Изучая иностранный язык читая книгу сдавая экзамены

Ниже
следует обращение (salutation),
которое в английском языке отделяется
за­пятой, а не восклицательным знаком,
как в русском.

Если
вам известна фамилия, то можно использовать
обращение: Dear
Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms
Brown.

Если
вы пишете письмо в учреждение, организацию
или фирму, используются официальные
обращения: Dear
Sir/Dear
Sirs,
Dear
Madam/Dear
Mesdames.

Далее
следует основной текст письма, который
обычно разбивается на абзацы. Это
облегчает процесс чтения и восприятия
информации.

В
деловой
переписке принята определенная форма
завершения письма. Обычно заключительная
формула помещается прямо под основным
текстом письма справа. Наиболее
распространенными являются следующие
формулы вежли­вости: Yours
faithfully,
Yours
truly
(строго официально); Yours
sincerely,
Yours
very
sincerely
(официально).

Затем
следует подпись лица (под заключительной
формулой вежливости) и его должность:

John
Brown Manager

Export
Department

1. Write
   a letter to Peter.

1. ability
   (n)

2. abolition
   (n)

1. choose
   (v)

2. deserve
   (v)

3. die
   (v)

1. encouragement
   (n)

2. every
   (a)

3. excellent
   (a)

4. expect
   (v)

1. about
   (am
   prep)

1. as
   follows

2. avoid
   (v)

3. back
   (adv)

4. believe
   Щ

5. care
   (v)

1. explosive
   (n,
   a)

2. form
   (v)

3. government
   (n)

4. injure
   (у)

5. justify
   gf

6. kill
   (v)

7. make
   (v)

8. master
   (v)

9. meaning
   (n)

10. mine
    (n)

11. nuclear
    (a)

12. occur
    (v)

13. opportunity
    (n)

14. own
    (a)

15. plenty
    of

1. probably
   (adv)

2. really
   (adv)

3. respect
   (v)

4. scientist
   (n)

5. seldom
   (adv)

6. suddenly
   (adv)

7. then
   (adv)

8. threat
   (n)

9. time
   (n)

10. too
    (adv)

11. used
    to

12. useless
    (a)

13. war
    (n)

14. while
    (cj)

15. win
    (v)

UNIT
6

MODERN
CITIES LANGUAGE
MATERIAL

Vocabulary

1.
Прочитайте ноше слова вслух, познакомьтесь
с их русским* эквивалентами.
Опре­делите их значепн в данных
предложениях.

1. ТО
   FOUND Who was Moscow founded by and
   основывать when?

2. SEAT Where
   is the seat of
   the
   Government
   место,
   местоположение of
   the
   USA?

TO
SEAT The new theatre seats 800 people, вмещать

1. PERMANENT John
   could not get permanent work for постоянный
   a long time.

2. NUMBER

1. число,
   количество 1)
   He has a great number of old books.

2. номер 2)
   What is your telephone number?

1. CAREFULLY

1. осторожно 1)
   Hold this glass carefully.

2. тщательно 2)
   They made an analysis of a new

substance
very carefully.

1. CAPITAL Moscow
   is the capital of Russia, столица

2. SCALE This
   map has a scale of one centimetre

.««ли ^{t0
a hun}died
kilometres.

1. CONSTRUCTION The
   construction of a new factory was строительство,
   сооружение
   started last vear

2. TO
   PERFORM The doctor performed a difficult in вН1
   operation.

давний ^At
thc
Terence the scientists

discussed
the most recent devel­opments in psychology.

142

1. TO
   CALCULATE H_0W
   was the distance to Mars вычислять calculated?

2. POPULATION The
   population of this countiy has население grown
   considerably in recent years.

3. INCREASE
   [ i(jkri:s] There was an increase in the number увеличение of
   road accidents in winter.

|
TO INCREASE [in’kriis] The population of Moscow is steadily

увсличивать(ся) increasing.

1. FACILITIES
   (pi) The
   institute has excellent sporting оборудование;
   сооружения facilities.

2. PREVIOUS Great
   attention was given to this предыдущий problem
   in his previous article.

3. TO
   FACILITATE The calculations were facilitated by the облегчать use
   of a computer.

4. RAPID There
   was a rapid increase in traffic in быстрый all
   big cities of the country.

5. CHANNEL

1. канал 1)
   The construction of the channel was

successfully
completed.

1. пролив 2)
   The English Channel is between

France
and Great Britain.

1. MAJOR Do
   you know all major cities in Great

главный,
крупный Britain?

1. FEATURE Her
   eyes are her best feature.

особенность,
характерная
черта

21
ESTABLISHMENT The establishment of the informauon

создание will
help to carry out

important
research.

22.
BRANCH^ j)
jjjg child hid (спрятаться)
among

the
branches of the tree.

H 2)
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine.

They
manufacture goods of first-rate

QUALITY quality.

качество _
. , ; , ,

4V4BVTCT Such
a substance doesn t exist on

1. TO
   EXIST _Earth

— Was
your experiment successful?

1. SUCCESSFUL

удачный This
problem has been solved at last.

1. TO
   SOLVE

^РСШИ‘ 143

1. ALTHOUGH Although
   tney rnea nara, mey I
   _хотя couldn’t
   do it.

2. TO
   EXPAND Metals expand when heated. расширять(ся)

3. CONSIDERABLE We
   have received considerable infor- эначительный mation
   on the properties of this sub- I

stance.

1. DISTRICT He
   lives in a new district of the town, район

2. REASON What
   reasons do you have to think so? причина

3. IMPROVEMENT The
   method still needs improvement, улучшение,
   усовершенствова­ние

4. CONVENIENT The
   bus service is convenient here, удобный

5. MEANS

1. средство 1)
   What means of coqununication

exist
in the modem world?

1. способ 2)
   It is the only means of doing it.

1. LENGTH The
   length of the room is 3.5 metres, длина the
   width, 2 metres.

2. ROUTE The
   length of the bus route has been маршрут increased
   by 3 km.

3. TO
   LINK The first railway in Russia linked соединять Moscow
   and Petersburg.

LINK The
telephone link with the mountain

связь village
was broken.

1. SEVERAL Several
   of us decided to walk home. . несколько

2. INSTEAD
   OF Instead of sending a letter he sent a вместо telegram.

3. TO
   UNITE The two governments have united to объединять combat
   terrorism.

4. TASK He
   quickly performed the tasks he had задача,
   задание been
   given.

5. WITHIN Motor
   cars maintain a speed of 60 в,
   внутри,
   в
   пределах km
   within the city limits.

6. SIGNIFICANCE Mendeleyev’s
   table of elements is of значение;
   значимость great
   significance to science.

144

1. VALUABLE ЩШШШ
   Я

Не
gave
us valuable information on ценный °

1. TO,REMAIN В
   DB

Road
safety remains one of the most оставаться g»
,, я
_ ,

important
problems in the modem

world.

1.
Прочитайте следующие шггер,и_{щиопаль1|ыс}

слова
вслух и, основываясь на значе-
соответствующих русских слов, определите
их значения.

prince
[prins] architecture [‘a:kitektfal architectural [,a:ki’tektjaral]
structure [‘strAktJa] cathedral [ka’Qr.dral] ceramic [si’raemik]
result [n’zAlt] industrial [in’dAStrial] sport [spo:t] stadium
[‘steidjam] migration [mai’greijn] comfortable [‘kAinfatabl]

aspect
[‘aespakt] territory [‘teritan] administrative [sd’ministratrv]
parliament [‘pa:lamant] monument [ ‘monjumsnt] park [park]

infrastructure
[‘infra,strAktja] traditional [tra’dijanl] megapolis [,mega’polis]
restaurant [’restaront] theatre [‘Qiata] artery [‘a:tari]

1. Найдите
   в каждом ряду

1. значение

2. маршрут

3. качество

4. решать

5. соединять

6. средство

7. несколько

8. район

9. расширять(ся)

10.
облегчать

1. Найдите
   в правой колонке английские эквивалент
   русских слов.

ЖШ К!!

