «fruit lollipops» — fruit frozen in a metal dish of water to cool them down in the heat of summer in Chengdu. D. Giant pandas are born tiny (about 100 g), blind, white and helpless. The mother cradles her tiny cub in a paw and doesn’t leave the den for several days after giving birth, even to drink. Cubs soon develop soft gray fur, which becomes coarser and develops its black and white pattern in a month. The new born panda doesn’t move from the den in the first two months. After three months baby pandas begin to crawl. Cubs start to eat bamboo around six months and are fully weaned at nine months. E. The first threat to the panda was poaching for food and/ or the soft fur. Poaching existed since ancient times, but the rate of poaching increased after the animal became known around the world. Although poaching is no longer a major threat to pandas it did cause a significant drop in the population. The greatest modern threat to the species is the loss of their habitat. Since the middle of the last century China has undergone a population boom and much of the traditional habitat of the animal has been destroyed. F. This peaceful creature with a distinctive black and white coat is adored by the world and considered a national treasure in China. The bear also has a special significance for WWF. One of the reasons why WWF chose panda as its logo was to save cost! Sir Peter Scott, one of the founders, said, “We wanted an animal that is beautiful, is endangered, and one loved by many people in the world for its appealing qualities. We also wanted an animal that had an impact in black and white to save money on printing costs.” G. Pandas have the most specialized diet of any of the bears. Their diet is almost exclusively two species of bamboo. Bamboo plants only grow in a few places. This limits the range of pandas tremendously. Bamboo species go through periodic die-off s after they flower. Most plants in an area die-off at the same time. When this happened in the past, pandas would migrate to another area where the bamboo was still flourishing. However, this option is not always available. This leads to periodic starvations among panda populations. |
Задача 7
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Easy to become ill |
Тексты
A. Banana belongs to the family of Musaceae. Commercially, it is one of the widely cultivated crops in the tropical and subtropical zones. Banana flourishes well on tropical, moisture-rich, humid, low-lying farmlands. Banana has unique growth characteristics. In fact, the whole plant is a false stem. It is consisting of broad leaves, together with their long petioles, overlapping each other in a disclike fashion. The whole plant may reach 2 to 6 meters in height from the ground surface depending upon the cultivar types. B. Banana is one of the high-calorie tropical fruits. The fruit holds a good amount of fiber that helps in regular bowel movements. Banana is a good source of vitamin B6; provides about 25% of daily-recommended allowance. The fruit is also an ideal source of vitamin C. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infections. Fresh bananas provide adequate levels of minerals like copper which is an essential element in the production of red blood cells. Besides, it helps control heart rate and blood pressure. C. Recent archaeological evidence in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 5000 BC, and possibly to 8000 BC. It is likely that other species were later and independently domesticated elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is the region of primary diversity of the banana. Areas of secondary diversity are found in Africa, indicating a long history of banana cultivation in the region. The banana may also have been present in isolated locations elsewhere in the Middle East. D. One risk associated with genetically modified bananas is that when the plants are genetically identical, they are much more susceptible to plant diseases spreading over an entire species of banana. If one plant is not resistant to the disease, none of them are. This happened in the 1960’s when the then-popular type of banana, the Gros Michel, was reduced to near extinction by a pathogen called the “Panama Disease.” Scientists are working to prevent the same thing from happening to Cavendish bananas we eat now. E. Bananas are artificially ripened so that they are good to eat right on time. Bananas have a very short “shelf life,” and it is easy to tell whether or not a banana is good. Because of this, bananas are harvested long before they are ripe so that they do not turn brown and nasty until after they have been on your counter for a few days. The ships have temperature-controlled compartments for the bananas. The still-green bananas are unloaded and brought to facilities with temperature-controlled “ripening rooms”. F. Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple food crop for millions of people in developing countries. Bananas are cooked in ways that are similar to potatoes. Both can be fried, boiled, baked, or chipped and have similar taste and texture when served. One banana provides about the same calories as one potato. Most producers are small-scale farmers either for home consumption or local markets. Because bananas and plantains produce fruit yearround, they provide an extremely valuable food source. G. Modern, commercial strains of banana don’t have seeds. Well, they do, but they’re tiny, unlike wild and often inedible varieties of bananas, which have large and viable seeds. Seedless fruit-bearing plants are normally breed only with human help because the plant has no natural way to regenerate when it dies. Here again, bananas break the mold. The stems above and below ground produce new shoots at the base of the visible stem. These begin growing into new, flowering stems just as the old one is dying. |
Задача 8
