If it looks like a duck егэ ответы

If it looks like a duck

The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.

At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.

Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.

It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.

In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.

This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.

That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.

1. Mary Schweitzer made participants shocked by
1) the bones of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the evidence of fossil proteins.
3) the talk about fossil protein.
4) the tales about excavations.

2. Mary Schweitzer has proved the evidence of
1) the existence of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the composition of collagen.
3) the bones containing collagen molecules.
4) the reality of fossil bones.

3. The bones of Tyrannosaurus rex
1) have been excavated in great numbers recently.
2) were found by Alan Grant.
3) still contain fibres.
4) were excavated in the Jurassic Park

4. The scientist has found out that T rex collagen
1) is very much alike to birds.
2) is the same as the emu’s.
3) is not found in modem species.
4) is found only in chickens.

5. In her work Dr Schweitzer
1) analised the collagen on her own.
2) weighed different fossils.
3) went to study chemistry at Harvard University.
4) asked for a chemist’s help.

6. The phrase “This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen” refers to
1) the creation of a database of collagens.
2) the technique of identifying molecules.
3) the known weight of molecules.
4) the entire protein.

7. The research has shown that
1) dinosaurs are distant ancestors of modem birds.
2) Tyrannosaurus rex looked like a bird.
3) dinosaurs’ bones are mostly found in Germany and China.
4) the chicken is the closest descendant of Tyrannosaurus rex.

ВОПРОС 1 – 3
ВОПРОС 2 – 2
ВОПРОС 3 – 3
ВОПРОС 4 – 1
ВОПРОС 5 – 4
ВОПРОС 6 – 2
ВОПРОС 7 – 1

Источник

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New Seven Wonders of the World: Teotihuacan

Long ago Teotihuacan was an important religious and economic centre. However, after there _____ a great fire, for some unknown reason all the population decided to leave the city. This happened in 650AD.

Ответ:

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New Seven Wonders of the World: the Great Wall of China

Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall runs up and down deserts, mountains and grasslands for 6,700 kilometers from east to west of China. It is one of the ______ wonders of the world with more than 2,000 years of history.

Ответ:

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New Seven Wonders of the World: Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in Mexico. It contains some of the ______ pyramids in America.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово PLAY так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The ‘All Blacks’

Rugby is the most popular sport in New Zealand. The country even has a Rugby Museum. The game ______ there as early as the 1860s.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово MAKE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

A Picnic Spot

‘It’s a perfect day for a picnic’, said Mr. Wolf. ‘Do you think you could pack us a lunch?’

‘I certainly could’, said Mrs. Wolf. So the decision ______ .

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово HE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

A phone call

В4 Among the e-mails waiting for me at work one morning was one from a member of my staff. It was sent from his personal e-mail address and there was only his home phone number. Thinking something was wrong, I immediately called ______ .

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово INVENT так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Where did basketball come from?

Basketball is now a major sport in the USA. Basketball __________________ by Dr. James Naismith at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Basketball is a game played between two teams of five players, in which each team tries to win points by throwing a ball through a net.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово BIG так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Balloon Fiesta

If you love stories by Jules Verne and have always dreamt of going for a ride in a hot air balloon, England is the country for you. Every August England celebrates the __________________ hot air balloon festival in Europe.

Ответ:

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Holidays in the USA

What do you know about holidays in the USA? They can be divided into two groups: national and popular holidays. There __________________ ten national holidays in the USA.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово I так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Singing in the car

My elder brother likes all kinds of music. He prefers jazz but also listens to pop music and sometimes goes to classical music concerts. But when driving ______ in his car, he insists on listening to heavy-metal music.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово NOT CAN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Excuses, excuses …

For years my husband, Tom, and I had complained bitterly about the lack of sidewalks in our village. We didn’t have enough exercise but we ______ jog because there were no sidewalks.

