Javan leopard егэ - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Единый

Государственный

Экзамен

Английский язык

Лексика и грамматика

Типовые экзаменационные варианты

15 вариантов

Составитель: Дегтярева Л.

Оек

2022

Введение

Цель данного пособия – дать обучающемуся и учителю дополнительные материалы для развития иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции обучающихся и успешной сдачи ими единого государственного экзамена по английскому языку. Пособие содержит 20 типовых вариантов со всеми необходимыми дополнительными материалами, которые включают ответы.

Материалы пособия могут использоваться на занятиях под руководством учителя или в процессе самостоятельного повторения пройденного и подготовки к ЕГЭ. При использовании пособия в школе рекомендуется задавать выполнение типового варианта на дом (с самоконтролем времени), а в классе разбирать вызвавшие затруднения вопросы и анализировать работы. Это повысит не только эффективность классных занятий, но и чувство ответственности обучающихся за результаты экзамена.

Одна из важнейших задач обучения – обеспечить усвоение лексико-грамматического материала в объеме, предписанном федеральным компонентом государственного образовательного стандарта, его тренировку в коммуникативно значимом контексте и воспитывать сознательное отношение к оперированию лексическими и грамматическими единицами. Работа с данным пособием даст возможность учителю уделить больше внимания функционально-смысловой стороне использования грамматических форм и вопросам сочетаемости лексических единиц. Перед тем как приступить к выполнению заданий, повторите грамматический материал.

Местоимения

Степени сравнения прилагательных

Числительные

Словообразование

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Вариант 1

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначены номерами 1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1-7.

The Thorn Birds

The Thorn Birds The Thorn Birds is a 1977 bestselling novel WE by the Australian author Colin McCullough. The story gives

_________information about life on Australian sheep stations,

but it also includes a dramatic love story.

The book __________________ the writer international fame BRING

as soon as it was published.

In 1983 it was adapted into a

TV miniseries __________________ Richard Chamberlain STAR

and Rachel Ward.

GPS functions

Car GPS Tracking appears a lot in new vehicles, offering LATE

drivers tracking and navigation. Yet, the ___________

inventions are even more modern and sophisticated,

offering extra

opportunities to people.

Smart box technology is one example of how car GPS USE

tracking systems ____________ to lower car insurance.

If the driver ____________ the rules, he gets a discount NOT BREAK

or an insurance premium.

Without doubt, this new technology ________________ BECOME

popular among drivers very soon.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначены номерами 1-6, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1-6.

Auckland

Auckland Auckland is the largest and most populous city POPULATE

in New Zealand. The __________________ of Auckland

is getting close to 1.4 million residents.

It is __________________ situated in the North Island CONVENIENT

of the country, between the Waitakere Ranges and

the Hauraki Gulf.

The city enjoys an oceanic climate, which is __________ COMPARE

________ to the climate in most of Europe.

Nothing can __________________ you about Auckland, APPOINT

which is why it is a popular destination for numerous

immigrants to New Zealand.

Expats have an overall good experience when staying in FRIEND

Auckland. Most expats find it very easy to communicate

with the locals, who are very __________________.

Another positive thing about Auckland is the amount LOCATE

of nature and free space, which is appreciated a lot,

especially by those coming from more densely inhabited .

Вариант 2

What is Sanscrit?

Sanskrit is one of the oldest known Indic languages, SPEAK
with examples of Vedic Sanskrit dating back to

approximately 1500 BCE and possibly even earlier

eras which are difficult to determine because the language ________

long before it was written.

The word “Sanskrit” __________________ in several TRANSLATE

different ways, as “complete,” “perfect,” or “pulled together.”

The origins of this language appear to lie in vulgar dialects

which were organized and codified, first into Vedic Sanskrit

and later into a more modern form around 500 BCE.

Several Indian languages including Bengali and Hindi are BE

descended from Sanskrit, and while the language is not

widely spoken in India today, there __________________

some movements to revive spoken forms, and the influences

of this language can be seen on many levels of Indian culture and across Southeast Asia.

What is Rigveda?

The Rigveda is an ancient Sanskrit text which _________ CONSIDER

sacred to followers of the Hindu religion. CONSIDER

This text is part of a larger family of religious texts EXPLAN

known collectively as the Vedas; together, the Vedas

form the cornerstone of Hindu belief, ___________

_______ the mythology of the religion, the roles of the

assorted Hindu gods, and detailing various rituals which

should be performed by pious Hindus.

