Imperial treasures from vienna егэ ответы - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Задание №8805.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

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The article was written to
1) advertise Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum.
2) prove that the exhibits are works of art.
3) attract more visitors to the exhibition.
4) describe the treasures of the Hapsburgs.

Решение:
The article was written to attract more visitors to the exhibition.
Статья написана для привлечения большего количества посетителей на выставку.

«The Kunstkammer at the KHM can boast of the greatest surviving princely treasure in the Western world.»

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Источник

The article was written to …

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15 – А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Imperial treasures from Vienna

It is small – it’s just a ring, after all. It is also surprising and breathtaking. The colour and purity of the stone and the shield-like shape that forms the front of the object give the sapphire ring the kind of cool elegance that can, however, be reproduced in photographs. But its amazing hot halo of shooting blue, purple and pink lights is visible only in person. The entire ring is masterfully carved from a single, unbroken hunk of the precious gem. It’s unique – there is nothing quite like it anywhere else. Made in 1400, the ring is the earliest of the 60 treasures on view in “Splendour and Power”, which just opened at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose, which is to delight visitors while also explaining why rulers collected these very expensive, ornate and masterfully crafted objects. In this case the collectors were the dynasty of the Habsburgs, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from their Austrian base for centuries.

Surprisingly, these pieces may occasionally mimic the shapes of useful objects, like drinking cups, but they were never meant to be utilitarian. That is not to say they lacked purpose. Indeed, they were designed to “enchant the senses, delight the eye and inspire the intellect,” writes Sabine Haag, the curator of this show, which was loaned from Vienna’s Kunsthistoriches Museum (KHM), in the excellent catalogue.

Some of the precious objects were prized as exotic messengers from far-off lands. These include a carved, pale jade Ming bowl, mounted with rubies from the Ottoman court (possibly as a diplomatic gift). When it made its way to the Habsburgs it joined other spectacular objects in the Kunstkammer (art chamber), collected to further legitimise and enhance the power of the ambitious owner.

It was only in the 19th century that art was split into “high” and “low». Anything decorative fit into the latter category, regardless of beauty or technical expertise. As a result, some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art. The single piece in this exhibition that should succeed in repairing this ill-judged high/low divide is the ivory cup made by Bernhard Strauss in Augsburg around 1660. It is so deeply carved with classical gods and goddesses – Apollo with his lyre, Diana with her alert dog – that the piece has become translucent. It seems Strauss brought Olympus to life.

Elsewhere in the Fitzwilliam paintings and sculpture are exhibited in rooms decorated with fine Oriental rugs, warm wood furniture and tick-tocking Thomas Tompion clocks. But never mind. Benefactions from the Monument Trust have allowed the Fitzwilliam to commission new display cases of non-reflective glass. The welcome illusion is that nothing separates the ogler from the ogled.

The Kunstkammer at the KHM can boast of the greatest surviving princely treasure in the Western world. It has been closed for refurbishment since 2002, making this loan – the largest for half a century – possible. The Kunstkammer is expected to reopen at the end of next year, after which decades will surely pass before its objects leave home again. For those within striking distance of Cambridge, enough said.

describe the treasures of the Hapsburgs.

attract more visitors to the exhibition.
— Правильный ответ

prove that the exhibits are works of art.

advertise Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum.

Источник

According to the author, the beauty of the exhibited sapphire ring can be fully appreciated …

1)	in a photograph.
2)	at the exhibition.
3)	in special light.
4)	where it was carved.

“It” in “It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose” (paragraph 1) refers
to the …

1)	ring.
2)	exhibition’s collection.
3)	exhibition’s origin.
4)	exhibition’s catalogue.

Saying “they were never meant to be utilitarian” the author means that the exhibits were supposed to be …

1)	useful.
2)	expensive.
3)	decorative.
4)	unusual.

According to the author (paragraph 4), some objects may be seen as …

1)	common things.
2)	poorly manufactured.
3)	spoilt in repairs.
4)	collected ill-advisedly.

“Some” in “some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art” (paragraph 4) refers to the …

1)	exhibits.
2)	visitors.
3)	artists.
4)	owners.

The Monument Trust helped to provide …

1)	better attendance of the exhibition.
2)	better decorated rooms.
3)	furniture for the exhibition rooms.
4)	better conditions for viewing the exhibits.

The article was written to …

1)	advertise Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum.
2)	prove that the exhibits are works of art.
3)	attract more visitors to the exhibition.
4)	describe the treasures of the Hapsburgs.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 20–26. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Ordeal by water

It is tempting to regard the river Thames as another artery in London’s integrated transport system, a continuation of the Victoria Underground line. In this ideal world, passengers move effortlessly from river ferry to train, bus or Tube, continuing their seamless journey carefree.

Unfortunately, that is not exactly how it is. Father Thames is not as kind and even-tempered as it might seem as one is looking at the map. It is a muddy, tidal creek whose flukish currents insidiously rip round the base of bridges. Navigation is hard. And the river is not straight: it does giant loops, especially around the Canary Wharf financial district. A passenger alighting from a river ferry often has to walk five or ten minutes to the nearest land connection.

With London’s Tube and buses bursting at the seams, a succession of entrepreneurs have braved these negatives and tried unsuccessfully to set up commuter services on this natural highway. Sean Collins reckons he is the 15th since 1905 – but this time things may have changed. His business, which started as Collins River Enterprises in 1999, shows every sign of surviving its second decade, despite the economy’s woes and volatile fuel costs. Thames Clippers, as the firm is called these days, carried 3.2m passengers in 2009, running fast catamarans between Woolwich, downriver of the city centre, and Waterloo.

Perhaps Mr. Collins, now its managing director, simply was lucky enough to pick the right time. The past decade has been kind to the Thames. Big property developments have sprung up on both sides of the river, and more are on their way before the 2012 Olympic games. And so far, at least, Canary Wharf seems to be weathering the financial storm. But there has been still another advantage: both public and private backing for the firm have been crucial.

Thames Clippers gets a small subsidy from Transport for London, part of the Greater London Authority. A big step towards welcome integration came in November, when passengers were first allowed to use their fare cards on Thames Clippers, too. And recently, Greenwich Council agreed to pay £269,000 for guaranteed service between Greenwich and Woolwich over the next four years.

One big problem is the jumbled ownership and management of landing piers: the Greater London Authority owns 7 of the 13 in central London and various property developers the rest. At piers used jointly, the situation does not favour the ferries trying to stick to a timetable. They can be delayed by tourist boats hanging on for passengers. To have more control of its schedule, Thames Clippers took over the lease of the privately-owned London Bridge City Pier in November.

Another impediment is the unnecessarily rigid restriction on speed. The Port of London Authority imposes a 12-knot limit west of Wapping, which means that boats can show their exhilarating 30-knot cruising speed only on the eastern stretches of the river.

The Port of London Authority supports the plan to get more people on the river but insists that safety is most important. It also points out that tourists and freight, not just commuters, use the Thames. So for the moment, Thames Clippers’ civilised catamarans to and from Waterloo remain a secret pleasure for the cognoscenti.

According to paragraphs 1 and 2, the Thames is …

1)	fully integrated into London’s transport system.
2)	not perfectly fit for solving London’s transport problems.
3)	an ideal way to travel round the city.
4)	providing a shorter journey than on-land transport.

The words “the natural highway” in “tried unsuccessfully to set up commuter services on this natural highway” (paragraph 3), stand for …

1)	the city centre.
2)	the railway.
3)	the Tube.
4)	the Thames.

Which was the most important factor for Thames Clippers’ success?

1)	Huge numbers of passengers.
2)	The luck of the owner.
3)	Private and public investments.
4)	New and fast catamarans.

“Their” in “allowed to use theirfare cards on Thames Clippers, too” (paragraph 5) refers to …

1)	Transport for London.
2)	the passengers.
3)	Greenwich Council.
4)	Thames Clippers.

Which impediment for Thames Clippers operations is NOT mentioned in the text?

1)	Inadequate fares for boat trips.
2)	Uncertainty about the timetable.
3)	Joint ownership of the piers.
4)	Speed limit for river transport.

Calling the catamarans “a secret pleasure for the cognoscenti”, the author means that …

1)	they are not very suitable.
2)	they offer a good way to spend your free time.
3)	there are few of them compared to the tourist boats.
4)	the possibility to use them is not appreciated by everybody.

According to the title of the article, the author thinks that the river transport …

1)	needs improvement.
2)	is not very promising.
3)	is suitable only for tourists.
4)	provides big business opportunities.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 27–33. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Bill Gates

Bill Gates has always fascinated me both as a person and head of the greatest company in the world. His talent became obvious rather early. Bill was the second of three children in an upper-middle class family. He enjoyed playing games with the family and was very competitive. He also loved to read. Bill became bored in public school so his family sent him to Lakeside School, a private school, where he excelled in math, science and English.

Bill was no more than 13 when he became interested in computer programming during the era of giant computers. His school held a fund-raiser to purchase a teletype terminal so students could use computer time that was donated by General Electric. Using this time, Gates wrote a tic-tac-toe program using BASIC, one of the first computer languages. Later he created a computer version of Risk, a board game he liked in which the goal is world domination.

At this time Bill met Paul Allen, who shared his interest in computers. This event had a great impact on his future life, though negative at the beginning. Gates and Allen hacked into a computer belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC) to get free computer time but were caught. After a period of probation, they were allowed back in the computer lab when they offered to fix glitches in CCC’s software. At age 17, Gates and Allen were paid $20,000 for a program called Traf-O-Data that was used to count traffic.

In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the U.S. House of Representatives. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and was accepted by Harvard University. However, as he later confessed, most of it was a sheer waste of time. Meanwhile, Paul Allen dropped out of Washington College to work on computers. Soon he convinced Gates to drop out of Harvard and join him in starting a new software company in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They called it Micro-Soft. This was soon changed to Microsoft, and they moved their company to Bellevue, Washington.

The breakthrough came in 1980. IBM, one of the largest technology companies of the era, asked Microsoft to write software to run their new personal computer, the IBM PC. Bill and Paul saw their chance and kept the licensing rights for the operating system (MS-DOS). Consequently, they earned money for every computer sold first by IBM, and later by all the other companies that made PC computers. Microsoft grew from 25 employees in 1978 to over 90,000 today.

Over the years, Microsoft developed many new technologies and products such as Word and Power Point. Although some journalists have criticized Gates for using questionable business practices, it is his genius that built Microsoft into one of the largest companies in the world. He has been described as brilliant but childlike, driven, competitive, intense, fun, but lacking in empathy. However, in the last point, they have been proved wrong.

Nowadays Bill Gates is one of the richest men in the world. In 2012, his $61 billion dollars in assets made him the world’s second richest man according to Forbes Magazine.

In 2006, Gates announced that he would cut back his involvement at Microsoft to spend more time on philanthropy. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation supports many causes including the quest to eradicate Polio, fighting AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, providing vaccinations for children and trying to make a difference in other vital issues. The great American in every respect!

According to the author, when Bill Gates was young, he …

1)	was good at his native tongue at school.
2)	found public school rather challenging.
3)	usually let other people win.
4)	was rather poor and lonely.

When at school Bill Gates …

1)	turned a board game into a computer game.
2)	raised money to purchase а teletype terminal.
3)	considered giant computers to be horrible.
4)	invented the first computer language.

What happened after Bill Gates met Paul Allen?

1)	They were sent to prison for hacking.
2)	They got involved in a criminal activity.
3)	They earned money helping to make cars.
4)	They got a job putting together computers.

“It”(They called it …) in paragraph 4 refers to …

1)	Albuquerque.
2)	New Mexico.
3)	software.
4)	company.

According to the text, Microsoft did NOT make money from …

1)	IBM selling personal computers.
2)	other companies selling personal computers.
3)	creating software for personal computers.
4)	selling personal computers to IBM.

According to some journalists, as a person Bill Gates …

1)	was rather shy in his childhood.
2)	has shown incredible maturity.
3)	has not always been very honest.
4)	usually tried to understand and help people.

The main idea of the last paragraph is that Bill Gates …

1)	considers charity to be his priority.
2)	has become very wealthy and famous.
3)	finds it important to realize all his talents.
4)	is no longer actively involved with Microsoft.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 34–40. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Processed food in the USA

Even though America’s fast food chains and grocery stores have been trying to turn a new leaf to observe the fight against obesity, a new study suggests that most of Americans still get the majority of their calories from highly processed foods pumped with salt, sugar, and fat.

Americans get 57.7 percent of their calories from “ultra-processed” food. In other words, Americans get over half of their food from the factory – not the farm – using chemicals to fake freshness and natural elements, while being pumped with flavors that have all been linked to addiction in multiple studies.

But before we gawk at that number, let’s define what it means to be a processed food. According to the National Health Service, processed foods are any type of food that has been altered from its natural state for safety or convenience.

Processed foods include breakfast cereals, cheese, canned vegetables, and even milk and bread – some of the staples of our daily diet. And yes, processed foods also include the unhealthier things, like microwave meals, chips, bacon, and sodas.

The thing that almost all processed foods have in common, however, is that they’re pumped with sugar and salt to help preserve their flavor and shelf life. Since most foods found in your average grocery store – aside from fresh fruit and vegetables – are technically processed, it’s likely you’re eating way more of these things than you’re aware.

The researchers found that American consumers mostly purchase moderately processed food (products still recognizable as their original plant or animal), and highly processed food (food mixtures that aren’t recognizable as their original source). Americans are more likely to buy ready-to-eat and ready-to-heat products. The end result? Obesity. According to the World Obesity Federation, 40 percent of American women and 35 percent of men are obese. This places the United States among the fattest countries in the world. Not that genetics don’t play a role – but this isn’t a debate about whether weight comes from nature or nurture.

It’s worth noting that 74 percent of packaged American foods now have added sugar in them – including things like yogurt, bread and pasta sauce. American cuisine then takes these processed ingredients and layers them on top of each other. When you think of how many things can be dipped in chocolate, drizzled with cheese or covered in chili, it’s easy to lose track of how unhealthily we eat on a daily basis.

How do we change this in America? Shop small and thoughtfully. Little grocery stores, like their European counterparts, still exist with fresh local ingredients. Don’t buy frozen chicken and condiments to cover its processed taste. Shopping at a food co-op also helps support local, fresh and sustainable ingredients. Availability will vary, and a few products might be more expensive, but the improved quality will more than make up for the difference.

Also try to take time to really cherish and appreciate meals. Set aside a few nights to cook. Invite friends over for dinner parties. If your first attempt at home-made meatballs goes awry, your misery will enjoy the company – hopefully. Food should be a fun experience, from picking the ingredients to eating the results. It’s a simple pleasure, one that the emphasis on convenience of modern America has lost.

The author claims that fast food restaurants are trying to …

1)	serve highly processed food.
2)	make their food less harmful.
3)	change their customer policies.
4)	limit salt, sugar and fat in their food.

According to the article, the major aim of producing processed food is to …

1)	prolong its shelf life.
2)	help us eat healthier.
3)	make food more nutritious.
4)	increase its natural flavor.

The phrase “these things” in “… eating way more of these things …” (paragraph 5) most probably refers to …

1)	sugar and salt.
2)	fresh fruit and vegetables.
3)	processed vegetables.
4)	fresh groceries.

Why is the USA, according to the author, among the fattest countries in the world?

1)	Americans are genetically inclined to gain weight.
2)	Most of American women are obese.
3)	Americans consume a lot of highly processed food.
4)	Obesity comes from consuming food mixtures.

According to the author, the reason for unhealthy daily dietary habits in the USA is in the …

1)	quality of pasta sauces.
2)	inattention to healthy nutrition.
3)	popularity of packaged foods.
4)	consumption of too many sweets.

What advice on food shopping does the author give?

1)	Order ingredients from Europe.
2)	Buy more expensive products.
3)	Check the freshness of food.
4)	Avoid frozen foods.

What message does the author express in the last paragraph?

