It had its finest hour егэ ответы

Задание №8662.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. It had its finest hour
2. A long way to popularity
3. A stairway to heaven
4. Extraordinary combinations
5. Ideas on sale
6. Brilliant ideas and brave deeds
7. Borrowed ideas
8. Revolutionary materials

A. Born in 1743, Thomas Jefferson helped shape the new American nation and also shaped some of the country’s most famous buildings. The twentieth century architects who designed the circular Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. drew inspiration from Thomas Jefferson’s architectural ideas. And from where did Jefferson get his ideas? The Pantheon in Rome! This building with its classical portico became a model that influenced Western architecture for 2,000 years.

B. Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Philip Johnson’s AT&T Headquarters is often cited as an example of postmodernism. Like many buildings in the international style, this skyscraper has a classical facade.

C. The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about a new trend: the use of metals instead of wood and stone in construction. Built in 1889, the EiffelTower is perhaps the most famous example of this new use for metal. For 40 years, the EiffelTower measured the tallest in the world. The metal lattice-work, formed with very pure structural iron, makes the tower both extremely light and able to withstand tremendous wind forces.

D. By the early 1800s, Belfast had become a major port at the beating heart of the region’s industry. The launching of the Titanic from the shipways was attended by an estimated 100,000 people, showing how important this event was for Belfast. Many more impressive ships would leave the yard in the coming years before the decline of the shipbuilding industry began in the 1950s, but the Titanic marked the zenith of the great shipbuilding era in Belfast.

E. Thomas Andrews was the chief naval architect at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast during the early 1900s. He brought the idea of ‘Olympic class’ ocean liners to life. The most famous of these was Titanic, which he joined on its first voyage. His actions when the ship sank on 15 April 1912 are believed to have saved many lives, but at the cost of his own. In his home town of Comber, the life of Thomas Andrews is commemorated by the Memorial Hall, opened in 1915.

F. An e-book or “electronic book” is available digitally downloaded, and accessed through a device such as a computer, a smart phone or, popularly, a portable e-book reader. In 1971, Michael Hart began storing vast contents of libraries in electronic formats. Hart named his efforts Project Gutenberg, after the inventor of the printing press. Libraries were early adopters of the technology. But it took nearly thirty years for the idea of the e-book to take firm hold with the consumer.

G. The Frankfurt Book Fair is held in October of each year. It usually hosts more than 7,300 exhibitors from 100 countries ranging from Albania to Zimbabwe. For the American book publishing industry, the Frankfurt Book Fair is predominantly a trade fair, that is, a professional meeting place for publishers, editors, librarians, book subsidiary rights managers, booksellers, film producers, authors and many others who are involved in the creation and licensing of book content.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Решение:
Заголовок 7 (Borrowed ideas. — Заимствованные идеи) соответствует содержанию текста A: «… drew inspiration from Thomas Jefferson’s architectural ideas.»

Заголовок 4 (Extraordinary combinations. — Необычные комбинации) соответствует содержанию текста B: «Combining new ideas with traditional forms…»

Заголовок 8 (Revolutionary materials. — Революционные материалы) соответствует содержанию текста C: «… the use of metals instead of wood and stone in construction.»

Заголовок 1 (It had its finest hour. — Это был звездный час) соответствует содержанию текста D: «… but the Titanic marked the zenith of the great shipbuilding era in Belfast.»

Заголовок 6 (Brilliant ideas and brave deeds. — Блестящие идеи и смелые поступки) соответствует содержанию текста E: «… to have saved many lives, but at the cost of his own.»

Заголовок 2 (A long way to popularity. — Долгий путь к популярности) соответствует содержанию текста F: «But it took nearly thirty years for the idea of the e-book…»

Заголовок 5 (Ideas on sale. — Идеи в продаже) соответствует содержанию текста G: «… the Frankfurt Book Fair is predominantly a trade fair…»

Показать ответ

Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий

Сообщить об ошибке

Тест с похожими заданиями

Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 06.06.2013. Основная волна. Дальний Восток. Вариант 1

A. Born in 1743, Thomas Jefferson
helped shape the new American nation and also shaped some of the country’s most
famous buildings. The twentieth century architects who designed the circular
Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. drew inspiration from
Thomas Jefferson’s architectural ideas. And from where
did Jefferson get his ideas? The Pantheon in Rome! This building
with its classical portico became a model that influenced Western architecture
for 2,000 years.

B. Postmodern architecture evolved
from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas.
Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle,
surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected
ways. Philip Johnson’s AT&T Headquarters is often cited as an example of
postmodernism. Like many buildings in the international style, this skyscraper
has a classical facade.

C. The Industrial Revolution
in Europe brought about a new trend: the use of metals instead of
wood and stone in construction. Built in 1889,
the Eiffel Tower is perhaps the most famous example of this new
use for metal. For 40 years, the Eiffel Tower measured the
tallest in the world. The metal lattice-work, formed with very pure structural
iron, makes the tower both extremely light and able to withstand tremendous
wind forces.

D. By the early
1800s, Belfast had become a major port at the beating heart of the
region’s industry. The launching of the Titanic from the shipways was attended
by an estimated 100,000 people, showing how important this event was for
Belfast. Many more impressive ships would leave the yard in the coming years
before the decline of the shipbuilding industry began in the 1950s, but the
Titanic marked the zenith of the great shipbuilding era in Belfast.

E. Thomas Andrews was the chief naval
architect at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast during the
early 1900s. He brought the idea of ‘Olympic class’ ocean liners to life. The
most famous of these was Titanic, which he joined on its first voyage. His
actions when the ship sank on 15 April 1912 are believed to have saved many
lives, but at the cost of his own. In his home town of Comber, the life of
Thomas Andrews is commemorated by the Memorial Hall, opened in 1915.

F. An e-book or “electronic book” is
available digitally downloaded, and accessed through a device such as a
computer, a smart phone or, popularly, a portable e-book reader. In 1971,
Michael Hart began storing vast contents of libraries in electronic formats.
Hart named his efforts Project Gutenberg, after the inventor of the printing
press. Libraries were early adopters of the technology. But it took nearly
thirty years for the idea of the e-book to take firm hold with the consumer.

G. The Frankfurt Book Fair is held in
October of each year. It usually hosts more than 7,300 exhibitors from 100
countries ranging from Albania to Zimbabwe. For the American
book publishing industry, the Frankfurt Book Fair is predominantly a trade
fair, that is, a professional meeting place for publishers, editors,
librarians, book subsidiary rights managers, booksellers, film producers,
authors and many others who are involved in the creation and licensing of book
content.

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

11	Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений в таблицу.

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat
very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight,
research suggests. Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of
3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they  A______.
Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more
likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to B________.
Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating
fast C_______. They said it could prevent the work of a signalling
system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They
said: «If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the
system has a chance to react, so you D________.» The
researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today,
developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when
they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could
be received from one’s parents genes or E_______. They said that,
if possible, children should be taught to F______, and allowed to
stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. «The advice of our grandmothers
about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time
eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.»

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating
quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

6. put on weight

7. learned at a very early age

Ответ:	A	B	C	D	E	F

Прочитайте
текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа
цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту
ответа.

Hazlitt’s Hotel

I took a cab
to Hazlitt’s Hotel on Frith Street. I like Hazlitt’s because it’s
intentionally obscure — it doesn’t have a sign or a plaque or anything at all
to betray its purpose— which puts you in a
rare position of strength with your cab driver. Let me say right now
that London cab drivers are without question the finest in the world.
They are trustworthy, safe and honest, generally friendly and always polite.
They keep their vehicles spotless inside and out, and they will put themselves
to the most extraordinary inconvenience to drop you at the front entrance of
your destination. There are really only a couple of odd things about them. One
is that they cannot drive more than two hundred feet in a straight line. I’ve
never understood this, but no matter where you are or what the driving conditions,
every two hundred feet a little bell goes off in their heads and they abruptly
lunge down a side street. And when you get to your hotel or railway station or
wherever it is you are going, they like to drive you all the way around it so
that you can see it from all angles before alighting.

The other distinctive thing about
them, and the reason I like to go to Hazlitt’s, is that they cannot bear to
admit that they don’t know the location of something they feel they ought to
know, like a hotel, which I think is rather sweet. To become
a London cab driver you have to master something titled The Knowledge
in effect, learn every street, hospital, hotel, police station, cricket ground,
cemetery and other notable landmarks in this amazingly vast and confusing city.
It takes years and the cabbies are justifiably proud of their achievement. It
would kill them to admit that there could exist in central London a
hotel that they have never heard of. So what the cabbie does is probe. He
drives in no particular direction for a block or two, then glances at you in
the mirror and in an overcasual voice says, “Hazlitt’s that’s the one
on Curzon Street, innit, guv? Opposite the Blue Lion?” But the instant he
sees a knowing smile of demurral forming on your lips, he hastily says, “No,
hang on a minute, I’m thinking of the Hazelbury. Yeah, the Hazelbury. You want
Hazlitt’s, right?” He’ll drive on a bit in a fairly random direction. “That’s
this side of Shepherd’s Bush, innit?” he’ll suggest speculatively.

When you tell him that it’s
on Frith Street, he says. “Yeah, that the one. Course it is. I know it
– modern place, lots of glass”.

“Actually, it’s an
eighteenth-century brick building.”

“Course it is. I know it.” And he
immediately executes a dramatic U-turn, causing a passing cyclist to steer into
a lamppost (but that’s all right because he has on cycle clips and one of those
geeky slip stream helmets that all but invite you to knock him over). “Yeah,
you had me thinking of the Hazelbury” the driver adds, chuckling as if to say
it’s a lucky thing he sorted that one out for you, and then lunges down a
little side street off the Strand called Running Sore Lane or Sphincter
Passage, which, like so much else in London, you had never noticed was there
before.

12       The narrator said that he
liked London cab drivers because they

1) 
know all the hotels and streets in the city

2)  can be trusted and nice to deal with

3)  can drive in a straight line

4)  make friends easily

13       Which of the following
statements about London cab drivers is true according to the narrator?

1) They have little bells in their
cars

2)
They let you see your hotel from all angles

3)
They prefer side streets to main streets

4)
They prefer driving in a straight line

14     A reason why the narrator liked
to go to Hazlitt’s was that

1) it
was in the center of the city

2) cab
drivers didn’t know where it was

3) cab
drivers liked driving there

4) it
was an old brick building

15      According to the narrator, to
be a London cab driver, one has to

1) know all streets and places in London

2) be
proud of the city

3) be
knowledgeable

4) be
ready to study the city for years

16      According to the narrator, if
the cab driver did not know a hotel in London he would

1)
panic

2) ask
the passenger

3)
never admit it

4) use
a map

17        According to the narrator, when the driver finally knows
where to go, he would

1) speed up

2) turn
the car in the opposite direction

3)
admit he was confused at first

4) say
you are lucky he knew the place

18       What is the narrator’s general
attitude towards London cab drivers?

1)
Ironic

2)
Critical

3) Aсcusatory

4)
Supportive

РАЗДЕЛ 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте
приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо слова, напечатанные
заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19-25, так,
чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски
полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19-25

Holidays in the USA

19       
What do you know about holidays in the USA? They can be divided into two

groups: national  and popular
holidays. There _______ten national holidays                  BE

in the USA.                                           

20        Independence
Day is a public holiday. It _________ since July 4, 1776             CELEBRATE

when the thirteen colonies of
America declared Independence from England.