The first written version appears to have emerged WRITE

around 1500 BCE, with most scholars arguing that

the Rigveda had been passed down orally for centuries

before it __________________.

The Rigveda is the oldest of the Vedas. All of the Vedas COMPOSE

__________________ during a period in Indian history

which is known as the Vedic Period. Dating of the Vedic

Period varies, but it is generally defined as lasting between

1500 BCE and 184 BCE.

How similar is ancient Greek to modern Greek?

Modern Greek (demotic) has a simplified grammar and BASE

accents and the vocabulary has naturally changed

over time, but the __________________ core of the

language is the same.

So a speaker of modern Greek can usually get the gist of INTERPRET

an ancient text, although trying to translate may

often lead to tragic __________________ .

Attic or Hellenistic («koine») Greek texts are EASY

of course much __________________ than archaic Greek

(f.e. Homer).

Modern Greek speakers, even if they have managed COMPLETE

to __________________ miss learning Ancient in

school, have a couple of additional resources that

help with their ability to comprehend Ancient.

The truth is, Ancient Greek, just like Latin, and ____ LIKE

___________ Old English, exists all over the written

and spoken word.

And it’s encountered often enough that some ________ LITERAT

________ in it would have been maintained even without

schooling.

Вариант 3

Air pollution and climate change 19 Overloading WATER

of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon.

Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared-wavelength

radiation, leading to warmer air, soils, and ocean surface

__________ – which is good because the planet would

be frozen solid without this.

Unfortunately, there’s now too much carbon in the air. PUSH

Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture,

and industrial activities ___________ up atmospheric

CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm)

200 years ago, to about 400 ppm today. That’s an

unprecedented rise, in both size and speed. The result:

climate disruption.

Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution CAUSE

___________ by burning coal, oil, gas and wood.

The World Health Organization.

Recently ___________ that one in nine deaths in 2012 ESTIMATE

were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and

other poisons in polluted air.

Solutions to be taken involve ___________ fossil fuels REPLACE

with renewable energy, reducing emissions from

agriculture as well as.

________ industrial processes. The good news is that CHANGE

clean energy is abundant – it just needs to be harvested.

Many say a 100 percent renewable-energy future is feasible

with existing technology now.

But the bad news is that even though renewable energy NOT APPLE

infrastructure – solar panels, wind turbines, energy

storage and distribution systems – are already widespread,

and getting cheaper and more efficient all the time, experts

say we __________ them quickly enough to prevent

catastrophic climate disruption. Barriers in policy and

finance remain to be overcome.

Extreme Sports

There are thousands of reasons why people go in for sport POPULAR

and the most common of them are money, ___________

and fitness.

Another reason is a desire to get an adrenaline rush because DANGER

some sports mat be really ________.

Young people, ___________ teenagers, go to extremes SPECIAL

because they are bored with the traditional way of life.

So extreme sports have become part of youth’s culture.

Teens from all parts of the world practice extreme sports SAFE

even though these activities are often ______

and any mistake could result in an injury or even death.

Certain versions of extreme sports require proper training, PROFESSION

while others can be performed without ___________ guidance.

Вариант 4

Tours That Emphasize Adventure

Taking some time off from a tech job in Chicago earlier this SIGN

year to contemplate a career move, Shannon Elarton

__________________ up to visit Tanzania in May with

Adventure Women, a women-only tour company, on a hunch

that she might gain some perspective from her fellow travelers.

She was also, she said, “__________________something CRAVE

deeper than you would get in a basic tour,” and got it one

day when the company owner, Judi Wineland, introduced

the group to 12 women from a local Masai community.

“By the time it__________________, it was the biggest FINISH

gift for me,” she said. “At the end of the day we all want

the same things: to have work, to provide for our family,

to have a family.”

Traveling to experience such personal connections NOT TO LIMIT

and search one’s soul __________________ to women,

of course.

But a rise in the number of women-only trips, both TOUT

from new companies and established ones, suggests

women are keen to wander well beyond resorts

__________________ girlfriend getaway packages and

mother-daughter spa retreats.

Not all women’s trips are adrenaline-based. Wellness SERVE

retreats __________________ as a springboard to more

emotionally charged events such as Renew, a breakup

boot camp coming Dec. 1-3 to an estate in Saugerties, N.Y.