1)	Look for pleasure in simple things.
2)	Learn to value meals.
3)	Learn how to cook.
4)	Home-made food is healthier.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 41–47. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Источник

Задания на понимание основного содержания прочитанного текста

Задание 1

Установите соответствие между текстами A—G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Weather considerations

2. Joys of biking

3. On bike from train

4. Severe adventures

5. Preparations

6. Meeting the locals

7. Beware of thieves

8. Follow the rules

A. If you want to see Europe on $30 a day you might prefer to stay at hostels and shop at farmers’ markets, but you definitely will not be able to do it without the help of a bike as it is one of the most economical ways to see Europe. But most bikers choose to pedal for the sheer joy of it. Just imagine riding up a beautiful mountain road, going to the very top, hearing birds singing in the treetops, and enjoying a well-earned and glorious downhill run.

B. The most important thing to do before you go for a long ride is to learn which tools to bring for basic repair work, such as patching a flat. If possible, first take a weekend camping trip with everything you’ll need with you. If you don’t already know how to fix your bike, you can ask about classes at your local bike shop. Although you can buy a good touring bike in Europe, you’re better off bringing a bike that you’re sure is the right fit for you as well as your own racks and panniers.

C. Expect rain and bring good bikers’ rain equipment. You’ll also be exposed to the sun, so plan on using plenty of sunscreen. Even if you never ride at night, you should bring a back light for long and unavoidable tunnels. Always wear a helmet as well as biking gloves to guard against unsightly road rash. Beware of the silent biker who might be right behind you, and use hand signals before stopping or turning. Stay off the freeways; smaller roads are nicer for biking, anyway.

D. Use a bike lock to secure your bike and never leave your pump, bag or laptop on your bike if you’re going to step away, even for a moment. Keep your bike inside whenever possible. At hostels, ask if there is a locked bike room, and, if not, ask for a place to put your bike inside overnight. Remember that hotels and many pensions don’t really have rules against taking a bike up to your room. Just do it quietly so the owners and other guests aren’t disturbed.

E. The most rewarding aspect of bicycling in Europe is having the chance to get to know and communicate with new people. Europeans love bicycles, and they are often genuinely impressed when they see a tourist who rejects the view from a tour-bus window in favor of riding through their country on two wheels. Your bike provides an instant topic for conversation, the perfect bridge over cultural and language barriers.

F. A bell is generally required by law in Europe, so you should have one on your bike for giving a multilingual “Hi!” to other bikers as well as for saying “Look out, here I come!” Some countries, such as the Netherlands, have directions and signs just for bikers. For example, a bike in a blue circle indicates a bike route and this sign will get you through even some of the most complicated highway interchanges. A bike in a red circle indicates that bikes are not allowed.

G. Not all tourists use their bikes for long-distance European trips. For example, you can take the train from Paris to Amsterdam, and then use your bike for a few days to get around the city and out to the tulip fields and windmills. In many countries, especially France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands, train stations offer bikes with very easy rental plans making it possible to pick them up in one place and drop them off somewhere else.

Ответ:

A	В	C	D	E	F	G

Задание 2

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблиц. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Money string changes source

2. What in a colour

3. Weight of money

4. From a million pounds to thousands of dollars

5. Size matters

6. How we got that mark

7. Before money comes in

8. Free to choose from

A. In early societies people developed barter as a form of proto-money, when they used the things that everyone agreed to accept in trade. Various items have been used by different societies at different times. Thus, for example, Aztecs used cacao beans, Norwegians used butter, the early U.S. colonists used tobacco leaves, and Roman soldiers were paid a salary of salt. On the island of Nauru, the islanders even used rats for this purpose.

B. The first coins were made in the Kingdom of Lydia, located on the territory of Turkey in the 7th century B.C. The Lydians used weighed lumps of metal and stamped them with pictures to confirm their weight (the shape of the coins was unimportant). The process of stamping was called “minting”. In fact, the stamp on the coin was a seal that identified the person who had guaranteed the weight of that coin.

C. The well-known dollar sign has various explanations. Perhaps one of the most widely accepted is that it was the result of the evolution of the Mexican or Spanish “Ps” which was used for pesos. This theory explains that the “S” gradually came to be written over the “P”, developing a close equivalent to the American dollar “$” mark. It was widely used even before the adoption of the United States dollar in 1785.

D. The largest banknote ever issued by the Bank of England was the £1,000,000 note. Designed for use by the UK government only, the notes were canceled after just a few months, allowing very few to escape into private hands. However, just because the notes are out of service nowadays doesn’t mean that they are valueless. In 2008, one of two known surviving notes was sold at auction for almost $120,000.

E. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the world’s largest banknote is the 100,000-peso note, which is of the size of a standard sheet of paper. It was created by the government of the Philippines in 1998 to celebrate a century of independence from Spanish rule. The note was offered only to collectors, who could purchase one of the limited-edition notes for 180,000 pesos, or about $3,700.

F. American Indians used to have strings of clamshells, which they called wampum and used as money. The process to make wampum was very labor intensive, which increased their value among the European traders. However, the Dutch colonists began to manufacture wampum themselves and eventually became the primary source of wampum, thereby destroying the system which had functioned for centuries.

G. Why are U.S. notes green? No one is really sure. However, in 1929, when the Bureau of Printing and Engraving began making smaller size currency, green continued to be used because its pigment was readily available in large quantities. Green is also relatively high in its resistance to chemical and physical changes, and it has been psychologically identified with the strong and stable credit of the government.

Ответ:

A	В	C	D	E	F	G

Задания на установление структурно-смысловых связей в прочитанном тексте

Задание 3

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

The languages of integration

Every year the European Day of Languages is marked on 26 September. The idea behind the event is to raise public awareness of all the languages spoken in Europe and the importance of language learning in A _______________. The European Day of Languages celebrates linguistic diversity as one of Europe’s strengths, В _______________ of school.

The European Union is convinced C _______________ compared with the professional and personal opportunities lost due to inadequate language skills. That is why many national governments encourage people to learn languages at all educational levels and at all ages during their working life.

Many local authorities provide immigrants with language training, familiarization courses on local society and culture, D _______________. The latter elements are often provided in the immigrants’ own languages.

One example is from the Flemish city of Ghent in Belgium, E _______________ including 1200 hours of Dutch, plus 75 hours of civic orientation courses. Hungary developed its national

integration policy on the basis of a six-month pilot project called Matra F _______________, 700 hours of cultural and legal orientation, and financial assistance with living expenses. The Finnish education system supports the maintenance and development of the mother tongues of immigrants to ensure what it calls functional bilingualism.

1. and encourages lifelong language learning in and out

2. upbringing healthier and more athletic children

3. that the cost of promoting language learning is modest

4. where immigrants are offered an introductory programme

5. spreading tolerance and mutual understanding

6. and assistance in finding jobs in a new country

7. that included 1200 hours of language teaching for immigrants

Ответ:

A	В	C	D	E	F

Задание 4

The importance of language

The language we speak helps to define who we are. The many languages A _______________ are spread across the continent in a vast mosaic pattern. The European Union (EU) recognizes this right to identity and promotes our freedom to speak and write our own language, while it continues to pursue its goal of closer integration among its member countries. These aims are complementary, В_______________.

There are 23 official EU languages. When a new country becomes a member of the EU, the national language of that country normally becomes an official EU language. The decision on this is taken by the EU Council of Ministers. This ensures .that individual EU citizens are able to use the same language in their communication with the EU as they do when C _______________.

All new legislation adopted by the EU is translated into all official languages so D _______________ what a new law is about and how it affects them. All language versions of an EU law have the same legal value.

In this way, the EU ensures E _______________ whose languages are spoken by a large number of people and those using less widely spoken languages. In the European Parliament members are free to address the assembly in the language of the people they represent, Slovenian members are just as entitled as German ones to speak the language of those F _______________. Translation and interpretation are therefore major EU responsibilities.

1. embodying the EU’s motto of “United in diversity”

2. who voted for them in their elections

3. who debates political issues in the mother tongue

4. dealing with their national authorities at home

5. that are spoken by 500 million citizens of the European Union

6. that there is no discrimination between citizens

7. that any interested citizens across the Union know immediately

Ответ:

A	В	C	D	E	F

Задания на полное понимание прочитанного текста

Задание 5

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 1-7. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

The definitive guide to Scotland

During the London Olympics, when excited sports fanatics (and their unfortunate relatives) flooded through the arrival gates of nearly all British airports and engaged in such thrilling activities as taking pictures of red phone boxes and riding the bus, it came to my attention (and the attention of many other British citizens, I dare say), that many tourists arrive to the U.K. with certain erroneous expectations of what awaits them.

The disappointment is evident on tourists’ faces as they travel through the country, discovering that the Queen does not walk her Corgis up The Mall, our policemen will very rarely (if ever) say “Alio, alio,” and that most of us will not ask a stranger in for a cup of tea and a biscuit when you arrive on our doorstep. That said, however, nothing really disappoints a tourist more than a visit to the mysterious land of Scotland.

Having lived in Scotland for all of my 16 years, I have come to believe that I am an expert in all things Scottish, and therefore I think it is only right that I help the youth of America (and elsewhere) obtain a more realistic view of what to expect when visiting “up North.”

A good starting place in Scottish culture, I believe, is haggis. Haggis is a ghastly concoction of oatmeal, onions, pepper, suet, and, oh yes, sheep organs. That’s right, haggis includes sheep’s stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and windpipe. This delightful dish is normally served on Robert Bum’s Night, when we all stand around in kilts and sing to it.

This brings me to the subject of kilts. Michael McIntyre once joked that the Scottish invented the kilt in order to look the complete opposite of the English, who wore trousers. This may be true; I don’t know. What I can tell you is that I am not currently wearing a kilt, nor is anyone in my family. Perhaps if I were to drive into a big town, I would find a man playing bagpipes in a kilt, or maybe see some guests in kilts at a wedding, but the average Scottish person does not wear a kilt on a daily basis.

Next, we have the aforementioned bagpipes. Pretty much everyone believes that all Scottish people love bagpipes. I do not. When played in a large field during, say, the Highland Games, I don’t mind them. That’s fine. It’s quite jolly, everyone feels patriotic, and all is well. However, when they are played in a small room while someone is carrying a haggis to the table and my ears feel like they are about to bleed, I must say that I’m not very fond of them. The average tourist will see and hear bagpipes during their visit, but you probably won’t see any young Scottish teenagers involved.

Finally, we have the Scottish citizen in general. Most people imagine Scots to be ginger (meaning having red hair, which I don’t), freckly (I am), bearded (I am not), and grumpy (I dare say that this is true — after all, it’s always raining here). Sure, you may find some people during your visit who fit that description, but you may be surprised to find that most Scottish people look like your average non-Scottish person. Are you shocked? I thought so.

There you go, a definitive guide to Scotland, as written by a very sarcastic teenager. I do hope it helps; please share it with your friends as I really don’t want to have to hear another tourist say, “It’s just like England, isn’t it?”

1. What inspired the author to write the text?

1) Love for Olympics.

2) Visitors’ views on Britain.

3) London’s attractions.

4) Conversations with sports fans.

Ответ: [ ]

2. According to the author, why were the tourists disappointed in Britain?

1) The police officers were not friendly.

2) Their anticipations were not met.

3) They failed to meet the Queen.

4) The famous English tea was not tasty.

Ответ: [ ]

3. The purpose of the text is to …

1) reveal the mysteries of the Scottish land.

2) encourage tourists to visit Scotland.

3) give a true account of Scottish culture.

4) share a 16-year experience of living in Scotland.

Ответ: [ ]

4. The phrase “up North’’ in “… what to expect when visiting “up North.” (paragraph 3) refers to

1) northern islands.

2) North America.

3) Scotland.

4) north of England.

Ответ: [ ]

5. Which of the following statements about bagpipes is NOT true, according to the text?

1) They may raise spirits during big sports events.

2) They can make you feel proud of your country.

3) Visitors are likely to hear them played.

4) They are popular among young Scottish people.

Ответ: [ ]

6. In what way is the author similar to a typical image of a Scottish person?

1) He has freckles.

2) He has red hair.

3) He has a beard.

4) He is cheerful.

Ответ: [ ]

7. Why does the author quote a tourist at the end of the text?

1) To encourage people to read and share the article.

2) To underline the annoyance at tourists’ disappointments.

3) To express a sarcastic attitude to Scottish sights.

4) To stress the differences between Scotland and England.

Ответ: [ ]

Задание 6

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 1—7. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Imperial treasures from Vienna

It is small — it’s just a ring, after all. It is also surprising and breathtaking. The colour and purity of the stone and the shield-like shape that forms the front of the object give the sapphire ring the kind of cool elegance that can, however, be reproduced in photographs. But its amazing hot halo of shooting blue, purple and pink lights is visible only in person. The entire ring is masterfully carved from a single, unbroken hunk of the precious gem. It’s unique — there is nothing quite like it anywhere else. Made in 1400, the ring is the earliest of the 60 treasures on view in “Splendour and Power”, which just opened at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose, which is to delight visitors while also explaining why rulers collected these very expensive, ornate and masterfully crafted objects. In this case the collectors were the dynasty of the Habsburgs, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from their Austrian base for centuries.

Surprisingly, these pieces may occasionally mimic the shapes of useful objects, like drinking cups, but they were never meant to be utilitarian. That is not to say they lacked purpose. Indeed, they were designed to “enchant the senses, delight the eye and inspire the intellect,” writes Sabine Haag, the curator of this show, which was loaned from Vienna’s Kunsthistoriches Museum (KHM), in the excellent catalogue.

It was only in the 19th century that art was split into “high” and “low”. Anything decorative fit into the latter category, regardless of beauty or technical expertise. As a result, some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art. The single piece in this exhibition that should succeed in repairing this ill-judged high/low divide is the ivory cup made by Bernhard Strauss in Augsburg around 1660. It is so deeply carved with classical gods and goddesses — Apollo with his lyre, Diana with her alert dog — that the piece has become translucent. It seems Strauss brought Olympus to life.

Elsewhere in the Fitzwilliam paintings and sculpture are exhibited in rooms decorated with fine Oriental rugs, warm wood furniture and tick-tocking Thomas-Tompion clocks. But never mind. Benefactions from the Monument Trust have allowed the Fitzwilliam to commission new display cases of non-reflective glass. The welcome illusion is that nothing separates the ogler from the ogled.

The Kunstkammer at the KHM can boast of the greatest surviving princely treasure in the*Western world. It has been closed for refurbishment since 2002, making this loan — the largest for half a century — possible. The Kunstkammer is expected to reopen at the end of next year, after which decades will surely pass before its objects leave home again. For those within striking distance of Cambridge, enough said.

1. According to the author, the beauty of the exhibited sapphire ring can be fully appreciated …

1) where it was carved.

2) in a photograph.

3) in special light.

4) at the exhibition.

Ответ: [ ]

2. “It” in “It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose” (paragraph 1) refers to the …

1) exhibition’s origin.

2) ring.

3) exhibition’s catalogue.

4) exhibition’s collection.

Ответ: [ ]

3. Saying “they were never meant to be utilitarian” the author means that the exhibits were supposed to be …

1) decorative.

2) unusual.

3) expensive.

4) useful.

Ответ: [ ]

4. According to the author (paragraph 4), some objects may be seen as …

1) poorly manufactured.

2) collected ill-advisedly.

3) common things.

4) spoilt in repairs.

Ответ: [ ]

5. “Some” in “some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art” (paragraph 4) refers to the …

1) visitors.

2) owners.

3) exhibits.

4) artists.

Ответ: [ ]

6. The Monument Trust helped to provide …

1) furniture for the exhibition rooms.

2) better attendance of the exhibition.

3) better conditions for viewing the exhibits.

4) better decorated rooms.

Ответ: [ ]

7. The article was written to …

1) attract more visitors to the exhibition.

2) prove that the exhibits are works of art.

3) advertise Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum.

4) describe the treasures of the Hapsburgs.

Ответ: [ ]

Источник

ГИА-11

Сборник тренировочных материалов по АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Сборник тренировочных материалов для подготовки
к государственной итоговой аттестации по АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
для слепых и поздноослепших обучающихся

по образовательным программам

СРЕДНЕГО общего образования

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Тренировочные материалы предназначены для подготовки к единому государственному экзамену и государственному выпускному экзамену
(в письменной форме) по АНГЛИЙСКОМУ языку.