Ответ:

As old as a brontosaurus

As we walked around the Prehistoric Park in Calgary, I had my six-year-old son, Jordie, pose for a picture with a brontosaurus in the background. After I took the photo, I ______ help crying.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово WIFE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

A Smart Boy

Mr. Jones and Mr. Brown worked in the same office. Their ______ were good friends. One day Mr. Jones invited Mr. Brown to a small party.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CAUSE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Natural Wonders: Meteor Crater

Some of the natural wonders are known for their beauty. The Meteor Crater is not one of them. It looks like a big hole in the desert. It ______ by a meteorite hitting the earth thousands of years ago.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово SITUATE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The Climate of Russia

Russia has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia ______ in the North Temperature Zone.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CAN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Who really discovered America?

Everybody knows that Christopher Columbus discovered America. Was he really the first to reach the continent? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdal believed that ancient people were able to build boats that ______ cross oceans.

Ответ:

The Emperor’s Seed

Once there lived an old emperor who had no children. He ______ choose his successor for a long time.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово NAME так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Who really discovered America?

Everybody knows that Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, America ______ after Amerigo Vespucci who explored the eastern coast of South America.

Ответ:

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Paul Anthony Samuelson, a Nobel Prize Winner in Economics

Paul Samuelson was born on May 15, 1915, in Gary, Indiana. He ______ at the University of Chicago in Illinois and at Harvard University.

Ответ:

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The Roses Parade

On January 1, many Americans watch the Tournament of Roses parade and then a football game in Pasadena California over TV. It may be difficult for ______ to believe it, but January in California is a warm sunny month with a lot of flowers.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово BREAK так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Two Friends

John Lennon and Paul McCartney were friends. But most people believe that after the Beatles ______ up in 1970, the friendship between them was over.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово TWENTY так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Scottish Castle

For more than 800 years the castle was a fortress against the English and rival Scottish clans. For the most part it was in a state of neglect since then. About 150 years ago it became a luxurious farm house and then in the early part of the ______ century it became a hunting and fishing lodge.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CALL так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

SPORTS DAY

Our school used to have a ritual day of torture, embarrassment and humiliation for the less athletic pupils at the school. It ______ Sports Day.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово COUNTRY так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

International Summer School in London

Each summer the UK welcomes children to international summer schools. They come from more than 45 different ______ and many of them come to Dean Close year after year.

Ответ:

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California Summer Camp for Children

When it comes to California summer camps for kids, Sky lake Yosemite Summer Camp is the very best. This year the camp is celebrating ______ 66th season.

Ответ:

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово I так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

A cup of coffee

Once I was travelling in Italy. It was a lovely day. I wandered along the street until I came upon some parasol-shaded tables which seemed to __________________ very nice. I settled and opened my book.

Ответ:

27

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The popsicle

Not all new things are created by wise old scientists. Frank Epperson invented the popsicle, fruit ice cream without milk, in 1905 when he was only 11 years old. Frank ___________ his drink outside on the porch overnight with the stir stick in it.

Ответ:

28

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Zanzibar history

In 1896, Said Khalid seized power in Zanzibar. A British fleet soon arrived at the port of Zanzibar and ordered him out of the royal palace. Khalid refused to leave. At 9:02 on the morning of August 27, British ships started a fire on the palace, a war between Britain and Zanzibar__________.

Ответ:

29

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Alaska flag

Do you know any kids’ inventions? One of them is 13-year-old Bennie Benson from the USA, who designed the state flag of Alaska in 1926. His design _____________ in a flag-designing contest.

Ответ:

30

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово LATE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Kid inventions

Becky Schroeder was only 10 years old when she came up with the idea of the glo-paper. Two years __________, in 1974, her invention was patented.

Ответ:

31

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The invention of video games

Do you know the story behind the invention of video games? Here is the story of the __________ video game.

Ответ:

32

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово LOCATE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

What country has no rivers?

Hard to believe it, but there is such a country! Libya ____________ in North Africa and borders on the Mediterranean Sea.

Ответ:

33

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Can fish hear?

То divers, the underwater world is silent, and we call the ocean the «silent deep.» But to a fish, the underwater world isn’t silent at all. Fish can «hear» other fish ___________ through the water.