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Carnivore animals |
Тексты
A. One of the most amazing facts involves just how long ago penguins began evolving towards life in the water and lost their ability to fly. The oldest fossil of a penguin species dates from over 60 million years ago! This penguin had already lost the ability to fly. While it was not as well adapted to marine life as today’s penguins, it is definitely a penguin ancestor. Scientists speculate that these ancient penguins swam mostly on the top of the water. However, their wings had already evolved to be better used as flippers in the water and the bird could no longer fly. B. When we look at fossil records, we find some amazing ancestors of the penguins we are used to seeing today. Emperor penguins are the largest penguins alive today. These birds can be up to 4 feet tall and can weigh 100 pounds. Giant penguin fossils have been found in New Zealand. These penguins lived 40 million years ago and were nearly 6 feet tall and weighed over 170 pounds! It may have been that there was an abundance of food available with few competitors, so the penguins grew larger. C. Many children’s movies and cartoons feature penguins as prominent characters. Make no mistake, these cuddly-looking creatures eat only meat, and no vegetables. Penguins survive on a diet of mostly fish. They also consume other marine animals, including squid and octopus. This diet is partly a result of the region of the Earth they inhabit. Nearly all penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere, and many live in the Antarctic where there is little to no vegetation. Adult penguins can be preyed on by leopard seals and killer whales, or orcas. D. Penguins have many special adaptations for living in cold weather. They have a thick layer of feathers that acts as insulation, and they can also control the flow of blood to their extremities, maintaining just enough blood flow to keep those body parts from freezing. A unique behavior of penguins demonstrates their ability to work together as a group to provide benefits to each individual. During the coldest months of winter, after the mother emperor penguin lays her egg, she goes hunting while the father stands over the egg to keep it warm. E. For instance, when it comes to diving, emperor penguins are capable of diving to depths of 1,854 ft. in search of fish and squid to eat. To compensate for the extreme pressures at these depths – up to 40 times the pressure at the surface – emperor penguins have special adaptations. Their bones are solid instead of air-filled, like other birds, to reduce barotrauma. During deep dives, the emperor penguin’s heart rate drops to 15-20 beats per minute to conserve oxygen. The emperor penguin’s blood also has special properties. F. It seems that penguins are tough inside and out. Their digestive system has unique features that allow the bird to survive and thrive in its marine lifestyle. Penguins have a supraorbital gland, which is a gland that filters out sodium chloride from the blood stream. In other words, the gland filters salt out of the blood. This allows penguins to drink salt water when they are thirsty! Don’t try that if you get stranded on a desert island, however – it would kill you! G. Penguins are social animals, and they like to hang out! Emperor penguins live in colonies that number into the thousands, but interesting facts shock us with the real party-animals of the penguin order: macaroni penguins. Macaroni penguins can group in colonies of several hundred thousand birds at once! That’s not a party – that’s a festival! As a result of living in these large groups, penguins have adapted many unique vocalizations and displays to communicate with other birds. Male penguins have unique behavior when they huddle in heat packs to stay warm. |
Задача 9
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Be the first to approach |
Тексты
A. Most people fail to harbor the courage to talk open minded with people they have first met or strangers in any place. Your first impression is not the last impression. When you enter a new place, say, your school or college, or even your workplace, it’s obvious to feel nervous. Don’t worry, so are the others. You just need to show that you’re scared, too. They have seen you for the first time so try not to flaunt yourself, instead; be yourself. Think of them as if they have already been your friends. B. We often feel alone inside metro, buses, parks or a new institution. Being able to approach new people saves us from that awkward time that we often face when we don’t know anyone we are looking at. Relations are not sent by God, so try to adjust in whichever seat you get. Making access to other’s choices is also important to show you care. You need not argue with someone for the best seat. If you want a particular place for yourself like the front seat or the middle one, then just be sure to come a little early the next day. C. The person beside you or in front of you is seeing you for the first time. Just act normal and introduce yourself, like «Hi, I’m Sasha and you?» or focus on his/her notebook or mobile phone and say, «Good choice, it’s very trendy.» You could just simply comment on his/her dress or shoes or even hairstyle. Show that you like him/ her. Sometimes there are certain common things that initiate conversation, like the classroom you are in or the boss you are working for. Either way, feel free to voice your opinion. D. Rushing with your rambling is always not a good idea; you should also pause and listen partners’ response. Try to engage more in their topics and views. When they find you reliable and easier to talk, you will find them interesting too. Don’t think for any topics beforehand. Let the conversation lead you. You will see one topic leads to another. It often becomes smooth when you act naturally. Pretence