Тренировочные материалы состоят из пяти разделов. Разделы 1–4 представляют собой задания письменной части ЕГЭ, а раздел 5 – задания устной части ЕГЭ:

раздел 1 – «Аудирование»;
раздел 2 – «Чтение»;
раздел 3 – «Грамматика и лексика»;
раздел 4 – «Письмо»;
раздел 5 – «Говорение».

Раздел 1 содержит 2 варианта по 9 заданий. За правильный ответ на задания 1 ставится максимально 6 баллов, на задания 2 – 7 баллов. Задания 3–9 оцениваются в 1 балл. Все задания этого раздела могут включаться только в КИМ ЕГЭ.

Раздел 2 содержит 53 задания. За правильный ответ на задания 1–6 ставится максимально 7 баллов, а на задания 7–12 – 6 баллов. Задания 13–53 оцениваются в 1 балл. Задания 1–12 могут включаться как в экзаменационные материалы ГВЭ-11, так и в КИМ ЕГЭ, а задания 13–53 – только в КИМ ЕГЭ.

Раздел 3 содержит 120 заданий. За правильный ответ на задания 1–120 ставится 1 балл. Задания 1–120 могут включаться как в экзаменационные материалы ГВЭ-11, так и в КИМ ЕГЭ.

Раздел 4 содержит 11 заданий. За полный правильный ответ на задания 1–6 ставится 6 баллов в КИМ ЕГЭ и 10 баллов в ГВЭ, а задания 7–11 оцениваются максимально в 14 баллов в соответствии с критериями оценивания. Задания 1–6 могут включаться как в экзаменационные материалы ГВЭ-11, так и в КИМ ЕГЭ, а задания 7–11 – только в КИМ ЕГЭ.

Раздел 5 содержит 4 задания. За полный правильный ответ на задание 1 ставится 1 балл, задание 2 оценивается максимально в 5 баллов, задания 3 и 4 – в 7 баллов в соответствии с критериями оценивания. Все задания этого раздела могут включаться только в КИМ ЕГЭ.

ПИСЬМЕННАЯ ЧАСТЬ ЕГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Раздел 1. Аудирование

При проведении ЕГЭ по иностранным языкам в экзамен включается раздел «Аудирование», все задания по которому записаны на аудионоситель. Аудитории, выделяемые для проведения раздела «Аудирование», оборудуются средствами воспроизведения аудионосителей.

Для выполнения заданий раздела «Аудирование» технические специалисты или организаторы настраивают средство воспроизведения аудиозаписи так, чтобы было слышно всем обучающимся, выпускникам прошлых лет. Аудиотекст к каждому заданию или каждой группе заданий прослушивается участниками экзамена дважды, после чего они приступают к выполнению заданий. Для слепых и поздноослепших участников экзамена в заданиях по аудированию увеличены паузы для занесения ответов в специально предусмотренные тетради рельефно-точечным шрифтом Брайля.

Вариант 1

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными
в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1.	Using public transport is a good way to explore a new place.
2.	Public transport may help to solve some environmental problems.
3.	Life in a big city would stop without public transport.
4.	There are ways to avoid using public transport.
5.	There are good reasons why public transport should be free.
6.	Without public transport life would be fun.
7.	Public transport is unsafe because people ignore all the rules there.

Говорящий	A	B	C	D	E	F
Утверждение

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A.	Jake has given up on a hobby lately.
B.	Jake used to be absolutely helpless in the kitchen.
C.	Mary didn’t see the Jamie Olivier’s show that Jake liked.
D.	Jake’s first cooking experience was a success.
E.	Thanks to Jake, his mother now has time to visit beauty salons.
F.	Mary thinks Jake would enjoy cooking forever.
G.	Jake hasn’t bought a birthday present for Mary yet.

Утверждение	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Соответствие диалогу

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3–9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

What is the film Eden NOT about?

1)	Mia’s generation.
2)	Famous DJs.
3)	Mia’s brother.

According to Mia, what did Sven feel while working with her?

1)	He found it hard working with his sister.
2)	He didn’t always like her view of the story.
3)	He didn’t realize she remembered much.

What is NOT true about the main hero’s girlfriend that Mia mentions?

1)	Her part in the film is very small.
2)	She influenced his development.
3)	Her prototype is Sven’s present wife.

What did Mia especially enjoy working with Sven?

1)	Comparing their memories.
2)	Discussing the process.
3)	Writing in foggy weather.

What does Mia say about reconstructing the past for an autobiographical movie?

1)	Reality is what is created in the film.
2)	A film story always differs from reality.
3)	It’s hard to remember the real past.

Mia wanted Eden to consist of two parts but it was impossible because …

1)	Sven had thrown away a third of the scenario.
2)	there wasn’t enough finances for it.
3)	she had no material for a long script.

What was Mia’s concept for having two parts of the film?

1)	To show different periods of life in each part.
2)	To make the third part as a sequel a bit later.
3)	To make more money by attracting an audience.

Вариант 2

1.	As any language, Italian opens a new world for a learner.
2.	Italian friends may inspire one to learn their language.
3.	Writing in Italian is more difficult than speaking it.
4.	You may need Italian to travel across Italy.
5.	It’s pleasant both to learn and speak Italian.
6.	A hobby may inspire you to learn Italian.
7.	You may need to learn Italian for your future career.

Говорящий	A	B	C	D	E	F
Утверждение

A.	Kate is going to travel to Russia with a friend.
B.	Kate is going to get a Russian visa tomorrow.
C.	Derek was in Russia as a tourist.
D.	Derek has a good impression about Russia.
E.	Derek thinks people drink tapped water in small towns.
F.	Kate will spend a couple of days in Yaroslavl.
G.	Kate finds Derek’s advice helpful.

Утверждение	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Соответствие диалогу

What does Jessica say about her new album?

1)	It’s both enthusiastic and self-contemplating.
2)	She’s been working on it for 25 years.
3)	It’s a sequel to her previous album.

Why does Jessica think she needs to change?

1)	It’s important to surprise people sometimes.
2)	It’s absolutely natural for people.
3)	It’s impossible to accomplish anything without it.

What kind of person does Jessica seem to be?

What was the general reaction of the public to Jessica’s new album?

1)	Skeptical.
2)	Welcoming.
3)	Negative.

According to Jessica, why did her fans like her new album?

1)	They felt how it was related to her first album.
2)	It had a much better sound than her previous one.
3)	They liked her new style.

What does Jessica say about the lyrics of her new songs?

1)	They became more direct.
2)	They are purposely straightforward.
3)	They lack metaphors.

The critical remark that Jessica found offensive was about …

1)	her personal life.
2)	the reason for her success.
3)	her proffesional status.

Ответы к заданиям раздела 1 «Аудирование»

Вариант 1

№ задания	Ответ
1	357214
2	2231321
3	2
4	3
5	3
6	1
7	1
8	2
9	1

Вариант 2

№ задания	Ответ
1	215764
2	1221331
3	1
4	3
5	3
6	2
7	1
8	1
9	2

Раздел 2. Чтение

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1.	How we got that mark	5.	Size matters
2.	From a million pounds to thousands of dollars	6.	Money string changes source
3.	What in a colour	7.	Free to choose from
4.	Weight of money	8.	Before money comes in

A.	In early societies people developed barter as a form of proto-money, when they used the things that everyone agreed to accept in trade. Various items have been used by different societies at different times. Thus, for example, Aztecs used cacao beans, Norwegians used butter, the early U.S. colonists used tobacco leaves, and Roman soldiers were paid a salary of salt. On the island of Nauru, the islanders even used rats for this purpose.
B.	The first coins were made in the Kingdom of Lydia, located on the territory of Turkey in the 7th century B.C. The Lydians used weighed lumps of metal and stamped them with pictures to confirm their weight (the shape of the coins was unimportant). The process of stamping was called “minting”. In fact, the stamp on the coin was a seal that identified the person who had guaranteed the weight of that coin.
C.	The well-known dollar sign has various explanations. Perhaps one of the most widely accepted is that it was the result of the evolution of the Mexican or Spanish “Ps” which was used for pesos. This theory explains that the “S” gradually came to be written over the “P”, developing a close equivalent to the American dollar “$” mark. It was widely used even before the adoption of the United States dollar in 1785.
D.	The largest banknote ever issued by the Bank of England was the £1,000,000 note. Designed for use by the UK government only, the notes were canceled after just a few months, allowing very few to escape into private hands. However, just because the notes are out of service nowadays doesn’t mean that they are valueless. In 2008, one of two known surviving notes was sold at auction for almost $120,000.

E.	According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the world’s largest banknote is the 100,000-peso note, which is of the size of a standard sheet of paper. It was created by the government of the Philippines in 1998 to celebrate a century of independence from Spanish rule. The note was offered only to collectors, who could purchase one of the limited-edition notes for 180,000 pesos, or about $3,700.
F.	American Indians used to have strings of clamshells, which they called wampum and used as money. The process to make wampum was very labor intensive, which increased their value among the European traders. However, the Dutch colonists began to manufacture wampum themselves and eventually became the primary source of wampum, thereby destroying the system which had functioned for centuries.
G.	Why are U.S. notes green? No one is really sure. However, in 1929, when the Bureau of Printing and Engraving began making smaller size currency, green continued to be used because its pigment was readily available in large quantities. Green is also relatively high in its resistance to chemical and physical changes, and it has been psychologically identified with the strong and stable credit of the government.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.	Good enough for the royal family	5.	From childhood and on
2.	From women to the military	6.	From movie stars to every woman
3.	The company moves overseas	7.	Changes in cinematography, changes in make-up
4.	New products, new leaders	8.	New place, new make-up

Max Factor is often called the father of modern make-up. The success story started in Max’s early years. He was born Max Faktorowicz in Lodz, Poland, near the Russian border, around 1877. With 10 children, his parents could not afford formal education for their children, so at the age of eight Max was placed in an apprenticeship to a pharmacist. Years of mixing potions for the pharmacy developed his fascination with cosmetics.

B.	Eventually, Max opened his own shop in a suburb of Moscow, selling hand-made cosmetics. “Health and beauty products” became an important business for him. A traveling theatrical troupe bought and wore Max’s make-up and wigs while performing for Russian nobility. Soon Max became the official cosmetic expert for members of the Russian court, the Imperial Grand Opera and the Ballet.
C.	In 1904, Max and his family moved to the United States. Max Faktorowicz was now Max Factor, the name given to him at Ellis Island by immigration officials. Now Max Factor was dreaming of movie actors and actresses using his products. He moved his family to Los Angeles. In 1914, Max Factor created a make-up specifically for movie actors that, unlike thick theatrical make-up, would not crack.
D.	The development of color film production required the Max Factor company to develop a new line of products. The existing make-up reflected surrounding colors. As a result of how bad they looked, many actors and actresses refused to appear in color films. At this time Frank Factor, Max’s son, took the lead and developed a suitable product. It had a solid cake form and was applied with a damp sponge, which concealed skin imperfections.
E.	Soon actresses and other women working on movies sets were stealing new make-up to use in their personal lives. Its only disadvantage for everyday use was that it made the skin too dark under regular lights, having been designed for the powerful lights used in film studios. Frank Factor began developing lighter shades. In 1937, new “Pan-Cake” make-up was released to the public and it became one of the fastest selling cosmetic items.
F.	After Max Factor’s death, Frank Factor took the name Max Factor, Jr., and expanded the still private cosmetics firm. The company began development of a smear-proof lipstick which would not fade. A special machine was constructed to test the formula’s resistance. The result was “Tru-Color” lipstick in six shades of red. During World War II, Max Factor developed make-up shades for use by the US Marine Corps in camouflaging faces.
G.	Max Factor, Jr., continued his commercially successful developments, such as cream make-up supplied in stick form. Soon the company offered shampoo for men and its first perfume called “Electrique”. The early 1960s saw the company go public and list its stock on the New York Stock Exchange. This period also saw the third generation of the Factor family rise to senior positions within the company.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.	How to use bicycles to get to work	5.	Benefits of cycling in a gym
2.	Why bikes are not safe	6.	Why bikes are popular
3.	Bicycles with a difference	7.	Safety rules to follow
4.	Statistics for thought	8.	What makes the choice difficult

A.	Over a hundred million bicycles are produced every year. China, India, the European Union, Japan and Taiwan manufacture 87% of the total amount. Most bicycles sold in the U.S. are imported from China. Although it is at the forefront of both bicycle use and production, China has seen a decline in bicycle use. In 2002 only 20% of the population used bicycles as a means of transport, while in 1995 that percentage was as high as 60%.
B.	Bicycle commuting requires finding an appropriate route, getting a bicycle that is in good condition and wearing the right clothing when cycling. The commuter should verify that the location he is commuting to has an area for parking bicycles. Online map programmes can be used to find a good route free of highways. A test ride should be done to make sure the route is safe and to find out how long it takes.
C.	Selecting a bike of the right size can be a serious challenge. First of all, it involves measuring the user’s height and leg length. Most bike manufacturers provide helpful tables that specify the appropriate frame sizes for different builds and body types. In addition, children’s bikes are sized differently than adult bikes. Where adult bikes use the frame size as the primary measurement, children’s bikes rely on the wheel size.
D.	Unicycles, one-wheeled bicycles, are believed to have been an adaptation of the world’s first bicycle, which had a large front wheel and a smaller back wheel. There are several different styles of unicycle riding. Mountain unicycling involves riding down off-road trails or mountains using unicycles with large tyres. In freestyle unicycling, cyclists perform stunts and tricks similar to those done by skateboarders.

E.	When it comes to improving health, using a stationary bike is safer than running on a treadmill, doing cross-training or cycling outdoors although it takes more time to get results. Using the bike in a sports centre helps to decide such problems as lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart disease, without the risk of hurting joints. It is suitable for beginners or for those who are just starting to exercise.
F.	When riding a mini bike, we should not forget about the necessary equipment. Experts advise riders to select helmets certified for mini bike usage, since this ensures the helmets provide the proper protection. It is best to wear elbow pads, knee pads and protective gloves to increase protection in an accident. It is also important to ride in the daytime or in proper lighting and to avoid motor vehicle traffic as much as possible.
G.	Lots of people ride bikes for lots of different reasons. Riding a bike offers many health benefits. It can be done by people of all ages, from childhood up through the adult years when achy joints do not allow for more stressful exercise like jogging. Riding a bike is a proven stress releaser, regardless of whether a person is riding for pleasure or for a specific purpose. Also, bicycling does not harm the environment.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.	A voice we cannot hear	5.	Expert hunters
2.	Invisible beauty	6.	A borrowed name
3.	Animals for fun	7.	Able to live everywhere
4.	Ages in service of humankind	8.	The oldest living creature

A.	A Madagascar tortoise found by the British explorer Captain Cook in 1773 lived to the age of at least 188 years old. The animal was called Tui Malila. The amazing tortoise appears in the photo taken in 1953 when Queen Elizabeth visited the island. Tortoises can live for many years because their vital systems do not weaken with age, as ours do. They can also survive for very long periods without water or food, living off from their ‘reserves’.
B.	Sheep were among the first animals domesticated. An archeological site in Iran produced a statuette of a sheep that suggests that selection for woolly sheep began over 6,000 years ago. Sheep skins and horns have been used by people for centuries – sheep horns as drinking vessels or as blowing horns, and sheep skins for keeping themselves warm in winter. The popularity of sheep selection has resulted in more than 200 breeds of sheep occurring worldwide.
C.	Frogs have evolved to exist in a surprising variety of climates. They can be found just about anywhere there’s fresh water, from the desert to the Arctic, on all continents except Antarctica. Though they thrive in warm tropical climates, we can also come across frogs in deserts and on 5,000-meter mountain slopes. The Australian frog, for example, can wait up to seven years for rain. It stays underground in a cocoon made of its own old skin.
D.	The glass-winged butterfly has wings that are transparent. The tissue between their veins looks like glass, as it lacks colored stripes. The rare butterfly is an absolutely lovely specimen. Truly fascinating, it sparkles even in the weakest light. Although its wings are not literally made of glass, it could fool most into believing otherwise. This butterfly is a natural and living creature whose wings make soft noises as it glides gracefully from place to place.