облегчать •

оправдывать feature

that
is why

расширять to
facilitate

множество,
изобилие

Шачение previous

позади _usedt0

выиграть

слово,
перевод которого дан в начале ряда.

a)
establishment, b) significance, с)
reason, d) capital

a)
route, b) scale, с)
channel, d) feature a) reason, b) quality, c) member, d) influence
a) to master, b) to turn, c) to solve, d) to obtain a) to link, b)
to clear, c) to care, d) to split a) branch, b) improvement, c)
means, d) length a) permanent, b) each, c) enough, c) several a)
facility, b) district, c) admission, d) discovery a) to exist, b) to
remain, c) to seat, d) to expand a) to unite, b) to go on, c) to
facilitate, d) to wear

145

ценный	to expand
верить	to justify
особенность	significance
по направлению к	to expect
предыдущий	valuable
бывало	behind
успешный	convenient
ожидать	to believe
удобный	to choose
выбирать	towards
кусок	plenty of
5. Образуйте возможные словосочетания из слов колонок А и Б.
A. rapid Б. information ;	A. successful Б. factor
considerable links	major analysis
several quality	previous knowledge
convenient river	careful years
valuable years	great experiment
permanent time	recent attention
б. Подберите пары слов из левой и правой колонок, имеющих сходное значение.
A. many	Б. ground
to think	powerful
total	ordinary
to happen	twice
essential	to keep
usual	main
land	to obtain
to decide	towards
although	to take place
everywhere	to consider
to	throughout
to get	all
to store	though
two times	numerous
strong	to determine
7. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания.
to found a city	to solve the problem
a great number of pictures	although it was late
room number 14	the population has grown
to study the materials carefully	considerably
the capital of a country	important reason
construction work on a large scale	to improve the system of education

146

rcccnl
years

to
cany out necessary work successful research

to
give much attention to educati similar features

major
branches of industry existing states the increase of speed to
facilitate the construction rapid development numerous channels

8.
Решите
кроссворд.

on

a
convenient way

a
safe means of transport

the
length of the river

to
link several countries

to
use electricity instead of steam

to
unite peoples

within
the traffic system

valuable
knowledge

permanent
task

previous
years

several
reasons

I
The
open
house …500 people.

3.
In place of something. щ
An act of building.

9.

Father

Mother

s
Something which has significance:

H
^**^ens
~ Dakar, London — Sydney,

»•
8. How do you call things people can’t $§ without?

1. As
   soon as possible, quickly.

1. Comfortable
   or easy to get.

2. Not
   detailed, describing the main things only.

3. A
   job.

WORD-BUILDING

9.
я) Проанализируйте
модели образования слов, прочтите и
переведите слова, создан ные па их
основе, б) Затем переведите словосочетания
из разделов Б и В.

А.

J
‘ МОДЕЛЬ 15

основа
глагола
+ -mg
—» существительное

to
open — открывать
to break — ломать
to repair — чинить
to measure — измерять
to build — строить

opening
— открытие

breaking-

repairing
—

measuring
—

building
—

МОДЕЛЬ
16

re-
+ основа глагола
—> глагол,
означающий повторное действие

to
read
— читать to
reread
— перечитывать, про­читать заново

to
form — формировать to
reform — Щ

to
cover — покрывать to
recover —

to
do — делать to
redo I

to
elect — избирать to
reelect-

to
establish — устанавливать to
reestablish —

существительное
| -ful

beauty
— красота

care
— забота
doubt — сомнение
fruit — плод
peace — мир
use — польза
hope — надежда
success — успех

МОДЕЛЬ
17 прилагательное,
означающее наличие качества

beautiful
— красивый

careful
|

doubtful
—

fruitful-

peaceful
—

useful
—

hopeful
1

successful
—

МОДЕЛЬ
18

существительное
+ -less
—► прилагательное,
означающее отсутствие качества

aim
—
цель aimless
—
бесцельный fruit
-плод fruitless
-г

148

help
— помощь home
— дом hope
I
надежда shame
— стыд use
— польза

Б.

to
reconstruct the old house — to reconsider the problem to reinstall
the motor to re-use the substance to recalculate the program to
reunite the country

B.

to
design — конструировать
occasion — случай

to
communicate — сообщаться
fertile — плодородный
to corrode — корродировать

pervious
-проницаемый

helpless
— _ homeless — _ hopeless — _ shameless — useless —

homeless
children it is useless peaceful talks careful driving landless
farmers

a
designer of the ship — _

occasional
meetings —

we
meet occasionally — _ modem communications

fertility
of the land —

corrosive
action —

corrosion
of metals —_ impervious to water —

10.
Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий
корень со словами, данными перед
текс­том. Определите, к какой части
речи они относится и каковы их значения.
Затем прочтите и переведите текст.

to
drive
— водить машину certain
— определенный

to
observe
— наблюдать subsequent
— последующий

to
collide
— сталкиваться to
vary
— различаться

to
direct
— направлять to
pave
— мостить (улицу)

to
govern — управлять to
mark — отмечать

Immediate
— немедленный to
question
— подвергать сомнению

determination
— определение

In
1911 in Wayne County (округ),
Michigan, an automobile driver observed a collision on a narrow
bridge between a horse and a buggy (повозка),
and an automobile going into opposite directions. Each of the
drivers was sure that he was on his own side of the road. The
observer was Edward Hines, the governor of the county. Mr. Hines
immediately decided “)at it must be possible for drivers to
determine with certainty where their side of the road was. He
ordered a white line painted (рисовать)
on the centre of every bridge and every curve (поворот)
within his county.

Participle
Participle I	Participle II
Indefinite	Active	Passive	основа стандартного глагола + -ed	asked
asking	being asked
Perfect	having asked	having been asked

People
living in Japan have some customs different from ours. For example,
we wipe our washed faces with dry towels (полотенце),
they wipe their faces with wet towels. Entering houses our men take
off their hats, the Japanese take off their shoes. We give presents
when arriving, they leave them when departing. When in mourning
(траур)
we wear black, they wear white. We frown (хмуриться)
when being scolded (бра­нить),
they smile.

When
we say that Japanese are strange people, they could reply, “The
same to you.”

1. Прочитайте
   и переведите на русский внимание на
   причастия.

1. the
   student attending all the lectures the plan containing many details
   the workers building a new house the engineer using a new method
   the car developing the speed of 80 km the plant producing machinery
   the growing population of the country the student studying foreign
   languages the young man entering the Institute the engineer
   carrying out the research

язык
следующие словосочетания, обращая

1. using
   new methods

constructing
new machines achieving good results dividing the apple into three
parts discovering new lands using new equipment refusing to give an
explanation receiving important information constructing new roads
moving at high speed

• leaving
  the town

graduating
from the Institute

150

с) having
entered the Institute having calculated the distance having
developed the speed of 120
km having introduced new methods of work having decided to leave the
city having divided the apple into three parts

having
installed a new equipment having obtained the necessary information

having
found the new way having changed his behaviour having offered her
his help • J

having
passed all examinations having returned home

1. the
   achieved results all developed countries the apple divided into
   three parts the information obtained recently the railway built
   between the two towns the boy saved by his dog help offered by the
   teacher the lecture read by a well-known professor

the
research made in the laboratory the film shown to the students the
letter sent to his parents the book left on the table the news
brought by him the land discovered by Columbus

1. а)
   Образуйте Participle
   I
   (Indefinite,
   Active)
   от следующих глаголов и переведите их
   на русский язык.

to
build, to grow, to think, to bring, to determine, to follow, to
move, to refuse, to obtain, to contain, to produce, to use, to
include, to offer,4o enter, to get, to happen, to carry, to teach,
to tell, to make, to begin, to keep, to divide, to return, to
develop, to save

б) Образуйте
Participle
II
от следующих глаголов и переведите их
на русский язык.

to
find, to send, to throw, to add, to change, to keep, to take, to
save, to maintain, to install, to consider, to bum, to achieve, to
show, to develop, to decide, to receive, to leave, to equip, to
divide, to return, to write, to read, to make, to do, to give, to
see, to say, to speak

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания на английский
   язык.

