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ОГЭ Английский язык задание №9 Демонстрационный вариант 2018 Про­чи­тай­те тек­сты и уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми А–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. В ответ за­пи­ши­те цифры, в по­ряд­ке, со­от­вет­ству­ю­щем бук­вам. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1. The scientific explanation
5. Places without rainbows
2. The real shape
6. A personal vision
3. A lucky sign
7. A bridge between worlds
4. Some tips
8. Impossible to catch

A. Two people never see the same rainbow. Each person sees a different one. It
happens because the raindrops are constantly moving so the rainbow is always
changing too. Each time you see a rainbow it is unique and it will never be the
same! In addition, everyone sees colours differently according to the light and
how their eyes interpret it.
B. A rainbow is an optical phenomenon that is seen in the atmosphere. It appears
in the sky when the sun’s light is reflected by the raindrops. A rainbow always
appears during or immediately after showers when the sun is shining and the
air contains raindrops. As a result, a spectrum of colours is seen in the sky. It
takes the shape of a multicoloured arc.
C. Many cultures see the rainbow as a road, a connection between earth and
heaven (the place where God lives). Legends say that it goes below the earth at
the horizon and then comes back up again. In this way it makes a permanent
link between what is above and below, between life and death. In some myths
the rainbow is compared to a staircase connecting earth to heaven.
D. We all believe that the rainbow is arch-shaped. The funny thing is that it’s
actually a circle. The reason we don’t see the other half of the rainbow is
because we cannot see below the horizon. However, the higher we are above
the ground, the more of the rainbow’s circle we can see. That is why, from an
airplane in flight, a rainbow will appear as a complete circle with the shadow of
the airplane in the centre.
E. In many cultures there is a belief that seeing a rainbow is good. Legends say
that if you dig at the end of a rainbow, you’ll find a pot of gold. Rainbows are
also seen after a storm, showing that the weather is getting better, and there is
hope after the storm. This is why they are associated with rescue and good
fortune. If people happen to get married on such a day, it is said that they will
enjoy a very happy life together.

F. You can never reach the end of a rainbow. A rainbow is all light and water. It is
always in front of you while your back is to the sun. As you move, the rainbow
that your eye sees moves as well and it will always ‘move away’ at the same
speed that you are moving. No matter how hard you try, a rainbow will always
be as far away from you as it was before you started to move towards it.
G. To see a rainbow you have to remember some points. First, you should be
standing with the sun behind you. Secondly, the rain should be in front of you.
The most impressive rainbows appear when half of the sky is still dark with
clouds and the other half is clear. The best time to see a rainbow is on a warm
day in the early morning after sunrise or late afternoon before sunset. Rainbows
are often seen near waterfalls and fountains.
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ОГЭ Английский язык задание №9 Демонстрационный вариант 2017

1. Traditional delivery         2. Loss of popularity          3. Money above privacy
4. The best-known newspapers         5. Focus on different readers         6. The successful competitor
7. Size makes a difference        8. Weekend reading

A. As in many other European countries, Britain’s main newspapers are losing their readers. Fewer and fewer people are buying broadsheets and tabloids at the newsagent’s. In the last quarter of the twentieth century people became richer and now they can choose other forms of leisure activity. Also, there is the Internet which is a convenient and inexpensive alternative source of news.

B. The ‘Sunday papers’ are so called because that is the only day on which they are published. Sunday papers are usually thicker than the dailies and many of them have six or more sections. Some of them are ‘sisters’ of the daily newspapers. It means they are published by the same company but not on week days.

C. Another proof of the importance of ‘the papers’ is the morning ‘paper round’. Most newsagents organise these. It has become common that more than half of the country’s readers get their morning paper brought to their door by a teenager. The boy or girl usually gets up at around 5:30 a.m. every day including Sunday to earn a bit of pocket money.

D. The quality papers or broadsheets are for the better educated readers. They devote much space to politics and other ‘serious’ news. The popular papers, or tabloids, sell to a much larger readership. They contain less text and a lot more pictures. They use bigger headlines and write in a simpler style of English. They concentrate on ‘human interest stories’ which often means scandal.