E.	Which came first: the kiwifruit or the kiwi? As it turns out, it was the latter. The kiwifruit was actually called “Chinese gooseberry” until the 1950s when importers decided to give it a more fun name that would remind people of New Zealand where it was grown, and a marketing campaign was born. People from New Zealand are often called kiwis and the kiwi fruit looks just like the adorable Kiwi bird – both are small, greyish-brown and furry.
F.	Sailors have long been frightened by the large black-and-white dolphins known as orcas. The animals are known to feed on everything from fish to giant blue whales. Researchers say it is certainly true that orcas have developed creative strategies that help them to kill their future meal. For example, when penguins have a rest on a piece of sea ice, orcas rock it or use their bodies and tails to make waves that wash their prey off the ice and into the water.
G.	For centuries, biologists believed giraffes were the silent giants of Africa’s plains and forests. In recent years, however, new technologies have allowed scientists to listen more carefully and realize that giraffes may be talking after all. Scientists have discovered that not only giraffes, but also elephants and some other animals use extremely low-frequency sounds – far below the range of human ears – which are known as “infrasound”.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.	Analytical thinking skills	5.	Stress reduction
2.	Free entertainment	6.	Better writing skills
3.	Improved concentration	7.	Self improvement
4.	Preparation to action	8.	Increase of knowledge

A.	Through reading, you begin to understand the world and yourself more. You begin to have a greater understanding on a topic that interests you; for example: how to build self confidence, how to plan better before taking action, how to memorize things better. All of these changes in you start from the reading; through reading, you create a structured path towards a better understanding and better actions to take in the future.
B.	Reading is an essential way which can help you out when you seek for help and guidance. In today’s world, getting feedback from other people can make a big impact on your next decision, and the pros and cons of each choice. Read about how to cook a meal; how to play chess; which place is nice for the holiday trip; read the manual before using a new gadget. These all can help you become more prepared before you really get into it.
C.	Whether it’s fiction or nonfiction, books help give you a greater understanding of the world around you. They introduce you to new characters, new cultures, new philosophies, new ideas, and even help you build new skills. Everything you read fills your head with new bits of information, and you never know when it might come in handy. The more you read, the better-equipped you are to tackle any challenge you’ll ever face.
D.	Have you ever read an amazing mystery novel, and solved the mystery yourself before finishing the book? That ability to analyze details is important when it comes to determining if it was a well-written piece, or the characters were properly developed, etc. If you happen to discuss the book with others, you’ll be able to state your opinions clearly, as you’ve taken the time to really consider all the aspects involved.

E.	In today’s world our attention is drawn in a million different directions simultaneously. Working on a task, checking email, chatting with people online simultaneously is part of everyone’s daily experience. When you read a book, all of your attention is focused on the story – the rest of the world just disappears. If you read for 15–20 minutes before work you’ll be surprised at how much more focused you are once you get to the office.
F.	Reading is a lifelong skill, and successful people never stop reading new books. When you read books you learn a lot, broaden your mind and enrich your vocabulary. Well-written works influence one’s own writing; observing the writing styles of other authors will no doubt influence your own style, your choice of words. In the same way that musicians influence one another, writers learn how to craft prose by reading the works of others.
G.	Reading is the best pastime for many. Many people collect books and have big home libraries. Buying books, however, can be quite expensive. If you visit your local library you can enjoy reading books which you do not have to buy. Libraries have books on every subject imaginable, and since they constantly get new books, you’ll never run out of reading materials. There are also many e-books available online for which you do not have to pay.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.	Journey through time	5.	Time perception
2.	Buy time – get food	6.	Shorter travel time
3.	Prime time cost	7.	Never put off till too long
4.	Change of time zones effect	8.	Summer time

A.	You take off at 8:00 pm in Moscow and land at 11:00 pm in New York the same day, though the flight lasts ten hours. It’s fantastic, but as a result of such a long-distance journey you may feel sleepy, or even exhausted. It’s the phenomenon of a so called “jet lag”. For years, it was considered merely a state of mind, but studies have shown that “jet lag” is a real thing. This condition actually results from an imbalance in our body’s natural “biological clock” caused by travelling to different time zones.
B.	Procrastination, or avoiding tasks that must be done, is a symbol of poor time management. About 25 percent of students become chronic procrastinators. Such behaviour has many root causes, including fear of failure, lack of motivation and uncertain priorities. You postpone your tasks and instead hang out with friends, watch TV, or read for pleasure. However, a regular pattern of missing deadlines is a bad habit. It will cause your grades to slip and threaten your academic or professional future.
C.	Travelling forwards in time is surprisingly easy, at least theoretically. If one could leave the Earth in a spacecraft travelling at an appreciable fraction of light speed, turn around and come back, only a few years might have passed on board but many years could have gone by on Earth. There is only one problem for anyone wishing to get a glimpse of the future – getting back. It would mean travelling faster than light – and that’s not possible, at least now. Would you like to risk it some day?
D.	A thirty-second commercial advertisement during the Super Bowl costs about $4 million, which is by far the most expensive advertising time money can buy in the world. Still there were many companies that were ready to pay that much. Why? For that price, advertisers had a chance to reach more than 110 million viewers simultaneously, and this is worth paying for. Organizers sold its ad spots to different companies, including Super Bowl mainstays such as Doritos, Coca-Cola, Chevy, and many others.

E.	On the basis of our inborn ability to estimate passing time, researchers in 1963 suggested that time identified by our brain (subjective time) was synchronized with the ticking of an internal clock, in much the same way as our daily life is governed by the ticking of our watch (objective time). The subjective duration of time depends on the number of pulses. When the internal clock speeds up, the number of pulses increases, creating the impression that time is passing more slowly.
F.	When travelling, consider a high speed train if it is available. In many European cities, train stations are located near the historic city centre, where all the best sights are located. If you travel by train, you simply show up right before the train pulls away and you are immediately on your way. Airports on the other hand are typically located far from the city centre, which wastes your time and money. Besides, airports usually have long security lines, so you are supposed to come there long in advance.
G.	Instead of another coffee, maybe you’d rather get a little extra time from the coffee house. That’s the idea behind the Clockface Café, a series of coffee joints in one of Moscow’s fancier neighbourhoods near the Kremlin. It may seem paradoxical, but the idea is to make you forget time even as the bill there depends on how much of it you spend in the café. Every minute costs two rubles, which means an hour costs 120 rubles. For their money visitors get coffee, tea, toasts, biscuits, and as much as they want.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

The languages of integration

Every year the European Day of Languages is marked on 26 September. The idea behind the event is to raise public awareness of all the languages spoken in Europe and the importance of language learning in A _____________________. The European Day of Languages celebrates linguistic diversity as one of Europe’s strengths, B _____________________ of school.

The European Union is convinced C _____________________ compared with the professional and personal opportunities lost due to inadequate language skills. That is why many national governments encourage people to learn languages at all educational levels and at all ages during their working life.

Many local authorities provide immigrants with language training, familiarization courses on local society and culture, D _____________________. The latter elements are often provided in the immigrants’ own languages.

One example is from the Flemish city of Ghent in Belgium, E _____________________ including 1200 hours of Dutch, plus 75 hours of civic orientation courses. Hungary developed its national integration policy on the basis of a six-month pilot project called Matra F _____________________, 700 hours of cultural and legal orientation, and financial assistance with living expenses. The Finnish education system supports the maintenance and development of the mother tongues of immigrants to ensure what it calls functional bilingualism.

1.	and assistance in finding jobs in a new country
2.	spreading tolerance and mutual understanding
3.	upbringing healthier and more athletic children
4.	that the cost of promoting language learning is modest
5.	that included 1200 hours of language teaching for immigrants
6.	and encourages lifelong language learning in and out
7.	where immigrants are offered an introductory programme

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

The discovery of three planets

In 1781, William Herschel, viewing the sky, recognized that an object in the constellation of Gemini was moving against the background of stars. At first, he thought he was looking at a new comet, but upon further investigation realized A _____________________.

Herschel named his discovery ‘the Georgian planet’ after his patron,
George III. Other names proposed included Herschel and Uranus. Eventually Uranus became the universally accepted name. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both B _____________________ larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.

In the 19th century it became evident that the orbit of Uranus did not follow Newton’s law of Gravitation. Many astronomers began to question whether Newton’s theory applied to an object so far from the sun. However, two astronomers in two different countries independently came up with the theory C _____________________ by a more distant planet.

Working to these calculations, astronomers at the Berlin Observatory D _____________________. They had discovered the eighth planet of the solar system, Neptune. It was observed on 23 September 1846, and its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none E _____________________ telescopically until the 20th century.

After the discovery of Neptune, astronomers F _____________________ the solar system for a ninth planet. In 1930, an American astronomer discovered the last of the known worlds of our solar system, Pluto.

1.	that was completely new
2.	were able to identify this planet
3.	that he was looking at a new planet
4.	that the orbit of Uranus had been disturbed
5.	started to look further into the depths of
6.	are of different chemical composition than the
7.	of the planet’s remaining 12 moons were located

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

Winter in the UK

During November, Christmas markets appear in countless towns and cities across the UK. London’s Hyde Park becomes a huge winter wonderland. Christmas markets have something for everyone. Children can meet Father Christmas; adults can enjoy a glass of mulled wine. Often, temporary ice skating A ______________________ provides some entertainment!

The weather gets noticeably colder: the mornings B ______________________ freezing. I like the cold weather – for me, there’s something nice about wearing a thick winter coat with a scarf and gloves.

Along with countless school C ______________________ excited about the thought of snow. In the Scottish Highlands, snow is quite common. Where I come from, in the North West of England, snow is a fairly rare occurrence. In the UK, because a heavy snowfall is rare, we are usually not prepared. A few years ago there was a lot of snow and many schools had the day off. Snowball fights D ______________________ enjoy building snowmen together. Two years ago my sister and I made an igloo! I love a white Christmas; unfortunately this doesn’t happen often in the UK.

Christmas time also brings other E ______________________ and Christmas dinner. Throughout December, many churches and schools hold carol concerts: lots of traditional songs are sung, such as “Away in a Manger” and “Silent Night”. Christmas dinner is my favourite meal of the year. In my house, Christmas dinner includes turkey, pigs in blankets (these are sausages wrapped in bacon), roast potatoes and lots of vegetables. This is usually followed by F ______________________ – and lots of chocolate!

1.	seasonal specialities: advent calendars, carol concerts
2.	snow and many schools had the day off
3.	Christmas cake and mince pies
4.	rinks are installed and this definitely
5.	children across the UK, I get very
6.	are great fun and many families
7.	are often frosty and the nights close to

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

The best season for a trip to Russia

Tourists can visit Russia in all seasons. All year long visitors will find many interesting places to see and things to do.

If tourists come in winter, they can visit all the museums, theatres and places of interest, participate in the Russian national festivals and spend unforgettable moments. Moreover, accommodation in winter is cheaper than in other seasons, A_______________________.

Early spring is almost like winter, but starting from mid-April it becomes warm almost everywhere, trees become green, flowers bloom B_______________________ in the air. Late spring is a perfect time to visit beautiful parks such as the one in Pavlovsk near St. Petersburg.

Summer is a great time to visit almost any place in Russia. Tourists can visit Moscow C_______________________ unique nature such as Siberia, Altai or Kamchatka. Summer is also the time of renowned White Nights. While staying in St. Petersburg, one has a unique chance to feel this time of the year D_______________________ and the famous bridge partings.

Autumn is good for holidays in Russia too. From September to mid-October the weather is still fine, E_______________________ as leaves on trees are getting yellow, orange, red and brown. In autumn tourists can visit main cities, have a voyage on a small boat enjoying splendid views from water, have a walk in autumn parks or cruise down the Volga River. Holidays in Russia will give tourists a lot of impressions F_______________________.

1.	so tourists can save money
2.	that they will keep in memory for long
3.	and there is such a good smell of them
4.	that was unforgettable, strong and fresh
5.	or go to remote regions of Russia to enjoy
6.	and enjoy fabulous walks all night long
7.	and nature is becoming more and more beautiful

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

St Basil’s Cathedral

The construction St Basil’s Cathedral was ordered by Ivan the Terrible.
It was built with the purpose to commemorate the capture of both Kazan and Astrakhan. At the time that original construction was finished, A_________________________.

Fire caused significant damage to St Basil’s Cathedral in the 1580s, as well as in the year 1737. These fires prompted refits and renovations. Thankfully,
the famous cathedral was unaffected by the great Fire of Moscow in 1812, and in 1848 B_________________________. The domes of St Basil’s were originally gold.

Emperor Nicholas II realized C_________________________. Subsequent renovations included the installation of a warm air heating system in 1908 and D_________________________that was put in place in 1913.

In 1929 St Basil’s Cathedral became a museum. It operates in conjunction with the State Historical Museum and is the property of the Russian Federation. In 1990, St Basil’s Cathedral became part of UNESCO’s larger Moscow Kremlin and Red Square World Heritage Site, and it has certainly gotten E_________________________.

A great way to get in touch with St Basil’s Cathedral history is F_________________________. St Basil’s is open to the public all days, except on Tuesdays and the occasional days when it is closed for repairs. The hours are 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. As a side note, a variety of Russia tours highlight Red Square and Basil’s Cathedral, and these tours can provide wonderful insight into the history of the area in general.

1.	to actually visit the famous landmark
2.	the cathedral was the tallest building in Moscow
3.	to destroy it but happily it did not happen
4.	the importance of maintaining such a landmark
5.	the fitting of a pumped water system
6.	its onion shaped domes got their bold colours
7.	its fair share of visitors over the years

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

Christmas in the UK

What is a typical English Christmas? Christmas in England starts in mid-October, or A_______________________. There are Christmas decorations on sale, “present idea” shelves with selections of things you might like to buy your mother, your sister, and in fact anyone at all! In early to mid-November, depending on the shop, they will usually start to play Christmas music. This includes B_______________________ such as Slade, Paul McCartney and Mariah Carey. By now towns will usually have put up decorative lights in the streets ready for the official “turn on”.

In the last week of November or the beginning of December Christmas will officially begin. People will start putting up Christmas trees in their C_______________________ to give to each other, exchanging Christmas cards and if people are lucky, they might even get snow!

On Christmas Eve children are advised to be good and go to bed D_______________________. On Christmas morning, I would always wake up very early and run downstairs to see how many presents there were, and my father would help me make breakfast in bed for mother. Slightly later (usually 9 am or so) we would sit together and open presents. In my family we also make E_______________________ so that “thank you” notes can be sent later.

After the Christmas lunch, which normally takes place F_______________________ at 2 or 3 pm, families often sit around playing games or watching films, and discuss plans for the next year.

1.	closer to the end of holidays
2.	carols and also more modern hits
3.	homes, buying and wrapping presents
4.	a list of who has given whom what gift
5.	later in the day than a normal lunch
6.	early so Santa will come to deliver their presents
7.	at least it does in the shops

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 13–19. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Imperial treasures from Vienna

Surprisingly, these pieces may occasionally mimic the shapes of useful objects, like drinking cups, but they were never meant to be utilitarian. That is not to say they lacked purpose. Indeed, they were designed to “enchant the senses, delight the eye and inspire the intellect,” writes Sabine Haag, the curator of this show, which was loaned from Vienna’s Kunsthistoriches Museum (KHM), in the excellent catalogue.

It was only in the 19th century that art was split into “high” and “low». Anything decorative fit into the latter category, regardless of beauty or technical expertise. As a result, some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art. The single piece in this exhibition that should succeed in repairing this ill-judged high/low divide is the ivory cup made by Bernhard Strauss in Augsburg around 1660. It is so deeply carved with classical gods and goddesses – Apollo with his lyre, Diana with her alert dog – that the piece has become translucent. It seems Strauss brought Olympus to life.