а) профессор,
читающий лекцию студент, изучающий
английский язык

методы,
улучшающие исследователь­скую работу
;

девочка,
спрашивающая дорогу инженер, знающий
иностранный язык

человек,
предлагающий свою по­мощь

б) студент,
спрошенный преподава­телем

книга,
оставленная дома книга, взятая в
библиотеке университет, основанный
Ломоно­совым

письмо,
найденное в столе телеграмма, посланная
матери машина, сконструированная
моло­дым инженером

151

мальчики,
играющие на улице студент, сдающий
экзамен народ, строящий новую жизнь
развивающиеся страны инженер, использующий
новые дос­тижения науки расширяющиеся
газы

в) изучая
иностранный язык читая книгу сдавая
экзамены

строя
дороги *’

увеличивая
скорость

объединяя
народы

отказываясь
помогать

устанавливая
новое оборудование

производя
новые автомобили

покидая
город

улучшая
уличное движение

оставаясь
дома

играя
в теннис

применяя
новые методы

работая
на заводе

переводя
текст на русский язык

железная
дорога, построенная моло­дыми рабочими

оборудование,
установленное в лабо- I ратории

экзамен,
сданный успешно проблема, решенная
успешно завод, увеличивающий производст­во
продукции

г) изучив
один иностранный язык прочитав интересную
книгу оставив дочь дома окончив институт
закончив работу получив новую информацию
построив дорогу открыв новый элемент
решив важную проблему получив письмо
оставшись дома один закрыв дверь

соединив
две части города встретив друга, с
которым не видел­ся много лет

закончив
делать упражнение сдав все экзамены

1. Переведете
   следующие предложения на русский язык,
   обращая внимание на при­частия.

1. Не
   heard the voices coming through the open window.

2. Waiting
   for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table.

3. They
   remained at home refusing to go anywhere that day.

4. The
   channel linking the two seas is being built now.

5. The
   explanation given was not complete.

6. The
   new materials recommended for bridge construction wer described in
   the article written by our professor.

7. The
   results received were of great importance for further work.

8. A
   balsa tree found in South America is lighter than any other.

9. Having
   passed all the examinations he left for his native town.

10. Having
    been shown the way I could find his house easily.

11. Having
    waited for him for half an hour they went home.

52

1. Having
   obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental
   work.

2. When
   studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided

into
nine
groups .

1. When
   writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible.

2. When
   burnt, coal produces heat.

3. When
   reconstructed, the theatre looked more beautiful than before.

4. Being
   built in a new way modem houses have better facilities.

16
(обзорное). Переведите следующие
предложения hiрусский язык.

1. shall
   still be translating this long article when you come. You will have
   to wait until I finish. ;

1. He
   said he had already translated the article that the teacher had
   given him.

2. You
   may ask Pestov to help you with the translation. He usually
   translates articles from English into Russian.

3. You
   have come early. Your article is still being translated because it
   is long and difficult.

4. When
   translated, his article on chemistry was sent to the International
   Chemical Congress. ‘

5. Being
   translated into many foreign languages, Gorky’s works were read
   with great interest all over the world.

6. Translating
   the English article into Russian he looked up the unknown words in
   the dictionary.

7. Having
   translated the article from the newspaper he showed it to the
   teacher.

8. What
   is he doing? — He is translating some article from a foreign
   journal.

9. The
   article was difficult. He was translating it all day yesterday.

1. have
   just translated an interesting article from the newspaper. You may
   have a look at it.

1. The
   article having been translated, he could read some book for
   pleasure.

LISTENING
PRACTICE

*)
Usually around houses which are being built there are high fences.
Have you ever seen fences with holes in them? Listen to the story

153

City	Co*	Due of opening	Function *

1. Sum
   up the information about the Barbican Centre.

2. Read
   the transcript on p. 429. Look up the unknown words m your
   dictionary.

3. What
   other buildings in Great Britain or in other countries should be
   mentioned by the specialist in your opinion?

ORAL
PRACTICE

1. a)
   Topic. Choosing
   a tour route

Students
of your group are the winners of the institute competition for the
best group. You are awarded a 10-day tour of Russia. You can choose
any
five cities to visit. Each of you should propose one city. Give your
reasons, present information on:

1. where
   the cityAown is situated,

2. what
   important histonc events took place in *;

154

1. when
   it was founded;

2. places
   of interest in it;

3. cultural
   centres;

4. sport
   facilities;

5. what
   places you are going to visit;

6. what
   means of transport you are going to take to get there.

An
atlas or slides would be helpful to work at the problem.

b)
All members of the group are supposed to vote for five cities only.
The results of voting will help you to make the route of your tour.

2.
■) Pairwork. Julia meets a girl she studied with at school. Listen
to their conversation.

JULIA:
Oh,
Alice! Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?

ALICE:
No
wonder. My parents have got a new flat and I live in another
district now.

JULIA:
Is it far from the centre?

ALICE:
Rather far, I’m afraid. I hope in a year or so there will be a new
underground line there.

JULIA7
Does it take you long to get to the institute?

ALICE:
About an hour. I go by bus and then change for the underground.
JULIA:
Do you like your new flat?

ALICE:
Oh, it is very modem and comfortable. We’ve got four rooms now: a
sitting-room, two bedrooms and a study for my father. And we have a
very large cosy kitchen and a bathroom.

JULIA:
I’m very glad for you.

ALICE:
I hope you will come to see us.

JULIA:
Thank you for your kind invitation.

1. Complete
   the dialogues.

1.
A.:
How many rooms are there in 2. A.:

your
flat? B-•
Usually by bus and by

B.:
… trolley-bus.

1. : A.:
   …?

2. : Not
   so for. • About an hour, I think.

I • 3.
A.:………

B.:
No wonder.

1. ::- , …

2. : It
   is very comfortable. …

1. Think
   of some good questions for the following answers. The answers
   needn’t be true.

It is better to live in a big city	It is better to live la the country
For	For
Numerous cultural centres. Various sport faciliUes. Many professions to take.	Fresh air and beautiful nature. One can have a lot of physical activity, working in the garden, etc. Actors, even theatres sometimes give their performances in the very place you live.
Against	Against
You suffer from noise and air pollu­tion. You have to cover too long distances every day. You are always in a hurry.	It takes a lot of tune to gel to town. You have to gel up very early in the morning. In summer you are verv busy working in the fields and in the gardenj

156

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
it is better to live in a big city.
It is better to live in the country.

READING
PRACTICE

1.
Cities have always been centres of industry, commerce, culture and
education. Being the capital of a great country, Moscow is playing a
very Important role In our civilization.

i)
Read the text «Moscow, the capital of Russia** and its summary
in Russian to find out if the summary corresponds to the contents of
the text If not, make the accessary changes. _ . >
‘■ r—.

Москва

1. В
   соответствии с письменными источниками
   Москва была основана в 1147 году князем
   Юрием Долгоруким и вскоре стала столицей
   России. Крепости, мосты, церкви и соборы
   были пер­выми памятниками русской
   архитектуры, на которую оказала влияние
   западная архитектура в период правления
   Екатерины Великой.

Масштабное
строительство развернулось после
пожара Моск­вы в эпоху нашествия
Наполеона.

В
настоящее время развитие промышленности
и рост населе­ния определяют дальнейшее
развитие города.;

Несмотря
на развитие полицентричной системы
города, исто­рический центр сохраняет
свое значение как политический и
культурный центр.

ТЕХТбА

MOSCOW,
THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA

1. In
   the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian Nikolay
   Karamzin said: “If you want to know Russia go to Moscow.” By
   the end of 20th
   century we have every reason to repeat these words.

157

It
is the city where every stone breathes history.

Moscow
was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury Dolgoruky Although
there were settlements on the site of modem city long before 1147
this
was the year when Moscow was first mentioned in the written records.
Moscow has the priority right to be the capital of the Russian
State. Its wise founder built it in the middle of a densely
populated country. It is protected by rivers and a fortress. In the
opinion of many scientists the city will never lose its significance
and the leading role in the development of the country.

Moscow,
like ancient Rome, stands on seven hills. The principle is the
Borovitsky, the hill on which the Kremlin stands.

1. Moscow’s
   early architecture was simple but expressive. The larger part of
   the city was occupied by private houses made of wood. But such
   city’s structures as fortress walls, bridges, churches and
   cathedrals were made of brick and white stone decorated with
   ceramic. Eventually these buildings created Moscow’s architectural
   image of a city of white stone.