is not necessary unless you didn’t enroll for an acting course. E. Make sure to offer help when people need one. It’s up to them to trust you or not, but you could show concern and interest in them. Who knows, you might get help in return. When you’re alone in a new place, you won’t know what you need and when. So instead of regretting later, you could just ask for some help too unless it’s very personal. A helping hand once in a while saves from embarrassment. Always be honest to yourself and the others around you. F. Don’t push yourself far enough for attention. Just wait for the right time. It’s very rude to not ask for the contact number, especially after the other person has helped you. Even if you do not intend for further communication, just an occasional ‘Hi!’ or ‘Hello! How are you?’ sums it up. Remember the first person you met saved you from boredom and has at least been a friend to you. Just for the sake of that, drop a message sometimes to show that you remember. Always be thankful. G. One good way to make friends is to join an organization, club, or sports team. If joining a group is too far out of your comfort zone, try striking up conversations with people you see regularly, like someone you sit next to in class or the cashier at your favorite store. It’s OK if you’re nervous to talk to them. Just smile, stand up straight, and make eye contact so you seem friendly. The more often you talk to them, the more comfortable you’ll get. |
Задача 10
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Display inquisitiveness |
Тексты
A. Self-education requires a willingness to learn, the self-discipline to stay focused and a level of interest that exceeds the standard job mill education. A curious mind seeks to be educated. By asking questions, you can find out a lot of things that many people don’t know and won’t ever know. In fact, questioning is key to active and meaningful learning. The formulation of a good question is also a creative act. Questions help us to make sense of the world. B. Try to expand your mind by learning beyond your comfort zone and seeing how other people think, perceive and understand things. If you only ever see romantic comedies, watch a documentary or an action film instead. If you only ever read comics, try a novel instead. If you only ever see car rallies, go and see a museum exhibition instead. Read world history and learn about different cultures. It is one of the finest ways of self-educating. Read about others who self-educate. C. Curiosity is about pushing yourself beyond what you’re used to. There will be times when you feel really uncomfortable, out of your depth and perhaps even upset when trying to learn new things. This can happen especially where you feel dumb, unlearned or when your beliefs and values are challenged. These are the very times when you should keep pushing yourself to learn and to become wiser about whatever it is you’ve been avoiding. Read a lot. Without fail, always read something, and make it substantial. D. Read English from different parts of the world, don’t assume that authors from your own country are the only ones worth reading. By extending your reading to elsewhere in the world, you’ll discover that even with one language, the thinking is diverse and the ways of seeing the world are wonderfully varied. When you feel more competent in this area, push into other languages. Realize that learning a language is about immersing yourself in another culture too. E. If you’re learning or have learned the basics in math, science and other subjects, find out what you’ve yet to learn and set about teaching yourself. There is much more beyond the basics and most of it will challenge you in much more interesting ways than your initial learning did. If you did badly at a subject, do not let this hold you back. Every brain is plastic and capable of being rewired to relearn things and to learn new things. F. Self-education requires very good self-discipline. Besides, borrow from intelligent people what you consider works well to improve the mind and understanding. Observe, learn and apply what you see good from them. You can learn a lot from them if you just take the time to sit with and listen to them. Should you feel that what they tell you is old hat and odd, put aside your biases and really listen. There are authentic human things to learn from older people. G. By the time finals roll around and your time is precious — every minute counts. That is why scheduling is essential during the preparation for the exams. So as not to become totally confused during this stressful time, make a realistic study schedule for yourself, too. Leave yourself time for breaks — you’ll be taking them anyway — and be sure to prioritize according to which class you’ll need to study for the most. |
Задача 11
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. The trend catches on |
Тексты
A. The pillow was invented so that bugs would not crawl into the noses, ears, and mouths of people while they were sleeping. The pillow was first used in what is present-day Iraq over 9,000 years ago. Back then, it was carved from stone. Ancient Egyptians also used pillows because they wanted to protect their heads. Ancient Chinese used hard pillows (although they knew how to make softer ones) because of the belief that soft pillows depleted the body’s energy. B. The idea of a high heel or platform shoe is actually a seriously ancient one. One of the first traced high-level pieces of footwear in history belonged to actors in ancient Greece. However, these weren’t necessarily worn off stage; they were actually meant as a kind of shorthand about the social class of various characters in Greek drama and comedy. The higher the heel, the more «elevated» the character. There’s also evidence that ancient Egyptians used heels, though not for everyday use. C. Many noblemen