E. Not so long ago in Britain if you saw someone reading a newspaper you could tell what kind it was without even checking the name. It was because the quality papers were printed on very large pages called ‘broadsheet’. You had to have expert turning skills to be able to read more than one page. The tabloids were printed on much smaller pages which were much easier to turn.

F. The desire to attract more readers has meant that in the twentieth century sometimes even the broadsheets in Britain look rather ‘popular’. They give a lot of coverage to scandal and details of people’s private lives. The reason is simple. What matters most for all newspaper publishers is making a profit. They would do anything to sell more copies.

G. If you go into any newsagent’s shop in Britain you will not find only newspapers. You will also see rows and rows of magazines for almost every imaginable taste. There are specialist magazines for many popular pastimes. There are around 3,000 of them published in the country and they are widely read, especially by women. Magazines usually list all the TV and radio programmes for the coming week and many British readers prefer them to newspapers.

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1.Living through ages 2. Influenced by fashion 3. Young and energetic
4. Old and beautiful 5. Still a mystery 6. A lot to see and to do
7. Welcome to students 8. Fine scenery

A. Ireland is situated on the western edge of Europe. It is an island of great beauty with rugged mountains, blue lakes, ancient castles, long sandy beaches and picturesque harbors. The climate is mild and temperate throughout the year. Ireland enjoys one of the cleanest environments in Europe. Its unspoilt countryside provides such leisure ac¬tivities as hiking, cycling, golfing and horse-riding.
B. Over the past two decades, Ireland has become one of the top destinations for En¬glish language learning — more than 100,000 visitors come to Ireland every year to study English. One quarter of Ireland’s population is under 25 years of age and Dublin acts as a magnet for young people looking for quality education. The Irish are relaxed, friendly, spontaneous, hospitable people and have a great love of conversation. So, there is no better way of learning a language than to learn it in the country where it is spoken.
C. Dublin sits in a vast natural harbor. Such a protected harbor appealed to the first settlers 5,000 years ago and traces of their culture have been found around Dublin and its coast. But it was not until the Vikings came sailing down the coast in the middle 9th cen¬tury that Dublin became an important town. Next to arrive were the Anglo-Norman ad¬venturers. This was the beginning of the long process of colonization that dictated Ire¬land’s development over the next seven hundred years.
D. Now Dublin is changing fast and partly it ’s thanks to its youthful population over 50 percent are under the age of twenty-five and that makes the city come alive. To¬day Dublin is a city full of charm with a dynamic cultural life, small enough to be friend¬ly, yet cosmopolitan in outlook. This is the culture where the heritage of ancient days brings past and present together.
E. In general, cultural life of Dublin is very rich and you can enjoy visiting different museums, art galleries and exhibitions. But for those looking for peace and quiet there are two public parks in the centre of the city: St. Stephen’s Green and Merrion Square.
The city centre has several great shopping areas depending on your budget as well as nu¬merous parks and green areas for relaxing in. Dublin is also a sports-m ad city and wheth¬er you are playing or watching, it has everything for the sports enthusiast.
F. Step dances are the creation of Irish dancing m asters of the late 18th century.
Dancing m asters would often travel from town to town, teaching basic dancing steps to those interested and able to pay for them . Their appearance was motivated by a desire to learn the ‘fashionable’ dance styles which were coming from France. The dance m asters often changed these dances to fit the traditional music and, in doing so, laid the basis for much of today’s traditional Irish dance — ceili, step, and set.
G. St Patrick is known as the patron saint of Ireland. True, he was not a born Irish.
But he has become an integral part of the Irish heritage, mostly through his service across Ireland of the 5th century. Patrick was born in the second half of the 4th century AD. There are different views about the exact year and place of his birth . According to one school of opinion, he was born about 390 A.D., while the other school says it is about 373 AD. Again, his birth place is said to be in either Scotland or Roman England. So, though Patricius was his Romanicized name, he became later known as Patrick.
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Источник: ОГЭ 2017 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Л.М.Гудкова О.В.Терентьева

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1.Thanks to new technology 2. A custom for a sweet-tooth 3. The upside down world
4. Nice for people in love 5. Happy next year 6. Not allowed for some time
7. Watch out or give the money 8. Christmas is coming