Ответ:

34

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How old is Coca-Cola?

Do you know how old this popular drink is? In 1886 a chemist from Atlanta, John Pemberton, _________ a syrup from cola-nut extract, cocoa leaves, some vegetable extracts, caffeine, and sugar.

Ответ:

35

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Astronomers

People who study the sun, moon, planets and stars are called astronomers. Cave people were some of the __________________astronomers.

Ответ:

36

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Lambeth Palace

Lambeth Palace is a rare surviving example of a 13th century building. Built between 1207 and 1229, the palace __________________ the residence of the archbishops of Canterbury for almost 8 centuries now.

Ответ:

37

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New Zealand: geography

New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller islands so scattered that they range from the tropical to the Antarctic. New Zealand __________________ about 2,012 km southeast of Australia.

Ответ:

38

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Global warming

In northern Québec and Labrador, temperatures __________________ two degrees Celsius since the mid-1990s. That rise has helped more trees grow in the area which was previously too cold for trees.

Ответ:

39

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «FLY» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Difficult landing

One airline had a policy that required the first officer to stand at the door while the passengers exited. He smiled and thanked them for __________________ the airline.

Ответ:

40

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «NEAR» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island is a dependent area of Norway. It is an uninhabited volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean where the_____human life resides thousands of miles away.

Ответ:

41

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The Sydney Opera House

For many years there was no good opera house in Australia. In 1954, Jorn Utzon from Denmark __________________ a competition organized by the Australian government to build an opera house. The construction lasted for fourteen years until 1973.

Ответ:

42

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «MEAN» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The name of Alaska

Do you know the origin of the place name Alaska? The name Alaska comes from the Aleut word alaxsxaq, __________________ “object toward which the action of the sea is directed” – that is, the mainland.

Ответ:

43

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «FIVE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

An Entry in a Teacher’s Diary

November 21. Today, I took the entire __________________ grade on a fieldtrip to the state capital. It was incredible!

Ответ:

44

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Souvenirs From the Past

The lands of southern England have always been associated with mystery. Pre-historic sites like Stonehenge are souvenirs from the past ______by civilizations we still know very little about.

Ответ:

45

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «LOVE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Strange but true

Everybody knows Walt Disney, a person who invented many cartoon characters such as Donald Duck and Pluto. But it’s Mickey Mouse that __________________ by children all over the world.

Ответ:

46

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «GO» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

First Day of School

Melanie River had just turned ten years old, but she had never been to school.

Most children in the third grade _________ to school for two years. But Melanie was not most children.

Ответ:

47

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Did you know?

Here are some interesting facts about Australia. Canberra __________________ as the capital because Sydney and Melbourne could not stop arguing which city should be the capital of Australia.

Ответ:

48

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «ONE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The Renaissance

Around 1350, art, learning, and science started to flourish in some parts of Europe. To many people, this was the beginning of a new golden age.

This period was not the _________ golden age in Europe.

Ответ:

49

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «CLIMB» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is 8,863 meters above sea level. It is part of the Himalayan range in South Asia.

Despite its awesome height, the mountain _________ many times.

Показать

Ответ:

50

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «INTRODUCE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Antiseptics

We cannot imagine our life without antiseptics. This invention __________________ in 1850 by a Hungarian physician.

Ответ:

51

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «WE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The Thorn Birds

The Thorn Birds is a 1977 bestselling novel by the Australian author Colin McCullough. The story gives __________________ information about life on Australian sheep stations, but it also includes a dramatic love story.

Ответ:

52

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «INVITE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

An honest answer

George Bernard Shaw was an outstanding British literary figure and a man with a good sense of humour. When he was still a young critic, he __________________ as a guest to a family party.

Показать

Ответ:

53

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «DRY» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Death Valley

California is generally known for its dry hot weather. No wonder, one of the __________________ places in North America, Death Valley, is located in Southern California.

Ответ:

54

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «HOLD» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Math Contest

Mr. Jefferson was a math teacher in Junior High School. Every Friday he ___________ a contest for his students. Sometimes they played math baseball. Sometimes they had math relays with flashcards.