Large-scale
stone construction was performed during the reign of Catherine the
Great. Several first-class foreign architects were invited to build
a number of architectural monuments in Western style. Some of them
have survived to our days and are carefully preserved by the city
authorities.

1. In
   1812 during Napoleon’s invasion a terrible fire raged in the city
   for several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000 buildings
   were destroyed and the city’s central area was completely gone.
   This disaster, however, prompted a real housing boom. Standard
   projects had to be used to facilitate rapid restoration of the city
   and preserve the city’s architectural uniformity. This task was
   successfully carried out. As a result a great number of stone
   houses with much better facilities appeared in the city. They were
   completely different from those of the previous years.

As
the time passed, the city’s boundaries expanded considerably. New
dwelling districts and industrial enterprises were built on the
outskirts of the city.

1. A
   major feature of Moscow’s present development is the
   establishment of the industries requiring highly-skilled labour,
   and the branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the
   development of new technologies and know-how.

Alongside
industrial development much attention is paid by the city
administration to the construction of cultural, educational
institutions and sports facilities.

1. In
   recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million and it
   is still
   growing. This resulted m large-scale migration of people.
   Muscovites
   move
   from one district to another, when they get new flats and for othei

15Я

reasons.
All that calls for further development and improvement of the city’s
transport services. Transport is a serious problem for all large
cities of the world. The capitals of major states are often unable
to solve it. Moscow also has a transport problem. The most
convenient means of transport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro.
Besides it there are buses, trolley-buses and trams. The total
length of their routes is constantly increasing. But nevertheless
there is permanent need for new and more comfortable means of
transport.

1. Roads
   constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Having
   reconstructed many of the existing streets and roads the city
   authorities started to build new roads which are to link several
   city districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye
   Ring Road.

So
instead of the traditional monocentric system the city gets
polycentric planning according to which Moscow complex zones are
united by a system of general city centre.

1. The
   territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its significance as
   a historical, cultural, educational and administrative public
   centre, the seat of the Government and the Parliament. All the
   valuable architectural monuments as well as parks and old streets
   with their unique buildings will

remain
untouched.

Moscow
today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is traditional for
every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants, theatres,
exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But in
spirit Moscow remains its old self, орет,
hospitable and festive, and, consequently, has the right, as ever,
to be called the heart of Russia.

1. Find
   in the text a passage describing Moscow’s present development and
   translate it into Russian.

2. Read
   aloud the passage you’ve translated. (The approximate time of
   reading is 45 seconds.)

3. Find
   some key words to speak about Moscow nowadays.

1. a)
   Skim the text to understand what it is about Time your reading. It
   is good if you can read it for S minutes (80 words per minute).

ТЕХГ6В
NEW
YORK

New
York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and
where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in
the sky.

New
York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many
high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful
bridges, and rts expensive shops with their fabulous (баснословный)
prices.

159

скачать
PARTICIPLE)

Причастие является неличной формой глагола, в которой со­четаются признаки прилагательного или наречия с признаками глагола.

В английском языке существуют два вида причастий: Participle I и Participle II.

Participle I может иметь простую (coming) и сложные (аналити­ческие) формы (having come, being read). Participle II имеет только простую форму (written).

Participle I выполняет в предложении самостоятельные функ­ции определения и обстоятельства.

Participle I в функции определения может находиться:

а) перед определяемым словом:

a shining star – сияющая звезда

б) после определяемого слова:

The stars shining in the dark sky seem blue.	1. Звезды, сияющие в темном небе, кажутся голубыми.
2. The stars shining in the dark sky seemed blue.	Звезды, сиявшие в темном небе, казались голубыми.

На русский язык Participle I в функции определения перево­дится причастием действительного залога с суффиксами-окон­чаниями

-щий (-щийся), -щая, -щее, -щие, иногда -вший, -вшие.

Participle I в функции обстоятельства стоит чаще всего в начале предложения и отвечает на вопросы: как ? когда ? Переводится на русский язык деепричастием несовершенного вида, оканчиваю­щимся на -ая, -я, например, читая, сидя и т.п.

Translating the article he consulted the dictionary

Переводя статью, он пользовался словарем.

Перед Participle I в функции обстоятельства часто стоят союзы when или while. Такие словосочетания переводятся на русский язык либо деепричастным оборотом с опущением союза, либо придаточным предложением, которое начинается с союзов когда, в то время как. В качестве подлежащего этого предложения употребляется существительное, стоящее за этим оборотом, или заменяющее его личное местоимение.

^ the article the student consulted the dictionary.

Переводя статью, студент пользовался словарем. Когда студент переводил статью, он пользовался словарем. ^ студент пользовался словарем.

Participle II выполняет в предложении функции определения и обстоятельства.

Participle II в функции определения отвечает на вопрос какой?, какая?, какое? и может стоять:

а) перед определяемым словом:

The injured man was taken to hospital.

Потерпевшего (человека) отвезли в больницу.

б) после определяемого слова:

The theatre built in the last century needed reconstruction.

Театр, построенный в прошлом веке, нуждался в реконструк­ции.

На русский язык Participle II в функции определения перево­дится причастиями страдательного залога совершенного и несо­вершенного вида с суффиксами-окончаниями -нный, -емый, -имый, -тый.

Перед Participle II в функции обстоятельства иногда могут сто­ять союзы if, unless, when. В таком случае конструкция переводит­ся на русский язык чаще всего безличным обстоятельственным придаточным предложением, в котором подлежащее то же, что и в главном предложении:

^ this question, the student could not answer it at once.

Когда студенту задали этот вопрос, он не смог ответить на него сразу.

Сложные формы причастий

Participle I Indefinite Passive выполняет функции:

1) определения; переводится на русский язык причастием на­стоящего времени действительного или страдательного залога или определительным придаточным предложением:

The bridge being built across the river is going to be beautiful.

Мост, строящийся (который строится) через реку, будет очень красивым.

2) обстоятельства (времени, причины); переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением:

^ of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads.

Так как мост был построен (будучи построенным) из дерева, он не мог выдержать тяжелых нагрузок.

Perfect Participle Active выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию, выраженному сказуемым, и переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида:

^ the experiment the students left the laboratory.	Закончив эксперимент, студенты ушли из лаборатории.

	Participle I	Participle II
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	changing определение: изменяющий(ся) (вший) (ся) обстоятельство: изменяя(сь)	being changed определение: изменяю —щийся, изменяемый, кото­рый изменяется обстоятельство: будучи измененным	changed определе­ние: изме­няе— мый, измененный обстоя­тельство: когда (его) изменшги, так как (его) изме­нили
Perfect	having changed обстоятельство: изменив(шись)	having been changed обстоятельство: когда (его) измени­ли, после того как (его) изменили

^

Perfect Participle Passive, выполняя функцию обстоятельства (времени, причины), выражает действие, предшествовавшее дей­ствию сказуемого, и переводится на русский язык обстоятель­ственным придаточным предложением. При этом в качестве подлежащего русского придаточного предложения употребляется подлежащее английского предложения.

^ translated into many languages Pushkin’s books became known all over the world.

После того как книги Пушкина были переведены на многие языки, они стали известны во всем мире.

независимый причастный оборот

(the absolute participle construction)

В роли обстоятельства времени, причины, условия или сопутствующих условий может выступать причастная конструкция, в которой причастию или причастной группе предшествует существительное (в общем падеже) или местоимение (в именительном падеже), выполняющее роль подлежащего по отношению к причастию и не являющееся подлежащим всего предложения. В состав независимого причастного оборота может входить причастие в любой форме, и вся конструкция всегда отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.

На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным обстоя-тельственным предложением, начинающимся союзами если, так как, когда, после того как и др., если оборот предшествует подлежащему со сказуемым, выражен­ным личной формой глагола:

^ he had to send for the doctor. Her aunt having left the room, I declared my love for Judy.

Так как его отец был очень болен,он должен был послать за доктором. Когда ее тетя вышла из комнаты, я объяснился в любви Джуди.

Употребление формы Perfect Participle обозначает, что выра­женное ею действие предшествует действию глагола-сказуемого.