A. Houses are decorated with colored paper ribbons and chains. Holly with red ber¬ries is put on the walls and looks very colorful. A piece of mistletoe (a plant) is hung from the ceiling. It is said to be lucky to kiss under the mistletoe hanging from the ceil¬ing. As you can understand, a lot of people who may not usually kiss each other take the chance given by a piece of mistletoe!
B. One of the delicacies the British have enjoyed for almost 900 years is the mince pie.
This is a sort of small cake with a delicious mixture of spices and fruit. It was the Cru¬saders who introduced it when they brought back new aromatic spices from the Holy Land. In the 17th century Oliver Cromwell tried to ban the eating of mince pies (as well as singing of carols) — but people continued to eat (and sing) in secret.
C. Christmas Day is a family day when families try to be together. In past years, the Queen has broadcast a radio message from her study at Sandringham House. Since 1959 she has been recording her message every year some weeks before Christmas, so it could be broadcast on Christmas Day by radio in all parts of the British Commonwealth.
D. In the USA many towns have a public tree place in some square or park or outside the town hall. This custom began first in America when an illuminated tree was set up in 1909 in Pasadena, California. Now we can observe the ceremony of putting up the Christmas tree in Rockefeller Center in the heart of New York City, as well as in the main square of every town in the country. The nation’s main Christmas tree is set up in Washington, D.C. on the parade ground near the White House. A few days before Christ¬mas the President of the United States presses a button to light the tree. This is the sig¬nal for lighting trees across the land.
E. The custom of breaking a wishbone (of a chicken or turkey) comes from the Ro¬mans who used them for fortune telling. They examined the bones of sacrificed birds, which they thought were messengers from their gods. Looking for signs of future events, they broke the wishbone and the person with the longest piece could make a wish which may bring him luck or good fortune.
F. Christmas in Australia is not like anywhere else since December is one of the hot¬test months of the year. But the Australians have a great time anyway. Those who live near the coast go to the beach on Christmas day. They have a swim, play cricket or vol¬leyball, surf or just sit around with family and friends enjoying Christmas dinner. Santa Claus arrives on a surfboard — quite a change from sliding down a chimney!
G. Christmas caroling is particularly popular in Wales where it is often accompanied by a harp. In some rural areas a villager is chosen to be the Mari Lawyed. This person travels around the town dressed in white and carrying a horse’s skull on a long pole. Anyone given the ‘bite’ by the horse’s jaws must pay a fine.

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Источник: ОГЭ 2017 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Л.М.Гудкова О.В.Терентьева

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1.A two-language melting pot 2. Born of hardships 3. Enough land for both
4. Failures and successes 5. Native tribes 6. Difficult life
7. Back to the roots 8. The birth of the new nation

A. Long before Europeans first came to America, many groups of Indians lived there.
They hunted forest animals for food and clothing. They gathered berries and nuts in the forests. Many groups fished in the rivers and streams that flowed through the forests.
Most anthropologists agree that the North American Indians migrated over the Bering Sea from Siberia, 10,000 to 30,000 years ago.
B. Later, in 1534 the French king sent Jacques C artier to find a water route to the Far East. C artier made several voyages to the new World, and he tried to establish a colony on the banks of the St. Lawrence River (where Montreal is located today) but he failed.
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain built the first perm anent French settlement in Canada.
He named it Quebec.
C. Both nations began to expand in the New World. English colonists began to settle along the Atlantic Coast. The French began to explore and build forts in the region south of the Great Lakes in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
D. So Great Britain and France were fighting for control of Canada until 1763. As a result, France signed a treaty giving up all its claims to land on the continent of North America. The French who were living in Canada did not return to France. They continued to follow the customs and religion of their native land. They became ‘French Canadians’.КНТ 3
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E. Since that time, millions of immigrants from the United States, Scotland, Ireland, England, Germany, Russia, Poland, Scandinavia, and other countries of the world have moved to Canada. Today about one third of the Canadians speak French and about two thirds speak English. English and French are both official languages of Canada.
F. Since the 1950s, there has been a remarkable rebirth of Indian culture. Native lan¬guage, culture and history programmes have been instituted in schools. Cultural centres are flourishing, and traditional practices and beliefs are increasingly being used to com¬bat alcoholism and drug problems. Indian elders are once again playing a vital role and linking generations.
G. Canadian sport is indebted to Indian culture for the toboggan, snowshoe, lacrosse stick and canoe. Many Indian games had utilitarian purposes related to survival, e.g. wrestling, archery, spear throw ing, foot and canoe racing. Some of them initially were meant to prepare youngsters for cooperative existence in a cruel environment