Ответ:

55

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «BE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Teeth Problems

Alex’s mother was waiting impatiently for Alex to come home from school. “There you are!” she cried when he opened

the door. She anxiously asked him where he __________________. “I missed the bus and had to walk here,” Alex replied.

Ответ:

56

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «ONE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Trousers

Trousers are a recent style in the history of fashion. Men wore tights under short, loose pants until the early 1800s when the _________________ real pants for men appeared.

Ответ:

57

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «SPEAK» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Languages of the world

What do you think is the most difficult language to learn? Chinese? Japanese? No, it is Basque, the language which

__________________ in northwestern Spain and southwestern France.

Ответ:

58

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «SPEAK» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Languages in the USA

The most commonly used language in the United States is English, which is the de facto national language. Nonetheless, many other languages __________________ in the United States.

Ответ:

59

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «TRAIN» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The Big Marathon

It was the day of the city marathon. Cindy __________________ for it for more than six months and was now ready. Unfortunately, the weather was not the best for the occasion.

Ответ:

60

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «LITTLE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Racing

Donna hated PE. It was her __________________ favourite subject at school. It wasn’t like Donna didn’t like sports. In fact, she was a good swimmer and she loved doing yoga.

Ответ:

61

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «LISTEN» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Snakes

Snakes are beautiful but dangerous animals. That is why there are a lot of myths about them and their behaviour. Many people think snakes enjoy __________________ to music.

Ответ:

62

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «EARLY» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Curiosities

Almost every town or city today has a museum of some sort. The __________________ museums were really cabinets of «curiosities.»

Ответ:

63

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «ONE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Henry VIII

How much do we know about Henry VIII that is true? The __________________ thing that anyone would mention is probably the fact that he was the King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church and started the Church of England.

Ответ:

64

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «NOT BE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill was a great political leader and a very clever man. Many British people think since then there __________________ a prime minister better than him.

Показать

Ответ:

65

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «ONE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Mark Twain

Mark Twain is one of the most well-known American writers. He was the __________________ great literary voice in America. He recorded the history and culture of America in his writing and brought to life all sorts of characters based on people he knew and met.

Показать

Ответ:

66

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «HEAR» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Headphones

«Orlando, are you hungry yet?» Mom asked my older brother again. He always wears headphones on road trips, and we have to repeat whatever we say to him because he never __________________it the first time.

Ответ:

Завершить тестирование, свериться с ответами, увидеть решения.

Источник

: October 6 2017, 11:41

Урок английского: тест на утку

Британцы известны своей двусмысленностью, которая сводит иностранцев с ума, хотя сами британцы прекрасно понимают послание между строк.

Тем не менее, зачастую им проще выдать что-то туманное, чем сказать что-то прямо. Например, вместо того, чтобы сказать «это не то, что тебе кажется, это — [вставить название правильного объекта]», они могут выдать фразу, известную как «тест на утку» (duck test):

If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

Есть еще сокращенная и более часто используемая версия:

If it walks like a duck, and if it quacks like a duck, it’s a duck.

Или: если это выглядит как утка, ходит как утка и крякает как утка, то это утка.

Или еще проще: не усложняй.

Источник

Some 68m-year-old evidence that birds are dinosaurs

AT LAST year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all—Tyrannosaurus rex.

At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.

Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Horner, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered—and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.

It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests T. rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modern animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu—also a bird and also, like T. rex, bipedal.

This Dr Asara did for T. rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches—substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.

This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline «If it looks like a duck…»

From the April 14th 2007 edition

Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents

Explore the edition

Источник

The duck test is a form of abductive reasoning, usually expressed as «If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.»

The test implies that a person can identify an unknown subject by observing that subject’s habitual characteristics. It is sometimes used to counter abstruse arguments that something is not what it appears to be.