Предложение с «независимым причастным оборотом», стоя­щим в конце предложения, чаще всего переводится на русский язык сложносочиненным предложением с союзами причем, а, и, но:

The average height of the Ural Mountains is 800 metres, the highest point being 1,500 metres above sea level.

Средняя высота Уральских гор 800 метров, а самая высокая точка находится на высоте 1500 метров над уровнем моря.

Grammar Exercises

1. a) Analyse the participle forms of the verb to ask given in the table,

b) Read and translate the text and say what participle forms are used in it.

Participle
Participle I	Participle II
Indefinite	Active	Passive	основа стандартного глагола + -ed	asked
asking	being asked
Perfect	having asked	having been asked

People living in Japan have some customs different from ours. For example, we wipe our washed faces with dry towels (полотенце), they wipe their faces with wet towels. Entering houses our men take off their hats, the Japanese take off their shoes. We give presents when arriving, they leave them when departing. When in mourning (траур) we wear black, they wear white. We frown (хмуриться) when being scolded (бра­нить), they smile.

When we say that Japanese are strange people, they could reply, «The same to you.»

2. Read and translate into Russian phrases given below paying attention to the participles

a) the student attending all the lectures the plan containing many details the workers building a new house the engineer using a new method the car developing the speed of 80 km	b) using new methods constructing new machines achieving good results dividing the apple into three parts discovering new lands
c) having entered the Institute having calculated the distance having developed the speed of 120 km having introduced new methods of work having decided to leave the city	d) the achieved results all developed countries the apple divided into three parts the information obtained recently the research made in the laboratory

3. a) Form Participle I (Indefinite, Active) of the following verbs them into Russian.

to build, to grow, to think, to bring, to determine, to follow, to move, to refuse, to obtain, to contain, to produce, to use, to include, to offer, to enter, to get

b) Form Participle II of the following verbs and translate them into Russian.

to find, to send, to throw, to add, to change, to keep, to take, to save, to maintain, to install, to consider, to burn, to achieve, to show, to develop, to decide

4. Translate the phrases below from Russian into English.

а) профессор, читающий лекцию студент, изучающий английский язык методы, улучшающие исследователь­скую работу девочка, спрашивающая дорогу инженер, знающий иностранный язык человек, предлагающий свою по­мощь мальчики, играющие на улице	b) студент, спрошенный преподавателем книга, оставленная дома книга, взятая в библиотеке университет, основанный Ломоносовым письмо, найденное в столе телеграмма, посланная матери
в) изучая иностранный язык читая книгу сдавая экзамены строя дороги увеличивая скорость	г) изучив один иностранный язык прочитав интересную книгу оставив дочь дома окончив институт закончив работу

5. Open the brackets using Participle I or Participle II.

1. (Walk) along the street I saw several (destroy) houses.
2. It was an (excite) incident. No wonder she spoke about it in an (excite) voice.
3. (Sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.
4. (Find) a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
5. The (frighten) child could not sleep all night – so (frighten) was the tale.
6. (Be) unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.
7. I don’t know what was in the (burn) letter. I didn’t read it.
8. (Look) out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers.
9. The house (surround) by tall trees was very beautiful.
10. The wall (surround) the house was very high.
11. (Sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hoping to see his friends.
12. (Sell) all the fruit, he went to see his friends.
13. (Enter) the room, she turned on the light.
14. Jim hurt his arm while (play) tennis.
15. The (lose) book was found at last.
16. (Not wish) to discuss that problem, he changed the con­versation.
17. A word (speak) in time may have very important results.
18. The students (speak) good English should help their class­ mates.

6. Write down the sentences choosing the suitable participle form.

1. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.

b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (sing­ing, sung) by the girls.

1. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.

b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.

1. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?

b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.

1. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.

b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the ho­use was very high.

1. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.

b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.

1. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.
2. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.
3. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.
4. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
5. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.

6. Translate the sentences below into Russian paying attention to the participles.

1. Не heard the voices coming through the open window.
2. Waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table.
3. They remained at home refusing to go anywhere that day.
4. The channel linking the two seas is being built now.
5. The explanation given was not complete.
6. The results received were of great importance for further work.
7. Having passed all the examinations he left for his native town.
8. Having been shown the way I could find his house easily.
9. Having waited for him for half an hour they went home.
10. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental work.
11. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided
    into nine groups.
12. When reconstructed, the theatre looked more beautiful than before.

7. Translate into Russian the sentences given below paying attention to the absolute participle constructions.

1. The article having been translated, he could read some book for pleasure.
2. all the documents and letters received that day having been looked through, he called his secretary.
3. The ice having squeezed her, the steamer could not continue the way.
4. She showed us a list of the newly published books.
5. Lake Baikal is known to be the deepest lake in the world, 336 rivers flowing into it.
6. The sun having risen, they continued their way.
7. The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the
   closed doors, measures having been taken that no reporter should
   receive any information.
8. The goods having been loaded, the workers left the port.
9. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat.
10. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
11. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material.
12. The tourists were walking along the streets, the guide explaining the history of the town.

Participle I or Gerund?
^

герундий или причастие I?

Причастие – неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между глаголом и прилагательным: The man smoking a pipe is my brother. ‘Человек, курящий трубку, — мой брат’.	^ Герундий – неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между существительным и глаголом: Smoking is forbidden. ‘Курение запрещено’.
Причастие — в большей степени прилагательное по своим функциям	герундий — существительное
Причастие употребляется	Герундий употребляется
	1)в качестве подлежащего: Swimming is pleasant. ‘Купание приятно’.
	2) как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др.:He finished reading the newspaper. ‘Он закончил чтение газеты’.
	3) как предложное дополнение:I am fond of reading. ‘Я обожаю чтение’.
‘	^ 4) как прямое дополнение: Do you mind my smoking here? ‘Ты не возражаешь против моего курения?’
1) в качестве определения(обычно без предлога): Let sleeping dogs lie. ‘Не будите спящую собаку‘. ^ In the corridor he saw some people waiting for him. ‘В коридоре он увидел несколько человек, ожидающих его‘	5) как определение (обычно после предлога): There are different methods of teaching English to foreigners. ‘Существуют различные методы преподавания английского языка для иностранцев’.
^ 2) в качестве обстоятельства (обычно без предлога): Seeing her, he stopped. ‘ Увидев её, он остановился’. He came in carrying a big parcel. ‘Он вошел, неся большой свёрток‘.	^ 6) как обстоятельство (обычно после предлога): On coming home I took a bath. ‘По возвращении домой я принял ванну’

1. Choose and write down first the sentences where ing-forms are participles then the sentences with the ing-forms used as gerunds.

1. We all listened with great interest to the speaker criticizing the new book. 2. Criticizing the work of our sports club, he said that it was not satisfactory. 3. We were criticizing the work of our sanitary committee at that moment. 4. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 5. When we entered the classroom, we saw ma­ny students writing at the desks. 6. Do you mind my writing with your pen? 7. He was writing a letter when I entered the room. 8. Lydia could retell the English story she had read without looking into the book. 9. Everybody ran to meet the people returning from the city. 10. They went home quickly, protecting themselves from the rain by walking under the trees. 11. In this factory much attention is paid to protecting the health of the workers. 12. He stopped writing and looked around. 13. In this picture you can see a young man giving flowers to a girl. 14. Playing volleyball is a good amusement for young people. 15. She left the room without saying a word.