According to the author, the beauty of the exhibited sapphire ring can be fully appreciated …

1)	in a photograph.
2)	at the exhibition.
3)	in special light.
4)	where it was carved.

“It” in “It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose” (paragraph 1) refers
to the …

1)	ring.
2)	exhibition’s collection.
3)	exhibition’s origin.
4)	exhibition’s catalogue.

Saying “they were never meant to be utilitarian” the author means that the exhibits were supposed to be …

1)	useful.
2)	expensive.
3)	decorative.
4)	unusual.

According to the author (paragraph 4), some objects may be seen as …

1)	common things.
2)	poorly manufactured.
3)	spoilt in repairs.
4)	collected ill-advisedly.

“Some” in “some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art” (paragraph 4) refers to the …

1)	exhibits.
2)	visitors.
3)	artists.
4)	owners.

The Monument Trust helped to provide …

1)	better attendance of the exhibition.
2)	better decorated rooms.
3)	furniture for the exhibition rooms.
4)	better conditions for viewing the exhibits.

The article was written to …

1)	advertise Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum.
2)	prove that the exhibits are works of art.
3)	attract more visitors to the exhibition.
4)	describe the treasures of the Hapsburgs.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 20–26. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Ordeal by water

With London’s Tube and buses bursting at the seams, a succession of entrepreneurs have braved these negatives and tried unsuccessfully to set up commuter services on this natural highway. Sean Collins reckons he is the 15th since 1905 – but this time things may have changed. His business, which started as Collins River Enterprises in 1999, shows every sign of surviving its second decade, despite the economy’s woes and volatile fuel costs. Thames Clippers, as the firm is called these days, carried 3.2m passengers in 2009, running fast catamarans between Woolwich, downriver of the city centre, and Waterloo.

Thames Clippers gets a small subsidy from Transport for London, part of the Greater London Authority. A big step towards welcome integration came in November, when passengers were first allowed to use their fare cards on Thames Clippers, too. And recently, Greenwich Council agreed to pay £269,000 for guaranteed service between Greenwich and Woolwich over the next four years.

According to paragraphs 1 and 2, the Thames is …

1)	fully integrated into London’s transport system.
2)	not perfectly fit for solving London’s transport problems.
3)	an ideal way to travel round the city.
4)	providing a shorter journey than on-land transport.

The words “the natural highway” in “tried unsuccessfully to set up commuter services on this natural highway” (paragraph 3), stand for …

1)	the city centre.
2)	the railway.
3)	the Tube.
4)	the Thames.

Which was the most important factor for Thames Clippers’ success?

1)	Huge numbers of passengers.
2)	The luck of the owner.
3)	Private and public investments.
4)	New and fast catamarans.

“Their” in “allowed to use their fare cards on Thames Clippers, too” (paragraph 5) refers to …

1)	Transport for London.
2)	the passengers.
3)	Greenwich Council.
4)	Thames Clippers.

Which impediment for Thames Clippers operations is NOT mentioned in the text?

1)	Inadequate fares for boat trips.
2)	Uncertainty about the timetable.
3)	Joint ownership of the piers.
4)	Speed limit for river transport.

Calling the catamarans “a secret pleasure for the cognoscenti”, the author means that …

1)	they are not very suitable.
2)	they offer a good way to spend your free time.
3)	there are few of them compared to the tourist boats.
4)	the possibility to use them is not appreciated by everybody.

According to the title of the article, the author thinks that the river transport …

1)	needs improvement.
2)	is not very promising.
3)	is suitable only for tourists.
4)	provides big business opportunities.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 27–33. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Bill Gates

Nowadays Bill Gates is one of the richest men in the world. In 2012, his $61 billion dollars in assets made him the world’s second richest man according to Forbes Magazine.

According to the author, when Bill Gates was young, he …

1)	was good at his native tongue at school.
2)	found public school rather challenging.
3)	usually let other people win.
4)	was rather poor and lonely.

When at school Bill Gates …

1)	turned a board game into a computer game.
2)	raised money to purchase а teletype terminal.
3)	considered giant computers to be horrible.
4)	invented the first computer language.

What happened after Bill Gates met Paul Allen?

1)	They were sent to prison for hacking.
2)	They got involved in a criminal activity.
3)	They earned money helping to make cars.
4)	They got a job putting together computers.

“It” (They called it …) in paragraph 4 refers to …

1)	Albuquerque.
2)	New Mexico.
3)	software.
4)	company.

According to the text, Microsoft did NOT make money from …

1)	IBM selling personal computers.
2)	other companies selling personal computers.
3)	creating software for personal computers.
4)	selling personal computers to IBM.

According to some journalists, as a person Bill Gates …

1)	was rather shy in his childhood.
2)	has shown incredible maturity.
3)	has not always been very honest.
4)	usually tried to understand and help people.

The main idea of the last paragraph is that Bill Gates …

1)	considers charity to be his priority.
2)	has become very wealthy and famous.
3)	finds it important to realize all his talents.
4)	is no longer actively involved with Microsoft.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 34–40. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Processed food in the USA

The author claims that fast food restaurants are trying to …

1)	serve highly processed food.
2)	make their food less harmful.
3)	change their customer policies.
4)	limit salt, sugar and fat in their food.

According to the article, the major aim of producing processed food is to …

1)	prolong its shelf life.
2)	help us eat healthier.
3)	make food more nutritious.
4)	increase its natural flavor.

The phrase “these things” in “… eating way more of these things …” (paragraph 5) most probably refers to …

1)	sugar and salt.
2)	fresh fruit and vegetables.
3)	processed vegetables.
4)	fresh groceries.

Why is the USA, according to the author, among the fattest countries in the world?

1)	Americans are genetically inclined to gain weight.
2)	Most of American women are obese.
3)	Americans consume a lot of highly processed food.
4)	Obesity comes from consuming food mixtures.

According to the author, the reason for unhealthy daily dietary habits in the USA is in the …

1)	quality of pasta sauces.
2)	inattention to healthy nutrition.
3)	popularity of packaged foods.
4)	consumption of too many sweets.

What advice on food shopping does the author give?

1)	Order ingredients from Europe.
2)	Buy more expensive products.
3)	Check the freshness of food.
4)	Avoid frozen foods.

What message does the author express in the last paragraph?

1)	Look for pleasure in simple things.
2)	Learn to value meals.
3)	Learn how to cook.
4)	Home-made food is healthier.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 41–47. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

A hot air balloon ride in Egypt

For anyone who is visiting Egypt a hot air balloon ride over the Valley of the Kings is a must. You have not seen the land of the ancient pyramids until you have looked down on it from the sky. Our day started early at 3:30 a.m. when our group of four got picked up at our hotel. None of us really knew what to expect as we got out of the van and down into the Nile River.

We joined a quick ferry ride over to the West Bank of the river. When we entered the ferry boat we found ourselves among many other tourists who were all going to take the balloon ride. Soon the passengers were given tea and coffee and boxed breakfast. The breakfast was very simple, one hard-boiled egg, one piece of bread, a packet of cheese cookies and a juice box. A proper English breakfast with bacon and mushrooms waited for us at the hotel. The ferry was overcrowded and everyone was pushing to take photos of the place. Soon we arrived and everyone loaded into another van.

We drove for another ten minutes. During the drive we got our first glance at some of the pyramids. Then we headed to a balloon that was just about to lift off the ground. Each basket had around sixteen people in it. The basket had four sections that held four passengers per section. The center of the basket had a small area where the pilot stood to control the balloon. Surprisingly, there was plenty of room to take photographs and feel comfortable during the hour flight.

People on the ground started to wave goodbye as we slowly began to rise. The process was surprisingly slow and felt like nothing else I have experienced before. We floated up slowly. The distance between the bottom of the basket and the ground stayed short for a long time. The sun was just starting to rise above the horizon.

Where we stood was on the right side of the basket, we had a clear view of the Valley of the Kings as the balloon rose into the air. The left side of the basket saw mostly the city of Luxor and the Nile River. Those on the right side of the basket could view all the sights. People who loaded on the left side had much less time for that.

Having a bird eyes view of the place was exciting. After our balloon flight we were going to spend the whole day exploring different sights – the territory was surprisingly huge. We floated over an area where hundreds of houses once stood. The ruins of them are still there. We got a glimpse of the ancient village of the workers, one of the most overlooked sites on the West Bank. We decided it to add it to our sights to visit that afternoon.

Our basket slowly touched down in a sandy rock field next to one of the pyramids. People on the ground were waiting to help us get out of the basket. With our feet back on the ground there was a five minute song and dance from locals greeting the tourists. While they were singing and dancing, we took photos of them. There were also some young people selling souvenirs. Some of our passengers bought a few. Once back in the van all the tourists were handed our personal flight certificates that highlighted a journey most people will only dream of.

In the first paragraph it is stated that the best view of the Valley of the Kings is…

1)	early in the morning.
2)	from the sky.
3)	from the Nile River.
4)	from the hotel.

On the ferry boat to the West bank the tourists…

1)	had bacon and eggs for breakfast.
2)	had cheese sandwiches for breakfast.
3)	were eager to take photographs.
4)	were eager to go on with the trip.

In the balloon basket all the passengers…

1)	stood on the right.
2)	stood on the left.
3)	stood in the center.
4)	surrounded the pilot.

The ride started …

1)	early in the morning.
2)	late in the afternoon.
3)	late at night.
4)	in the middle of the day.

Who had a better view of the sights?

1)	People on the right of the basket.
2)	People on the left of the basket.
3)	Those standing closer to the pilot.
4)	Those standing farther from the pilot.

The tourists were impressed by…

1)	the size of the area for sightseeing.
2)	the ruins of old houses they saw.
3)	the length of the ride they took.
4)	the number of sights to see.

When the balloon landed everybody …

1)	bought some souvenirs.
2)	danced with the locals.
3)	got a registered document.
4)	registered for a new ride.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 48–54. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Inventions We Cannot Live Without

We’ve all heard the expression “no need to reinvent the wheel”, meaning that a solution already exists to the problem at hand. This saying has added significance when you consider the many ways in which the wheel improved human life, and how long mankind lived without it. The earliest evidence of a wheel in human history occurs at about 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia. The wheel was probably the most important mechanical invention of all time. Just about all modern mechanical devices use the wheel in some way – factory machines, bikes, wristwatches, movie reels and more. Not to mention the wheel’s continued use for pottery-making and transporting goods by cart.

Surely, the wheel was probably a literal lifesaver for ancient humans, but you can’t hunt a boar with it. That’s why we come to the blade as a breakthrough that literally saved the lives of humans. In fact, new research has shown that stone tools like a blade didn’t just allow humans to eat better, wear better protective clothing and make for a good fight. It appears that 1.7 million years ago when tools began to be formed by human ancestors, they actually contributed to the evolution of how our hands work.

Around a million years ago humans lost their fur to avoid overheating and to cool their skin by sweating. However, we faced a greater risk of exposure to the elements, so we had to put on some clothes. It’s hard to determine exactly when humans started wearing coverings, possibly, during an ice age. Clothes have literally saved our lives innumerable times since then.

Now that we have wheels, blades and clothes, what were early humans to do with all our cool stuff? Just carry it around all day? No. We needed one more breakthrough to make life a little easier, if not actually save human existence. That brings us to shelter. As long as 2.6 million years ago, there were signs that early human groups began collecting food and tools to bring them back to certain favorite watering holes or sleeping spots. About 800,000 years ago, we started seeing fire and hearths added to the mix. By building shelters, humans were not as vulnerable to their environment and could survive harsher conditions.

When the British Medical Journal asked a group of experts and readers what the greatest scientific advancement in the last 150 years was, the answer wasn’t open-heart surgery or the find-my-phone app on smartphones. Beating out antibiotics and anesthesia, the majority chose advancements in sanitation. Though the discovery that proper sewage disposal could save lives wasn’t so long ago. In Victorian England the Thames was filled with waste and sewage overflowed in the streets. During a cholera outbreak in 1854, British scientist John Snow determined that the disease was caused by microorganisms in sewage that contaminated the water supply and came up with the suggestion to apply chlorine to the water to kill the microorganisms, and the illness rate plummeted. Since then, additional chemical and filtration technologies have been developed to make our drinking water much safer.

We don’t know the identity of the African experimenter who discovered how to start, control and use fire about 790,000 years ago. The invention allowed humans to protect themselves and their vulnerable young from predators. It also provided a source of warmth that helped them to survive temperature changes. In addition, the ability to cook animal flesh and vegetation increased food choices for humans and helped them to avoid malnutrition. Perhaps more than any other invention, fire was the breakthrough that enabled humans to multiply and move across the planet’s surface.

Which use of the wheel is mentioned in the text?

1)	The making of clothes.
2)	Building houses.
3)	The production of different things from clay.
4)	Hunting.

“They” in “they actually contributed to the evolution” (paragraph 2) refers to …

1)	hands.
2)	humans.
3)	tools.
4)	blades.

Which of these statements about clothes is TRUE, according to the text?

1)	Clothes were needed not to get burnt in the sun.
2)	Scientists know exactly when the first clothes appeared.
3)	Humans needed clothes because they moved to colder regions.
4)	Clothes were invented after humans lost their body hair.

The word “elements” in “… exposure to the elements” (paragraph 3) refers to …

1)	groups of people.
2)	bad weather.
3)	small parts.
4)	chemical substances.

Which purpose of a shelter is NOT mentioned in the text?

1)	sleeping at night.
2)	storing tools.
3)	hiding from bad weather.
4)	keeping a fire.

In paragraph 5 (“When the British Medical Journal asked …”) the importance of … is stressed.

1)	open-heart surgery
2)	sanitation
3)	antibiotics
4)	anesthesia

In the author’s opinion, the most important aspect of the discovery of fire is that it helped people to …

1)	keep warm.
2)	keep wild animals away.
3)	eat proper food.
4)	spread around the globe.

Ответы к заданиям раздела 2 «Чтение»

№ задания	Ответ
	8412563
	5187624
	4183576
	8472651
	7481362
	4713562
	264175
	364275
	475613
	135672
	264571
	723645
	2
	1
	3
	1
	2
	4
	3
	2
	4
	3
	2
	1
	4
	1
	1
	1
	2
	4
	4
	3
	1
	2
	1
	1
	3
	3
	4
	2
	2
№ задания	Ответ
	3
	4
	1
	1
	1
	3
	3
	3
	4
	2
	4
	2
	4

Раздел 3.

Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 1–7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1–7.

Christmas trees

One Christmas Eve the trees in a wood were very unhappy. They wished very much to make Christmas stay, but they __________________ how to do so. ‘We are so bare,’ complained one tree. ‘If we only had our pretty green summer dresses,’ said other trees.

NOT KNOW

‘Hush, children, hush,’ whispered North Wind in a gentle voice, which was unusual for the __________________ of all winds. ‘Go to sleep.’ While they slept something happened.

BAD

When the trees awoke they found that someone, perhaps North Wind, had cast over each of __________________ a lovely soft cloak of spotless feathery white.

THEY

Seagull problem

The councillors of Dumfries, Scotland, are determined to do something about the seagull problem. Dumfries is the __________________ town in the region invaded by seagulls which attack people. The birds protect their nests.

THREE

Local authorities declared that next spring special anti-gull ‘task-force’ __________________ the gull nests. “Seagulls are a menace to Scottish towns,” said Environment Minister Michael Russell.

DESTROY

“Recently, they __________________ aggressive to other birds, pets and even people.”

BECOME

Councillor Jack Groom said the time for talk was over, adding that it was time for action before __________________ people were hurt by the gulls.

MANY

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 8–14, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 8–14.

Why do the Chinese call the Yellow River in China “China’s Sorrow”?

The Huang He, or Yellow River, in China is called “China’s Sorrow” by the Chinese themselves. Since long ago, flooding __________________ a serious problem.

The __________________, most sorrowful flood on record happened in 1931.

BAD

The waters began to rise in July, and by November of that year, more than 40,000 square miles had been flooded, __________________ 80 million people homeless.

LEAVE

A rabbit and a tortoise

Once there lived a rabbit and a tortoise. The rabbit challenged the tortoise to have a race with __________________. The tortoise agreed and they started the race.