“Men__________________ sporting trips and fishing trips TAKE

and hunting getaways for ages and it’s finally time for

women to have the equal amount of hall passes so to speak,

” said Mollie Fitzgerald, the owner of Frontiers International Travel,

a Gibsonia, Pa.-based travel agency.

Chicago

Chicago, the state of Illinois, is known as The Second City, LITERAL

which refers to its rebuilding after the fire. The current city is

__________________ the second Chicago, after the one

that disappeared in 1871.

It can also refer to the city’s long-held position as the United TWO

States’__________city, after New York City.

Today, Chicago is called as The Windy City. You might CORRIDOR

suspect that Chicago got this nickname from the winds

off Lake Michigan, which shove through the downtown

__________________ with intense force.

But the true origin of the saying comes from politics. END

Some say it may have been coined by rivals like Cincinnati

and New York as a derogatory reference to the Chicagoan

__________________ political conventions. Others say

that the term originated from the fact that Chicago politicians

change their minds as «often as the wind.»

Finally, the city is often named as The City That Works. LUCK

It refers to Chicago’s labor tradition and the long hours worked

by its residents, its willingness to tackle grand civic projects

and to make fortunes for a__________________ few.

Chicago is the home of the blues and the truth of jazz, IT

and the heart of comedy. Here the age of railroads found its

center, and airplanes followed suit. It’s a city with a swagger,

but without the surliness or even the fake smiles found in other cities of__________________ size.

Вариант 5

Olympic Games

The history of the Olympic Games started around 776 BC. THEY

Ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games every four

years in honor of_____________ gods. The Greeks treated

the games as a fair. City leaders talked politics and sometimes

even signed treaties.

The city filled up with numerous travelers who came at WITNESS

the temple of Zeus in Olympia from distant places________

the excitement. Shouting sellers sold food and drink. Most of all,

however, people gathered to watch the running contests, the

discus throwing, the chariot racing, and the wrestling matches.

They cheered on their favorites.

The strongest and the ____________athletes, who came SUCCESSFUL

the first in the contests, became the winners.

Although they received only crowns of leaves as trophies, CITY

they were celebrated as heroes in their home_____________

Poems ____________in their honor. (WRITE)
Sometimes, they even received free meals and the GOOD

___________ front-row seats at different public events.

The ruins of the Olympic Stadium were discovered in 1875. ONE

In 1896 the _____modern Olympic Games were held

in Athens to honor the ancient Greeks.

Farm and city in Spain

It can be really hot in the south of Spain. At times DUST

it seems to be caked with__________ heat. A light

breeze is a real blessing, as it whispers in the silvery

leaves of hundreds of olive trees. Some of the trees in

these groves were planted 200 years ago.

Though But today the ___________of the olive groves OWN

often do not work on their farms. Tenant farmers do this

for them. Tenant farmers farm other peoples land and pay

rent in money or by giving the owner a share of the crop.

In the last 50 years millions of Spaniards who could LIFE

not make a ______ from the poor soil of their farms have

moved to work in.

Big cities like Barcelona — the centre of Spains _______ region. INDUSTRY

But whether a family is staying in Barcelona or on the farm,

they try not to miss a fair, especially if it is Seville’s annual

April Fair.

The fair begins around noon, with a __________ parade COLOR

of riders and carriages. All the men dress in black

and the women in bright colours. (COLOUR)

The fairground is filled with music. Dancers move RHYTHM

_______ to the sound of guitars and the snap of castanets.

Вариант 6

U.S. government shutdown over border wall

The U.S. government will partially shut down over CONTINUE

the Christmas period due to a lack of agreement over

funding for the proposed wall along the Mexico border.

Politicians say it is likely that the federal closures

__________ until after Christmas.

It is the__________________ government shutdown THREE

of the year.

U.S. President Donald Trump has NOT FUND

promised a «very long» government shutdown if Democrats

__________________ the border wall.

Mr Trump wants the Senate to authorize $5.7 billion to finance PREPARE

the wall, which was one of the President’s major election

promises in 2016. He said: «I hope we don’t, but we

_________ for a very long shutdown.»

He__________________ : «Shutdown today if Democrats TWEET

do not vote for border security.

The shutdown __________________ Mr Trump’s holiday plans. AFFECT
The White House press secretary Sarah Sanders confirmed this RETURN

in a statement. She said: «Due to the shutdown, President Trump

will remain in Washington, D.C. and the First Lady_________

from Florida so they can spend Christmas together.»

Woman to catch up with men’s pay in 200 years

It will be 200 years before women achieve EQUAL

economic __________________.