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Источник: ОГЭ 2017 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Л.М.Гудкова О.В.Терентьева

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1. The history of a popular drink 2. Healthy drink 3. They want it quick and easy
4. Not a drink 5. Some changes in British diet 6. Some changes in British tastes
7. Making tea process 8. Helpful hint

A. British attitude to what they eat daily has changed a lot over the past twenty years. In the 1990s each person ate about 352 gram s of ‘red ’ meat each week, but now it’s less than 250 gram s. People prefer chicken and fresh fish. And more people are interest¬ed in healthy eating these days. In 1988 the national average was 905 gram s of fruit and fruit juices each week, but now i t ’s nearly 2,000 gram s.
B. Twenty years ago, British people usually ate at home. They only went out for a meal at special times, like for somebody’s birthday. Today when both parents are work¬ing, they cannot cook large meals in the evenings. ‘Ready-made’ meals from supermar¬kets and Marks and Spencer and ‘take-aw ay’ meals from fast food restaurants are very popular. If you are feeling tired or lazy, you can even phone a local restaurant. They will bring the food to your house.
C. In the past, traditional steakhouses were very popular places, but now more and more people prefer foreign food. Every British town has Indian and Chinese restaurants, and large towns have restaurants from many other countries too.
D. The British population drinks a lot of tea. Tea — mostly green tea from China — came to Britain in the late 1500s. But it was only for the very rich. It became cheap¬er about three hundred years later, when it was planted in India and later in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). People from all classes started drinking it. But some people thought that too much tea was bad for their health. So they started putting milk in it to make it healthier!
E. Afternoon tea is a small meal. Now most ordinary British families do not have time for afternoon tea at home, but in the past it was a tradition. It became popular when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea. They started of¬fering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too. Soon everybody was enjoying this excit¬ing new meal.
F. If someone in England asks you ‘Would you like a cup?’ they are asking if you would like a cup of tea. If someone says, ‘Let me be m other’ or ‘Shall I be m other?’ they are offering to pour out the tea from the teapot.
G. Most people today use teabags to make tea, but some serious drinkers make tea in the traditional way. First the water is boiled. Then some of the boiled water is used to warm the teapot. Then the tealeaves are put in the teapot. Then the boiling water is add¬ed. Then the pot is left for five minutes under a ‘teacosy’. Finally, the tea is served in delicate cups with saucers.

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Источник: ОГЭ 2017 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Л.М.Гудкова О.В.Терентьева

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1.Absolute honesty 2.The cost of education 3. Just choosing 4. Inform al teaching
5. Another application 6. Optional teaching 7. Needed move 8. Uncertain parents

A. At the beginning of your last year at school you receive an application form . On this form you choose up to five universities that you would like to go to. The form is sent to those universities with information from your school about you and your academic results. If the universities are interested in your application, they will ask you to attend an interview and will offer you a place. Any offer, however, is only conditional at this stage.
B. А-level examinations are the exams taken at the end of your time at school. So, when a university makes an offer, it will tell you the minimum grades that you must get on your а-level exam. If you don’t get those grades, then you will not be accepted and you will have to apply again to another university.
C. Like all British universities, Oxford is a state university not a private one.
Students are selected on the basis of their results in the national examination or the special Oxford entrance examination. There are many applicants and nobody can get a place by paying. Successful candidates are admitted to a special college of the university: that will be their home for the next three years and for a longer period if they would like to go on studying for a postgraduate degree.
D. An undergraduate will spend an hour a week with his or her ‘tutor’; perhaps in the company of one other student. Each of them will have written an essay for the tutor, which serves as the basis for discussion, arguments, the exposition of ideas and academic methods. At the end of the hour the students go away with a new essay and a list of books that might be helpful in preparing for the essay.
E. Lectures and seminars are other kinds of teaching; popular lecturers can attract audience from several faculties, while others may find themselves speaking to two or three loyal students or maybe to no-one at all. In practice, most students at Oxford are enthusiastic about academic life and many of them work for days on each essay, sometimes sitting up through the night with a wet towel round their heads.
F. Most 18 and 19 year-olds in Britain are rather independent people, and when the time comes to pick a college, choose one as far away from home as possible. So, many students in northern and Scottish universities come from England and vice versa. It’s very unusual for students to live at home. Although parents may be a little sad to see this happen, they usually have to approve of this step and see it as a necessary part of becoming an adult.
G. Students all over the world have to work for their education. A college education in the USA is expensive. The costs are so high that most families begin to save for their children’s education when their children are the babies. Even so, many young people cannot afford to pay the expenses of full-time college work. They do not have enough money to pay for school costs. Tuition for attending the university, books for classes, and dormitory costs are high. There are other expenses such as chemistry and biology laboratories fees and special student activity fees.