of the medieval Persian empire wore heels as riding shoes, often in decadent materials and bright colours, to enable them to get a better grip on their stirrups. The European royals really perked up and took notice when a Persian monarch, Shah Abbas, came to tour European courts and make noble friends in the 1500s. The diplomatic gesture turned into a fashionable one, too: people saw the beautiful heeled shoes worn by the Shah and his entourage, and decided to make them their own. D. It feels like a common sense thing to say, but along with the collapse of society, the loss of power, and the lawlessness that will inevitably accompany the end of the world, your chances of using email, telephone, or Facebook to communicate will be practically zilch. Luckily, China has the answer—the carrier pigeon. According to reports, the People’s Liberation Army recently trained a “pigeon army” to carry messages between military and political facilities should there be a major collapse in the country’s communication network. E. The idea of the heel actually being a «female» notion took a very long time to develop. One of the places where it took hold, however, was in Venice in the 1400s. But these weren’t heels that you’d like to wear clubbing these days. Chopines, as they’re called, were staggeringly high, slightly-tilted shoes with as many as 24 inches of narrowed platform underneath. They were originally designed to keep the mud off the more delicate «real» shoes of ladies walking in the street. F. Ethiopia is an important trading hub, which makes effective border control difficult to maintain. As a result of limited resources for border enforcement staff, serious organised crime – such as wildlife trafficking – often goes undetected. Wildlife crime is the world’s fourth most prevalent form of criminal activity. Animals often die in transit when exported over borders. Cheetahs and other big cats are regularly exported to the Middle East as ‘exotic pets’. To a rich elite these animals are just another status symbol, like a sports car or an expensive watch. G. The real fashion maven, and patron saint of the heel, was Louis XIV of France, otherwise known as The Sun King. He loved all things ornate; he was the one who made the seriously decadent Palace of Versailles his centre of power. And the heel was just the thing he wanted to look even more elaborate. Standing at just 5’4″, he adopted it enthusiastically, often with up to four inches of heel on his court shoes. He even developed a trademark of red-painted heels and ordered all male members of his court dye their heels the same color. |
Задача 12
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. The size matters |
Тексты
A. What actually was the first tie is somewhat disputed. It could either be a cloth worn around the neck to protect its wearer from cold and also double as a handkerchief. Or it could be the a piece of clothing that Croatian soldiers participating in the Thirty Years War wore around their necks to allow them identify each other on the battlefield. After the war, French soldiers introduced the tie to France, where it was often worn by the rich upper class. B. Bubble wrap is that nylon-like polymer filled with air bubbles that everyone, or at least almost everyone, loves pressing. Today, it is used to wrap items to prevent them from damage, although it can also be used to save the life of someone suffering from hypothermia. Bubble wrap did not start off as a material for protecting goods while in transit. It was invented in 1957 when Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes sewed two shower curtains together. Their plan was to create a wallpaper that would have some airbubble space within. C. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums approved rules requiring any zoo with elephants to keep at least three of the species and a full-time elephant scientist on staff, among other things. But not every zoo has the space or budget to meet those guidelines. Some, such as the zoos in Omaha, San Diego and Houston, have doubled down with better facilities. Others in San Francisco, Seattle and Chicago, to name a few have given up on keeping elephants entirely. D. Small group travel makes for the best experience. It’s why many tourist agencies limit the size of their groups to just 16. Small group journey transforms from bus trip to road trip, complete with likeminded travellers that become new best mates. Tourist agencies would make more money if they crammed as many people on their buses as they can, but they don’t. It means that while the big group has to stick to the main road, small groups can easily get to those magical, hard to reach places. E. The internet has reached almost every corner of the globe, but most research on how it is used, particularly among children, focuses on the US and Europe. This is a problem, because according to best estimates one in three children around the world now uses the internet – most of them outside the West. Global Kids Online is an ambitious project to find out which children are using the internet, what they are learning, and the opportunities and risks it presents. F. While teenagers have always thought they knew everything, current generations are part of a continuing trend of increasing IQ scores over the last 100 years. James Flynn, who first observed the trend, says it’s due to the world becoming increasingly complex. People are becoming better and better at analyzing the world, rather than thinking in terms of what’s useful to their survival. As technology and access to information continues to increase, it’s possible that IQ scores will as well. G. Even though our air and water may be much cleaner than it was more than 40 years ago, Earth Day is more important than ever. With carbon emissions climbing, temperatures rising, and weather getting weirder all over, it can feel like the existential threat of our changing climate is impossible to stop. But don’t let the scope of the problem get you down. You can change your lifestyle to help protect the environment, and you can vote by supporting companies who help protect it, too. |