HistoryEdit

The French automaton maker Jacques de Vaucanson created a mechanical duck in 1738.^[1]^{[better source needed]} The mechanical duck would quack, move its head to eat grain which it would appear to digest, and after a short time would excrete a mixture that looked and smelled like duck droppings. The irony is that while the phrase is often cited as proof of abductive reasoning, it is not proof, as the mechanical duck is still not a living duck.

In popular cultureEdit

Douglas Adams parodied this test in his book Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency:

If it looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, we have at least to consider the possibility that we have a small aquatic bird of the family Anatidae on our hands.^[2]

Monty Python also referenced the test in the Witch Logic scene in their 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, where Sir Bedevere reasons that if ducks float and wood burns, then a person who weighs the same as a duck is made of wood and should be burned as a witch.^[3]

The Liskov Substitution Principle in computer science is sometimes expressed as a counter-example to the duck test:

If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck but it needs batteries, you probably have the wrong abstraction.^[4]

Vladimir Vapnik, co-inventor of the support-vector machine and a major contributor to the theory of machine learning, uses the duck test as a way to summarize the importance of simple predicates to classify things.^[5] During the discussion he often uses the test to illustrate that the concise format of the duck test is a form of intelligence that machines are not capable of producing.

The philosopher Slavoj Žižek has cited the Marx Brothers’ rewording of the duck test: «He may look like an idiot and talk like an idiot, but don’t let that fool you. He really is an idiot.» The humor of this line lies in its violation of an expected opposite.

Political applicationsEdit

A common variation of the wording of the phrase may have originated much later with Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer of the United Auto Workers, at a labor meeting in 1946 accusing a person of being a Communist:

I can’t prove you are a Communist. But when I see a bird that quacks like a duck, walks like a duck, has feathers and webbed feet and associates with ducks—I’m certainly going to assume that he is a duck.^[6]

The term was later popularized in the United States by Richard Cunningham Patterson Jr., United States ambassador to Guatemala in 1950 during the Cold War, who used the phrase when he accused Guatemala’s Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán government of being Communist. Patterson explained his reasoning as follows:

Suppose you see a bird walking around in a farm yard. This bird has no label that says ‘duck’. But the bird certainly looks like a duck. Also, he goes to the pond and you notice that he swims like a duck. Then he opens his beak and quacks like a duck. Well, by this time you have probably reached the conclusion that the bird is a duck, whether he’s wearing a label or not.^[7]

Later references to the duck test include Cardinal Richard Cushing’s, who used the phrase in 1964 in reference to Fidel Castro.^[8]^[9]

In 2015, a variation of the duck test was applied in the revocation of tax-exempt nonprofit status to Blue Shield of California:

In a startling blow to one of California’s biggest health insurers, the state has revoked the tax-exempt status of Blue Shield of California, forcing the company to pay tens of millions of dollars in back taxes and unleashing a torrent of calls for it to return billions of dollars to customers.
The tax board’s action ‘was an acknowledgment of what Blue Shield was already doing, or not doing,’ said Anthony Wright, head of Health Access California, a consumer advocacy group. ‘And if it looks like a duck and talks like a duck, it should be taxed like a duck.’^[10]

Also in 2015, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov used a version of the test in response to allegations that Russian airstrikes in Syria were not targeting terrorist groups, primarily ISIS, but rather Western-supported groups such as the Free Syrian Army. When asked to elaborate his definition of «terrorist groups», he replied:

If it looks like a terrorist, if it acts like a terrorist, if it walks like a terrorist, if it fights like a terrorist, it’s a terrorist, right?^[11]

In 2021, a version of the test was used by Singapore’s Minister of Finance Lawrence Wong in response to claims by members of the Progress Singapore Party that their parliamentary motion on free trade agreements was not racist. He said:

But look, if it looks like a duck, if it walks like a duck, if it quacks like a duck, it is a duck.^[12]

Elephant testEdit

An elephant is «hard to describe, but instantly recognizable when spotted».