2. Choose the correct form of the verbal.

1. Ann was made _______ her suitcase.

a) to open b) opening c) open

2. Do you know how _______ to his house?

a) getting b) get c) to get
3. I remember _______ door.

a) locking b) to lock c) to be locked

4. The coat is dirty. It needs

a) to clean b) clean c) cleaning

5. I bought a new car instead of _______ to America.

a) to fly b) fly c) flying

6. He is looking forward to _______ them again.

a) see b) have seen c) seeing

7. She was busy _______ in the garden.

a) working b) to work c) to be working

8. I don’t enjoy _______ very much.

a) driving b) drive c) drove

9. I can’t afford _______ tonight. I’m too tired.

a) to be going out b) to go out c) go out

10. His mother made him _______ the room.

a) to clean b) cleaning c) clean

11. Has it stopped _______ yet?

a) rain b) to be rain c) raining

12. Can you remind me _______ some coffee?

a) to buy b) buy c) having bought

13. Why do you keep me questions?

a) being asked b) asked c) asking

14. I refuse his questions

a) to answer b) answer c) having answered
15. I’ve enjoyed _______ them.

a) meet b) meeting c) being met
16. The girl began _______ at night.

a) cry b) to cry c) having cried

17. He is against _______ the discussion of this issue.

a) postpone b) having postpone c) postponing

18. I can’t stand _______ here any longer.

a) work b) being work c) working
19. They translated the story into English without _______ a dictionary.

a) to use b) use c) using

20. _______ in that country all his life, he knew it very well.

a) Having lived b) Being lived c) Live

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the V-ing form or the infinitive with or without to.

When David decided (1) (give up) his job and (2) (sell) all his possessions, everyone thought he was mad. But, as it turned out, he was just the first of many friends (3) (do) this. In fact, es­caping the pressures of everyday working life has become a pri­ority for many people these days. They can’t stand the idea of (4) (work) until they are 65, only (5) (retire) to some boring country village and (6) (waste) their time (7) (dig) the garden or (8) (gossip) with the neighbours. They would rather (9) (live) life to the full now, before they are too old (10) (enjoy) it. (11) (buy) a motorcycle and (12) (tour) the world is a popular option. Oth­er, less adventurous types might prefer (13) (buy) a small farm­house and live off the land. Personally, one fancies (14) (sail) around the world in a yacht. As for David, he bought a house in a little country village and spends his time (15) (walk) around the village and talking with the neighbours.

Unit 16.^

Наклонение – это грамматическая категория глагола, показываю­щая, как то или иное высказывание соотносится с действительностью. Действие, рассматриваемое как реальный факт, выражается глаголом в изъявительном наклонении; действие, осуществляемое на основе со­вета, просьбы или приказания, выражается глаголом в повелитель­ном наклонении; действие, рассматриваемое лишь как желаемое и воз­можное при определенных условиях, а потому маловероятное и про­сто нереальное, выражается глаголом в сослагательном наклонении.

Глагол в сослагательном наклонении употребляется: в условных предложениях II и III типов, дополнительных придаточных (после определенных глаголов), придаточных подлежащных (после предваряющего it и определенных прилагательных), а также в обстоятельст­венных придаточных сравнения и цели. Условное предложение первого типа выражает реальное условие и со­держит глагол-сказуемое в изъявительном наклонении; условное предложе­ние второго типа выражает маловероятное действие, относящееся к настоя­щему или будущему времени; условное предложение третьего типа обознача­ет нереальное, невозможное действие, относящееся к прошлому.

По форме различают сослага­тельное I (вспомогательный глагол should/would + простой или пер­фектный инфинитив смыслового глагола) и сослагательное II (смы­словой глагол в форме, омонимичной Past Indefinite или Past Perfect). В условных предложениях II типа в придаточной части употребляется форма глагола, омонимичная Past Indefinite, причем от глагола to be употребляется форма were для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа; в главном пред­ложении употребляется would + Indefinite Infinitive смыслового глаго­ла для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа.

^ If she had some spare time, she would (could, might) take up French. If it were winter now, I would (could, might) go skiing.

Если бы я знал французский, я бы помог (смог помочь) вам сделать этот перевод. ^ Если бы сейчас была зима, я бы покатался (смог покататься) на лыжах.

В условных предложениях III типа в придаточной части употреб­ляется форма, омонимичная Past Perfect, а в главном предложении —would + Perfect Infinitive для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа.

^ If he had had enough money then, he would have bought that car.

Если бы в то время я знал фран­цузский язык, я бы работал (смог бы работать) на Россий­ской выставке в Париже. Если бы у него тогда было доста­точно денег, он бы купил ту ма­шину.

Примечания 1.

1. Встречается также смешанный тип условного предложения, в котором условие и следствие относятся к разному времени:

^	Если бы тогда вы посоветовались с врачом и приняли необходимые меры, вы бы не были больны сейчас.

2. В условных предложениях II типа, относящихся к будущему, встреча­ется глагол should, употребляемый со всеми лицами ед. и мн. числа

^	Если вам попадется такая книга, пожалуйста, купите одну для меня

3. В условных предложениях II и III типов при наличии глаголов have, should, be союз if может быть опущен, но при этом имеет место инвер­сия: сказуемое предшествует подлежащему:

^ Were he here, he would help me. Should you come across such а book, please, buy one for me. Had I obtained a ticket, I would have gone to the stadium.

^ Если бы он был здесь, он бы помог мне. Если вы встретите такую книгу, пожалуйста, купите ее для меня. Если бы я достал билет, я бы пошел на стадион.

4. В условных предложениях III типа встречается оборот but for (if it were not for ..) если бы не + существительное или личное местоимение в объ­ектном падеже:

^	Если бы не шторм, я поехал бы туда на лодке.

В дополнительных придаточных предложениях сослагательное I встречается после глаголов: suggest (предлагать), propose (предлагать), demand (требовать), insist (настаивать), order (приказывать, распоря­жаться) и др.; при этом в придаточной части со всеми лицами упот­ребляется should + инфинитив смыслового глагола:

^	Я предлагаю, чтобы вы это cделали сейчас.

Примечание.

В книжно-официальном стиле глагол should может быть опущен:

^	Я настаиваю на том, чтобы немедленно были приняты необходимые меры.

В дополнительных придаточных после wish употребляется сосла­гательное II:

^ I wish she had taken part in the concert. I wish it were summer now.

Мне хотелось бы жить где-нибудь на юге. (Жаль, что я не живу где-нибудь на юге.) ^ Мне хотелось бы, чтобы сейчас было лето. (Жаль, что сейчас не лето.)

А также could/would + инфинитив при выражении действия в бу­дущем:

^ I wish he would pass his examination.

Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они смогли присоединиться к нам. (Жаль, что они не смогут при­соединиться к нам.) Мне хотелось бы, чтобы он сдал экзамен.

В придаточной части предложения с вводным it (it is necessary, important, desirable) употребляется сослагательное II:

^	Необходимо, чтобы вы пошли туда.

В обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях сравнения, вводимых союзами as if (though) (как будто), а также в придаточных предложениях цели, вводимых союзом lest (чтобы не), следует упот­реблять сослагательное II:

^ She treats him as though he were а child.

Она говорит по-французски так, как будто многие годы прожи­ла в Париже. Она обращается с ним как с ребенком (так, как будто он ребенок).

Условные придаточные

	I wish/If only + S +	Past Simple	сожаление о ситуации в настоящем времени, которую хотелось бы изменить
	could + V	сожаление об отсутствии возможности сделать что-либо
	^	сожаление о ситуации в прошлом
	would + V	пожелание перемены в будущем часто маловероятной часто в виде критики или жалобы
Тип	значение	Придаточное после If	Главное
S – подлежащее
условные придаточные нулевого типа	Общеизвестные истины	^	S + Present Simple
условные придаточные первого типа	реальные или возможные ситуации в настоящем или будущем.	^	S + will/can/may + V
условные придаточные второго типа	маловероятные или воображаемые ситуации в настоящем или будущем	^	S + would/could/ might + V
условные придаточные третьего типа	воображаемые ситуации, относящиеся к прошлому	^	S + would/could/ might + have + V3

Grammar exercises

1. Make a zero conditional sentence using the words and translate them into

Russian.

Model: water / boil / heat / to 100 degrees – Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.

1. you / not / eat / you / die
2. if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow
3. my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
4. iron / rust / it / get / wet
5. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water

2. Define whether it is the First or Second Conditional? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If he (run), he’ll get there in time.
2. They would be rather offended if I (not go) to see them.
3. If you took more exercise, you (feel) better.
4. If it (stop) snowing, we can go skiing.
5. If I was offered a job, 1 think I (take) it.
6. I’m sure Ann will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she (refuse).
7. If you (not go) away, I’ll send for the police.
8. If I sold my car, I (not get) much money for it.
9. The police (arrest) him if they catch him.
10. We (not have) any money if we didn’t work.
11. Tell Mary to ring me up if you (see) her.
12. What would happen if I (not come)?
13. И. If he (like) the house, will he buy it?
14. Carol gave me this ring. She (be) very upset if I lost it.
15. Our friends are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we (not come).