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Источник: ОГЭ 2017 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Л.М.Гудкова О.В.Терентьева

Подготовка к заданию ЕГЭ-11 АЯ 40 — «письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения».

Содержание

Some people say that genetically modified food is hazardous to health 

Some people think that organic food is healthier than conventional food 

Some people think that we should eat at home 

Some people think that clothes help them show who they really are 

Some people say that there should not be any rules about the clothes people can wear in the workplace 

Some people think that tattoos and piercing make them more attractive 

Some people say that school trips are beneficial for students 

Some people think that the best way to travel in a town or in a city is on foot 

Some people say that travelling by plane is very convenient 

Some people say that hitchhiking is the best way of travelling 

Some people think that international travel has a lot of benefits 

Some people say that the best way to travel is by ship 

Some people say that having friends is important for everyone 

Some people think that only those who have much in common can become friends 

Many people think that love makes a person happy 

Some people think that only those who earn a lot of money can be happy 

Some people say that making money with the Internet is reality 

Some people say that having a hobby is important for everyone 

Some people believe that teenagers should not be given too much free time 

Some people think that collecting various things is a waste of time and money 

Some people think that homeschooling is an excellent alternative to traditional education 

Some people think that if you want to get a good education, you should go abroad 

Some people think that the most important thing for a teacher is to make studying enjoyable for students 

Some people think that computers may replace teachers in the future 

Many people think that homework is essential for every student 

Some people think that grades encourage students to learn 

Some people think that creativity is an essential ability which must be taught at school 

Some people say that having jobs can be of great benefit to teenagers 

Some people think that it is more important to get satisfaction from your work than to earn much money 

Some people think that young people should follow in their parents’ footsteps when choosing a profession 

Some people think that it is better to work abroad 

At present, there is no difficulty in finding a good job 

Many people believe that it is important to develop teamwork in the workplace 

Some people think that modern technologies make life more convenient 

Some people say that using mobile telephones must be prohibited in school 

Some people think that the Internet has more drawbacks than advantages 

Some people say that the Internet has improved the effectiveness of education 

Some people believe that there are real risks to dating via the Internet 

Some people prefer writing traditional paper letters to using e-mail 

Some people are worried about computers and robots doing the same things that people can do 

Some people say that the theatre is likely to disappear 

Some people believe that dancing can be of great benefit to children 

Some people think that rap music has a bad influence on teenagers 

Some people think that watching movies is beneficial to everybody 

Some people prefer watching a film version to reading a book 

Some people say that we do not need public libraries any more 

Some people say that weight loss diets can be very harmful 

Some people say that extreme sports are too risky 

Some people dream of becoming professional athletes 

Some people think that surfing is rather risky 

Some people think that physical attractiveness is important for everyone 

Some people prefer to have only one child 

Some people choose to build a family through adoptions 

Some people believe that adult children should not live with their parents 

Some people say that it is wonderful to have a sibling 

Some people say that overpopulation is a major problem for the human race 

Some people continue smoking in spite of all warnings 

Some people say that capital punishment should be allowed 

Some people say that there is nothing better than watching TV 

Some people think that reality TV shows are enjoyable and bring many benefits to the audience and the actors 

Some people say that print media will disappear in the future 

Some people say that shopping is interesting and enjoyable 

Some people say that our lives would be better if we bought fewer goods 

Many people say that it is important to recycle waste 

Some people prefer hybrid cars to traditional cars 

Some people say that modern teenagers are carefree 

Parents have many concerns about their teenagers dating 

Some people believe that animals should not be taken from their natural surroundings and put into zoos 

Some people think that keeping pets is a waste of time and money 

Some people think that virtual pets can replace real pets 

Some people believe that learning foreign languages is a waste of time 

Many people dream of being famous someday 

Some people do not care whether they buy pirated or legal CDs and DVDs 

Some people say that ambitiousness is the key to success and happiness 

Some people say that nonverbal messages improve communication 

(Юнева С. А. Открывая мир с английским языком. Новые 150 эссе для ЕГЭ.)