Similarly, the term elephant test refers to situations in which an idea or thing, «is hard to describe, but instantly recognizable when spotted».^[13]

The term is often used in legal cases when there is an issue which may be open to interpretation,^[14]^[15] such as in the case of Cadogan Estates Ltd v Morris, when Lord Justice Stuart-Smith referred to «…the well-known elephant test. It is difficult to describe, but you know it when you see it»,^[16] and in Ivey v Genting Casinos, when Lord Hughes (in discussing dishonesty) opined «…like the elephant, it is characterised more by recognition when encountered than by definition.» This decision partially overruled R v Ghosh.^[17]

A similar incantation (used however as a rule of exclusion) was invoked by the concurring opinion of Justice Potter Stewart in Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964), an obscenity case. He stated that the Constitution protected all obscenity except «hard-core pornography». Stewart opined, «I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that.»

ReferencesEdit

^ Brian, Edwards (26 Feb 2015). «Did you know that the phrase «if it looks like a duck…» was originally about a mechanical pooing duck?». Mirror (UK newspaper). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
^ Adams, Douglas (1987). Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency.
^ Monty Python (1975). Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
^ Bailey, Derick. «SOLID Development Principles – In Motivational Pictures».
^ Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning an MIT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Podcast
^ Sentinel, John (September 29, 1946). «Communist Expose The Case of the Duck». Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel.
^ Immerman, Richard H. (1982), The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, p. 102
^ Denver, Joseph; Ethel Franklin Betts (1965), Cushing of Boston: A Candid Portrait
^ Platt, Suzy (1992). Respectfully quoted. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. ISBN 978-0-88029-768-4. «Attributed to Richard Cardinal Cushing. Everett Dirksen and Herbert V. Prochnow, Quotation Finder, p. 55 (1971). Unverified.»
^ Seipel, Tracy (March 19, 2015). «California drops hammer on Blue Shield tax-exempt status». San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
^ Melvin, Don; Cullinane, Susannah; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (October 1, 2015). «Russia’s Lavrov on Syria targets: ‘If it looks like a terrorist, walks like a terrorist …’«. CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ «Minister Lawrence Wong’s Closing Remarks on The Parliamentary Motion on «Securing Singaporeans’ Jobs and Livelihoods» on 14 September 2021″. Ministry of Finance (Singapore). 14 September 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
^ Valuing and Judging Partners — Beyond the Elephant Test! Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Edge International Review, Summer 2006
^ B.Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (3rd ed, Harmondsworth, Penguin,1986), 116.
^ Catherine Barnard, The Personal Scope of the Employment Relationship Archived 2013-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, in T.Araki and S.Ouchi (eds), The Mechanism for establishing and Changing Terms and Conditions of Employment/The Scope of Labor Law and the Notion of Employees, The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training Report, 2004, vol.1, 131-136.
^ Cadogan Estates Ltd v Morris; EWCA Civ 1671 (4 November 1998) (at paragraph 17)
^ Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t/a Crockfords; [2017] UKSC 67 (25 Oct 2017) (at paragraph 48)

Источник

Подробности: 76030


Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4-В10 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 15 (part 1)

Excuses, excuses…

B4	For years my husband, Tom, and I had complained bitterly about the lack of sidewalks in our village. We didn’t have enough exercise but we couldn’t / could not jog because there were no sidewalks. (could – прошедшая форма от can)	NOT CAN
B5	Tom had often told me, «If only we had sidewalks, we would jog or walk daily and become models of fitness». (мне)	I
B6	So we were thrilled when a community sidewalk project was announced, and watched eagerly as paving neared completion. Then the worst thing happened: wishful thinking and reality collided. (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD
B7	«Well, dear,» Tom said. «What’ll we use as an excuse for not walking now?» I said I would think of some excuse. (reported speech, при переходе их прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	THINK

Memorial Day

B8	In the USA, Memorial Day is the last Monday in May. Memorial Day was declared a national holiday in 1971. (past simple passive, т.к. этот день был провозглашён, а не сам что-то провозгласил)	DECLARE
B9	But the tradition of honoring those who died in defense of their country goes back to the Civil War. The tradition to hold memorial services, visit the cemeteries, decorate the graves with flowers and wreaths originated in Waterloo, New York, in 1866. (их)	THEY
B10	Since then, the tradition has changed. Nowadays, on Memorial Day Americans honor not only soldiers who perished in wars but those loved ones who have died. (present perfect, т.к. традиция изменилась и остается изменённой до сих пор)	CHANGE

n01 n02 n03 n04 n05 n06 n07 n08 n10 n11 n12 n13 n14 n15 n16 n17 n18 n19 n20

Источник

If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, and smells like a corn dog…

Выглядит как утка, крякает как утка. И при этом пахнет как корндог.