For many families this is the most important
festival of the year.                                                      

21
       Usually on this day parades and outdoor picnics with friends and
families

take place. Most houses 
_________ with flags and flowers.                              DECORATE             

22       
Thanksgiving is also a national holiday. The ___________ Thanksgiving
                    ONE

was observed by the early settlers
in Massachusetts in 1629, in gratitude for

their successful harvest.                       

23        They ___________ wild
turkey as one of the main dishes.                                            COOK                                    

24        Today
people invite their relatives and families ______near to dinner                            LIVE

to celebrate Thanksgiving.                   

25       
Most Americans consider Independence Day and Thanksgiving to be

the  _______public holidays of
the year.                                                                      GOOD

Happy but poor

26        To make matters worse, Rick
was in love. The girl he loved was

the
daughter of a former army  _____   who had lost his temper and his                        OFFICE

health
 in
India, and had never found either of them again. Rick loved

             her
so much that he was ready to kiss her feet; and she loved him too.

They
were the best-looking pair in London, and had no money at all.

27        Her father was very fond of
Rick, but would not hear of any _______                            MARRY

 
plans.  One morning, Rick called in to see a great friend of his,                       

            Alan
Haddon.

28        Haddon was a ____________                                                                                     
PAINT

29        He was a strange, rough
man, with a spotty face and an ________  red            TO OVERGROW

beard.
                

30        He had been much attracted
by Rick at first, just because of his  ______                        PERSON

charm.                        

31        But after he got to know
Rick better, he liked him quite as much for his

bright,
cheerful spirits, and his _____________, carefree nature, and                GENEROSITY

had
asked him to visit whenever he liked.                               

Прочитайте
текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32-38. Эти номера
соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты
от­ветов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1,2,3 или 4, соответствующую
выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

                                                “Looking for Alaska” by
John Green

“Looking
for Alaska”, written by John Green, is a story that will leave the reader moved
by the characters. The readers will 32_______ things about themselves
they may have never known. The author graduated from Kenyon College and worked
for the “Booklist” journal. He reviewed hundreds of books, particularly
literary fiction. In 33 _______, he critiqued novels for “The New York
Times” Book Review. His first novel “Looking for Alaska” was mostly 34 _______
by his experience at a boarding school. This book made the “Top 10 Best Book
for Young Adults” and undoubtedly 35 _______ it. The novel is flawlessly
written, moving and stimulating. All the characters are real and can create
connections with their audience. They no longer seem to behave like fictional
characters, but rather real people that have similar problems and ideas as
young adults nowadays. 36 _______ of this, readers are able to recognize
their own search for self-identity or labyrinths they must escape through the
main characters. Overall, I would recommend this novel to kids in high school.
The characters in this story showed me the good and bad parts of life and still
37 _______ me want to live through them. This novel generated a spectrum
of emotions with each page and I could 38_______ put it down.

32        1) open                        2)
find                        3) discover                   4) invent

33        1) general                     2)
addition                   3) contrast                   4) comparison

34        1) inspired                   2)
involved                  3) impressed               4) included

35        1) confirmed                2)
earned                     3) defended                 4) deserved

36        1) Besides                   
2) Instead                   3) Despite                    4)Because

37        1) held                         2)
made                       3)kept                          4) turned

38        1) hardly                      2)
merely                     3)
nearly                      4)
really

           РАЗДЕЛ 4. ПИСЬМО

39             You have
received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Mary who writes:

Write a letter to Mary.

In your letter

− answer her questions

− ask 3 questions about her history teacher.

Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

40

You have 40 minutes to do this task

Comment on the
following statement.

Childhood is the safest
period of human life.

What is your opinion?
Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200–250
words.

Use the following plan:

     − make an
introduction (state the problem)

     − express your
personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion

     − express an
opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion

     − explain why you
don’t agree with the opposing opinion

     − make a
conclusion restating your position

РАЗДЕЛ
5. ГОВОРЕНИЕ

Imagine that you are preparing a
project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the
presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5
minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will
not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.

The
word scuba stands for a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. That’s
the basic difference. Knowing how to scuba dive opens up an entire underwater
world of corral, fish and other creatures. Imagine swimming in clear blue
waters as you look at brightly colored fish and striking shapes of coral
organisms. The underwater world is quiet, except for the sound of your
breathing. Can you ever forget it? Would you like to go back and see it again?

Scuba
diving requires several pieces of important equipment which can be relatively
expensive. Scuba-divers must wear a mask in order to see underwater. The mask
creates an air space that protects the eyes and nose. Divers wear scuba fins on
their feet. Without them it’s impossible to move easily and quickly through the
water. Many divers also wear a wet suit to stay warm underwater.

Look at the photo

You are
considering renting a house for your family and now you are calling to find out
more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask five direct questions to find
out the following:

1) the location

2) number of bedrooms

3) if there is a swimming pool

4) the amount of land around the
house

5) the price

You have 20
seconds to ask each question.

Imagine that you took some photos
while you were on holiday. Choose one photo to present to your friend. You will have to start
speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes. In your
talk remember to speak about:

            — when you took the photo

— what/who is in the photo

— what is happening

— why you took the photo

— why you decided to show the picture
to your friend

You
have to talk continuously, starting with:

I’ve
chosen photo number … .

         

Study the two
photographs. In 1.5 minutes be ready to compare and contrast the photographs:

• give a brief
description of the photos (action, location)

• say what the pictures
have in common

• say in what way the
pictures are different

• say which of the
concepts presented in the pictures you’d prefer

• explain why

You
will speak for not more than 2 minutes. You have to talk continuously.

ОТВЕТЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИ К
ЗАДАНИЯМ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ЕГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ВАРИАНТ 1

РАЗДЕЛ 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

Ответы и комментарии

Аудиотекст 1    Speaker A

Can you imagine it — the average
American spends more than $ 100 on Valentine’s Day! And men spend
almost twice as much on Valentine’s Day as women do! A survey I read
shows that more than one-third of men would prefer not receiving
a gift. At the same time just less than 20 percent of women feel the same way.
The reason for this is partly that the holiday seems just too
expensive.

Основная мысль текста
высказана уже в первом предложении:»средний американец тратит более 100$
на день Святого Валентина». Как мужчины, так и женщины считают этот
праздник слишком затратным. Правильный ответ: 1,
так как выделенные ключевые слова
соответствуют основной мысли текста: «It’s another time to spend money.»

Аудиотекст 2     Speaker B

As far as I know on Valentine’s Day
no one saves money on flowers. No wonder flowers may cost up to 30
percent more that day! Some people even buy and send flowers to themselves
on Valentine’s Day. The most popular flower is still the rose followed by lilies
and violets. The colours of flowers are very important as they speak about your
feelings and emotions, but many people just don’t pay attention to that and
buy whatever they find nice and suitable.

Выделенные ключевые слова
передают основную мысль текста, о том что никто в этот день не жалеет денег на
цветы, хотя цены поднимаются более, чем на 30 %. Правильный ответ: 4, так как выделенные ключевые слова соответствуют
основной мысли утверждения “ It’s a traditional Valentine’s Day present and no one should spare money for it«.

Аудиотекст 3    Speaker C

I was surprised to learn that
Valentine cards have a very long history. Some scientists believe that the
tradition was probably started by Charles, Duke of Orleans, because
the oldest surviving Valentine dates back to him, to the year of 1415.
It was a beautiful poem written by the Duke to his wife. However
some historians trace the roots of the holiday back to the Roman times and
their pagan celebrations or early medieval times.

Такие ключевые слова, как “ long history «, “cards”, “1415”, соответствуют основной мысли, выраженной в утверждении “ Writing Valentines
has a very long history «. Правильный ответ: 6.

Аудиотекст 4    Speaker D

Do you know, that one billion
Valentine cards are sent each year worldwide, making it the second
largest card-sending holiday of the year behind Christmas? I’ve heard
Hallmark, a big card producer, even employs research staff to analyze
the sales pattern of previous Valentines. They analyze customer
interviews and in-store observations to find out which cards’ve been a sell-out
this or that year and which age group chooses which type of cards and which is
the best poem on the card and so on.

Жирным шрифтом выделены ключевые слова, которые
передают основную мысль текста, а именно: «один миллиард
открыток отправляется ежегодно, делая его вторым по значимости праздником, в
который отправляется больше всего открыток после Рождества«. Правильный ответ: 2, так как выделенные ключевые слова соответствуют
основной мысли “ Valentines make a big business ”.

Аудиотекст 5    Speaker E

BBC reports that India has
spoken out against Valentine’s Day calling it “an attack on local culture
for commercial purposes”. So I guess they do take it seriously and there’re
people not in favor of this holiday. The Catholic Church, for
instance, struck St. Valentine’s Day from its official calendar in 1969.
There even have been times when Valentine’s Day was close to being forbidden.

Выделенные жирным шрифтом ключевые слова подчеркивают
мысль, что «Индия высказывалась против дня Святого Валентина, католическая
церковь удалила этот день из официального календаря в 1969 г». Правильный ответ: 7 “There’s always something against the Day.”.

Аудиотекст 6   Speaker F

The University of Maryland has a team
of academic experts educating the media about Valentine’s Day no matter
what angle they wish to cover. There I’ve read that many people choose
Valentine’s Day for getting married. Can you imagine? The list of celebrities
who’ve done this includes Elton John and Meg Ryan. And quite a lot of famous
people have been born on that day!

Основная мысль текста высказана уже в первом
предложении: «В Институте Мэриленда работает группа экспертов, которая учит СМИ
освещать день Святого Валентина». Правильный ответ: 5, так как выделенные
ключевые слова соответствуют основной мысли текста “ Even journalists need information about Valentine’s Day«.

A. Kate is thinking about a present
for her former school friend.

1) True             2)
False           3) Not stated

Аудиотекст 1

Tom:
Hi, Kate. Kate, earth to Kate! You’re obviously so deep in thoughts. Are you
lost in your dreams? What are you thinking about? 

Kate:
Oh, hi Tom! Sorry, I didn’t see you. Actually I was thinking about a present
for my friend’s birthday.

Ключевые слова в утверждении выделены жирным шрифтом. В
утверждении сказано, что Кейт размышляет о подарке для бывшей подруги – «former
school friend». В аудиотексте
говорится, что это день рождение ее подруги “ for my friend’s birthday.”, с которой она, очевидно, до сих пор находится в
дружеских отношениях.  Правильный ответ: 2 (False).