This is according to the __________________released RECENT

annual Global Gender Gap Report from the World Economic Forum.

Women lag far behind men in many areas. They currently LITTLE

earn about 20-30 per cent__________________ on

average than men.

One reason for this is the lack of women in management MANAGER

positions. The report said: «Women still encounter

significant obstacles in taking on__________________

or senior official roles.»

The World Economic Forum said inequality closed by LARGE

only a small amount this year. The__________________

gap between the sexes was in politics. It said: «

Only 23 percent of the political gap..has been closed,

and no country has…closed political empowerment gaps.»

Gaps still exist in healthcare and education. HUMAN

The report said: «The equal contribution of women

and men…is critical….Societies cannot afford to

lose out on the skills…of half of__________________ .»

Вариант 7

New Sesame Street character highlights homelessness

The world-famous children’s television show INTRODUCE

Sesame Street __________________ a new character

to highlight the plight of homeless children.

The educational TV series, which __________________ 1969, AIR

is helping to tackle the issue of homelessness via a new

character called Lily..

She is a 7-year-old girl who __________________ LEAVE

homeless after her family lost their apartment.

Lily’s plight mirrors that of over 2.5 million children REDUSE

in the USA who are also homeless. Millions more

youngsters around the world are in the same situation.

A Sesame Street spokeswoman, Sherrie Westin,

hoped the character Lily __________________ the stigma

associated with homelessness and allow children to identify with her,

«and hopefully feel less alone».

The iconic, educational show has a long history of raising DEAL

awareness of social issues among children. Other tough topics

they have addressed include __________________ with parents

who are in prison, living with autism, and facing bullies at school.

Ms Westin __________________ the importance of reaching out STRESS

to children who have no permanent home. She said:

«We know children experiencing homelessness are

often caught up in a devastating cycle of trauma.

As well as the daily hardship of __________________ BE

homeless, those children may suffer due to poverty,

domestic violence, or other trauma that caused them

to lose their home.» She added: «We want homeless children

to know that they are not alone.»

‘Yellow Vests’ protests to continue in France

France is experiencing social __________________ REST

it has not experienced for generations.

The country famous for its revolutions and protests has VIOLENCE

been rocked by a serious of nationwide, ______________

demonstrations.

The protests are being led by the Yellow Vests _________, MOVE

so called because protestors don high-visibility yellow

jackets usually worn by the emergency services.

The protests are motivated by rising fuel prices, the high EQUAL

cost of living, and claims that a(n) __________________

burden of new tax reforms were falling on the working

and middle classes.

France’s President Emmanuel Macron has declared » MANY

a state of social and economic emergency». The violence

has caused over a billion dollars in damages so far.

This figure is set to rise as __________________ demos are planned.

To quell public anger, Mr Macron has promised to cancel RELIEVE

his proposed rise in fuel prices, deliver tax ____________

for the poor and cancel a tax on retired people. He called for the havoc

and mayhem to end and for calm and order to return.

Вариант 8

What is a rainbow?

A rainbow__________________ when sunlight and water meet. APPEAR
They__________________ by the refraction and dispersion

of the sun’s light by rain or other water droplets in the atmosphere. CAUSE

Rainbows can be seen not just when it’s raining but also SHINE

on misty or foggy days, in the spray of a waterfall,

and even in dew, basically they can appear whenever

there are water droplets in the air and there is sunlight

__________________ from behind at the right angle.

It__________________ light refraction, and on a sunny day, CALL

with a hosepipe, you can even create your own rainbow in the garden.

If you__________________ very lucky, you might see a double rainbow. BE
In certain conditions you can see another, fainter secondary HAVE

rainbow above the primary rainbow. The secondary rainbow

__________________ the order of the colours reversed, too,

with red on the bottom and violet on the top.

There are many legends from different ancient cultures, BEAUTIFUL

all created to explain them, because let’s face it, rainbows are among the__________________ of nature’s displays.

Smiling a lot is a valued trait

People who often smile __________________radiate. SINCERE
__________________, connect easily with others. LIKEABLE
and are__________________ more. APPRECIATE
By smiling, you make a positive__________________ IMPRESS

that will assist in making contacts and reaching your goals.