Задача 13
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Enjoy quiet personal space |
Тексты
A. Going to the library is a rewarding pastime that many of us already enjoy. It can encourage reading and exploration in children. Children can learn at every turn. Even being responsible for returning books on time can teach some basics of responsibility. Studies have shown that students who visit the library tend to have better test scores than those who don’t. Studies have also shown that reading can aid in brain development in young children, so it’s important to read to them and encourage them to read and visit the library from a very young age. B. The library is home to a wealth of free items, such as free newspapers, magazines, audiobooks, CD, DVD, and video rentals; free eBooks, free Wi-Fi, free computers and the Internet access. It means that you’ll have access to much more than just books. It would cost a fortune to try purchasing all of these sources of reading, music, and videos, but fortunately, the library has access to much more than your home library and entertainment centre could ever store. Moreover, using the Internet you can research whatever you need and have access to a computer whenever you need it. C. Libraries offer all types of events and programs for bookworms. You can enjoy everything from author readings to health workshops. Every library is different, so you can’t expect anything in particular, but some activities commonly provided at the library include author readings for adults and kids, poetry circles, story circles for kids, puppet shows, family films, special programs for children, book discussions, reading programs and summer events, used book sales, workshops like knitting and parenting skills. D. You can find rare material at your local library that you won’t be able to find elsewhere. You’ll also be able to find old books for sale at a great price, so make sure to keep your eyes open for any of their cheap book sales. If you haven’t been to your local library, you may be shocked to find what kind of food and shopping options they have. It could all be easily missed if you don’t know that you don’t take the time to really map out your library and find out what they offer. E. The library is full of other bookworms. You can bond over your favourite books and love of literature. Libraries often promote local businesses, so you can also find out more about local artists, businesses, and even book clubs. And the librarian probably has an abundance of useful information and recommendations. Just let them know what you’re looking for and they can help you to find the right book or answer to any questions you may have. F. We all need a bit of personal space, and the library can provide the quiet reprieve you need. It’s a great place for reading, working, researching, or just relaxing. There are always comfy chairs and corners at the library where you can enjoy a great new book and expand your mind. The library is brightly lit, so you won’t have to squint your eyes to see the words on the page. Add that to the cool environment, quiet atmosphere, and endless rows of books, and you’ve got a very calming way to relieve stress and relax. G. Most importantly, once you become a member of your local library, you can rent all the books your heart desires. You can borrow the books for free from your library. Knowing that you need to return the book can also encourage you to finish the book by the return date. Be honest, after reading a book once, you probably won’t read it again. So, it will just take up space on your bookshelf and gather dust. Instead, you can rent a book in any genre, read it, and return it for free. |
Задача 14
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Reliable dental remedies |
Тексты
A. Although it is often taught that the Roman Empire had the first system of government, that is actually just the first record of government in the West. The very first governmental structure is credited to the early ancient Egyptians. Even more surprising, this political system did not surround the pharaoh as many believe. Until around 1570 BC, ancient Egypt was ruled by kings. During the predynastic period King Narmer came to power and established the first central government within their preexisting borders. B. Until the time of government policies and economic standing, there was no need to keep track of days. Due to their irrigation systems, the ancient Egyptians also needed to figure out when the Nile was going to flood. Thus, they created the 365-day calendar. Originally, the calendar had 370 days until they realized they needed a shortened year and merely added leap years. So if you were born on a day that only occurs in a leap year, (are actually only 20), you have the good old Egyptians to thank. C. Ancient Egyptians realized the toll their teeth were taking and discovered a simple solution to this problem. The first form of toothpaste was invented by the Egyptians using an almost nauseating list of ingredients such as crushed ox hooves, ashes, and burned eggshells. Along with toothpaste came mints. They had a less unsettling ingredient list that included rock salt, dried mint, and dried iris. In fact, multiple recipe lists from ancient Egypt have been discovered. This simple invention saved the lives of many people at the time. D. Ancient Egyptians developed a form of writing never seen before. They would soak the ends of long pieces of reed in water and then cut the ends into points, causing them to crack and dispense the ink. However, they soon learned that these pens dried out quickly, which