B. Kate usually easily chooses presents for her
friends.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 2

Tom:
This shouldn’t be much of the problem for you. You are always so
creative for the presents. 
Kate: Thanks for the compliment, but the point
is, I don’t know this person very well, so choosing a present for her is
tricky. 

Ключевые слова: “ shouldn’t be much of the problem, always so
creative ”. Правильный ответ: 1 (True) «верно», Судя по комментарию Тома, обычно Кейт не
испытывает трудностей с выбором подарка для своих друзей.

C. Kate
keeps in contact with her friend via a social network.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 3

Tom:
How can it be that this is your friend and you don’t know this person very
well? How can it be possible?
Kate: I know it sounds strange, but this is my
pen friend actually.

Ключевые слова: “ don’t
know this person very well ” и « pen friend”. Правильный ответ: 1 (True) «верно».

D. Kate’s friend was born in Peru.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 4

Tom: That explains it. How did you find her? 
Kate: Well, she is from Peru and we have
just started communicating. I found her profile on facebook. I got a message
saying that she has her birthday in two weeks; I thought it’d be nice to give
her something on such a special occasion.

Ключевое слово в утверждении выделено жирным шрифтом. В
аудиотексте четко сказано, что она из Перу. Правильный ответ: 1 (True) «верно«.

E. Kate’s
friend enjoys local music.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 5

Tom: Ok, I see. What about giving her CD? This
shouldn’t be so hard to ship to Peru, and music is universal, you know. 
Kate: A great idea! But I don’t know what she
has or hasn’t in her music collection, do I? 
Tom: Oh, that’s pretty easy. You can give her
a disc of our local music, she can’t have that. That’s for sure. 
Kate: Super! You’re a star!

Ключевые слова: “music is universal” и « local
music«. В аудиотексте говорится о том, что Кейт не знает, какую музыку она
предпочитает. Ничего не говорится о том, что ей нравится местная музыка.
Правильный ответ: 3 (Not stated) «не сказано».

F. Tom believes music preferences reveal a lot about a
person.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 6

Tom: Just keep in mind what styles she generally
prefers. Do you have any information on that?
Kate: I saw it in her profile. If I remember
correctly, she likes calm, romantic music. Does that mean that she is a
quite person? 
Tom: Not necessarily. She might be just
the opposite. Very talkative and easygoing. 
Kate: You know, I believe, a person’s
character is reflected in what music he or she likes. 

Ключевые слова в данном утверждении выделены жирным
шрифтом. Правильный ответ: 1 (True) «верно», так как в аудиотексте Том спрашивает о том,
какой стиль музыки ее подруга предпочитает и высказывает предположение о ее
характере.

G.
Tom is a connoisseur of the type of music Kate needs.

1) True             2) False             3)
Not stated

Аудиотекст 7

Tom: I think so too. But the connections can be
very unexpected and inexplicable to my mind.
Kate: All right. Now I need to go to a music
shop and choose something.
Tom: Shall I help you? I’m absolutely free and I
know all the local music really well. I can help you choose.
Kate: Really? That would be great! You could
also help me choose something for myself, I think my collection needs new
items.
Tom: Good idea. Let’s go then.

Ключевые слова: “ I know
all the local music really well”. Правильный ответ: 1 (True) «верно», так как Том говорит, что он хорошо знает
местную музыку и может помочь с ее выбором.

connoisseur [ˌkɔnə’sɜː] = знаток, специалист, эксперт

3   Greg believes that his present professional success
depends on …

1) rich
experience.                  

2)
putting pressure on himself.            

3)
his happy family life.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 1

Presenter: Hello everybody and
welcome to our program “5 minutes with a star”! Today we have a well-known
actor Greg Jones. Hello, Greg, so nice to see you today, thanks for coming.

Speaker: Hi, everybody! It’s my
pleasure being here with all of you today.

Presenter: So, your acting career
is on another height at the moment – to what do you attribute this?

Speaker: I think having a happy
home really helps. It took me a long time to achieve that. I used to
put a lot of pressure on myself to accomplish things… make money, gain
experience… And I wasn’t a proper father and husband when I was younger. I
learnt a lot from my failures in the past. Now, with my wife Dina, I’ve been
able to realize what really matters and devote myself to her and to raising our
daughter Marylyn.

Правильный ответ — 3 « his happy family life». Слова, выделенные жирным
шрифтом, подтверждают, что данный вариант ответа верный.

Вариант ответа 1  неверный,
так как в тексте говорится, что он приобрел опыт, но не сказано что именно от
этого он достиг успеха.

Вариант 2 тоже неверный,
так как хотя в тексте и упоминается, что он оказывал на себя давление, чтобы
заработать деньги, но это высказывание не несет основной мысли.

4    Speaking about his past Greg says that he …

1) was too busy achieving his
goals.

2) was a good family man.                  

3) never experienced a failure.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 2

Presenter: So, your acting career
is on another height at the moment – to what do you attribute this?

Speaker: I think having a happy
home really helps. It took me a long time to achieve that. I used to put a
lot of pressure on myself to accomplish things… make money, gain experience…
And I wasn’t a proper father and husband when I was younger. I learnt a lot
from my failures in the past. Now, with my wife Dina, I’ve been able to
realize what really matters and devote myself to her and to raising our daughter
Marylyn

Выделенные жирным шрифтом
слова доказывают, что правильный ответ — 1 « was too busy achieving his goals«.

Вариант ответа 2 неверный,
так как в тексте сказано, что он не был хорошим семьянином.

Вариант ответа 3 тоже
неверный, так как в тексте говорится, что он сталкивался с неудачами в прошлом
» I learnt a lot from my failures in the past«.

5   What is said about Dina’s relations with Greg’s
children from his previous marriage?

1) she is friendly with them

2) she
tries to avoid meeting them.

3) she
doesn’t know anything about them.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 3

Presenter: I see. And do you keep
in close touch with your older children?

Speaker: Yes. Actually, Dina is
the person who brings everyone together. She doesn’t have any resentment
about my previous marriage. She got acquainted with my first wife and
it’s been really wonderful for me to see her being very open and want
everyone to feel appreciated.

Выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
свидетельствуют о том, что правильный ответ — 1 « she is friendly with them«.

Вариант ответа 2 неверный,
так как в тексте говорится о том, что она не испытывает обиды и сама получает
удовольствие от общения с бывшей женой и детьми.

Вариант ответа 3 тоже
неверный, так как в тексте четко сказано, что она знакома с его прежней семьей.

6    Describing his relations with his little daughter,
Greg stresses that …

1) he now has the opportunity to
give her enough attention and care.

2) it is quite difficult to raise a
child at his age.

3) she is brighter and more
spiritual than his other children.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 4

Presenter: Is it tough to raise a
young daughter in your sixties?

Speaker: Absolutely not! I have
more time, I understand more about being a father, and watching her
grow up has been one of the greatest pleasures of my life. She’s an amazing
girl – very bright, very spirited. It’s the first time that I’ve really been
able to be the kind of father that I wanted to be, but because of my career
ambitions, I never allowed myself the chance to spend that kind of time with my
older children.

Правильный ответ — 1 « he now has the opportunity to give
her enough attention and care», это видно из слов, выделенных жирным шрифтом.

Вариант ответа 2 неверен,
потому что в тексте он категорически это отрицает:» Absolutely not!»

Вариант ответа 3 тоже
неверен, так как он не сравнивает ее с другими детьми. Он просто высказывает
мысль о том, что она потрясающая девочка, очень умная и духовная.

7    In his youth, Greg had a dream to …

1) act in westerns.

2) play jazz.

3) serve in the army.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 5

Presenter: Speaking about your
career, what was your first big ambition?

Speaker: Well, when I was
younger I wanted to become a jazz musician, which got somehow
sidetracked when I was drafted into the army. After that it took a long time
for me to get any good acting roles until I started doing Westerns. It took
many years, even after I became quite famous, for me to understand what I
really wanted to do.

Правильный ответ — 2 « play jazz«. Грэг четко говорит о том,
что он хотел стать джазовым музыкантом. Это подтверждают выделенные слова.

Вариант ответа 1 неверный,
хотя он и говорит, что он играл в вестернах. Но здесь речь идет об этапе его
биографии.

Вариант 3 также неверный,
так как в тексте просто указано, что он был призван в армию.

8   What does Greg say about his age?

1) It has no influence on his
career.

2) It has affected his strength and
energy.

3) It makes him think about
stopping work.

Фрагмент аудиотекста 6

Presenter: That’s interesting. And
do you have any thoughts of retiring?

Speaker: Age is just a state of
mind and I’m lucky as retirement isn’t enforced on actors and directors.
I’d planned on not working after I was 39! But here I am at 69 and enjoying
working more today than I have ever done. I think I shall go on while I
have all that strength and energy.

Выделенные жирным шрифтом
слова свидетельствуют о том, что правильным вариантом ответа является вариант 1
» It has no influence on his career.»

Вариант ответа 2 неверен,
так как он говорит о том, что он будет работать, пока у него есть энергия.

Вариант 3 тоже неверен, так
как он получает удовольствие от своей работы и не собирается уходить на пенсию.

9  Which of the following may refer to one of the most
important lessons of Greg’s life?

1) Plan your life and follow your
ambitions.

2) Life cannot be always perfect.

3) Anger helps to achieve a lot in
life

Фрагмент аудиотекста 7

Presenter: Do you feel you’ve
learnt any lessons about life that you’d like to share with us?

Speaker: Life rarely goes the way
you plan it. There are good things and bad things that happen to you all the
time and you have to be able to admit that, deal with it and move on. When
I was younger I was angry at the world, always full of ambitions, but now
finally I’ve been able to relax.

Presenter: Okay. And my final
question. What do you see as your biggest accomplishment?

Speaker: Well … My life now is
exactly how I hoped it could be 20 years ago. Lots of things are important – my
four children, professional success … But, I’d say, finding a good partner in
life is true happiness for me.

Правильный ответ — 2 « Life cannot be always
perfect». Это
видно из выделенных слов жирным шрифтом.

Вариант ответа 1 неверен,
так как по тексту акцент Грэга на том, что все в жизни бывает, очень сложно ее
спланировать.

Вариант ответа 3 тоже
неверен, так как здесь ни слова не сказано про то, что гнев помогает добиться
многого в жизни.

                                                                              РАЗДЕЛ 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

Текст A

Born in 1743, Thomas Jefferson
helped shape the new American nation and also shaped some of the country’s most
famous buildings. The twentieth century architects who designed the circular Jefferson
Memorial in Washington D.C. drew inspiration from Thomas
Jefferson’s architectural ideas. And from where did Jefferson get his
ideas? The Pantheon in Rome! This building with its classical portico
became a model that influenced Western architecture for 2,000 years.