Finding the right balance between showing a happy or serious FACE

__________________ expression is an art in itself.

Nevertheless smiling isn’t always that easy; sometimes JAM

a lot of courage is needed to do it. Especially in situations

where when it’s preferable to smile, we tend to clench our

__________________ and look too tense.

Вариант 9

Teaching wild birds to sing a new tune

Conventional experiments of vocal learning in birds CONDUCT

__________________ in the laboratory.

But such studies are much more difficult to do in OVERCOME

the wild. The researchers__________________ the challenges

in the new study by focusing their attention

on Savannah Sparrows living at Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island.

The sparrows on this island often return to the place RETURN

of their birth to breed as adults. That made it possible

for researchers to expose young birds to novel songs

and then record those same animals when they________

from migration to breed the next year.

Mennill’s team, __________________ researchers INCLUDE

from the University of Windsor, University of Guelph,

and Williams College, developed a new type of loudspeaker

that is programmable, solar powered, light activated, and weatherproof .

The speakers allowed them to broadcast adult songs TUTOR

with distinctive acoustic signatures for the wild sparrows

over tutoring sessions that lasted for months.

Over a six-year period between 2013 and 2018, they experimentally, __________________ five cohorts of Savannah Sparrows, from the time they hatched to adulthood.

Across the five cohorts, thirty birds produced songs CONTAIN

that matched the broadcasted songs. Those songs differed

from anything the birds would have heard otherwise.

In all thirty cases, the researchers report, the birds produced songs__________________ phrase.

that__________________ on the island in three NOT RECORD

decades of field study.

Javan leopard

The critically endangered Javan leopard THREATENED

(Panthera pardus melas) is one of the__________________

subspecies of leopard.

Yet to date, it has received little conservation attention POOR

and its population status and distribution remain________

__________ known.

To address this gap in knowledge, the researchers used species OCCUR

distribution modeling to predict the locations of suitable

leopard habitats throughout Java, based on the most extensive Javan leopard__________________ dataset available.

The __________________ map greatly improves those PREDICT

previously produced by the government of Indonesia

and International Union for Conservation of Nature.

For example, it adds six new priority landscapes HIGH

and reveals that the leopard population spans several __________________ fragmented landscapes, which are far more isolated than previously thought.

The study also highlights the__________________ IMPORTANT

of maintaining connectivity between protected areas

and human-modified landscapes, because adjacent production

forests and secondary forests were found to provide vital extensions for several Javan leopard subpopulations.

Вариант 10

Quick thinkers are charismatic

The research shows that people who were able to PERCEIVE

respond more quickly to general knowledge questions and visual tasks__________________ as more charismatic by their friends,

independently of IQ and other personality traits.

«Our findings show that social intelligence is more than just SAY

knowing the right thing to do,»__________________

psychological scientist William von Hippel of the University

of Queensland in Australia. «Social intelligence also requires

an ability to execute, and the quickness of our mind is an important

component of that ability.»

Von Hippel and colleagues__________________ by why some people INTRIGUE

exude more charisma than others, and wanted to understand

the factors that might drive these differences.

«We decided to take a slightly different approach to the problem TRY __________________ to get a handle on what enables charisma,

» von Hipper explains.

«When we __________________ at charismatic leaders, LOOK

musicians, and other public figures, one thing that stood out is that

they are quick on their feet.»

To investigate whether mental speed__________________ MAY

contribute to charisma, the researchers conducted two

studies with a combined total of 417 participants. Participants in the studies completed established measures of intelligence and personality.

To gauge charisma, the researchers asked the participants’ BE

friends to rate how «charismatic,» «funny,» and «quick-witted» they__________________. To measure mental speed, participants

then answered 30 common-knowledge questions

(e.g., «Name a precious gem») as quickly as possible.

Charisma

It refers especially to a quality in certain people who EASY

__________________ draw the attention and admiration

(or even hatred if the charisma is negative) of others due

to a «magnetic» quality of personality or appearance.

Though the term as it stands is extremely difficult to define, other TERM similar__________________ related to charisma include:
grace, exuberance,__________________ , mystique, EQUANIMOUS

positive energy joie de vivre, extreme charm, personal magnetism,

personal appeal, «electricity,» and allure, among many others.

Another term constantly used is the «X-factor.» Usually THEY

many of these qualities must be present within a single individual

for the person to be considered highly charismatic by the public and__________________ peers.

Despite the strong emotions they so often induce in others, USUAL

charismatic individuals generally project __________________ calmness, confidence, assertiveness, dominance, authenticity, and focus.

And almost always possess superb communication and ORATOR

________ skills.

Вариант 11

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначены номерами 1-6, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1-6.