led to the use of quills. It was not until the late 1800s that society returned to the first Egyptian idea and developed the modern- day ballpoint pen, including a cap this time to prevent them from drying out as quickly. E. Being late to work was a problem even for the ancient Egyptians as they, too, had clocks. A sundial was the earliest form of clock, but they only worked with a clear sky. This led to the invention of the water clock. It worked by slowly dripping water throughout the day, making it possible to tell time indoors. From there, they made portable shadow clocks. These devices had such an impact on daily life in ancient Egypt that everyone was fascinated by the idea. F. A common misconception is that Leonardo da Vinci invented scissors. In reality, the original design was created as far back as 1500 BC. Although the Romans engineered the cross-blade design we know today, the ancient Egyptians had a simpler but effective version. It was a single piece of metal fashioned into two blades that were controlled by a metal strip between the blades. With the invention of scissors, ancient Egyptians could cut their hair into different styles. Even the most skilled hair stylist could not replicate those without a good pair of shears. G. If you have ever seen a depiction of ancient Egyptians, it will come as no surprise that they were very particular about their appearance. Not only did they create makeup, wigs, and hair extensions, but they also developed the first hair dying technique. Hair was not only for looks but for displaying your social status. The better you kept your hair, the wealthier you were. Gray hair did not fit this ideal. So they started using dried henna leaves to create a reddishbrown paste that dyed the hair. |
Задача 15
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. From the history of the place |
Тексты
A. Known as sfyria, it’s one of the most endangered languages in the world – a mysterious form of long-distance communication in which entire conversations, no matter how complex, can be whistled. For the last two millennia, the only people who have been able to sound and understand sfyria’s secret notes are the shepherds and farmers from this hillside hamlet, each of whom has proudly passed down the tightly guarded tradition to their children. B. Situated in the southern Aegean Sea, Santorini is a small, circular group of five Cycladic islands, made up of main island Thera; Therasia and Aspronisi at the periphery; and the two lava islands. All five surround a colossal, mostly drowned caldera, a bowl-shaped crater that forms when the mouth of a volcano collapses. But during the Bronze Age, approximately 5,000 years ago, Santorini was a single volcanic landmass called Stronghyle (which means ‘round’ in Greek), and one that played a crucial role in shaping history. C. Left Bank is a portrait of the overlapping generations born between 1905 and 1930, who lived, loved, fought, played and flourished in Paris between 1940 and 1950 and whose intellectual and artistic output still influences how we think, live, and even dress today. After the horrors of war that shaped and informed them, Paris was the place where the world’s most original voices of the time tried to find an independent and original alternative to the capitalist and Communist models for life, arts, and politics — a ‘Third Way’. D. In 1890, a local girl named Minna fell in love with a young chocolate maker named Wilhelm. Minna’s father forbade her from seeing Wilhelm, so the two started secretly exchanging handwritten letters by leaving them in a knothole in the oak’s trunk. A year later, Minna’s father finally granted her permission, and the two were wed on 2 June 1891 under the oak tree’s branches. The story of the couple’s fairy-tale courtship spread, and soon, hopeful romantics who had no luck finding partners in ballrooms began writing love letters to the Bridegroom’s Oak. E. There are countless waterfalls along the Road to Hana, so how do you pick? The easiest way is to decide how much time and effort you’re willing to put into each one. My personal favorite for everyone is Upper Waikini Falls (aka 3 Bears Waterfall). This is a great waterfall because there’s a good vantage point from the road – meaning minimal investment of time or effort. But, it’s also a short and not too difficult hike back to the waterfall. F. If walking a few steps to a large lookout, getting zen in a garden, or floating around in a pool is too low energy for you, why not try seeing the falls from above? Reserve a spot on one of the Umauma Ziplining tours, and you’re in for a high flying, rootin’ tootin’ good time. 9 ziplines…adding up to 2 miles of flying…over 14 waterfalls… along the Umauma River. As if ziplining isn’t enough, you’ll have stunning jungle, river, and even ocean views. G. One of the largest islands in Croatia, Cres is an island packed with adventure. Its great beaches, hiking trails, ancient villages and excellent camping are second to none. With its large size and small population you really feel off the beaten path when exploring Cres. This is because it’s not always convenient to get to. The most frequent ferry route leaves from Brestova which is an hour south of Rij eka. Luckily, it’s an extremely scenic drive down to Brestova with sweeping scapes of Kvarner Bay. |
Задача 16
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Types of dwellings |
Тексты