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1. Having an exit strategy

2. Focus less on gifts and presents

3. Beware of taking on too much

4. Learn to delegate tasks

5. Have realistic expectations

6. Don’t skip the exercise

7. Set a budget and stick to it

8. Be open to change

A. Some people are under the impression that the holidays are a time to relax and to take a step back from the worries of day-to-day life. Apparently those with this opinion have never had to host a dinner, plan a toy drive or shop for picky relatives. When you find yourself, for example, offering to cook the honey-baked ham at your house, be sure to know your limitations, and beware of taking on any unnecessary stress. This isn’t the time to be an overachiever.

B. Sometimes it is impossible to skip the holiday invitations that will place you in the same room with people that you could definitely wait another year to see. However, don’t deprive yourself of the joy of having a good meal with loved ones or watching children tear into their perfectly wrapped gifts with a frenzy. Instead, have a plan in mind. Sometimes there’s nothing more freeing than the possibility of an escape plan!

C. Holiday retail is characterized by its overwhelming power. It makes people fill up the shopping cart quickly and they often notice that their shopping cart is full but they haven’t bought the half of gifts. Of course, it creates months of stress when the credit bills start rolling in. Trying to keep to a budget can be difficult, especially when prices never seem to go down. But creating a list with gift ideas, including estimated pricing, can be very useful.

D. Some people are already on a strict training, when holidays come. They regularly practice jogging or swim in the swimming pool. At the same time, a lot of them use the holidays as an excuse to turn back into a couch potato. People can definitely take a step back, because they often skip exercise on Christmas Eve or other days. But they should remember to keep active.

E. Things may not always go according to plan, especially during the holidays. It is the time when schedules change and a lot of work may pile up during time off. The best way to face these difficulties is with an open mind, ready to do the best. Dinner may be held at a different time this year, or your flight might be unexpectedly rescheduled. But don’t see these incidents as negative. Enjoy the holiday!

F. With kids in the house it’s easy to fill the space completely under the Christmas tree with wrapped boxes and ribbon and bows, big and small. It’s a happy sight — for kids, and for parents. It invites the wonder into the kids’ lives. But honestly, it doesn’t take much to do that if we’re mindful and engaged. It is necessary to allow the kids to receive the gifts they are given, not just unwrap with curiosity and move on to the next. In this way, they will learn appreciation and gratitude.

G. Coping with holiday stress need not be difficult. We all long to have the ideal holiday gathering: a lovely party with your family and friends, a magnificent dinner, and wonderful gifts perfectly wrapped under a spectacular tree. Unfortunately, perfection is seldom easy, especially at Christmas! There is no perfect gift, or tree, or family! There will be a few disadvantages… burnt cookies, toys without batteries and differences in opinions. Accept that things are what they are and try focusing on pleasant things instead.

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1. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

2. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little but not the least егэ

3. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little but not the

4. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little but not

5. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little but not the least

6. Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little but not the least егэ ответы

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

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Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little
Helpful indeed most loving ones out doing the humans little

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Survival of the Sickest: The Surprising Connections Between Disease and Longevity
Jonathan Prince