Manila

For too long, the Philippine capital of Manila______ SEE

____________ as a mere stopover on the way to the country’s

breathtaking beaches—and it’s a notion not exactly unwarranted.

Dense, busy, notoriously tricky to navigate, with maybe the worst ENCOUNTER

traffic most people ________ever__________, Manila doesn’t

make itself easy to love. But to go by first impressions

would be to miss out on Southeast Asia’s most underrated capital.

I__________________ with the city’s tangled histories HAVE TO CONTEND

for much of my personal—and especially professional—life.

But the older I get, the more I realize those narratives have

also given Manila its magic. It’s a city in constant flux— forever

contending with its past while raising a glass to the future.

Beneath the chaos and confusion, Manila thrives through BE

imagination, resourcefulness, and optimism, with upstart

creative communities, a worldclass food scene, and arts

and design industries that ________long__________ a low key

player on the global scene.

Next time you __________________ (BOOK), a trip to BOOK

the sun-kissed paradise of Palawan or Siargao, ________

_________ stopover a few more days. EXTEND

You certainly__________________ it. NOT REGRET

New names for degrees

The number of research-based __________________ DOCTOR

degrees awarded by American universities has increased

by more than 22,000 over the past 30 years, an increase of 69%.

And the __________________ of the recipients as well COMPOSE

as their chosen fields of study have shifted in major ways.

Those are two of the main takeaways from the Survey SPONSOR

of Earned Doctorates, an annual census of all individuals

earning a research doctorate from an accredited American

institution in an academic year. The SED has been conducted

since 1957, under the__________________ of the National Science Foundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics along

with five other federal agencies.

The survey collects data about recipients’ demographics, EDUCATE

__________________ backgrounds and career plans as

well as the fields of study in which research doctorates are awarded.

The most recent survey is for the 2016-17 academic year. GRADATION

In that year, 54,664 research doctorates were awarded,

compared to 32,365 in 1987, reflecting ________________

increases in almost every year across those three decades.

Perhaps of __________________ interest is the changing GREAT

nature of the recipients and the disciplines they’re studying.

Вариант 12

Latin may help students bridge their native language with English

In a study, researchers found that__________________ TEACH

English Learners — students who aren’t fluent in English.

And often come from homes where a language other than SPEAK English__________________ — the Latin roots of words

helped them problem solve the meaning of unfamiliar words.

«The idea is that Latin roots can be helpful for learning sets SAY

of academic words in English,»__________________

Amy Crosson, assistant professor of education at Penn State.

For example, the Latin root of the English word «innovate» is «nov,» MEAN

which __________________ «new.» Crosson said that

because «nuevo» also means «new» in Spanish, students

can build on their home-language knowledge to learn both

the Latin root and the meaning of «innovate.

Another example is the word ‘gradual, «Crosson said. HELP

«Spanish speakers will know that ‘grada’ means ‘step’ in Spanish.

This can help them learn and remember that the Latin root ‘grad’ also

means ‘step.’ That in turn __________________ build

the meaning of the target word, ‘gradual,’ which means

‘little by little’ or ‘step by step.'»

Crosson said that while educators sometimes encourage SHOW

these students to learn English as quickly as they can,

possibly at the risk of losing their native language, emerging research__________________ the benefits of bilingualism.

She__________________ that teachers should encourage ADD

students to develop and build on their home languages while

they are developing academic English.

Infants are more likely to learn when with a peer

Researchers at the University of Connecticut and YOUNG

University of Washington looked at the mechanisms

involved in language learning among nine-month-olds,

the__________________ population known to be studied

in relation to onscreen learning.

They found neural__________________ of early learning EVIDENT

among infants who were coupled with a peer, as compared

to those infants who viewed the instruction alone.

__________________, the more often that new, unfamiliar, CRITICAL

partners were paired with the infants, the better results the

babies showed.

«Novelty increased learning,» says Patricia K. Kuhl, Bezos ONE

Family Foundation Endowed Chair in Early Childhood

Learning at the University of Washington. «What this study

introduces for the__________________ time is that part

of the reason we learn better when we learn collaboratively

is that a social partner increases arousal, and arousal in turn increases learning.

The pattern of neural response exhibited by infants in INDICATE

the paired-exposure setting was__________________ of more

mature brain processing of the sounds, write the researchers,

and it is likely that they represent the earliest stages of infants

‘ sound learning.