Правильный ответ – 7 –
Borrowed ideas – Заимствованные идеи, так
как ключевое выражение указывает на то, что идеи Томаса Джефферсона вдохновили
архитекторов 20-го века

portico [‘pɔːtɪkəu]  =
галерея, портик

stairway [‘stɛəweɪ] =
лестница

pantheon [‘pænθɪən] = 
Пантеон, «храм всех богов» в Древнем Риме

                   
Jefferson Memorial                                       Pantheon in Rome

Текст B

Postmodern architecture evolved
from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas.
Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may
startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in
unexpected ways. Philip Johnson’s AT&T Headquarters is often cited as
an example of postmodernism. Like many buildings in the international style,
this skyscraper has a classical facade.

Правильный ответ – 4 – Extraordinary combinations — Необычные сочетания
(комбинации). Знакомые формы и детали используются неожиданным образом.

evolve [ɪ’vɔlv] = развиваться

contradict [ˌkɔntrə’dɪkt] = противоречить

cite [saɪt] = цитировать, ссылаться (на
что-л.)

Текст C

The Industrial Revolution
in Europe brought about a new trend: the use of metals
instead of wood and stone in construction. Built in 1889,
the Eiffel Tower is perhaps the most famous example of this new
use for metal. For 40 years, the Eiffel Tower measured the
tallest in the world. The metal lattice-work, formed with very pure structural
iron, makes the tower both extremely light and able to withstand tremendous
wind forces.

Правильный ответ – 8 –
Revolutionary materials – Революционные материалы.
Ключевые слова, выделенные в тексте, отражают мысль, что индустриальная
революция в Европе привела к использованию новых материалов в строительстве,
металл стал использоваться вместо дерева и камня.

measure [‘meʒə] = измерять,
оценивать

lattice-work [‘lætɪswɜːk]=
решётчатая конструкция

withstand [wɪð’stænd]
= устоять (перед чем-л.) , выдержать (что-л.)

tremendous [trɪ’mendəs]
= огромный, ужасный

Текст D

By the early
1800s, Belfast had become a major port at the beating heart of the
region’s industry. The launching of the Titanic from the shipways was
attended by an estimated 100,000 people, showing how important this event was
for Belfast. Many more impressive ships would leave the yard in the
coming years before the decline of the shipbuilding industry began in the
1950s, but the Titanic marked the zenith of the great shipbuilding era
in Belfast.

Правильный ответ 1 – It had its finest hour – Это был его звездный час – так
как в тексте сказано, что судостроение в Белфасте играло очень важную роль
вплоть до 1950х гг.

launching [lɔːnʧ] = спуск
судна на воду

zenith [‘zenɪθ] = зенит, высшая точка

Текст E

Thomas Andrews was the chief naval
architect at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast during the
early 1900s. He brought the idea of ‘Olympic class’ ocean liners to life.
The most famous of these was Titanic, which he joined on its first voyage. His
actions when the ship sank on 15 April 1912 are believed to have saved many
lives, but at the cost of his own. In his home town of Comber, the life of
Thomas Andrews is commemorated by the Memorial Hall, opened in 1915.

Правильный ответ 6 –
Brilliant ideas and brave deeds – Великие идеи и храбрые поступки.
В тексте сказано, что Томас Андрюс воплотил в жизнь идею использования
океанских лайнеров, а также проявил храбрость и ценой своей жизни спас жизни
многих пассажиров при катастрофе Титаника.

commemorate [kə’meməreɪt] =
почтить чью-л. память

Текст F

An e-book or “electronic book” is
available digitally downloaded, and accessed through a device such as a
computer, a smart phone or, popularly, a portable e-book reader. In 1971,
Michael Hart began storing vast contents of libraries in electronic formats.
Hart named his efforts Project Gutenberg, after the inventor of the printing
press. Libraries were early adopters of the technology. But it took nearly
thirty years for the idea of the e-book to take firm hold with the consumer.

Правильный ответ – 2 – A long way to popularity – Долгий путь к
популярности. Ключевые слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом в тексте, указывают на
то, что еще в 1971 году Майкл Харт начал собирать коллекцию книг в электронном
формате, но только спустя 30 лет потребители заинтересовались и начали пользоваться
электронными книгами.

store [stɔː]= хранить,
сохранять

adopter [ə’dɔptə] = последователь, приверженец

consumer [kən‘sjuːmə] = потребитель

Текст G

The Frankfurt Book Fair is held in
October of each year. It usually hosts more than 7,300 exhibitors from 100
countries ranging from Albania to Zimbabwe. For the American
book publishing industry, the Frankfurt Book Fair is predominantly a trade
fair, that is, a professional meeting place for publishers, editors,
librarians, book subsidiary rights managers, booksellers, film producers,
authors and many others who are involved in the creation and licensing of book
content.

Правильный ответ – 5 – Ideas on sale – Идеи на продажу. Ключевые слова,
выделенные жирным шрифтом в тексте, отражают основную мысль о том, что книжная
ярмарка является в основном ярмаркой-продажей.

predominantly [prɪ’dɔmɪnəntlɪ] = особенно,
преимущественно

A-й пропуск. Just about half of them told
researchers that they have a habit of eating quickly.

Правильный ответ — 3. По смыслу, в предыдущем
предложении говорится о привычке есть. Половина опрошенных людей сказала, что у
них привычка есть быстро.

overweight [ˌəuvə’weɪt]
= весящий больше нормы

B-й пропуск. Compared with those who did not eat
quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were
100% more likely to put on weight.

Правильный ответ — 6. До пропуска в тексте стоит
наречие more likely to, которое может сочетаться с E, но по смыслу и логике подходит
только F. По смыслу, 100% женщин, которые
едят быстро, набирают вес.

to be likely = вероятно

to put on weight = набрать вес

C-й пропуск. Japanese scientists said that there
were a number of reasons why eating fast could be bad for your weight.

Правильный ответ — 2, так как в предложении идет
речь о многих причинах, которые могут плохо повлиять на ваш вес.

D-й пропуск. «If you eat quickly you
basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you just
overfill your stomach.

Правильный ответ — 1. В предложении
объясняется, что если человек ест быстро, то он наполняет свой желудок еще до
того, как сигнальная система успевает среагировать, поэтому вывод напрашивается
сам собой.

to be short
of = испытывать недостаток
(чего-либо)

to overfill
= переполнять

E-й пропуск. The scientists added that the habit
of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or learned at a
very early age.

Правильный ответ – 7.  Грамматически подходят два
варианта D и G. В данном предложении речь идет о двух факторах быстрого употребления
пищи, один из которых генетический вариант, второй приобретенный в раннем
детстве.

gene [ʤiːn] = ген

F-й пропуск. They said that, if possible,
children should be taught to eat as slowly as possible, and
allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes.

Правильный ответ — 5.Часть предложения до
пропуска в тексте
предполагает употребление инфинитива и может сочетаться с E, F,
С. Варианты F и C уже были использованы, поэтому грамматически и по смыслу
подходит E. В итоге детей должны
учить есть так медленно, как только возможно.

chew [ʧuː]
= жевать; пережёвывать пищу

linked to
obesity [ə’biːsɪtɪ] = связанный с тучностью;
ожирением

Ответы и комментарии

12
       The narrator
said that he liked London cab drivers because they

1) know
all the hotels and streets in the city

2)
can be trusted and nice to deal with

3) can
drive in a straight line

4)
make friends
easily

Ответ на поставленный
вопрос можно найти в первом абзаце.

…
London cab drivers are without question the finest in the world.
They are trustworthy, safe and honest, generally friendly and always polite.
They keep their vehicles spotless inside and out, and they will put themselves
to the most extraordinary inconvenience to drop you at the front entrance of
your destination.

Ответ
— 2 » can be trusted and nice to deal with«-правильный, так как автор рассуждает о
положительных качествах водителей такси: вежливые, честные, дружелюбные. 4
вариант ответа также мог бы подойти, но автор не говорит о том, что надо с
каждым из них становиться друзьями. Вариант 1, 3 не соответствует
действительности.

intentionally obscure
[əb‘skjuə] = намеренно плохо различим

plaque [plɑːk]
= пластинка с названием учреждения

to betray
[bɪ’treɪ] = выдавать, открывать (тайну,
секрет)

trustworthy [‘trʌstˌwɜːðɪ] = заслуживающий доверия;
надёжный

spotless [‘spɔtləs] = без единого пятнышка, чистый

inconvenience [ˌɪnkən‘viːnɪən(t)s] = беспокойство, неудобство

13        Which of the following statements
about London cab drivers is true according to the narrator?

2) They let you see your hotel from all angles

3)
They prefer side streets to main streets

4)
They prefer driving in a straight line

Правильный
ответ — 2, так как в первом абзаце сказано, что во время поездки до отеля, они
показывают его со всех сторон.

And when
you get to your hotel or railway station or wherever it is you are going, they
like to drive you all the way around it so that you can see it from all angles
before alighting.

Варианты
ответа 1, 3, 4 неверны. В варианте 1 говорится о колокольчиках в салоне
автомобиля. В тексте автор говорит о внутреннем колокольчике (звоночке) у
водителя, который заставляет его свернуть с главной дороги на боковую улочку.
Вариант 3 неверен, так как в тексте об этом ничего не сказано. Вариант ответа —
4 неверен, так как автор упоминает езду по прямой.

odd thing
= странность

lunge [lʌnʤ] = ринуться, устремиться (куда-л.)

alighting [ə’laɪtɪŋ] 
= высаживаться (из поезда, автобуса)

14        A reason why the narrator liked to
go to Hazlitt’s was that

1) it
was in the center of the city

2)
cab drivers didn’t know where it was

3) cab
drivers liked driving there

4) it was an old brick building

Правильный ответ – 2.

The other
distinctive thing about them, and the reason I like to go to Hazlitt’s, is that
they cannot bear to admit that they don’t know the location of something
they feel they ought to know, like a hotel, which I think is rather sweet.

Все варианты могли бы
подойти, но автор не упоминает местоположение отеля, значит, вариант 1 не
подходит. Aвтор ничего не говорит о
том из какого материала сделано здание, значит, вариант 4 не подходит. По
смыслу подходит вариант 3, так как автор рассуждает о том, что таксистам
нравится ездить туда. Но в начале текста автор говорит о причинах выбора этого
отеля.

cannot bear
to admit
= терпеть не могут признаваться

15        According to the narrator, to be a
London cab driver, one has to

1)
know all streets and places in London

2) be
proud of the city

3) be
knowledgeable

4) be ready to study the city for years

Правильный ответ – 1

To become a
London cab driver you have to master something titled The Knowledge — in
effect, learn every street, hospital, hotel, police station, cricket ground,
cemetery and other notable landmarks in this amazingly vast and confusing city.