The rabbit ran __________________ than the tortoise, and in a few minutes he was near the crossing line. He couldn’t see the tortoise, so he decided to rest for a while till the tortoise arrived and then he would quickly cross the line.

FAST

The rabbit lay down under a tree and soon he was asleep. When he awoke, he saw that the tortoise __________________ the line.

CROSS

The tortoise __________________ the match, showing that it’s more important to be steady and active than to be fast.

WIN

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 15–21, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 15–21.

Camping tips

If you go camping for the first time, this advice may be quite useful. When you __________________ to take time off work or school for your camping trip, always add an extra week.

PLAN

When you get home from your ‘vacation’, you __________________ too tired to go back for a week after.

Check the washing instructions before buying any clothes to be worn while camping. Buy only __________________ that read: “Beat on a rock in stream.”

THAT

The apple of love

Do you know that this is what the French call the tomato? Aztecs and Incas __________________ tomatoes as far back as in 700 AD.

GROW

Explorers __________________ from Mexico introduced the tomato into Europe, where it was first mentioned in 1556.

RETURN

There are more than 10,000 varieties of tomatoes. Tomatoes __________________ in many food products, including, of course, tomato sauce (ketchup), pasta and pizza.

USE

Tomatoes are rich in vitamins A and C and lycopene. Cooked tomatoes have __________________ concentrations of lycopene than non-cooked tomatoes.

HIGH

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 22–28, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 22–28.

A visit to an artist

One day a woman went to visit a famous American artist. The charming old painter was in her late eighties, but she was full of life. She enjoyed __________________ her paintings.

SHOW

The visitor __________________ with so much beauty.

IMPRESS

“Oh!” cried the visitor. “What beautiful colours. I wish I could take them home!”

“You will,” said the artist with a smile. “You __________________ on my brushes.”

SIT

Finding a pen friend

A letter with a Dutch stamp on the envelope arrived at 43 Tudor Road, Oxford, the other day. It __________________ to Rose Stuart, an 11-year-old girl, who lived at that address.

ADDRESS

When she opened it, she had a surprise. When Rose was on a seaside holiday in August, she wrote her name and address on a piece of paper, added the request, “Write to me”, put the paper in a bottle and __________________ it into the sea.

THROW

In November, the bottle was picked up from the shore near a village in Holland by a 14-year-old boy. He opened it, found Rose’s message, and at once replied to it. He wrote that he had many books, most of __________________ about sea.

THEY

He said he hoped that Rose __________________ to him. Now they are pen friends.

WRITE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 29–34, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 29–34.

Transport in Bangkok

Bangkok is known as the “Venice of the East”. Today, many of the canals have been filled in and paved over to make room for roads, but a massive network of waterways still crosses the city. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Bangkok experienced __________________ influence.

EUROPE

As a result, the city __________________ shifted to a road-based transport system.

SLOW

Over the last decade, Bangkok has evolved from a humid riverside city into a modern, rapidly growing Asian __________________ centre. Business travellers will appreciate the city’s growth in public transportation and its world-class airport.

COMMERCE

The capital’s airport, which is located 25km east of the city centre, contributed greatly to Bangkok’s __________________.

DEVELOP

A modern, convenient elevated rail link connects the airport to the city in 30 minutes, helping __________________ avoid traffic jams.

VISIT

The city’s modern public transportation system is a __________________ of sky trains and underground subways. It has transformed the bustling city centre into a futuristic district of street-level roads, elevated roads and sky trains.

COMBINE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 35–40, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 35–40.

Scottish inventions

Do you know how the refrigerator was invented? It is one of the most important __________________ of the Scots to the world.

CONTRIBUTE

If James Harrison (1816–1893), a Scottish immigrant to Australia, didn’t __________________ push ether gas into a metal tube, people might still be using boxes filled with blocks of ice to cool their food.

ACCIDENTAL

The main problem was how to overcome the need for ice in the __________________ process.

REFRIGERATE

Ice had to be cut fresh from frozen lakes and stored inside an underground house until it was ready to be used as a __________________.

COOL

Australians had difficulty gaining access to __________________ ice since Australia does not enjoy that many lakes.

NATURE

Harrison’s discovery was beneficial the world over, but especially important for Australia because now it could export frozen meat to Europe. He even tried one such journey to Europe, but the ether had leaked during the voyage and ruined the entire cargo. Harrison went bankrupt but his legacy meant a huge __________________ to the Australian economy.

DIFFER

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 41–46, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 41–46.

Eastbourne

Eastbourne is a large seaside town on the south coast of England. It has an estimated __________________ of 100,000 people.

POPULATE

The area has seen human activity since the Stone age and remained an area of small __________________ right up until the 19th century. The town then started to expand.

SETTLE

Eastbourne has the __________________ Eastbourne college which boasts of alumni such as the current head of the British Army.

PRESTIGE

__________________ the town holds tennis competitions which bring in numbers of sportsmen and spectators.

ANNUAL

Although Eastbourne has some industrial and trading businesses, the main income for the town is still __________________. The main focus of it is the four miles of the beach lined with a seafront of hotels and guest houses.

TOUR

As you see, it is __________________ to see and do everything in just one day, so plan your stay in Eastbourne for at least a few days.

POSSIBLE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 47–52, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 47–52.

St. Patrick’s Day

St. Patrick’s Day is an Irish holiday. It’s a __________________ festival of Irish culture on or around March 17.

GLOBE

It __________________ remembers St. Patrick, one of Ireland’s patron saints, who ministered Christianity in Ireland during the 5th century. Irish communities and organizations around the world, no matter where they are, give a tribute to this day.

PARTICULAR

On St. Patrick’s Day many people wear an item of green clothing. The green colour is meant to __________________ Irish valleys and evergreen nature.

SYMBOL

Parties featuring Irish food and drinks that are dyed in green food colour are a part of this __________________.

CELEBRATE

It is a time when children can indulge in sweets and adults can enjoy some good time at a local pub. Many restaurants and pubs have __________________ decorations and offer Irish food or drink, which include Irish stew and potato soup as well as many other specialties.

BEAUTY

It’s a great day for both kids and grown-ups and an __________________ experience.

FORGETTABLE

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 53–59, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 53–59.

The spinner boom

Do you know about the spinner boom? Recently the spinner __________________ global. You can find them in toy stores, gas stations, online specialty shops.

The popularity of fidget spinners __________________ everyone by surprise.

CATCH

A toy that everyone could play with was originally designed to calm hyperactive__________________help them focus better. It was also invented to help relieve stress and anxiety.

CHILD

Ironically, the gadgets that at first __________________ beneficial for focus have been banned from many schools because they distract children. A fidget spinner may help you focus, but it can also be a distraction when used too much.

CALL

For most people fidget spinners are __________________ than beneficial.

DISTRACTING

If the kids __________________ on a fidget spinner game or competition, they’re not paying much attention to anything else happening in the classroom.

FOCUS

The future of spinners is in doubt. It’s difficult to predict what __________________ of spinners when the new school year starts.

BECOME

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 60–65, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 60–65.

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Mount Everest attracts __________________from all over the world.

CLIMB

Since the first historic climb in 1953, more than 2000 people have__________________climbed Mount Everest. But it is always a challenge.

SUCCESSFUL

The members of expeditions have to be physically very fit. Without a special training period one can__________________fail to reach the summit.

EASY

A serious difficulty for __________________ undertaking expeditions is the climate.

TOUR

Sometimes the weather makes it __________________ to go on with the climbing. The wind, the cold and lack of oxygen make people go back and give up.

POSSIBLE

__________________is the most important issue for everyone involved in the business of mountain climbing.

SAFE

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 66–72, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 66–72.

A portable air filter

No matter where you live and work, you are breathing in chemicals and pollutants. Some of them are __________________ than others and can harm our health.

DANGEROUS

A clever solution is to buy a portable air filter which creates a clean-climate bubble around __________________.

The device __________________ in shops all over the world in the near future.

APPEAR

The no-touch thermometer

You may think that the invention of the no-touch thermometer is a useless thing. Still, anyone who __________________ a sick child recently will disagree with you here.

HAVE

It can be a real problem to measure a baby’s temperature __________________ traditional methods.

USE

The __________________ no-touch thermometer was introduced in the 2010s.

ONE

Once the device __________________ an inch from a patient’s forehead, it shows the result in 2.5 seconds.

PLACE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 73–78, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 73–78.

Australia – New Zealand Travel

Australia is just so far from everywhere else that making the trip over here is a big deal. Asia is between 8 and 14 hours away, __________________ depending on what country you are heading from.

LARGE

So, it’s no wonder that many __________________ choose to continue a trip to Australia by visiting New Zealand.

TRAVEL

Australia – New Zealand travel is a great __________________ of the two countries to enjoy the similarities and contrasts between them.

COMBINE

However, there can be some minor __________________ about this decision.

ADVANTAGE

Even though they both speak the same language, there is a marked __________________ in accents.

DIFFER

New Zealand is a manageable size which makes touring really pleasant. Contrast that with the vibrancy, cities, beaches and sunshine of Australia and you will have a __________________ holiday!

WONDER

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 79–85. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 79–85, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Merrywood Elementary

My mother decided it was time for me to go to school. I was sent to Merrywood Elementary when I was six and I thought it was a complete waste of time. What was the 79 _______ of school when I could learn all I needed at the docks? It turned 80 _______ that Mum had other plans for my future which didn’t include joining Uncle Stan in the shipyard.

Once Mum had dropped me off each morning, I would hang around in the yard until she was out of sight, and then slope off to the docks. I made sure I was always back at the school gates when she returned to pick me up in the afternoon. On the 81 _______ back home, I had to be very inventive. I would 82 _______ her everything I’d done at school that day. I was good at making up stories.
83 _______, it wasn’t long before she discovered that was all they were – stories.

Occasionally Mr. Haskins, the gatekeeper, decided he’d seen me leave the school too often and I’d be 84 _______ to the headmaster. My form master, Mr.Holcombe, never let on if I didn’t show up for his class, but then he was a bit soft.

One or two other boys from my school also 85 _______ to hang around the docks but I kept my distance from them. They were older and bigger and never missed a chance to beat me if I got in their way.

help

goal

point

aim

off

out

over

trial

path

track

way

speak

say

tell

talk

moreover

however

therefore

although

reported

remembered

reminded

required

held

kept

used

had

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 86–92. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 86–92, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

At home

The holiday time was approaching. Harry hadn’t been 86 _______ forward to the holidays; not just because he wondered if he’d ever see his friend Giles again, but also because it meant 87 _______ to No. 27 Ashton Road. He would have to share a room with his uncle, Stan.

Harry’s days at Ashton Road 88 _______ into a well-ordered routine: up at five, one slice of toast for breakfast, report to Mr. Deakins at the newsagent’s by six, stack the papers in the correct order, then deliver them. The whole exercise took about two hours, 89 _______ him to be back home in time for a cup of tea with Mum before she went off to work. At around eight-thirty Harry would set off for the library, where he would meet up with his best friend, Billy. Billy was always sitting on the top step waiting patiently for him.

In the afternoon, Harry would report for choir practice, as part of his
90 _______ to St Bede’s. He never 91 _______ it as such because he enjoyed singing so much.

In fact, he often prayed, “Please, God, when my voice breaks, let me be a tenor and I’ll never ask for anything else.”

After spending the evening going 92 _______ old exam papers, Harry would climb into bed around ten. He quickly fell asleep because he felt tired at the end of the day.

seeing

looking

watching

glancing

replacing

returning

restoring

removing

kept

held

went

fell

agreeing

admitting

allowing

accepting

agreement

obligation

requirement

responsibility

regarded

respected

thought

found

about

with

over

into

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 93–99. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 93–99, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Oliver Dermot

Oliver Dermot rose before six o’clock that morning. He had an early appointment. While he showered, he listened to the morning news. He was interested in economic news, that’s why political and sports news didn’t make him 93 ______ the volume. He was sure that Dermot Finance shares were unlikely to move dramatically either way, as only two other people were aware of his bankruptcy. Dermot was having breakfast with one of them at seven, and he would fire the other at eight.

By 6.40 am, Dermot had showered and dressed. He glanced at his reflection in the mirror. He 94 ______ he were a couple of inches taller, and a couple of inches thinner. He would also like to have grown his hair again, but not while there were so many people from his country who might still 95 ______ him.

96 ______ his father had been a tram conductor in Dublin, Oliver Dermot looked a real gentleman. Anyone who gave the perfectly dressed man a second 97 ______ as he stepped out of his house and into his chauffeur-driven limousine would have assumed that he had been born into the upper class establishment.

Dermot settled down in the back of his limousine. “The office,” he said before touching a button in the armrest. A smoked grey screen rose up, cutting off any unnecessary conversation between him and the driver. Dermot picked 98 ______ a copy of the New York Times from the seat beside him. He looked 99 ______ the pages to see if any particular headline would grab his attention.

rise

turn

lift

raise

longed

wished

wanted

willed

recognise

resemble

remind

recover

Therefore

However

Although

Moreover

look

glance

stare

view

out

off

around

over

through

away

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 100–106. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 100–106, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell was a scientist, an engineer and an inventor who made a dramatic improvement to communication. We 100 ______ his name because he invented the telephone, but there are many other interesting facts about this scientist.

Alexander Graham Bell was Scottish. His childhood was surrounded by science and experiments. His family was fond of communication and 101 ______ many efforts to improve and simplify communication. This created a deep interest in Alexander’s mind and he became very passionate about science.

He moved to Canada when he was 23 years old. He studied human voice and to gain experience, he worked at many schools for the hearing impaired. Alexander was an amazing piano player and he mastered it 102 ______ a very young age, which also helped him in his work.

His experiments with sounds and voices led him to experiment with various sound devices. Further, he worked on an acoustic model to develop a new communication device. He 103 ______ in his attempts and invented the first telephone. The first words spoken by Bell through the telephone were to his assistant. He said, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to 104 ______ you!” His continuous research and experiments helped him improve the design of the telephone.

105 ______, he had a strong interest in related fields of science. He also took 106 ______ in medical research, looked for the alternative fuels and experimented with metals.

100

remind

review

revise

remember

101

took

spent

made

held

102

103

managed

fulfilled

achieved

succeeded

104

see

look

watch

glance

105

Although

Otherwise

Moreover

Therefore

106

place

time

part

charge

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 107–113. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 107–113, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

History of Christmas

Christmas is celebrated all many countries. Centuries ago plants and trees that 107 _______ green all year had a special meaning for people in the winter.

Germany is credited with starting the Christmas tree 108 _______ as we now know it. In the 16th century religious Christians 109 _______ fir trees into their homes. Some built Christmas pyramids of wood and 110 _______ them with evergreens and candles.

They 111 _______ that in the sixteen century Martin Luther, the reformer, first added lighted candles to a tree. Walking toward his home one winter evening, he was 112 _______ by the brilliance of stars twinkling amidst evergreens.
To recapture the scene for his family, he 113 _______ a tree with lighted candles on its branches in the main room.

107

reminded

survived

remained

continued

108

tradition

belief

culture

custom

109

brought

gave

kept

used

110

renovated

illuminated

painted

decorated

111

speak

say

talk

tell

112

repressed

expressed

pressed

impressed

113

cut

put

bought

grew

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 114–120. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 114–120, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Plans for the future

Fred Simpson worked hard the last two years. His mother thought that he had spent too much time at work. Now he decided to take a month’s vacation in England before 114 ______ any firm decision about his future. He didn’t know what to do. He was in two minds whether to move to New York or to 115 ______ from the board of the firm. His girl-friend Maggie wanted him to move to New York. She hoped that they would marry and find a big house there. But Dan convinced him that was not the course of 116 ______ his father would have taken in the same circumstances. Dan appeared to take his friend’s defeat even harder than Fred himself.

Fred decided to let the incident 117 ______ without comment and invited Dan to join him and Maggie for dinner that night. Dan declined, claiming that he had a lot of letters to 118 ______ up on. Fred wouldn’t have given the refusal a second thought if Dan hadn’t been dining at the restaurant that night with their boss.