Dr Sharon Moalem

In this groundbreaking and absorbing book Dr. Sharon Moalem, delves back into the evolution of man to offer a radical perspective on survival, the human body, and our understanding of disease. Survival of the Sickest will change the way you think about your body.Dr. Moalem investigates peculiar and puzzling features of human biology to reveal the answers to such provocative questions as:• Why do we need to pee when we’re cold?• Can a person rust to death?• Why are Greeks hairier than Africans?• Can the tanning salon lower cholesterol?• Why are leeches back in vogue?• Can sunglasses cause sunburns?• Who gets drunk faster – Europeans or Asians?In considering the question of why diseases exist, Dr Moalem proposes that most common diseases came into existence for very good reasons. Diabetes, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia may all exist because, at some time in our past, they helped our ancestors survive some grand challenge to human existence. In turn, he also discovers that genetic and cultural differences have led to each race having different and unique ways of reacting to their environment and subsequently how they become susceptible to certain diseases.Survival of the Sickest is a book about life – yours, ours and every little living thing under the sun. About how we all got here, where we’re all going and what we can do about it. Revelatory and written in an utterly engaging fashion, Sharon Moalem’s book will change the way you think about your body.

SURVIVAL

OF THE SICKEST

THE SURPRISING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN

DISEASE AND LONGEVITY

DR. SHARON MOALEM

with Jonathan Prince

DEDICATION (#ulink_2878c3b8-f4de-5b31-9bc0-139e3df54f28)

To my grandparents Tibi and Josephina Elizabeth Weiss, whose lives served to teach me the complexities of survival

CONTENTS

Cover (#uecb74959-3d6a-598c-a8bb-28775219e542)

Title Page (#uf93971d2-4f1a-5e2c-8df9-e296f3a8aa74)

Dedication (#ufdbd1824-ce3b-5d51-bb34-9b3bdce29564)

Introduction (#ue23abc6e-4470-5c06-9d82-9af8a2f017d0)

Chapter One: Ironing It Out (#u0d9cd7c5-4446-51b1-8759-49ef3647cf35)

Chapter Two: A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Temperature Go Down (#u8a7af0ed-e5c9-55b0-b8be-d893b19a45b0)

Chapter Three: The Cholesterol Also Rises (#u9b060441-cf4e-52f7-aa95-5351e72c54b2)

Chapter Four: Hey, Bud, Can You Do Me a Fava? (#litres_trial_promo)

Chapter Five: Of Microbes and Men (#litres_trial_promo)

Chapter Six: Jump into the Gene Pool (#litres_trial_promo)

Chapter Seven: Methyl Madness: Road to the Final Phenotype (#litres_trial_promo)

Chapter Eight: That’s Life: Why You and Your iPod Must Die (#litres_trial_promo)

Index (#litres_trial_promo)

Acknowledgments (#litres_trial_promo)

About the Author (#litres_trial_promo)

Notes (#litres_trial_promo)

Copyright (#litres_trial_promo)

About the Publisher (#litres_trial_promo)

INTRODUCTION (#ulink_f4defdc4-86b8-51e4-8798-8a7e033f8683)

This is a book about mysteries and miracles. About medicine and myth. About cold iron, red blood, and neverending ice. It’s a book about survival and creation. It’s a book that wonders why, and a book that asks why not. It’s a book in love with order and a book that craves a little chaos.

Most of all, it’s a book about life – yours, ours, and that of every little living thing under the sun. About how we all got here, where we’re all going, and what we can do about it.

Welcome to our magical medical mystery tour.

When I was fifteen years old, my grandfather was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. He was seventy-one. Alzheimer’s – as too many people know – is a terrible disease to watch. And when you’re fifteen, watching a strong, loving man drift away almost before your eyes, it’s hard to accept. You want answers. You want to know why.

Now, there was one thing about my grandfather that always struck me as kind of strange – he loved to give blood. And I mean he loved it. He loved the way it made him feel; he loved the way it energized him. Most people donate blood purely because it makes them feel good emotionally to do something altruistic – not my grandfather; it made him feel good both emotionally and physically. He said no matter where his body hurt, all he needed was a good bleeding to make the aches and pains go away. I couldn’t understand how giving away a pint of the stuff our lives depend on could make someone feel so good. I asked my high school biology teachers. I asked the family doctor. Nobody could explain it. So I felt it was up to me to figure it out.