В
тексте нет достаточной информации, чтобы дать ответ на 2,3,4-й варианты ответа.
Слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом, объясняют позицию автора. Он говорит о том,
что такой замечательный город нужно знать.

notable
landmarks = выдающиеся достопримечательности

justifiably [‘ʤʌstɪfaɪəblɪ] =
оправданно, законно

16        According to the narrator, if the
cab driver did not know a hotel in London he would

1) panic

2) ask the passenger

3) never admit it

4) use a map

Правильный
ответ — 3, так
как автор четко рассказывает о возможном поведении в такой ситуации и приводит
достаточно смешной диалог между таксистом и пассажиром.

probe [prəub] = проба, попытка

overcasual [‘əuvə
‘kæʒwəl]
= самым что ни на есть обыденным

innit, guy? = isn’t it, guy? = не так ли, парень?

demurral [di‘mərəl] = спокойствие, сдержанность

random direction
[‘rændəm]
= произвольный, выбранный наугад

speculatively [‘spekjələtɪvlɪ] = гипотетически

17        According to the narrator, when the
driver finally knows where to go, he would

1) speed up

2) turn the car in the opposite
direction

3) admit he was confused at first

4) say
you are lucky he knew the place

The driver
adds, chuckling as if to say it’s a lucky thing he sorted that one out
for you, and then lunges down a little side street off the Strand…

Правильный
ответ – 4. Ключевые
слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом, объясняют выбор правильного варианта ответа.
Другие варианты тоже могли бы подойти, но так таксисты могут поступить, а смысл
высказывания был однозначным.

U-turn = поворот на 180
градусов

to steer [stɪə] =
следовать, идти (по определённому курсу)

lamppost = фонарный столб

cycle clips = прищепки на
брюках, предохраняющие от попадания в велосипедную цепь

geeky = дурацкий

slip stream helmet = шлем
обтекаемой формы

chuckle [‘ʧʌkl] = посмеиваться

18        What is the narrator’s general
attitude towards London cab drivers?

1) Ironic

2) Critical

3) Aсcusatory

4) Supportive

Правильный
вариант ответа — 1, так
как автор постоянно рассказывает о таксистах с юмором, приводит разные
ситуации. Весь текст является подтверждением.

accusatory [ə’kjuːzət(ə)rɪ]
= обвинительный

supportive [sə’pɔːtɪv] = поддерживающий

                                                               РАЗДЕЛ 3. ГРАММАТИКА И
ЛЕКСИКА

Ответы и комментарии

19        What do you know about holidays in
the USA? They can be divided into two

groups:
national and popular holidays. There _______ten national holidays in the USA.             BE

Для того чтобы правильно заполнить пропуск, нужно
определить, какое именно время глагола требуется.

Для того чтобы понять, какое именно время глагола
требуется, необходимо внимательно прочитать текст и определить:

•   время, к которому относится описанное каждым
глаголом действие (прошлое, настоящее,
будущее);

•   последовательность и взаимосвязь действий
(если действия перечисляются в прошлом —
употребляем Past Simple; если одно действие является в настоящем
результатом другого —
употребляем Present Perfect, и т. п.);

•   
 характер действий
(длительное — значит, глагол ставится в соответствующее время Progres-
sive (Continuous); повторяющееся
— нужное время Simple; законченное — соответствующее
время Perfect, совершенно-длительное
– значит, нужное время Perfect Continuous);

•   указатель времени, употребленный в
предложении с пропуском. Например, “usually”
ука-
зывает на необходимость употребления Present Simple, “already” —
Present или Past
Perfect
и т. п.

Правильный ответ — are.

Так как вопрос задан в
настоящем времени. Соответственно, ответ будет тоже в настоящем времени. Оборот
«there__» предусматривает
использование to be.
В данном случае это множественное число, так как речь идет о 10 национальных
праздниках.

20        Independence day is a public
holiday. It _________ since July                          CELEBRATE

4, 1776 when the thirteen colonies of America declared
Independence

from England. For many families this is the most
important festival of the year.

Правильный ответ — has
been celebrated.

Указатель времени “since” показывает, что действие, выраженное
глаголом “celebrate” началось 4
июля 1776 года и продолжается до настоящего времени, т.е. День Независимости
отмечается в США до сих пор. Так как праздник (It) празднуется (людьми)
используем форму Present Perfect Passive.

21        Usually on this day parades and
outdoor picnics with friends and families

            take
place. Most houses  _________ with flags and flowers.                              DECORATE

Правильный ответ — are
decorated.

Здесь речь идет о том, что обычно в этот день
дома украшены флагами и цветами, следовательно, необходимо использовать Present Simple Passive.

22        Thanksgiving is also a national
holiday. The ___________ Thanksgiving                      ONE

was observed by the early settlers in Massachusetts in
1629, in gratitude           

for their successful harvest.

Правильный ответ — first.

Пропущенное слово является определением к
существительному «Thanksgiving» в значении праздник.
Количественное числительное “one” преобразуется в форму
порядкового числительного “first”. Для того, чтобы сказать
что это был первый праздник, необходимо употребить порядковое числительное «первый».

23        They ___________ wild
turkey as one of the main dishes.                                COOK

Правильный
ответ — cooked.

Здесь речь идет о событии в прошлом, когда первые поселенцы отмечали
этот праздник впервые в 1629 году, поэтому нужно использовать глагол в форме Past Simple (Indefinite).

24        Today people invite their relatives
and families ______near to dinner                LIVE

to
celebrate Thanksgiving.                  

Правильный ответ — living.

Пропущенное
слово в тексте является определением к существительным « relatives and
families«, а значит, от глагола “live”
необходимо
образовать причастие I в форме Indefinite Active, выполняющее функцию
определения, «родственники (какие?) живущие рядом».

25        Most Americans consider
Independence Day and  Thanksgiving to be               GOOD             the 
_______public holidays of the year.

Правильный
ответ — best.

Здесь необходимо употребить превосходную степень
прилагательного, так как в предложении говорится о том, что эти праздники самые
лучшие.

Happy but poor

26        To make matters worse, Rick
was in love. The girl he loved was the daughter of a

former
army _____ who had lost his temper and his health in India, and had never                     OFFICE

found
either of them again. Rick loved her so much that he was ready to kiss her
feet;

 and
she loved him too. They were the best-looking pair in London, and had no money
at all.

Правильный
ответ —  officer.

Прежде всего, необходимо
правильно определить часть речи, которую необходимо использовать в данном
пропуске. В данном случае это существительное, исполнитель действия. Речь в
тексте идет об отце девушки, в которую был влюблен Рик. Поэтому необходимо добавить
окончание, чтобы получить категорию «профессия», “род деятельности”.

27        Her father was very fond of
Rick, but would not hear of any________ plans.                 MARRY

One
morning Rick called in to see a great friend of his, Alan Haddon.

Правильный ответ —
marriage.

Из контекста следует, что
отец и слышать не хотел ни о каких планах о женитьбе, следовательно, от
«marry» нужно употребить существительное в значении “свадьба”,
добавив к нему окончание.

28        Haddon was a____________                                                                           PAINT

Правильный ответ — painter.

Из содержания текста
следует, что Алан Хэдон — художник. Поэтому для того, чтобы изменить часть речи
и из глагола получить существительное, обозначающее категорию «профессия«, нужно прибавить окончание — er.

29        He was a strange, rough
man, with a spotty face and an ________ red             TO OVERGROW

beard. 

Правильный ответ —
overgrown.

Из контекста следует, что
речь идет о заросшей бороде, то есть пропущенное слово является определением к
слову» beard», поэтому необходимо употребить 3-ю форму глагола, что
является Причастием II и выполняет функцию определения. Например, broken cup – разбитая чашка, lost letter – потерянное письмо.

30        He had been much attracted
by Rick at first, just because of his _______                      PERSON

charm.            

Правильный ответ —
personal.

В содержании текста
говорится об личном обаянии Алана. Пропущенное слово является зависимым словом
от «charm» и является его характеристикой. Данную функцию выполняет
прилагательное, образованное от существительного «person» с помощью
суффикса — al.

31        But after he got to know
Rick better, he liked him quite as much for his bright,            

cheerful
spirits, and his _____________, carefree nature, and had asked him         GENEROSITY

to
visit whenever he liked.

Правильный ответ —
generous.

В тексте перечисляются
качества характера. Пропущенное слово является описанием такой черты характера,
как великодушие. В данном случае подходящее прилагательное образовано от
существительного при помощи суффикса – ous.

“Looking
for Alaska”, written by John Green, is a story that will leave the reader moved
by the characters. The readers will 32 _______ things about themselves
they may have never known.

32        1)
open                       2)
find             3)
discover      4) invent

Правильный ответ — 3.

Из
контекста следует, что читатели откроют для себя/ узнают вещи…. Discover
= раскрывать, узнавать. Например, discover things, to discover the truth,
to discover America. Вариант ответа 1 не подходит, так как «open» передает значение «открывать,
раскрыть». Например, to open a door, to open a book. Вариант ответа
2 тоже не подходит, так как значение слова «find»
— «обнаруживать/находить”. Например, to find time, to find one’s way.
Вариант ответа 4 — «изобретать», “создавать”, “выдумывать”, что так
же не подходить по смыслу. Например, to invent = to create, to fabricate.

The
author graduated from Kenyon College and worked for the “Booklist” journal. He
reviewed hundreds of books, particularly literary fiction. In 33
_______, he critiqued novels for “The New York Times” Book Review.

33        1) general                     2)
addition       3) contrast        4) comparison

Правильный ответ — 2

Вариант
ответа 1 мог бы подойти,»in general»
— » в общем/в целом». Но смысл контекста сводится к тому, что кроме
того, вдобавок он критиковал романы. Вариант ответа 3 и 4 не подходят, так как
не передают подходящее по смыслу значение. In contrast
= в противоположность чему-л.; in comparison = по сравнению с.

His
first novel “Looking for Alaska” was mostly 34 _______ by his experience
at a boarding school.

34        1) inspired                  2) involved      3) impressed   4) included

Правильный ответ — 1

В тексте отмечается, что опыт работы или жизни в школе-интернате
вдохновил его на написание книги. To inspire = вдохновить. Значение слов
«involved», «included» не подходят по контексту, «. to involve
= вовлекать, втягивать, например,  to involve smb. in a project — вовлекать
кого-л. в проект.  To include = включать в себя,
содержать в себе, например, Do you include walking among your amusements? —
Числите ли вы прогулки пешком среди вещей, от которых вы получаете
удовольствие? «Вариант ответа 3 тоже не подходит по смыслу, потому что
здесь речь не идет ни о каком-либо впечатлении. To impress = производить
впечатление, поражать.

This book made the “Top 10 Best
Book for Young Adults” and undoubtedly 35_______ it.