A. Ants evolved some 130 million years ago at the end of the Jurassic. Most fossil evidence of insects is found in lumps of ancient amber, or fossilized plant resin. The oldest known ant fossil, a primitive and now extinct ant species, was found in Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey. Though that fossil only dates back 92 million years, another fossil ant that proved nearly as old has a clear lineage to ants of present day. This suggests a much longer evolutionary line than previously assumed. B. Ants use their tiny size to their advantage. Relative to their size, their muscles are thicker than those of larger animals or even humans. This ratio enables them to produce more force and carry larger objects. If you had muscles in the proportions of ants, you’d be able to heave a Hyundai over your head! In certain ant species, the soldier ants have modified heads, shaped to match the nest entrance. They block access to the nest by sitting just inside the entrance, with their heads functioning like a cork in a bottle. C. Ant plants are plants with naturally occurring hollows where ants can take shelter or feed. These cavities may be hollow thorns, stems, or even leaf petioles. The ants live in the hollows, feeding on sugary plant secretions or the excretions of sap-sucking insects. What do the plants get for providing such luxurious accommodations? The ants defend the plant from herbivorous mammals and insects, and may even prune away parasitic plants that attempt to grow on the host plant. D. By following a scent given off by scout ants from their colony, foraging ants can gather and store food efficiently. A scout ant first leaves the nest in search of food, and wanders somewhat randomly until it discovers something edible. It will then consume some of the food and return to the nest in a straight, direct line. It seems these scout ants can observe and recall visual cues that enable them to navigate quickly back to the nest. Along the return route, the scout ant leaves specifi c scents that will guide her nestmates to the food. E. Ant colonies come in literally all shapes and sizes. A few species live in colonies of only a few dozen ants; however, the average ant colony contains thousands of individual ants. Smaller colonies live in natural openings while larger colonies create vast nests and forage for supplies and food. There are also super colonies around the world that can contain more than 300 million individuals. These super colonies have been identified in Japan, Australia, the United States, and southern Europe. F. Perhaps the strangest ant fact, there is a species of fungus that infects ants and takes control of their bodies. However, social insects have evolved collective disease defenses to try and control epidemics in their colonies. So, for example, they groom one another and they use anti-microbial substances to prevent individuals which come into contact with pathogens. In a full colony set up that can very quickly lead to a sort of huge mass break out of the disease, there is zero disease transmission because of special behaviours. G. Not all ant species build nests. A group of about 200 species known as army ants have two phases of their life: nomad and stationary. During the colony’s nomad phase, the ants travel all day, attacking other colonies and insects. At night, they build a temporary nest and keep moving the next morning. The only time they stop traveling is when the queen lays eggs and the colony waits for them to hatch. During this time, the worker ants make a nest out of their own bodies to protect the queen, the food, and the eggs. |
Задача 17
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Mutual evolution |
Тексты
A. Humans have evolved with herbs and plants for hundreds of thousands of years. Using herbal medicine brings harmony and balance back to the body, because it allows the body to be just as responsible for the healing as the plant. Using harsh, synthetic chemical compounds, which have only been around for a hundred years or so (and have not usually been properly tested for long term safety), comes with the mentality that the body is a broken machine and needs to be fixed. B. Before there was modern-day medicine and its pharmacopeia of synthetic drugs, there were plants, and ancient civilizations knew how to use them strategically to treat common ailments and even life-threatening diseases. The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, a scroll from 1550 BC that’s over 100 pages long, details 700 medicinal herbs and how to use them. The Greek Corpus Hippocraticum from the 16th century BC also details the use of herbal medicine. Later, during the 1800s and early 1900s, the knowledge of herbal medicine was passed down from one generation to the next. C. Paracelsus (1493-1541) was one of the proponents of chemically prepared drugs out of raw plants and mineral substances; nonetheless, he was a firm believer that the collection of those substances ought to be astrologically determined. He continuously emphasized his belief in observation, and simultaneously supported the “Signatura doctrinae”—the signature doctrine. According to this belief, God designated his own sign on the healing substances, which indicated their application for certain diseases. For example, the hazelwort is reminiscent of the liver; thus, it must be beneficial for liver diseases. D. Modern day medicine is actually very different from the ancient concepts and understanding of medicine. This is clear from the fact that the first medical schools were based on the use of herbs and plants as medicines. The word “drug” that we so commonly use to refer to medicines these days actually comes from a Dutch word “droog” which means “dry” or “to dry”. This fact reveals that ancient healers used to dry herbs and plants so that they could be used as medicines. E. Of all the components which comprise the current day pharmacopoeia, seven thousand are taken from plants. To understand the importance of herbal medicine, it is first important to learn a little bit about plants. Every plant on the planet creates specific chemical compounds which is a basic part of their metabolic function. These main metabolites may include fats or sugars, as well as metabolites which are found in a lower number of plants, but which are