Fred, preoccupied with his departure for Europe, took less 119 ______ of his friend’s strange behavior than he might otherwise have taken. At the last moment Fred couldn’t face a month in England alone and asked Maggie to accompany him. To his surprise and delight she 120 ______.

114

making

having

keeping

getting

115

resign

remove

leave

remain

116

activity

approach

action

act

117

pass

come

fall

118

run

cover

catch

overtake

119

excuse

notice

part

place

120

approved

affirmed

admitted

agreed

Ответы к заданиям раздела 3 «Грамматика и лексика»

№ задания	Ответ
	didnotknow; didn’tknow
	worst
	them
	third
	woulddestroy
	havebecome; ‘vebecome
	more
	hasbeen
	worst
	leaving
	him
	faster
	hadcrossed; wascrossing
	won
	are planning; plan
	will be; ‘llbe; are
	those
	grew; were growing
	returning
	are used
	higher
	showing
	was impressed
	are sitting; ’re sitting; have been sitting; ’ve been sitting
	was addressed
	threw
	them
	would write
	European
	slowly
	commercial
	development
	visitors
	combination
	contributions
	accidentally
	refrigeration
	cooler
	natural
	difference
	population
№ задания	Ответ
	settlements
	prestigious
	annually
	tourism
	impossible
	global
	particularly
	symbolize; symbolise
	celebration
	beautiful
	unforgettable
	has gone; went
	caught; has caught
	children
	were called
	more distracting
	are focused
	will become
	climbers
	successfully
	easily
	tourists
	impossible
	safety
	moredangerous
	us
	willappear
	’shad; hashad; had
	using
	first
	isplaced
	largely
	travelers; travellers
	combination
	disadvantages
	difference
	wonderful
	3
	2
	4
	3
	2
№ задания	Ответ
	1
	3
	2
	2
	4
	3
	2
	1
	3
	4
	2
	1
	3
	2
	2
	3
	4
	3
	2
	4
	1
	3
	3
	3
	1
	1
	4
	2
	4
	2
	1
	1
	3
	1
	3
	2
	4

Раздел 4.

Письмо

Для ответов на задания 1–8 используйте дополнительный лист. Обратите внимание на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (1–8), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend John who writes:

…My brother has just graduated from University. He is a lawyer now. What professions are the most prestigious in Russia? What kinds of money-making jobs in Russia do not require a university degree? Do you want to go to college, why or why not?

This summer we are going on a three-day bicycle trip…

Write a letter to John.

In your letter

answer his questions
ask 3 questions about the trip.

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Elisabeth who writes:

…Yesterday I finished reading a book about the 14th century England. What kinds of books do you like reading? What would you call the most interesting period in Russian history and why? If there were a time machine, what country and what period would you like to visit?

I got a puppy for my birthday this year!…

Write a letter to Elizabeth.

In your letter

answer her questions
ask 3 questions about her birthday this year.

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Ann who writes:

… This year I started learning French. It’s a beautiful language, but some French sounds are difficult to pronounce. When did you start learning a foreign language? Why did you choose English? What do you like most about your English class?

My elder sister started taking piano lessons last week …

Write a letter to Ann.

In your letter

answer her questions
ask 3 questions about her elder sister

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Amanda who writes:

… If you ask me who my best friend is, I’ll say – my Granny. She is so much fun to be with! Who is your best friend and what’s special about him or her? Do you prefer virtual or real communication, and why? What kind of people could never become your friends?

I finally bought the new CD of my favourite singer …

Write a letter to Amanda.

In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her favourite singer

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend George who writes:

… My family is planning a trip to Russia next summer. What places of interest should I visit in your country? What is the best way to travel around in Russia? What season is the best for travelling and why?

I have decided to join the school football club.

Write a letter to George.

In your letter

answer his questions
ask 3 questions about the school football club.

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Fran who writes:

… Yesterday I went shopping; I needed a birthday present for my best friend. What presents do you usually give to your friends on their birthdays? Where and how do you celebrate your birthdays? What can make this day really special for you?

My German cousin is coming next week …

Write a letter to Fran.

In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her cousin

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Comment on the following statement.

Young people like travelling more than senior citizens.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Comment on the following statement.

It’s important for high school students to study compulsory subjects, even if they don’t see any need for them in the near future.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Comment on the following statement.

Healthy eating is all in the past.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

make an introduction (state the problem)
express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion
express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion
explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
make a conclusion restating your position

Comment on the following statement.

There should be no homework at school.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Comment on the following statement.

To get good marks at school one should forget about hobbies.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Критерии оценивания выполнения заданий 1–4 в КИМ ЕГЭ (максимум 6 баллов)

Баллы	Решение коммуникативной задачи	Организация текста	Языковое оформление текста
	К1	К2	К3
2	Задание выполнено полностью: содержание отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании (даны полные ответы на все вопросы, заданы три вопроса по указанной теме); стилевое оформление речи выбрано правильно с учётом цели высказывания и адресата; соблюдены принятые в языке нормы вежливости	Высказывание логично; средства логической связи использованы правильно; текст верно разделён на абзацы; структурное оформление текста соответствует нормам, принятым в стране изучаемого языка	Используемый словарный запас и грамматические структуры соответствуют поставленной задаче; орфографические и пунктуационные ошибки практически отсутствуют (допускается не более двух негрубых лексико-грамматических ошибок или/и не более двух негрубых орфографических и пунктуационных ошибок)
1	Задание выполнено не полностью: содержание отражает не все аспекты, указанные в задании (более одного аспекта раскрыто не полностью, или один аспект полностью отсутствует); встречаются нарушения стилевого оформления речи или/и принятых в языке норм вежливости	Высказывание не всегда логично; имеются недостатки/ошибки в использовании средств логической связи, их выбор ограничен; деление текста на абзацы нелогично/отсутствует; имеются отдельные нарушения принятых норм оформления личного письма	Имеются лексические и грамматические ошибки, не затрудняющие понимания текста; имеются орфографические и пунктуационные ошибки, не затрудняющие коммуникации (допускается не более четырёх негрубых лексико-грамматических ошибок или/и не более четырёх негрубых орфографических и пунктуационных ошибок)
0	Задание не выполнено: содержание не отражает тех аспектов, которые указаны в задании, или/и не соответствует требуемому объёму	Отсутствует логика в построении высказывания, принятые нормы оформления личного письма не соблюдаются	Понимание текста затруднено из-за множества лексико-грамматических ошибок

Примечания.

1. Задания 1–4 (личное письмо) в КИМ ЕГЭ оцениваются по критериям К1–К3 (максимальное количество баллов – 6).

2. При получении учащимся 0 баллов по критерию «Содержание» задание оценивается в 0 баллов.

3. Если объём письма менее 90 слов, то задание оценивается в 0 баллов.

Если объём более 154 слов, то проверке подлежат только 140 слов, т.е. та часть личного письма, которая соответствует требуемому объёму.

4. При определении соответствия объёма представленной работы требованиям считаются все слова – с первого слова по последнее, включая вспомогательные глаголы, предлоги, артикли, частицы. В личном письме адрес, дата, подпись также подлежат подсчёту.

Критерии оценивания выполнения заданий 5–8 в КИМ ЕГЭ (максимум 14 баллов)

Баллы	Решение коммуникативной задачи	Организация текста
	К1	К2
3	Задание выполнено полностью: содержание отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании; стилевое оформление речи выбрано правильно (соблюдается нейтральный стиль)	Высказывание логично, структура текста соответствует предложенному плану, средства логической связи использованы правильно, текст разделён на абзацы
2	Задание выполнено: некоторые аспекты, указанные в задании, раскрыты не полностью; имеются отдельные нарушения стилевого оформления речи	Высказывание в основном логично, имеются отдельные отклонения от плана в структуре высказывания, имеются отдельные недостатки при использовании средств логической связи, имеются отдельные недостатки при делении текста на абзацы
1	Задание выполнено не полностью: содержание отражает не все аспекты, указанные в задании; нарушения стилевого оформления речи встречаются достаточно часто	Высказывание не всегда логично, есть значительные отклонения от предложенного плана; имеются многочисленные ошибки в использовании средств логической связи, их выбор ограничен; деление текста на абзацы отсутствует
0	Задание не выполнено: содержание не отражает тех аспектов, которые указаны в задании, или/и не соответствует требуемому объёму, или/и более 30% ответа имеет непродуктивный характер (т. е. текстуально совпадает с опубликованным источником или другими экзаменационными работами)	Отсутствует логика в построении высказывания, предложенный план ответа не соблюдается

Баллы	Лексика	Грамматика	Орфография и пунктуация
	К3	К4	К5
3	Используемый словарный запас соответствует поставленной коммуникативной задаче, практически нет нарушений в использовании лексики	Используются грамматические структуры в соответствии с поставленной коммуникативной задачей. Практически отсутствуют ошибки (допускается одна-две негрубые ошибки)
2	Используемый словарный запас соответствует поставленной коммуникативной задаче, однако встречаются отдельные неточности в употреблении слов (две-три), либо словарный запас ограничен, но лексика использована правильно	Имеется ряд грамматических ошибок, не затрудняющих понимания текста (не более четырёх)	Орфографические ошибки практически отсутствуют. Текст разделён на предложения с правильным пунктуационным оформлением
1	Использован неоправданно ограниченный словарный запас; часто встречаются нарушения в использовании лексики, некоторые из них могут затруднять понимание текста (не более четырёх)	Многочисленны ошибки элементарного уровня, либо ошибки немногочисленны, но затрудняют понимание текста (допускается шесть-семь ошибок трёх-четырёх разделах грамматики)	Имеется ряд орфографических или/и пунктуационных ошибок, в том числе те, которые незначительно затрудняют понимание текста (не более четырёх)
0	Крайне ограниченный словарный запас не позволяет выполнить поставленную задачу	Грамматические правила не соблюдаются, ошибки затрудняют понимание текста	Правила орфографии и пунктуации не соблюдаются

Примечания.

1. Задания 5–8 (развернутое письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения «Мое мнение») в КИМ ЕГЭ оцениваются по критериям К1–К5 (максимальное количество баллов – 14).

2. При получении учащимся 0 баллов по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи» задание оценивается в 0 баллов.

3. Если объём письма менее 90 слов, то задание оценивается в 0 баллов.

5. Критерий «Орфография и пунктуация» в разделе «Письмо» оценивается в 2 балла.

Раздел 5.

Говорение

КИМ устной части содержит четыре задания: чтение текста вслух, условный диалог-расспрос, тематическое монологическое высказывание на определенную тему по предложенному плану и монологическое высказывание с элементами сравнения и рассуждения по предложенному плану, т.е. все задания строятся на вербальных опорах и не включают зрительную наглядность. Экзаменационные материалы устной части также оформляются рельефно-точечным шрифтом Брайля.

Кроме того, устная часть для участников с ОВЗ по зрению имеет следующие особенности:

общее время сдачи устной части экзамена – 45 минут (включая увеличение продолжительности устной части ЕГЭ по иностранным языкам на 30 мин.);
нет ограничений по времени подготовки и ответа на каждое задание, однако рекомендуется не превышать указанное в инструкции время на ответ, а дополнительное время использовать для подготовки и отдыха между заданиями;
переход от задания (этапа подготовки) к ответу осуществляется по кнопке;
завершение ответа осуществляется по кнопке;
кнопку перехода может нажимать участник самостоятельно или ассистент по его просьбе;
кнопки перехода выполнены на русском языке.

УСТНАЯ ЧАСТЬ ЕГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Устная часть КИМ ЕГЭ по английскому языку включает в себя
4 задания.

Задание 1 – чтение вслух небольшого текста научно-популярного характера.

В задании 2 предлагается ознакомиться с ситуацией
и задать пять вопросов на основе ключевых слов.
В задании 3 предлагается высказаться на определенную тему с опорой на план – создать тематическое монологическое высказывание.

В задании 4 ставится задача создать монологическое высказывание с элементами рассуждения на основе сравнения с опорой на план и высказать свое мнение по предложенному сравнению.

Каждое последующее задание выдаётся после окончания выполнения предыдущего задания. Всё время ответа ведётся аудио- и видеозапись.

Вариант 1

Task 1. Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud.

There aren’t many birds around in winter. Most have left your area. Those that stay are not as active. Activity uses energy that is needed to keep warm.

The worst problems for birds in winter are getting enough heat and holding on to the heat once it is made. These are problems for all birds. But it is especially true for very small ones. They cannot find enough food. The weather stays so cold for so long that they cannot eat enough to keep alive. But birds have many ways of fighting the cold.

You shiver to keep warm. The heat that you make is made mostly in your muscles. The muscles make more heat when they are active. So one way of keeping warm is to move about, use your muscles. Another way is to shiver. When your body needs heat, the muscles tighten and loosen quickly. They become active. Just as you shiver to keep warm, so do birds.

Task 2.

You are considering visiting Paris and now you’d like to get more information about the trip. You are to ask five direct questions to find out
about the following:

1) dates for departures

2) hotel facilities

3) English-speaking guide

4) number of city tours

5) discounts

Task 3.

Give a talk on holidays and celebrations.

In your talk remember to speak about:

the most important holidays in the UK and the USA you know
important dates celebrated in these countries
customs and traditions connected with the celebrations of different holidays and dates in these countries
the most important Russian holidays and celebrations
the favourite holidays of your family

You have to talk continuously (12–15 sentences).

Task 4. Give a talk comparing and contrasting the professions of a teacher of English and a translator/interpreter.

In your talk remember to speak about:

give a brief description of the professions
say what the professions have in common
say in what way the professions are different
say which of these professions you’d prefer
explain why

You have to talk continuously (12–15 sentences).

Вариант 2

Task 1. Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. Read the text silently, then read it out aloud.

Task 2. Study the advertisement.

You are considering taking the singing lessons and now you’d like to get more information about it. You are to ask five direct questions to find out about the following:

1) kinds of singing taught

2) duration of a lesson

3) tuition fee

4) experienced teachers

5) evening classes

Task 3.

Give a talk on a famous Russian.

In your talk remember to speak about:

the biography of the person
what he/she is famous for
why this achievement is still important today
how you got to know about this person
whether children should learn about this person at school

You have to talk continuously (12–15 sentences).

Task 4.

Give a talk comparing and contrasting life in a big city and in the country.

In your talk remember to:

give a brief description of these lifestyles
say what they have in common
say in what way they are different
say which of these lifestyles you’d prefer
explain why

You have to talk continuously (12–15 sentences).

Критерии оценивания выполнения заданий устной части

(максимум 20 баллов за весь раздел)

Задание 1 (Чтение текста вслух) – максимум 1 балл

	1	0
Фонетическая сторона речи	Речь воспринимается легко: необоснованные паузы отсутствуют; фразовое ударение и интонационные контуры, произношение слов без нарушений нормы: допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе одна-две ошибки, искажающие смысл	Речь воспринимается с трудом из-за большого количества неестественных пауз, запинок, неверной расстановки ударений и ошибок в произношении слов, ИЛИ сделано более пяти фонетических ошибок, ИЛИ сделано три и более фонетические ошибки, искажающие смысл

Задание 2 (максимум – 5 баллов). Оценивается отдельно каждый из пяти задаваемых вопросов.

	1	0
Вопросы 1–5	Вопрос по содержанию отвечает поставленной задаче; имеет правильную грамматическую форму прямого вопроса; возможные фонетические и лексические погрешности не затрудняют восприятия	Вопрос не задан, или заданный вопрос по содержанию не отвечает поставленной задаче И/ИЛИ не имеет правильной грамматической формы прямого вопроса И/ИЛИ фонетические и лексические ошибки препятствуют коммуникации

Задания 3 и 4 – 7 баллов за одно задание (максимум – 14 баллов).