35
       1) confirmed                2) earned                     3) defended     4) deserved

Правильный ответ — 4

Поскольку в тексте
говорится о том, что эта книга была
включена в «10 лучших книг…» и, безусловно, заслужила это, то
следует употребить » deserved», to deserve
= заслуживать, быть достойным чего-л., например, to deserve attention — заслуживать
внимания. Глаголы «
confirmed«, » earned«, » defended» не могут быть
выбраны, поскольку подразумевают физическое действие: «подтвердить,
заработать, защитить». To confirm
= подтверждать, подкреплять, например, Please,
confirm your
message. — Подтвердите,
пожалуйста, ваше сообщение. To earn
= зарабатывать, получать доход. To defend
= защищать, стоять на страже, ограждать (от чего-л.), to defend against
/ from smb.
/ smth. — защищать от кого-л.
/ чего-л.

They
no longer seem to behave like fictional characters, but rather real people that
have similar problems and ideas as young adults nowadays. 36 _______ of
this, readers are able to recognize their own search for self-identity or
labyrinths they must escape through the main characters.

36        1) Besides                   2)
Instead        3)  Despite       4)Because

Правильный ответ — 4

Только
предлог «because of this» подходит по смыслу. Because of this
= «поэтому», “из-за того, что”. предлог «besides» не требует употребление с предлогом of и означает “помимо этого”. Остальные
глаголы могли бы подойти, если бы не контекст:»instead
(of)» и «despite
(of)» — «вместо», » несмотря
на«.

The characters in this story showed
me the good and bad parts of life and still 37_______ me want to live
through them.

37        1) held            2) made
                      3)
kept           
4) turned

Правильный ответ— 2

Поскольку
в тексте говорится о том, что герои заставили его хотеть жить, то необходимо
использовать глагол “make” в значении “заставлять”. To
hold = держать, удерживать, например, to
hold a spoon / knife, The glue didn’t hold. — Клей
не держал. To
keep = держать, хранить, например, You
may keep the book for a month. — Можете
держать эту
книгу месяц. to
keep a secret — не выдавать
тайну. To turn = поворачивать, переворачивать, например, The car turned over.
— Машина перевернулась. to turn pancakes — переворачивать блины.

This novel generated a spectrum of
emotions with each page and I could 38_______ put it down.

38
       1) hardly                     2) merely         3)
nearly                      4) really

Правильный ответ — 1

Контекст
говорит о том, что книга была такой… , что я с трудом отложил ее. Из этого следует,
что правильный вариант «hardly» = едва, с трудом. «really«= действительно, в самом деле — 
могло бы подойти, но тогда смысл текста был бы другим. Варианты ответа 2 и 3
тоже не подходят. Nearly = близко, почти. Merely = только, просто;
единственно.

РАЗДЕЛ 4. ПИСЬМО

Образец ответа с
комментариями

London

England (1)

01/03/2015 (2)

Dear Mary, (3)

Thank
you for your letter. I was so glad to receive it. (4)

You
ask me to tell you what I think about disasters. Well, I think it’s awful. And
(10) I’m really sorry for your aunt. Tornado is the worst thing I’ve ever
known. (5.1) But (10) luckily I’ve never faced it (9). Of course, there
are many disasters in our planet: floods, droughts, mudslides, earthquakes and (5.2) others. Unfortunately, we can’t predict them. (9)

I live in central Russia, and (10) we haven’t got
such awful disasters. (5.2) But (10) still sometimes we have strong wind and (10) tempest. Rules are the same I think: not to be outdoors, close all
windows and doors, not to come to windows, switch off all electrical equipment.

It’s
great that your teacher got the award. Do you like her lessons? Have you
visited historical places with her? Can I see her projects? (5.3)

Write
back soon. (6)

Best
wishes, (7)

Ann (8)

(1)     В правом верхнем углу правильно написан адрес
пишущего в краткой форме.

(2)      Под адресом правильно указана дата напи­сания
письма.

(3)      Используется правильное обращение к другу по
переписке (по имени). Обращение стоит на отдельной строке. После обращения
стоит запятая.

(4)      Первый абзац после обращения со ссылкой на
предыдущие контакты (благодарность за полученное письмо и/или извинение, что
давно не писал).

(5)      В основной части письма даны ответы на все
вопросы, поставленные в задании:

(5.1)                      
что я считаю самым ужасным
бедствием;

(5.2)                      
какие природные катаклизмы
характерны для моей местности;

(5.3)                      
 заданы 3 вопроса о
школьном учителе.

Автор логично высказывает свои мысли, основная
часть письма правильно разделена на абзацы.

(6)    
 После основной части
письма имеется фраза о дальнейших контактах.

(7)    
 Завершающая фраза
написана на отдельной строке и соответствует неофициальному стилю письма
личного характера.

(8)    
 Подпись соответствует неофициальному
стилю письма и стоит на отдельной строке.

(9)    
 Местоимения правильно
используются, заменяя существительные.

Например: it — disaster.

(10)  Правильно используются союзы.
Например:

—       для противопоставления мыслей — but;

—      для сравнения — such as;

—       для добавления информации — and.

Общее количество слов –
151. Это несколько больше, чем указано в условиях написания личного письма, но
стоит отметить, что допустимое отклонение от заданного объема составляет 10% в
сторону увеличения, т.е. максимально разрешенное количество слов  может
составлять 154 слова. Превышать эту цифру нельзя, так как в противном случае
проверке подлежит только та часть работы, которая соответствует требуемому
объему, а именно 140 слов. Если
в выполненном задании 39 менее 90 слов, то задание проверке не подлежит и
оценивается в 0 баллов.

Образец ответа с комментариями

Childhood
is the (4) best period of human life. Who can deny (3) it? Childhood is the safest (3) (4), kindest (3) (4)
and (2.1) happiest (3) (4) period of every person. (1.1)

            To begin with (2.2), children are the
prettiest creations (3) in the world. (1.2) They live without any problems,
because (2.1) they have parents and (2.1) grandparents who (2.1) take care of
them and love them more than themselves. (1.2) Besides (2.2), parents, especially mother, constantly look after them in
the daytime and at night. (1.2) Another good thing (2.2)
of childhood is that you can play and have fun, (4) do what you want and (2.1) relatives
are always beside you. (1.2)

            But (2.1), on the other hand (2.2),
there are (4) also some problems. In some families kids can come across (3) cases of family
violence. (1.3) (3) The (4) reason
of it can be drugs, alcohol, lack of money (3), bad relationships between parents
or it can be a single parent at all. (1.3) Moreover (2.2) some parents leave
their children at home alone, sometimes without any food. It also can be the
reason of different injuries (1.3) (3). There are also cases when kids are left (4) by their biological parents and brought up (4) in orphanages. (1.3) (3)

I can say that although (2.1) we have different
families, childhood should be (4) the best and safest period of kids’ life. And
often a foster family (3) turns out better than
the original one. (1.4)

            In conclusion (2.2), I’d like to say
that, childhood is one of the best periods of people’s life and (2.1) everybody remembers it as the safest and the most wonderful part of your
life. (1.5)

(1)    В содержании отражены все аспекты задания:

(1.1)                     
 в первом абзаце автор
правильно ставит проблему, о которой будет рассуждать;

(1.2)                     
 во втором абзацe автор
приводит 3 аргумента «за» с примерами и пояснениями;

(1.3)                     
 в третьем абзаце автор
приводит 3 аргумента «против»;

(1.4)     
в четвертом абзаце автор поясняет, почему он не согласен с аргументами «против»

(1.5)
         в пятом абзаце автор делает вывод о том, что детство это один из самых
лучших периодов в жизни человека и все вспоминают его как самую замечательную
часть своей жизни.

Высказывание
построено в соответствии с предложенным в задании планом, автор последовательно
излагает свои мысли, не перескакивая с одной мысли на другую.

(2)    Автор правильно использует средства ло­гической
связи (союзы, союзные слова, вводные слова):

(2.1)                     
 внутри предложений (and, but, because,who и т. д.);

(2.2)                     
 между предложениями и абзацами (to begin with, another good thing, besides, on the other hand,
moreover, in conclusion).

(3)     Автор продемонстрировал богатый запас слов, слова правильно выбраны в
соответствии со стилем речи, нет ошибок на сочетаемость слов.

(4)     Автор использовал разнообразные грамма­тические
конструкции, а не только простые пред­ложения; соблюдается правильный порядок
слов, правильно употребляются видовременные формы глаголов, правильно
употребляются артикли.

(5)     Соблюдаются орфографические правила, все
слова правильно написаны в соответствии с нормами английского языка.

(6)     Текст разделен на предложения и каждое из них
оформлено соответствующим пунктуационным знаком (.,!,?).

Общее количество слов –
240. Допустимое отклонение от заданного объема составляет 10% в сторону
увеличения, т.е. максимально разрешенное количество слов  может составлять 275
слов. Превышать эту цифру нельзя, так как в противном случае проверке подлежит только
та часть работы, которая соответствует требуемому объему, а именно 250 слов. Если в выполненном задании 40
менее 180 слов, то задание проверке не подлежит и оценивается в 0 баллов.

РАЗДЕЛ 5

ГОВОРЕНИЕ

Образец
ответа с комментариями

Чтение текста вслух – максимум 1
балл

          В данном задании учащийся
должен прочитать предложенный текст.

1
балл ставится, если речь воспринимается легко: необоснованные паузы
отсутствуют; фразовое ударение и интонационные контуры, произношение слов без
нарушений нормы: допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе 1 —
2 ошибки, искажающие смысл.

0
баллов ставится, если речь воспринимается с трудом из-за большого количества
неестественных пауз, запинок; неверной расстановки ударений и ошибок в произношении
слов, или сделано более 5 фонетических ошибок, или сделано 3 и более
фонетические ошибки, искажающие смысл.

На
подготовку дается 1,5 минуты. Рекомендуется прослушать аудиозапись фрагмента и
потренироваться в чтении предложенного отрывка, повторяя предложения за
диктором, стараясь максимально точно воспроизводить произношение слов и
интонацию.

Образец
ответа с комментариями

Постановка
вопросов — максимум – 5 баллов.

Оценивается
отдельно каждый из пяти задаваемых вопросов.

В данном задании учащийся
должен продемонстрировать умение задавать вопросы.

1 балл ставится, если вопрос по содержанию
отвечает поставленной задаче; имеет правильную грамматическую форму прямого
вопроса; интонация соответствует типу задаваемого прямого вопроса; возможные
фонетические и лексические погрешности не затрудняют восприятия.

0 баллов ставится, если
вопрос не задан, или заданный вопрос по содержанию не отвечает поставленной
задаче И/ИЛИ не имеет правильной грамматической формы прямого вопроса, И/ИЛИ
интонация не соответствует типу задаваемого прямого вопроса; И/ИЛИ фонетические
ошибки препятствуют коммуникации.

На
подготовку дается 1,5 минуты.

Варианты возможных вопросов на каждый пункт:

1)
Where is the house situated?         What is the house’s location?

2)
How many bedrooms are there in the house?   

3)
Is there a swimming pool in the house?

4)
How much land is there around the house?