contained within a specific species. F. Herbs are trophorestorative and this means that they work on the deepest levels to bring about healing and also bring about vitality. Through scientific research it has been found that plants bring about benefits to us by transferring genetic information to our bodies. This in a true sense means ‘deep healing’. However, it is a fact that one must try out herbal medicines and treatments only after doctor’s consultation and advice. Even simple therapies like cranberry extract may first need a nod from the doctor to be taken. G. Some will argue that species would go extinct even without human interference. While that’s certainly true, it’s the rate that plants are dying off that raises alarm. Thanks to climate change, deforestation and other human-influence factors, experts believe that species are going extinct somewhere between 1,000 and 10,000 times faster than they would naturally. Since plants can’t just up and move as their habitat is being destroyed, they are even more vulnerable than endangered animals. It is happening too quickly. |
Задача 18
Установите соответствие между текстами A–F и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Making workouts better
2. Going the wrong way
3. Improving memory
4. Struggling with insomnia
5. Clues for the audience
6. Distracting while behind the wheel
7. Reducing stress
8. A faster recovery
Тексты
A. When we hear a familiar song, we are often able to recall a moment from our past that is connected to that tune. Favorite songs tickle our memory in various ways and it shows that music is easily ingrained in our memory. Music has been found to stimulate parts of the brain, and studies have demonstrated that music enhances the memory. For example, scores on memory tests are improved when people listen to classical music. It’s possible, then, to use music to help students retain information and enhance learning.
B. For some athletes and for many people who run, jog, cycle, lift weights and otherwise exercise, music is not superfluous—it is essential to peak performance and a satisfying workout. When music is used before athletic activity, it has been shown to improve the performance of simple tasks. When music is used during activity, it has work-enhancing and psychological effects. Listening to music during exercise can both increase physical capacity and improve energy efficiency. So make a playlist just for the gym or for working out.
C. Since the time of early man, music has been a part of human culture. In nursing, Florence Nightingale used music as part of the healing process for soldiers under her care during the war. The first formal music therapy program in the United States was established in 1944, at Michigan State University. The various musical elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and tempo stimulate an emotional response that comprises the affective component of pain, which helps to positively affect mood and results in improved healing.
D. Listening to music can have a tremendously relaxing effect on our minds and bodies, especially slow, quiet classical music. This type of music can have a beneficial effect on our physiological state, slowing the pulse and heart rate, lowering blood pressure. Music, in short, can act as a powerful stress management tool in our lives. When people are very stressed, there is a tendency to avoid listening to music actively. So it just takes a small effort to begin with.
E. Slow and quiet music can lead to better sleep. It’s scientifically proved that listening to some kinds of music can cure insomnia. Meditative melodies activates specific brain arias and help to calm thoughts and be in the state of deep relaxation and sleeping.
F. Music and driving have gone together since the first car radio was introduced around 1930. What would a road trip be without tunes? Having a phone conversation while driving is highly distracting, and we all know texting while driving is even worse. So listening to music may be distracting too. Any device that causes you to glance away from the road for several seconds should be avoided. Excessively loud music can prevent you from hearing sirens or horns.
G. If we step back and think about it, music is one of the most peculiar conventions in movies. No one questions that music should be a part of movies because we’ve all grown used to the idea that, in a movie, when something happens, we should hear music in the background. Of course, no one has a soundtrack accompanying their real lives. The most obvious way music scores are used is to guide the emotional response of the audience.
Задача 19
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Areas of usage |
Тексты
A. There are countless uses for drone technology. Drones can help meteorologists track storms, spying on the systems as they evolve without risking human life to do it, both in the air and underwater. The energy industry also uses drone technology. Drones can be programmed to inspect high power lines, peruse miles of oil and gas pipelines, and check out wind turbines and solar panels for possible problems. Drones are used to monitor wildlife populations, especially threatened and endangered species. They are also monitoring illegal fishing. |
Задача 20
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. Запишите выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.
Заголовки
1. Active religious temple |
Тексты
A. Teotihuacan is one of the largest cities of ancient world located in Mexico. The marvelous constructions that were found within this place were built in time span of 100 BC and still remain one of the greatest man made wonders. The amazing pyramid of Sun at Teotihuacan has same base areas as that of great pyramid of Giza, having only half of height of pyramid of Giza. The ancient pyramids found at Teotihuacan were built using rubble and bricks. |