Баллы	Решение коммуникативной задачи (содержание)*	Организация высказывания	Языковое оформление высказывания
3	Коммуникативная задача выполнена полностью: содержание полно, точно и развёрнуто отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании (12-15 фраз)

Коммуникативная задача выполнена частично: один аспект не раскрыт (остальные раскрыты полно), ИЛИ один-два раскрыты неполно

(9-11 фраз)

Высказывание логично и имеет завершённый характер; имеются вступительная и заключительная фразы, соответствующие теме. Средства логической связи используются правильно

Используемый словарный запас, грамматические структуры, фонетическое оформление высказывания соответствуют поставленной задаче (допускается не более двух негрубых лексико-грамматических ошибок И/ИЛИ не более двух негрубых фонетических ошибок)

Коммуникативная задача выполнена не полностью: два аспекта не раскрыты (остальные раскрыты полно), ИЛИ все аспекты раскрыты неполно (6-8 фраз)

Высказывание в основном логично
и имеет достаточно завершённый характер, НО отсутствует вступительная И/ИЛИ заключительная фраза, И/ИЛИ средства логической связи используются недостаточно

Используемый словарный запас, грамматические структуры, фонетическое оформление высказывания в основном соответствуют поставленной задаче (допускается не более четырёх лексико-грамматических ошибок (из них не более двух грубых) ИЛИ/И не более четырёх фонетических ошибок (из них не более двух грубых)

Коммуникативная задача выполнена менее чем на 50%: три и более аспектов содержания не раскрыты (5 и менее фраз)

Высказывание нелогично И/ИЛИ не имеет завершенного характера; вступительная и заключительная фразы отсутствуют; средства логической связи практически не используются

Понимание высказывания затруднено из-за многочисленных лексико-грамматических и фонетических ошибок (пять и более лексико-грамматических ошибок И/ИЛИ пять и более фонетических ошибок) ИЛИ более двух грубых ошибок

*Примечание. При получении экзаменуемым 0 баллов по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи» всё задание оценивается в
0 баллов.

Источник

By P.W. | CAMBRIDGE

IT IS small—it’s a ring, after all. It is also surprising and breathtaking. The purity of the stone and the shield-like shape that forms its front give the sapphire ring the kind of cool elegance that can be reproduced in photographs. But its hot halo of shooting blue, purple and pink lights is visible only in person. The entire ring is carved from a single, unbroken hunk of the precious gem (pictured below). There is nothing quite like it anywhere. Made in 1400, the ring is the earliest of the 60 treasures on view in “Splendour and Power” which just opened at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. It is a perfect example of the exhibition’s purpose, which is to delight visitors while also explaining why rulers collected these very expensive, ornate and masterfully crafted objects. In this case the collectors were Habsburgs, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from their Austrian base for centuries.

These pieces may occasionally mimic the shapes of useful objects, like drinking cups, but they were never meant to be utilitarian. That is not to say they lacked purpose. Indeed, they were designed to “enchant the senses, delight the eye and inspire the intellect,” writes Sabine Haag, the curator of this show loaned from Vienna’s Kunsthistoriche Museum (KHM), in the excellent catalogue. Consider for example an ivory necklace on view: a large, circular portrait pendant dangles from a long and unbroken chain; the whole thing is carved from a single elephant tusk without break or mistake. To make such a thing required steady nerves and hands, a sophisticated knowledge of the material and exceptional technical skill. The result is a remarkable feat of ingenuity.

Some of the objects were prized as exotic messengers from far-off lands. These include a carved, pale jade Ming bowl, mounted with rubies from the Ottoman court (possibly as a diplomatic gift). When it made its way to the Habsburgs it joined other spectacular objects in the Kunstkammer (art chamber), collected to further legitimise and enhance the power of the ambitious owner. Another ring in the show, a carved coral circlet with a series of tiny cameo portraits of Habsburg rulers (pictured), cunningly illustrates this goal. It features the profile of Ferdinand III encircled by smaller cameos of his immediate predecessors. All are identified as emperors but three were simply kings.

It was only in the 19th century that art was split into «high» and «low». Anything decorative fit into the latter category, regardless of beauty or technical expertise. As a result some may find it difficult to look at these rock-crystal vessels, jewels and perfume flasks as works of art. Even the exquisite 15th-century “Annunciation” in gold and enamel may not be perceived as the ecclesiastical treasure it is. (Once owned by the Habsburgs, it is now in the Fitzwilliam collection and on view in this show.) The single piece in this exhibition that should succeed in repairing this ill-judged high/low divide is the ivory cup made by Bernhard Strauss in Augsburg around 1660 (top). It is so deeply carved with classical gods and goddesses—Apollo with his lyre, Diana with her alert dog—that the piece has become translucent. Strauss has brought Olympus to life.

Elsewhere in the Fitzwilliam paintings and sculpture are exhibited in rooms decorated with fine Oriental rugs, warm wood furniture and tick-tocking Thomas Tompion clocks. How wonderful it would be to see these Habsburg treasures amid ornate gilded console tables in rooms hung with allegorical tapestries. But never mind. Benefactions from the Monument Trust have allowed the Fitzwilliam to commission new display cases of non-reflective glass. The welcome illusion is that nothing separates the ogler from the ogled.

The Kunstkammer at the KHM is the greatest surviving princely treasure in the Western world, with thousands of Habsburg and Imperial objects. It has been closed for refurbishment since 2002, making this loan—the largest for half a century—possible. The Kunstkammer is expected to reopen at the end of next year, after which decades will surely pass before its objects leave home again. For those within striking distance of Cambridge, enough said.

«Splendour and Power: Imperial Treasures from Vienna» is on view at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England, until January 8th 2012

Источник

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

through a small hole in the floor
through the hole for the hamster
and locked the runaway hamster
to come out of the hole
to look after the pet
to try and locate the missing hamster
and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

just overfill your stomach
could be bad for your weight
have a habit of eating quickly
linked to obesity
eat as slowly as possible
put on weight
learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

than any other group
watching television
in the company of someone else
than two computers in the home
communicated with their families
helping them communicate
owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

it has become a way of life.
when it passes you on the street.
when you see him and talk to him.
and it lets them come into mine, too.
so I did not pay any attention to him.
however small or simple the greeting is.
how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

but we did anyway.
whenever a need arises.
they did not really care.
whenever they need your help.
could not guarantee would even last.
am eternally grateful for a second chance.
someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text
that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people
and relying instead on actual call charges
that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century
the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items
and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK
the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs
as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo
which take place every day, from
because they see and touch them close up
despite the serious side to our work
which demand much time and effort
that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

which could reveal
which they stood
which it was once made up
that this stretch of the river Avon
that there might have been something
that it should be considered as integral part
that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

that once stood here
that is almost continent long
whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania
whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable
whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges
Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper
Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

which is contacted by radio
that familiar figure of the London scene
for they are accustomed to military bands
which possesses its own separate police force
which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits
that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice
whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

up for the optional module, part of
to emerge four or five years ago to see
to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in
such as the response of the writer
including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in
to growing demand from the student
such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did
to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes
that laughter is a uniquely human trait
that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos
that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor
while their caretakers tickled them
to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

when the ice was finally thick enough to cross
that the impact on Russia would be disastrous
the environment is under pressure
and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us
and set up their camps in the southern forests
that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting
when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country
alarm about these changes
a huge shift towards an ageing population
change is due to
while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications
which shows the balance between working-age people and the older
as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

either a Maasai or a Kamba man
who do not hunt elephants
when they detected the smell of clothes
who carried out the research
the amount of risk they sense
spearing elephants
when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

to perform other actions
outnumber traditional telephones
to communicate with each other
combined with the Internet
to serve basic needs
banned in some countries
carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

like she was a rag doll
whether I was good at it or not
wished I, too, could be on stage
and I designed the rest
and I was star struck
so Heather could do her tap routine
because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

on the look-out for more treats
from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT
to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home
on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away
to identify if anyone had bumped into him
when her son is having a lie-in
collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

whatever it costs
most excellent impression
you have never heard of before, and nobody else either
in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives
would never know it really well
far from being the whole vocabulary of the language
and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
which is invisible to the human eye.
who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
so it has a clear view of space.
because many stars are in clouds of gas.
but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

and finally measure them.
since it was heard 3,000 miles away.
and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.
that loud sound is of high intensity.
as they study mechanical forces.
as a painful sensation in the ear.
that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

the chocolate consumed today is made
that chocolate, eaten in moderation
central and southern America for
of the world’s most popular flavours
hand contains no cocoa solids and
cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have
many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

due to basic human instinct that
is still early to judge
are simply the cycles of fashion
but more usually the stars are members
that the television phenomenon
is a type of programme that
seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea
to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy
a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind
favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science
the contemporary European powers in
are marked by special events and festivities at
famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

not like to spend our time
that it’s probably not quite
that particular day turned
our real shopping in
sometimes go shopping for real
anything you want and there is
but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

“Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

me to take a print of your credit card
points poured out smoothly, no verbal
if I would even see her when
although it seemed virtually identical
so sure was I that nobody would
me to help you with your luggage
as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

that a permanent, year-round site was necessary
as well as field trips focused on the natural world
many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising
that had been injured or orphaned because of intense
that needed public attention and a new building
as well as teach children and adults about nature
through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

that are offered to the visitors
its glamorous past and fun-filled present
as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences
by joining our e-community
that was sweeping the country
celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War
to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

that it was researching the system of funding education after 16
260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000
but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced
that inspire young people is immeasurable
but an increasing shortage of work experience means
that young people should stay on at school, as
but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

from international names to family-run guest houses
joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians
having their summer holidays in Cardiff
that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers
which features music, film, literature and graphics
from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations
beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

as well as resources on art, technology and drama
as well as the idols of popular music and the icons
who is sitting to determine exact measurements
ranging from special effects to fully animated figures
ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment
that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity
who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

and things would be different if everyone was given the chance
which let me know he approved of me
and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays
which I needed to become a professional skier
which I would happily spend as I liked
that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex
but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

elegant meals were served to passengers
to use trains for long distance travel and vacations
who rode the train
who wrote about it
which connected Switzerland and Italy
that served dishes and wines
there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

that nature has ever created in the wild
that none of the others have
hovering over the magnificent lake
who retells the legends of the mysterious past
for yourself why there is nothing quite
who pays much attention to children’s safety
continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

as party influence has declined
against the spirit of the Constitution
being so large (435 members)
empowered to make laws
unlike the British Parliament
by which the business of Congress is carried on
who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

to spread U.S. ideas and government
for the first time in history
thus replacing them forever
as territories became interdependent
the use of covered wagons
by taking land from Native peoples
forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

who is not a member of any political party
that our village would be protected from outside interests
but it was not a total shock to her
being a politics student at the university
so she can do her job as mayor properly
who is only just old enough to vote herself
will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

has been developed very quickly
not understand why they are doing it for
as Americans call them
riding halfway across the country on a horse
just because they can
can also be used to take and send photos
fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
which includes language teaching and learning
cinemas and television in other EU countries
which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
funding a number of educational programmes
and encouraging people to learn new languages
where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

the essentials of starting
that awaits when you step
trials and tribulations of employment
establishing and conducting
preparing a business plan
waiting to be acquired
undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

that existed long before the invention of writing
that nearly every object made by humans
what those people were really like
which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring
that it is the study of archaeology done underwater
and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities
and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

that are displayed during the nesting season
while the city has grown up around them
and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives
where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead
who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing
who does not know the route to the place of destination
that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

as well as education and the law
the only one of a number of allied languages that remain
with radio and the English press further speeding the decline
many being able to speak Welsh only
where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner
apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools
bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

make it a healthy diet
other parts of the world
four times higher than the average
have a cultural tradition
sends a signal to the body
the rest of the population
makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

where one can enjoy close contact with
which meet every need of their users
than to discover them once for oneself
who has never been to this wonderful city
which is ideal for various water sports
to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs
who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

try to avoid the boredom of life
that has consistently remained part of society
that they are not alone
going through something difficult
without having to bear any responsibility
that range from unlikely to impossible
at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg
which was designed by D. Trezzini
which was the burial place of Russian
and reminding of the rich history of the city
as the most protected part of the city
which is located on the spire of the cathedral
that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
whenever it rains
to find water as far as 25 metres away
which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

and hotels there or nearby the avenue
showing the original width of the avenue
which was not as straight as it was planned
which were built by famous architects and
connecting these two important structures with
and a few rows of trees were planted along the street
as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

in using underwater microphones
to locate food and find their way
result in injury and even death
track and identify their habitats
to filter out food from the water
to provide a platform for marine research
when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

which are depicted on most souvenirs there
so it is necessary to monitor it all the time
who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears
which has the second largest concentration of
to be a place of many water sources
to be a popular nature reserve and health resort
that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

«The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

read the book to find out what happens
some food and water on the lifeboat
his knowledge of animals to control the tiger
received an award for being strong
sold seven million copies worldwide
learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry
a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

began to advertise Christmas shopping
became the subject of many legends
began dressing up unemployed men in
is celebrated on the anniversary of
was only a matter of time
stretches all the way back to
appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

that is carried on regularly in each of the museums
providing different materials in the arts, science and
placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history
that has been established within the Smithsonian complex
which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images
and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on
and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

which is now called the West building
that the gallery brings daily profit to the country
who are willing to share their possessions with the public
who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country
as well as partnership with private organizations
that the gallery is open daily and free of charge
as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

such as Easter and Christmas
visiting a local farm
local, fresh and organic where possible
provide good quality food
definitely improve after a good meal
and about 100 bags are sold each day
when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

part in the project
taking exercise
gave marked health benefits
in fitness levels
on simply getting people to take exercise
not enough to get fit
a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists
use double-decker buses for public transport
double-decker city buses are less common
where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster
their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities
have an open upper deck
where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____.

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____.

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone.

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____.

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____.

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

I never quite leave home
but human nature does not
that we are now harvesting
but we as well as our heart did not
not worse than those who came before us
just as the farmers who came before me did
that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

I could be playing down there someday
and set real close together
which were so old and posh
and he had a beard and moustache
I wasn’t that good at music
getting ready and warming up
laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

who are more interested in the past
and girls in blue uniforms
that were generally better
was not particularly unusual as
went on camping expeditions
interact with other people
had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

takes a lot of time and effort to tan
have been turning to tanning beds
they are actually quite classy accessories
better to avoid indoor tanning
have inspired people to get their skin checked
will eventually turn into a tan
has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

who is appointed by the president
but of other countries of the world
but in every aspect of social sciences
who are also appointed by the president
who have been living in the U.S. for three years
as well as to individual scholars of the humanities
as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

differences in traditions
children and hope that they
the day for fireworks lovers
the explosion lights up the sky
feels like the first time I’ve seen
waits at home though: sparklers
lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

are built on the ground
are usually very organic
is being built facing south
being environmentally friendly
building materials and lifestyle
is that these homes are safe from fire
can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

Australia is one of the most
were born in other countries
Australia also defines itself by
many animal species that occur here
may have travelled from Asia across
thousands of new immigrants, and by
were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

which is felt all year round
which take place in Madeira all year round
where the largest laurel forest in the world
admiring the coastline from a different perspective
where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna
choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty
that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

cause lots of problems
in the city and take them back
walk in the street and cause traffic
hurt in car accidents and the sugar in
strong animals and sometimes they scare
have been many reports in newspapers and
have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre, B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

but showed evidence of an early human housing
to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal
as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China
but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and
who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage
combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea
who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

that is the largest in Venice
which was built in the early I century
that everyone is dreaming about this trip
which is comparable with modern stadiums
which are сonnected by more than 150 canals
the venue for major international festivals
that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

and from the sea has been firmly ensured
which is a former royal countryside residence
who designs many royal residences in Europe
and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century
who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls
that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland
and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea.

and the views that open from it
which is built on the top to give visitors
when the subtropical resort is almost empty
which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling
when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”
including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty.

that is built on hundreds of islands
or during the dazzling white nights in summer
it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great
or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers
that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg
of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe
including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings.

that they are particularly interested in
that they have time to catch all the collection’s
and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste
which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from
that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit
which was the official residence of the Russian emperors
and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays.

and restorers have done everything possible to keep
combining the features of urban and suburban estates
which are planned to be the centre of scientific research
which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists
but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood
and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band
and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

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