5)
How much is the rent?    What is the rent price?       How much does it cost to
rent the house?

Образец ответа с
комментариями

Описание
фото – максимум  – 7 баллов

В данном задании учащийся
должен продемонстрировать навыки монологической речи, описывая одну из
предложенных фотографий.

7 баллов ставится, если
коммуникативная задача выполнена полностью: содержание полно, точно и
развёрнуто отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании (в среднем не менее трёх
фраз по каждому пункту плана).  Высказывание логично и имеет завершённый
характер; имеются вступительная и заключительная фразы, соответствующие теме.
Средства логической связи используются правильно. Используемый словарный запас,
грамматические структуры, фонетическое оформление высказывания соответствуют
поставленной задаче (допускается не более двух негрубых лексико-грамматических
ошибок И/ИЛИ не более двух негрубых фонетических ошибок).

На
подготовку дается 1,5 минуты.

Photo 1

I’ve chosen photo number 1. I took this photo last summer (1) when I was
on holiday (1). I took this photo in our yard on the sports ground when my
friends and I were playing basketball. (1)

In the photo you can see my friends (2), they are also my classmates (2)
and they are members of our school basketball team (2). We are in our new
sports ground (2). It’s very nice.

We are playing basketball (3). You can see Mary tries to throw the ball
into the basket (3) and Kate tries to stop her (3). I like this game very much
and I am a good basketball player. My friends like it too and we often play it.
We usually have trainings after the lessons but we also play in summer during
our holidays. Besides we have a new sports ground. It is modern and comfortable
and we like to play there very much.

I decided to take this photo because I wanted to practise taking photos
(4). I have a new camera and I am still learning how to do it (4). I also
wanted to take a photo of my friends playing basketball (4) because it is my
favourite game. It is very active and exciting.

I wanted to show you this photo because I think I got a good shot (5). I
also wanted to show you our new sports ground (5) and I thought it would be
interesting for you to see my friends and teammates (5).

В содержании ответа отражены все аспекты задания:

(1) – когда была сделана фотография

(2) – кто или что изображены на фотографии;

(3) – что происходит на фотографии

(4) – почему ты сделал этот снимок

(5) – почему ты решил показать эту фотографию своему
другу

Photo 2

I’ve chosen photo number 2. I took this photo last summer (1) when I was
on holiday (1). It was a nice and warm day (1).

In the photo you can see my younger sister (2). We were in the park (2).
My sister likes reading a lot and she takes every opportunity to read a book.
In the photo she is lying on the grass and she is reading her book (2).

The day was very nice, we walked a little and then sat down to have a
rest. My sister immediately opened her book and began reading (3). She didn’t
see anything around her (3) and I thought it a good moment to take her photo
(4).

I took this photo because it was very interesting to see my sister lying
on the grass and reading (4) and besides she didn’t know I was taking her photo
so later it was a surprise for her too (4). Another fact is I love my sister
very much and I often take her photos (4).

I wanted to show you this picture because photos are such good memories
(5). I like watching photos very much and so I thought it would be interesting
for you too (5). I also wanted to show you the photo of my younger sister. (5) I love her very much.

В содержании ответа отражены все аспекты задания:

(1) – когда была сделана фотография

(2) – кто или что изображены на фотографии;

(3) – что происходит на фотографии

(4) – почему ты сделал этот снимок

(5) – почему ты решил показать эту фотографию своему
другу

Photo 3

I’ve chosen photo number 3. I took this photo during last summer holidays
(1). It was on the first days of June (1) when we went to the museum (1).

In the photo you can see my friends (2). We are in the transport museum
(2). We often go to different museums and I like it very much because in the
museum you can see the history of your city and your country. We are in the
hall where there are different kinds of transport and we see trains (2).

In the picture you can see my friends (3). They are looking at the railway
and listening to the guide (3). She is telling us when the first railroad was
built in our city (3). Here in the photo you can see the model of the railroad.
(3)

I took this photo because I wanted to take pictures of the transport
museum. (4) I liked this visit very much. I also wanted to take pictures of my
friends. (4) Besides I have a new camera and I wanted to try it. (4)

I decided to show you this picture because you couldn’t come with us to
the museum because you were ill. (5) I also wanted to show you the classmates
(5) and I wanted you to see the models which we saw in the museum. (5) It was very interesting there.

В содержании ответа отражены все аспекты задания:

(1) – когда была сделана фотография

(2) – кто или что изображены на фотографии;

(3) – что происходит на фотографии

(4) – почему ты сделал этот снимок

(5) – почему ты решил показать эту фотографию своему
другу

Образец ответа с
комментариями

Сравнение двух фотографий – максимум  – 7
баллов

В данном задании учащийся должен
продемонстрировать навыки монологической речи, сравнивая и противопоставляя две
фотографии.

7 баллов ставится, если
коммуникативная задача выполнена полностью: содержание полно, точно и
развёрнуто отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании (в среднем не менее трёх
фраз по каждому пункту плана).  Высказывание логично и имеет завершённый
характер; имеются вступительная и заключительная фразы, соответствующие теме.
Средства логической связи используются правильно. Используемый словарный запас,
грамматические структуры, фонетическое оформление высказывания соответствуют
поставленной задаче (допускается не более двух негрубых лексико-грамматических
ошибок И/ИЛИ не более двух негрубых фонетических ошибок).

На
подготовку дается 1,5 минуты.

Вариант ответа:

In both pictures we can see children
spending time together. (1) They are playing different games. (1) In the first
picture the children are outside. (1) They are playing a funny game. (1) In the
second picture the children are somewhere inside. (1) It seems they are playing
a computer game.  (1)

In both pictures we can see groups of
children. (2) They are having fun together. (2) They are smiling and excited.
(2) They enjoy what they are doing. (2)

At the same time in the first picture we can
see the children in the street, maybe in their yard. (3) In the second picture
the children are in a room. (3) In the first picture we can see that it is
winter time, there is much snow in the street. (3)  In the second picture it is
impossible to say what season it is so probably it is summer. (3) The children
are wearing light clothes. (3) In the first picture the children are playing
some active game. (3) In the second picture the children are sitting at the
table and playing a computer game. (3)

As for me I like more active games outside
together with my friends.(4) I go in for sports so I enjoy doing different
physical exercises.(4)  I think it is healthier to spend time in the open air
than to sit in front of the computer screen. (5) I like computer games too but
it goes without saying that socializing with your friends in real life is more
interesting (5) and no computer can replace it.  (5)

Все пункты предложенного
плана рассмотрены:

1) Дайте краткое описание
фотографий (что происходит на фотографии, где происходят события)

2) Скажите, что объединяет
эти фотографии

3) Скажите, что отличает
одну фотографию от другой

4) Скажите, какую из
концепций предпочитаете Вы

5) Объясните, почему

Раздел 1. Аудирование

Прослушайте шесть высказываний.Установите соответствие между высказываниями

каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7.

Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой,

только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение.

Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

    1) Climate can influence national character.

    2) The weather changes according to some objective phenomena.

    3) The stock market depends on weather conditions.

    4) Bad weather can be the result of human behavior.

    5) Wet weather can be good in any season.

    6) Some people have a gift for predicting things.

    7) The weather can affect people’s health and emotions.

Прослушайте интервью. В заданиях А8–А14 укажите номер выбранного

Вами варианта ответа.

A8 Greg believes that his present professional success depends on …

    1)rich experience.

    2)putting pressure on himself.

    3)his happy family life.

A9 Speaking about his past Greg says that he …

    1)was too busy achieving his goals.

    2)was a good family man.

    3)never experienced a failure.

A10 What is said about Dina’s relations with Greg’s children from his previous marriage?

    1)She is friendly with them.

    2)She tries to avoid meeting them.

    3)She doesn’t know anything about them.

A11 Describing his relations with his little daughter, Greg stresses that …

    1)he now has the opportunity to give her enough attention and care.

    2)it is quite difficult to raise a child at his age.

    3)she is brighter and more spiritual than his other children.

A12 In his youth, Greg had a dream to …

    1)act in westerns.

    2)play jazz.

    3)serve in the army.

A13 What does Greg say about his age?

    1)It has no influence on his career.

    2)It has affected his strength and energy.

    3)It makes him think about stopping work.

A14 Which of the following may refer to one of the most important lessons of Greg’s life?

    1)Plan your life and follow your ambitions.

    2)Life cannot be always perfect.

    3)Anger helps to achieve a lot in life.

also shaped some of the country’s most famous buildings. The twentieth century

architects who designed the circular Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. drew

inspiration from Thomas Jefferson’s architectural ideas. And from where did

Jefferson get his ideas? The Pantheon in Rome! This building with its classical

contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional

forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar

shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Philip Johnson’s AT&T

Headquarters is often cited as an example ofpostmodernism. Like many buildings

metals instead of wood and stone in construction. Built in 1889, the Eiffel Tower

is perhaps the most famous example of this new use for metal. For 40 years, the

Eiffel Tower measured the tallest in the world. The metal lattice-work, formed

with very pure structural iron, makes the tower both extremely light and able

the region’s industry. The launching of the Titanic from the shipways was

attendedby an estimated 100,000 people, showing how important this event

was for Belfast.Many more impressive ships would leave the yard in the coming

years before the decline of the shipbuilding industry began in the 1950s, but the

shipyard in Belfast during the early 1900s. He brought the idea of ‘Olympic

class’ ocean liners to life. The most famous of these was Titanic, which he joined

on its first voyage. His actions when the ship sank on 15 April 1912 are believed

to have saved many lives, but at the cost of his own. In his home town of

Comber, the life of Thomas Andrews is commemorated by the Memorial Hall,

through a device such as a computer, a smart phone or, popularly, a portable e-book

reader. In 1971, Michael Hart began storing vast contents of libraries in electronic formats.

Hart named his efforts Project Gutenberg, after the inventor of the printing press. Libraries

second grade at that time.It was midsummer, hot and wet in central Kansas,

and time for my aunt Winnie’s annual vacation from the store, where she

worked as a clerk six days a week. She invited me to join her on a trip to

Pittsburgh, fifty miles away, to see her sister, my aunt Alice.
«Sally, would you like to go there by train or by car?» aunt Winnie asked.

«Oh, please, by train, aunt Winnie, dear! We’ve been there by car three times

already!»
Alice was one of my favourite relatives and I was delighted to be invited to her

house. As I was the youngest niece in Mother’s big family, the aunties all tended

tospoil me and Alice was no exception. She kept a boarding house for college

students, a two-storey, brown brick building with comfortable, nicely decorated

rooms at the corner of 1200 Kearney Avenue. She was also a world-class cook,

which kept her boarding house full of young people. It seemed to me that their

life was so exciting and joyful.
Since I’d never ridden a train before, I became more and more excited as the

magic day drew near. I kept questioning Mother about train travel, but she just

said,»Wait. You’ll see.» For an eight-year-old, waiting was really difficult, but

finally the big day arrived. Mother had helped me pack the night before, and my

little suitcase was full with summer sundresses, shorts and blouses, underwear

and pyjamas. I was reading Billy Whiskers, a fantastic story about a goat that

once made a train trip to New York, and I had put that in as well. It was almost

midnight when I could go to bed at last.
We arrived at the station early, purchased our tickets and found our car. I was

fascinated by the face-to-face seats so some passengers could ride backwards.