3. Define whether it is the Second or Third Conditional? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If you (not be) busy, we could go for a walk.
2. If I (have) enough money, I would have taken a taxi.
3. If I were you, I (buy) a new suit.
4. If I (be) interested in the film, I would have gone to the cin­ema.
5. If we (not take) the wrong turning, we wouldn’t have ar­rived late.
6. If he had more time, he (take) up tennis.
7. You could have come first if you (run) faster.
8. If she (not have) a car, we would have to go by bus.
9. What (do) if you lost your job?
10. If I (not feel) tired, I would have gone to bed later.
11. If Bruce had asked me, I (say) ‘yes’.
12. If I (not take) an umbrella, I would have got wet.
13. If he knew that it was dangerous, he (not come).
14. If someone (give) you a helicopter, what would you do with it?
15. They (not miss) the plane if they hadn’t woken up late

4. Translate the following into Russian, paying attention to the mood:

1. If you had worked hard enough during the academic year, you would have never failed at the examination.
2. If it were winter now, I would go skating or skiing. – As for me, I wish it were summer. I would go boating.
3. If their team had had enough training, it would have won the match.
4. If it stopped raining, we could go to the country.
5. If Margaret were not so busy, she might come and see us.
6. If I had been angry with Bob, I wouldn’t have invited him to ray birthday party.
7. To everybody’s regret (ко всеобщему сожалению) the Browns didn’t take part in the picnic. All the guests would have been happy to be in their company.
8. Why don’t you ever apply to your brother for help? He is quite knowledgeable in the field of history and might help you.
9. If anybody should give me a call (позвонить по телефону), say I am not in.
10. Should you hear from Mike, please let me know immediately.
11. Were she well, she would certainly join us in travelling.
12. Had I spare time, I would go to the cinema or to the theatre tonight.
13. Were I in your place, I would act in the same manner (точно так же).
14. Had you warned (предупреждать) me beforehand, nothing would have happened.
15. But for the weather, all of us would go on the excursion.
16. Everybody insisted that the discussion of the report should be postponed (отложить).
17. The speaker suggested that questions, if any, be put in written form.
18. Nobody demands that you should do this job immediately.
19. I propose that a special meeting be called to discuss the matter.
20. I wish I knew Spanish.
21. I wish she could come around.
22. I wish he would be given this post.
23. It’s necessary that you should pay more attention to your grammar.
24. It’s important that the article should be published in the April issue of the journal.
25. It’s impossible that the plan should have been changed.
26. Lucy speaks Italian as if she had lived in Italy for a long time.
27. Grandma looks as though she were very sick. It’s strange that she should look so. She says she feels quite well.
28. I’ll put down your address lest I should forget it.

2. Complete the sentences using the words given below:

(to help him; to work in a hospital; to take all the necessary measures; to buy a car; to visit us; not to be late for; to work as an interpreter; to take a short rest; to solve this problem as soon as possible; to be typed in two copies; to be summer; to be discussed at the next meeting; not to carry out this task)

1. If he asked me for help, I …
2. If she were a doctor, she …
3. If you had told me about it, I …
4. Had I much money, I …
5. Were Kate in Moscow, she …
6. Had we left home earlier, we …
7. If Andrew had a good knowledge of German, he …
8. I insist that you …
9. The lecturer suggested, that the students …
10. They demand that the manuscript…
11. Would you go to the seaside if…?
12. But for his help I …

3. Have a talk with your classmate, making use of the following ques­tions:

1. What would you do if you had much spare time now?
2. Would you go to the seaside for a short rest if you were free now?
3. Whom would you invite to join you if you went there?
4. Where would you go to spend your holiday if it were August now?
5. Would you join a students’ building team if you were offered the job of a builder in summer?
6. How long would you perform the job of a builder if you were given one?
7. Today the weather is very bad and you have to stay at home. What would you do if the weather were fine today?
8. Would you go to the river to bathe if it were not so cold?
9. What plans for the weekend would you suggest if you were asked to?
10. Where would you stay if you found yourself (оказаться, очутиться) in a strange (незнакомый) city?
11. What places of interest would you recommend me to see if I were to visit London?

4. Change the sentences according to the model.

Model 1. I have no spare time today. I won’t go there.

If I had spare time today, I would go there.

1. I am busy. I won’t go to the museum.
2. Bess is ill. She won’t join us.
3. Paul is not in Moscow. He won’t come and see them.
4. It is rainy. The children won’t go for a walk.
5. It is cold outside. We shan’t go bathing.
6. The students have no classes on Sunday. They won’t go to the University.

Model 2. She gave me a call. I didn’t send her a letter.

If she had given me a call I would (n’t) have sent her a letter.

1. Mary gave me a warning (предупредить). I didn’t tell them this news.
2. Vadim was ready for the lesson. He answered all the teacher’s questions correctly.
3. These boys passed their entrance examinations successfully. They were admitted (приняты) to the University.
4. Fred had a good knowledge of French. He was sent to Paris to work at the exhibition (выставка).
5. Delia invited me to her birthday party. I prepared a present to her taste.
6. The students were interested in the theme. They attended the lectures.

5. Make up sentences of your own according to the models. Use the words given in brackets.

1. It is necessary that you should do it.(to consult a doctor; to raise the question; to take part in the discus­sion; to make a thorough study of the subject)
2. It’s important that the question be discussed today. (problem – to solve; telegram – to send; plan – to make)
3. I suggest (demand) that he should do it. (to go there immediately; to retake his exam again; to present his diploma paper in June, to organise a team, to announce the results of the experiment)
4. I insist (propose) that the question be decided now. (materials – to publish in our journal; article – to translate into Russian; letter – to answer without delay; lecture on this theme – to deliver tomorrow; issue – to put on the agenda)
5. I wish I could (might) do it. (to take part in this work; to arrange everything to help them; to master this language)
6. I wish you (he, she, they) would do it. (to fulfil your plan; to pass your exam; to defend your dissertation successfully)
7. I wish he (she, it) were here. (to be summer; to be winter; to be in London now; to be well; to be free)

6. Translate the following in English. Mind the Subjunctive Mood.

1. Если бы Пит не был занят, он бы навестил нас.
2. Если бы вы были более внимательны (careful), вы бы не сдела­ли так много ошибок.
3. Если бы сейчас было лето, я бы загорал (to lie in the sun) и купался.
4. Если бы она не пропустила так много занятий, она бы сдала этот экзамен.
5. Если бы не ваша помощь, я бы не выполнил эту работу.
6. Никто не настаивает, чтобы вы участвовали в этих соревнованиях.
7. Я предлагаю, чтобы они провели обсуждение этой книги.
8. Необходимо, чтобы он пересдал этот экзамен.
9. Важно, чтобы все студенты участвовали в научной работе.
10. Как мне хотелось бы знать этот язык.
11. Жаль, что Питера нет в Москве. Он мог бы помочь нам.
12. Олег говорит по-французски так, как будто он долго жил во Франции.

7. Complete the sentences in this text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

All the Difference

I often wonder how my life (l) (be) different if on that par­ticular day I (2) (go) in the other direction. Or what (3) (happen) if- in those seconds – I (4)(walk) a little bit faster? She (5) (not be) able to do what she did, say things she said. If it (6) (not be) for these shy words of greeting, I (7) (not be) here now – I prob­ably (8) (live) in the same city I grew up in. It is amazing how our lives depend on the most minute details: a split-second de­cision which makes all the difference. I (9) (ever find) romance at all if I (10) (not meet) Julia that day and if she (11) (decide) to walk on that path beside the trees? I possibly (12) (not do) what I did in my life if we (13) (not meet) on that bright, sunny morn­ing. And if we (14) (not be) together now, I (15) (not be) the hap­piest man in the world.