And now she looks like a duck.

И сейчас она выглядит как утка.

I look like a duck in that costume.

Я похожа на утку в том костюме.

I mean, I’m saying if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, should you become one of my ducks?

В смысле, если выглядишь уткой и крякаешь как утка, почему бы тебе не стать одной из моих уток?

You look like a duck with that hair.

Чё за шмель тут жужжит?

Well, I may be new to this squad, but if it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck…

Возможно, я и новенькая в этом отделе, но обычно самое простое объяснение — правильное.

Обратная связь: olegvostrilov[dog]gmail.com

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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English[edit]

Proverb[edit]

if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck

Someone can identify a subject by observing its habitual characteristics.

Alternative forms[edit]

if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it’s probably a duck

Предложения

Just like a duck on a pond.

You’ve taken to Manhattan like a duck to water.

Ты чувствуешь себя в Манхэттене, как утка на воде.

To be fair, the perpetrator did shoot like a duck, drive like a duck, and Shinwell rarely hangs out with anyone other than ducks.

Честно говоря, преступник стрелял, как болван, водил, как болван, а Шимвел редко общается с кем-то, кроме болванов.

So, now I want you to walk like a duck.

Итак, давай теперь походи как утка.

So if it walks like a duck…

Так что если что-то выглядит, как утка…

And now she looks like a duck.

They’ll run tests to confirm, but if it quacks like a duck…

Они сделают тест, чтобы подтвердить, но, если это крякает как утка…

If it walks like a duck…

You’re actually chewing your food instead of throwing your head back like a duck.

Ты жуешь свой бургер, вместо того, чтобы закинуть свою голову назад как утка.

Otherwise, he’s standing like a duck.

Иначе он бы должен был стоять, как утка.

Taken to the job like a duck to water.

Ты на этой работе, как утка в воде.

When you walk like a duck, sometimes, naturally there is something… similar.

Бывает, когда ты ходишь как утка, совершенно естественно, получается что-то похожее.

Eventually you start to feel like a duck.

Похоже, ты начинаешь чувствовать себя как утка

And I’d like to take this opportunity, Miss Novak to inform you that I don’t walk like a duck and I’m not bowlegged.

И я хочу, пользуясь моментом, сообщить вам,… что я не хожу, как утка, и ноги у меня не колесом.

Well… well, like they always say, if it quacks like a duck, you should put on a face mask.

Ну, как мы всегда говорим, если это крякает, как утка, то лучше надеть маску на лицо.

I figure, if you walk like a duck

Я поняла бы, если бы Ты ходил, как утка

And now, onto other news, where a dog barks like a duck.

И другие новости — собака, лающая, как утка

«danger’s ready to pounce like a duck on a June bug.»

«В большом городе опасность охотится за тобой, как утка на майского жука.»

Can you walk like a duck?

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 76. Точных совпадений: 76. Затраченное время: 69 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Pro

We have all heard the phrase: » If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck and walks like a duck, it’s a duck»
If i see what I believe to be a «duck» based on the above phrase, I reserve the right and I am entitled to the right to believe it is a «duck» at first glance. If what I see at first glance appears to be a «duck», the duck must prove to me and everyone else that it is not a «duck», otherwise I and everyone else can treat it like a duck.

«Duck» defined for purposes of this debate: Any example that I give that fits what someone would believe to be at first glance.

Example: A bum or a gangster.