Why would anyone, I thought, want to see where they’d been? I only wanted to

see what lay ahead for me.
Finally, the conductor shouted, «All aboard!» to the people on the platform. They

climbed into the cars, the engineer blew the whistle and clanged the bell, and we

pulled out of the station.
This train stopped at every town between my home in Solomon and Pittsburgh.

It was known as the «milk train» because at one time it had delivered goods as

well as passengers to these villages. I looked eagerly at the signs at each station.

I’d been through all these towns by car, but this was different. The shaky ride of

the coaches, the soft brown plush seats,the smells of the engine drifting back

down the track and in through the open windows made this trip far more exotic.
The conductor, with his black uniform and shiny hat, the twinkling signals that

told the engineer when to stop and go, thrilled me. To an adult, the trip must

haveseemed painfully slow, but I enjoyed every minute.
Aunt Winnie had packed a lunch for us to eat along the way as there was no

dining car in the train. I was dying to know just what was in that big shopping

bag she carried, but she, too, said, «Wait. You’ll see.» Midway, Aunt Winnie pulled

down her shopping bag from the luggage rack above our seats. My eyes widened

as she opened it and began to take out its contents.
I had expected lunchmeat sandwiches, but instead there was a container of fried

chicken, two hardboiled eggs, bread and butter wrapped in waxed paper, crisp

radishes and slim green onions from Winnie’s garden, as well as rosy sliced

tomatoes. She had brought paper plates, paper cups and some of the «everyday»

silverware.A large bottle of cold tea was well wrapped in a dishtowel; the ice had

melted,but it was still chilly. I cautiously balanced my plate on my knees and ate,

wiping mylips and fingers with a large paper napkin. This was living!
When we had cleaned our plates, Aunt Winnie looked into the bag one more

time. The best treat of all appeared – homemade chocolate cakes! Another cup

of cold tea washed these down and then we carefully returned the remains of

the food and silverware to the bag, which Aunt Winnie put into the corner by her

feet. «Almost there,» said my aunt, looking out of the window at the scenery

passing by. And sure enough, as we pulled into the Pittsburgh station we

immediately caught sight of aunt Alice, waiting for us, a smile like the sun

lighting up her face, arms wide open. We got off the train and she led us past the

taxi rank and the bus stop to her car that was parked near the station.
And all the way to her home she was asking about my impressions of my first

train trip and I could hardly find the words to express all the thrill and excitement

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1. through a small hole in the floor

2. through the hole for the hamster

3. and locked the runaway hamster

4. to come out of the hole

5. to look after the pet

6. to try and locate the missing hamster

7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

6. put on weight

7. learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1. than any other group

2. watching television

3. in the company of someone else

4. than two computers in the home

5. communicated with their families

6. helping them communicate

7. owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

1. it has become a way of life.

2. when it passes you on the street.

3. when you see him and talk to him.

4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

6. however small or simple the greeting is.

7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

1. but we did anyway.

2. whenever a need arises.

3. they did not really care.

4. whenever they need your help.

5. could not guarantee would even last.

6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3. and relying instead on actual call charges

4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

3. which take place every day, from

4. because they see and touch them close up 

5. despite the serious side to our work

6. which demand much time and effort

7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

1. which could reveal

2. which they stood

3. which it was once made up

4. that this stretch of the river Avon

5. that there might have been something

6. that it should be considered as integral part

7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

1. that once stood here

2. that is almost continent long

3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

1. which is contacted by radio

2. that familiar figure of the London scene

3. for they are accustomed to military bands

4. which possesses its own separate police force

5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

1. up for the optional module, part of

2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

4. such as the response of the writer

5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

6. to growing demand from the student

7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

6. while their caretakers tickled them

7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

3. the environment is under pressure

4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

2. alarm about these changes

3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

4. change is due to

5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

2. who do not hunt elephants

3. when they detected the smell of clothes

4. who carried out the research

5. the amount of risk they sense

6. spearing elephants

7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1. to perform other actions

2. outnumber traditional telephones

3. to communicate with each other 

4. combined with the Internet

5. to serve basic needs

6. banned in some countries

7. carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

1. like she was a rag doll

2. whether I was good at it or not

3. wished I, too, could be on stage

4. and I designed the rest

5. and I was star struck

6. so Heather could do her tap routine

7. because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

1. on the look-out for more treats

2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

6. when her son is having a lie-in

7. collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

1. whatever it costs

2. most excellent impression

3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

5. would never know it really well

6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

7. and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

3. which is invisible to the human eye.

4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

5. so it has a clear view of space.

6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

7. but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

1. and finally measure them.

2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

5. as they study mechanical forces.

6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

1. the chocolate consumed today is made

2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3. central and southern America for

4. of the world’s most popular flavours

5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7. many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

1. due to basic human instinct that

2. is still early to judge

3. are simply the cycles of fashion

4. but more usually the stars are members

5. that the television phenomenon

6. is a type of programme that

7. seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

5. the contemporary European powers in

6. are marked by special events and festivities at

7. famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

1. not like to spend our time

2. that it’s probably not quite

3. that particular day turned

4. our real shopping in

5. sometimes go shopping for real

6. anything you want and there is

7. but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

1. me to take a print of your credit card

2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

3. if I would even see her when

4. although it seemed virtually identical

5. so sure was I that nobody would

6. me to help you with your luggage

7. as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

5

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

5. that needed public attention and a new building

6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

7. through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

1. that are offered to the visitors

2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

4. by joining our e-community

5. that was sweeping the country

6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

7. to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

6. that young people should stay on at school, as

7. but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

1. from international names to family-run guest houses

2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

2. which let me know he approved of me

3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

4. which I needed to become a professional skier

5. which I would happily spend as I liked

6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

1. elegant meals were served to passengers

2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

3. who rode the train

4. who wrote about it

5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

6. that served dishes and wines

7. there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

1. that nature has ever created in the wild

2. that none of the others have

3. hovering over the magnificent lake

4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

1. as party influence has declined

2. against the spirit of the Constitution

3. being so large (435 members)

4. empowered to make laws

5. unlike the British Parliament

6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

2. for the first time in history

3. thus replacing them forever

4. as territories became interdependent

5. the use of covered wagons

6. by taking land from Native peoples

7. forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

1. who is not a member of any political party

2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

3. but it was not a total shock to her

4. being a politics student at the university

5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

1. has been developed very quickly

2. not understand why they are doing it for

3. as Americans call them

4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

5. just because they can

6. can also be used to take and send photos

7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

2. which includes language teaching and learning

3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

5. funding a number of educational programmes

6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

1. the essentials of starting

2. that awaits when you step

3. trials and tribulations of employment

4. establishing and conducting

5. preparing a business plan

6. waiting to be acquired

7. undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

1. that existed long before the invention of writing

2. that nearly every object made by humans

3. what those people were really like

4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

7. and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

1. that are displayed during the nesting season

2. while the city has grown up around them

3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

7. that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

1. as well as education and the law

2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

4. many being able to speak Welsh only

5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

1. make it a healthy diet

2. other parts of the world

3. four times higher than the average

4. have a cultural tradition

5. sends a signal to the body

6. the rest of the population

7. makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

1. where one can enjoy close contact with

2. which meet every need of their users

3. than to discover them once for oneself

4. who has never been to this wonderful city

5. which is ideal for various water sports

6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

7. who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. try to avoid the boredom of life

2. that has consistently remained part of society

3. that they are not alone

4. going through something difficult

5. without having to bear any responsibility

6. that range from unlikely to impossible

7. at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

3. which was the burial place of Russian

4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

5. as the most protected part of the city

6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

7. that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

2. whenever it rains

3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7. that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2. showing the original width of the avenue

3. which was not as straight as it was planned

4. which were built by famous architects and

5. connecting these two important structures with

6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track and identify their habitats

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

4. which has the second largest concentration of

5. to be a place of many water sources

6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

7. that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

1. read the book to find out what happens

2. some food and water on the lifeboat

3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

4. received an award for being strong

5. sold seven million copies worldwide

6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

2. became the subject of many legends

3. began dressing up unemployed men in

4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

5. was only a matter of time

6. stretches all the way back to

7. appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

7. and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

1. which is now called the West building

2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

5. as well as partnership with private organizations

6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

1. such as Easter and Christmas

2. visiting a local farm

3. local, fresh and organic where possible

4. provide good quality food

5. definitely improve after a good meal

6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

7. when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

1. part in the project

2. taking exercise

3. gave marked health benefits

4. in fitness levels

5. on simply getting people to take exercise

6. not enough to get fit

7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

2. use double-decker buses for public transport

3. double-decker city buses are less common

4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

6. have an open upper deck

7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____. 

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____. 

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____. 

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____. 

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

1. I never quite leave home

2. but human nature does not

3. that we are now harvesting

4. but we as well as our heart did not

5. not worse than those who came before us

6. just as the farmers who came before me did

7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

1. I could be playing down there someday

2. and set real close together

3. which were so old and posh

4. and he had a beard and moustache

5. I wasn’t that good at music

6. getting ready and warming up

7. laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

1. who are more interested in the past

2. and girls in blue uniforms

3. that were generally better

4. was not particularly unusual as

5. went on camping expeditions

6. interact with other people

7. had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

2. have been turning to tanning beds

3. they are actually quite classy accessories

4. better to avoid indoor tanning

5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

6. will eventually turn into a tan

7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

1. who is appointed by the president

2. but of other countries of the world

3. but in every aspect of social sciences

4. who are also appointed by the president

5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

1. differences in traditions

2. children and hope that they

3. the day for fireworks lovers

4. the explosion lights up the sky

5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

6. waits at home though: sparklers

7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

1. are built on the ground

2. are usually very organic

3. is being built facing south

4. being environmentally friendly

5. building materials and lifestyle

6. is that these homes are safe from fire

7. can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

1. Australia is one of the most

2. were born in other countries

3. Australia also defines itself by

4. many animal species that occur here

5. may have travelled from Asia across

6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

1. which is felt all year round

2. which take place in Madeira all year round

3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

1. cause lots of problems

2. in the city and take them back

3. walk in the street and cause traffic

4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

6. have been many reports in newspapers and

7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

1. that is the largest in Venice

2. which was built in the early I century

3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

6. the venue for major international festivals

7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

2. which is a former royal countryside residence

3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

1. and the views that open from it

2. which is built on the top to give visitors

3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

1. that is built on hundreds of islands

2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

1. that they are particularly interested in

2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

55