I convinced my father to take me to a medical library, where I spent countless hours searching for an answer. I don’t know how I possibly found it among the thousands and thousands of books in the library, but something steered me there. In a hunch, I decided to plow through all the books about iron – I knew enough to know that iron was one of the big things my grandfather was giving up every time he donated blood. And then – bam! There it was – a relatively unheard of hereditary condition called hemochromatosis. Basically, hemochromatosis is a disorder that causes iron to build up in the body. Eventually, the iron can build up to dangerous levels, where it damages organs like the pancreas and the liver; that’s why it’s also called “iron overload.” Sometimes, some of that excess iron is deposited in the skin, giving you a George Hamilton perma-tan all year long. And as we’ll explore, giving blood is the best way to reduce the iron levels in your body – all my grand-father’s blood donations were actually treating his hemochromatosis!

Well, when my grandfather was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, I had a gut instinct that the two diseases had to be connected. After all, if hemochromatosis caused dangerous iron buildups that damaged other organs, why couldn’t it contribute to damage in the brain? Of course, nobody took me very seriously – I was fifteen.

When I went to college a few years later, there was no question that I was going to study biology. And there was no question that I was going to keep on searching for the link between Alzheimer’s and hemochromatosis. Soon after I graduated, I learned that the gene for hemochromatosis had been pinpointed; I knew that this was the right time to pursue my hunch seriously. I delayed medical school to enter a Ph.D. program focused on neurogenetics. After just two years of collaborative work with researchers and physicians from many different laboratories we had our answer. It was a complex genetic association, but sure enough there was indeed a link between hemochromatosis and certain types of Alzheimer’s disease.

It was a bittersweet victory, though. I had proved my high school hunch (and even earned a Ph.D. for it), but it did nothing for my grandfather. He had died twelve years earlier, at seventy-six, after five long years battling Alzheimer’s. Of course, I also knew that this discovery could help many others – and that’s why I wanted to be a physician and a scientist in the first place.

And actually, as we’ll discuss more in the next chapter, unlike many scientific discoveries, this one came with the potential for an immediate payoff. Hemochromatosis is one of the most common genetic disorders in people descended from Western Europeans: more than 30 percent carry these genes. And if you know you have hemochromatosis, there are some very straightforward steps you can take to reduce the iron levels in your blood and prevent the iron buildups that can damage your organs, including the one my grandfather discovered on his own – bleeding. And as for knowing whether or not you have hemochromatosis – well, there are a couple of very simple blood tests used to make the diagnosis. That’s about it. And if the results come back positive, then you start to give blood regularly and modify your diet. But you can live with it.

I do.

I was around eighteen when I first started feeling “achy.” And then it dawned on me – maybe I have iron overload like my grandfather. And sure enough, the tests came back positive. As you can imagine, that got me thinking – what did this mean for me? Why did I get it? And the biggest question of all – why would so many people inherit a gene for something potentially so harmful? Why would evolution – which is supposed to weed out harmful traits and promote helpful ones – allow this gene to persist?

That’s what this book is about.

The more I plunged into research, the more questions I wanted answered. This book is the product of all the questions I asked, the research they led to, and some of the connections uncovered along the way. I hope it gives you a window into the beautiful, varied, and interconnected nature of life on this wonderful world we inhabit.

Instead of just asking what’s wrong and what can be done about it, I want people to look behind the evolutionary curtain, to ask why this condition or that particular infection occurs in the first place. I think the answers will surprise you, enlighten you, and – in the long run – give all of us a chance to live longer, healthier lives.

We’re going to start by looking at some hereditary disorders. Hereditary disorders are very interesting to people like me who study both evolution and medicine – because common conditions that are only caused by inheritance should die out along the evolutionary line under most circumstances.

Evolution likes genetic traits that help us survive and reproduce – it doesn’t like traits that weaken us or threaten our health (especially when they threaten it before we can reproduce). That preference for genes that give us a survival or reproductive advantage is called natural selection. Here are the basics: If a gene produces a trait that makes an organism less likely to survive and reproduce, that gene (and thus, that trait) won’t get passed on, at least not for very long, because the individuals who carry it are less likely to survive. On the other hand, when a gene produces a trait that makes an organism better suited for the environment and more likely to reproduce, that gene (and again, that trait) is more likely to get passed on to its offspring. The more advantageous a trait is, the faster the gene that produces it will spread through the gene pool.

So hereditary disorders don’t make much evolutionary sense at first glance. Why would genes that make people sick still be in the gene pool after millions of years? You’ll soon find out.

From there, we’re going to examine how the environment of our ancestors helped to shape our genes.