My contention is that law enforcement, The business world and people in general, without recrimination, should be allowed to call people and treat people like «ducks» if they are going to exhibit all of the characteristics of «ducks»

I was at the store the other day and a man walked up to me in filthy unwashed cloths and nasty hair all in knots like it to had not been washed in days. He asked me for a dollar and I refused, he then asked me for a cigarette because he saw the new pack of cigarettes I had just bought. I then told him to go get a job and quite being a bum. He got mad and said he was not a bum. I said»Oh Ya»then prove it, and with that he walked away. He looked like a bum, he begged like a bum, and dressed like a bum, He is a bum.

The same goes for people who dress talk and act like gangsters. And all other types of stereo typical personality traits that the general public should fear or be weary of.

The premise of this debate is for con to provide a reason or reasons why the alleged «ducks» of this world must not have to prove they are not «ducks». And why we, the duck observers, should let our guard down, risk injury or even death and pretend we don’t see a duck when we clearly see something that looks like a «duck», quacks like a «duck», and walks like a «duck».

Con

Greetings. Many thanks for starting this debate. I wish my opponent the best of luck.

RE: «The premise of this debate is for con to provide a reason or reasons why the alleged «ducks» of this world must not have to prove they are not «ducks». And why we, the duck observers, should let our guard down, risk injury or even death and pretend we don’t see a duck when we clearly see something that looks like a «duck», quacks like a «duck», and walks like a «duck».»

Gladly.

First, lets start with proving that the alleged ducks of this world ought not to be required to prove they are ducks. That’s simple; because they don’t have to. Why should they feel obligated to settle someone’s (such as my opponent’s) curiosity? If a guy walks up to me, sees me lounging on a chair in the school library and decides I must be a lazy bum, why should I give a d@mn what he/she thinks in general circumstances? As far as I am concerned, such a person should move along and get on with his business.

Second, lets focus on «why we, the duck observers, should let our guard down, risk injury or even death and pretend we don’t see a duck when we clearly see something that looks like a «duck», quacks like a «duck», and walks like a «duck.»

In response, I say that my opponent has it all wrong. If a person seems to have all of the traits of a would-be gangster, there is no reason not to let your guard down, risk injury or even death. Of course, you shouldn’t let your guard down around anyone. There are people who have looked like friendly/innocent next door neighbors and have acted like friendly innocent next door neighbors, only to turn out to be serial killers. There are people who have appeared quite/reserved/polite only to turn around, bring a gun to school and kill off as many students as they can before committing suicide.

It’s called being cautious. For instance, whenever I get out of or in my car, I immediately lock the doors. This is not because I think some hoodlums are about to bust in, threaten me at gunpoint and steal it; I do this to simply to lower the chance of my car being stolen (a chance which I believe always exist).

Basically, what I’m saying is that my opponent can be cautious without jumping to conclusions; he can keep his guard up and such, but that doesn’t mean he has to automatically conclude that the gangster looking person is in fact a gangster. He/she could very well be someone who has no choice but to dress like that and simply has such «thuggish» demeanor based on upbringing or perhaps even an undercover cop about to participate in a sting operation (which, believe or not, I’ve seen firsthand). To assume things based off of mere appearances is illogical. That said, there is never a reason not to be cautious.

One more thing . . . .

«My contention is that law enforcement, The business world and people in general, without recrimination, should be allowed to call people and treat people like «ducks» if they are going to exhibit all of the characteristics of «ducks»»

Interesting, so you’re saying that law enforcement agencies should actively arrest people who merely look like gangsters and talk like gangsters yet are merely easily impressionable young men who aren’t actually violating any laws, but have been overly influence by what they see on TV? Or how about on Halloween: I notice that a lot of girls take this opportunity to dress like slutty hookers. Should the police raid these parties and arrest girls who dress in this manner?

And that’ll do it for now. I’ll probably provide a more thorough version of my points in the next round if it occurs to me to do so.

Источник

Урок английского: тест на утку

Some 68m-year-old evidence that birds are dinosaurs

From the April 14th 2007 edition

HistoryEdit

In popular cultureEdit

Political applicationsEdit

Elephant testEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

English[edit]

Proverb[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

See also[edit]

Предложения