7. Complete the sentences in this text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Long Summer Break Under Threat

The Minister for Education thinks that if the summer break were shorter, children (l) (do) much better at school. ‘Imagine how you would feel,’ he (2) (tell) a press conference last week, ‘if you (3) (have) two months off work. You (4) (spend) a lot of time trying to get used to (5) (be) back at work. This is exactly what we ask children (6) (do) during the long summer holidays. If you ask teachers they (7) (tell) you that when kids get back from their summer break, they just (8) (not carry) on from where they stopped in June. They (9) (have) to do the same things again. If the summer holidays (10) (be) shorter, this would not happen. If our proposal (11) (go) ahead, we will introduce a system based on five terms a year. This means chil­dren (12) (have) lots of breaks with plenty of opportunities (13) (relax) during the year. If we didn’t have these long sum­mer holidays, we (14) (do) much more work in our schools, so we think it (15) (be) time for a change.’

^ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ (IRREGULAR VERBS)
Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II	Перевод
to be	was, were	been	быть
to bear	bore	born	рождать
to beat	beat	beaten	бить
to become	became	become	становиться
to begin	began	begun	начинать(ся)
to blow	blew	blown	дуть
to break	broke	broken	ломать, разбивать
to bring	brought	brought	приносить
to broadcast	broadcast; ~ed	broadcast; ~ed	передавать по радио
to build	built	built	строить
to burn	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
to buy	bought	bought	покупать
to catch	caught	caught	ловить, хватать
to choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
to come	came	come	приходить, приезжать
to cost	cost	cost	стоить
to cut	cut	cut	резать
to deal (with)	dealt (with)	dealt (with)	иметь дело с
to do	did	done	делать
to draw	drew	drawn	рисовать, чертить
to dream	dreamt; ~ed	dreamt; ~ed	мечтать
to drink	drank	drunk	пить
to drive	drove	driven	везти, управлять
to eat	ate	eaten	есть (принимать пищу)
to fall	fell	fallen	падать
to feed	fed	fed	кормить, питать
to feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
to fight	fought	fought	бороться
to find	found	found	находить
to fly	flew	flown	летать
to foresee	foresaw	foreseen	предвидеть
to forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
to freeze	froze	frozen	замерзать, замораживать
to get	got	got	получать, становиться
to give	gave	given	давать
to go	went	gone	идти, ехать
to grow	grew	grown	расти, становиться
to hang	hung	hung	висеть, вешать
to have	had	had	иметь
to hear	heard	heard	слышать
to hold	held	held	держать, владеть
to keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
to know	knew	known	знать
to lay	laid	laid	класть
to lead	led	led	вести
to learn	learnt; ~ed	learnt; ~ed	учиться, узнавать
to leave	left	left	оставлять, уезжать
to let	let	let	позволять, пускать
to lie	lay	lain	лежать
to light	lit (lighted)	lit (lighted)	зажигать, освещать
to lose	lost	lost	терять
to make	made	made	делать
to mean	meant	meant	значить, предполагать
to meet	met	met	встречать
to overcome	overcame	overcome	преодолевать
to pay	paid	paid	платить
to put	put	put	класть
to read	read	read	читать
to ring	rang	rung	звонить, звенеть
to rise	rose	risen	вставать
to run	ran	run	бежать
to say	said	said	говорить, сказать
to see	saw	seen	видеть
to sell	sold	sold	продавать
to send	sent	sent	посылать
to set	set	set	ставить, устанавливать
to shine	shone	shone	сиять, блестеть
to show	showed	shown	показывать
to sit	sat	sat	сидеть
to sleep	slept	slept	спать
to speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
to spend	spent	spent	тратить, проводить
to split	split	split	расщеплять
to spread	spread	spread	распространять(ся)
to stand	stood	stood	стоять
to strike	struck	struck	ударять
to swim	swam	swum	плавать
to take	took	taken	брать
to teach	taught	taught	учить, обучать
to tell	told	told	рассказывать
to think	thought	thought	думать
to throw	threw	thrown	бросать
to undergo	underwent	undergone	подвергаться
to understand	understood	understood	понимать
to wake	woke; ~ed	woken; ~ed	будить, просыпаться
to wear	wore	worn	носить
to win	won	won	выигрывать
to withstand	withstood	withstood	противостоять
to write	wrote	written	писать

Заключение

Высокий уровень владения иностранным языком немыслим без правильной грамотной с точки зрения грамматики речи. Знания грамматики лежат в основе многих умений и навыков: они помогут правильно читать и понимать прочитанное, умело строить речевые высказывания, правильно писать и понимать речь на слух. Однако простым изучением правил нельзя добиться знаний грамматики. Необходимо использовать эти знания на практике, вот почему в данном пособии и предусмотрены самые различные упражнения. Надеемся, что студентам будет интересно их выполнять, в результате они заинтересуются грамматикой и смогут усовершенствовать и точки зрения грамматики свои знания английского языка. Хочется пожелать всем дальнейших успехов в процессе изучения и овладения английским языком.

Авторы

^

1. New English-Russian Dictionary, three volumes, Moscow, Russky Jazyk, 2003.
2. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Encyclopeadia Britannica, Inc. 1994.
3. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, Indian Edition C&C Mirriam Company Springfield Massachusetts, USA Scientific Book Agency.
4. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, London, Oxford University Press, 1974.
5. Michael Swan Practical English Usage. Moscow, Vysšaja Škola, 1984
6. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students. Cambridge, University Press, 1994
7. Michael Vince. Macmillan English Grammar in Context. Intermediate with key. Macmillan. 2008. Isbn 978-1-4050-7140-6
8. Дж. Б. Хитон, Н. Д. Тэртон Словарь типичных ошибок английского языка – М.: Рус. яз., 1991. – 297 c. – ISBN 5-200-01539-1
9. Верба Л.Г. Верба Г.В. Грамматика современного английского языка. Справочник. Киев: ООО «ИП Логос-М», 2007 — 368 с.
10. Миловидов, В.А. Сборник упражнений и тестовых заданий по английскому языку с ответами и грамматическими правилами для подготовки к ЕГЭ / В.А. Миловидов. — М.: ACT: Астрсль, 2009 – 511с.
11. Барановская Т.В. Грамматика английского языка. Сборник упражнений. Учеб. пособие. Издание второе, исправленное и дополненное – Киев: ООО «ИП Логос-М», 2009. – 384 с.
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13. Музланова Е.С. Английский язык: Экспресс-репетитор для подго­товки к ЕГЭ: «Грамматика и лексика» М.: ACT: Астрель, 2009. – 190с.
14. Андрианова Л.Н.Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов: Учеб./ Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова. – 7-е изд., испр. М.: Высш. шк., 2007. – 463 с.
15. К. Н. Качалова, Е. Е. Израилевич. Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнениями и ключами. – ЮНВЕС, Москва, 2001. – 716с. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./ Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В.
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CONTENTS

Предисловие	3
unit 1. артикль (the article) ……………………………………………………………	4
Unit 2. Существительное (The Noun) ……………………………………………….	9
Unit 3. Местоимение (The Pronoun) …………………………………………………	16
Unit 4. Прилагательное и наречие (The Adjective and Adverb)………….	23
Unit 5. Числительное (The Numeral)……………………………………………….	30
Unit 6. Глаголы to be и to have, оборот there + to be ……………………….	34
Unit 7. Глагол. The Indefinite Tenses……………………………………………….	41
Unit 8. Глагол. The Continuous Tenses……………………………………………	47
Unit 9. Глагол. The Perfect Tenses………………………………………………….	56
Unit 10. Глагол. The Passive Voice…………………………………………………	63
Unit 11. Косвенная речь и согласование времён. (Indirect Speech and Sequence of Tenses)……………………………………………………………..	65
Unit 12. Модальные глаголы. (Modal Verbs)…………………………………….	72
Unit 13. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)…………………………………………………	78
Unit 14. Герундий (The Gerund)………………………………………………………	86
Unit 15. Причастие (The Participle)………………………………………………….	95
Unit 16. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood) …………..	105
Таблица неправильных глаголов ……………………………………………………	116
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ	118
^ LIST OF SOURCES	118

Учебное издание

Т.И. Матяр

Л.В.Новикова

О.Е.Ефимова

Л.В.Удалова

«Грамматика – правила и упражнения»

Учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка

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Корректор О.В. Мальцева

Компьютерная верстка Т.И. Матяр

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