The findings support previous research highlighting INTERACT

the importance of social__________________ for children’s learning,

especially from screen media.

Вариант 13

Teeth Problems

Аlex’s mother was waiting impatiently for Alex to come BE

home from school. “There you are!” she cried when he

opened the door. She anxiously asked him where he ________.

“I missed the bus and had to walk here,” Alex replied. BE

“You have an orthodontist appointment today,” Alex’s mother SUPPOSE

said. “That means you ________ to leave school early,” she continued.

“I’ll be very happy when I no longer have to wear my braces, I

” Alex said. “ ________ too,” his mother replied tiredly.

A Great Vacation

For her summer vacation Sarah went to Hawaii with her family. ONE

It was the ________ time in her life, when she could go to the beach every day.

She learnt how to snorkel and saw lots of pretty fish in SWIM

the ocean around her. One day she even saw a sea turtle while she ________.

Sarah’s favourite part of the trip ________ on the last night.

She and her family went to a special dinner and a show called luau. HAPPEN

What a treat! Sarah had the ________ summer vacation ever! GOOD

Russian Weather

Russian weather, particularly for foreigners, seems CLIMATE

to be clouded in myths and legends. Russia is a huge country,

spanning its ___________ zones from polar arctic to subtropical

and everything in between.

The capital of Russia, Moscow, has a continental climate, VARY

with great ________ in temperature between winter and summer months.

In mid summer, during July and August, temperatures OCCASION

are pleasantly warm, with _________________hot spells.

Winters differ __________, with only about six hours DRASTIC

of daylight in the middle of the season and temperatures

recorded at way below freezing point.

The image of Moscow weather is so dominated by VISIT

the snow that _______ often underestimate the warmth of Moscow summers.

While the summer attracts the _______________ of tourists, MAJOR

many Moscow residents would suggest spring and

early autumn as the best time to visit Moscow.

Вариант 14

The Academy Awards

The Academy Awards, informally known as The Oscars, BE

__________________ a set of awards given annually

for excellence of cinematic achievements. The Oscar statuette

is officially named the Academy Award of Merit and is one of nine

types of Academy Awards.

Organized and overseen by the Academy GIVE

of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards

__________________ each year at a formal ceremony.

The awards firstly _________________in 1929 at GIVE

a ceremony created for the awards, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood.

Over the years that the award has been given, CHANGE

the categories presented__________________ ; currently

Oscars are given in more than a dozen categories, and include films

of various types.

As one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world, TELEVISE

the Academy Awards ceremony__________________

live in more than 100 countries annually.

While the Oscar is under the ownership of the recipient, ENCUMBER

it is essentially not on the open market.

Since 1950, the statuettes__________________ by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering

to sell them back to the Academy for US$1.

If a winner__________________ to agree to this stipulation, REFUSE

then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards

not protected by this agreement have been sold in public

auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.

Mr. Bean

Mr. Bean is a series of fourteen 25-minute__________ EPISODE

________ written by and starring Rowan Atkinson.

This British situation comedy television program ORIGINAL

is based on a character__________________ developed

by Atkinson while he was studying for his master’s degree at Oxford University.

The series features__________________ situations occurring FUN

in the life of Mr. Bean.

The__________________ was described by Atkinson LATE

as «a child in a grown man’s body».

Mr. Bean tries to solve various problems presented DISRUPT

by everyday tasks and often causes__________________ in the process.

Bean rarely speaks, and the largely physical humor of the USUAL

series is derived from his interactions with other people and his

__________ solutions to situations.

Вариант 15

The history of English

English came about in England’s Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and what INFLUENCE

is now the south-eastern part of Scotland. Following extensive

___________ of the United Kingdom and Great Britain throughout.

The British Empire from the seventeenth to the mid-twentieth PROPAGATE

centuries, the language ___________ widely around the world.

Old English is the collective term for the fusion of closely SETTLE

related dialects resulted in English. Germanic settlers who

___________ on Great Britain’s eastern coast spoke this language,

which at the time was called Anglo-Saxon.

Ultimately, this was from the Schleswig-Holstein or CENTURY

what used to be the Angeln ancestral region. Influence

also came from the Viking invasions in the ninth and tenth

___________. English is important for career development.

In an article, the Economist noted that more and ADOPT

more global companies ___________ English as their main language.

It is also worth nothing that English is being adopted by international.

Companies from countries that don’t speak English to become REPLACE

the official language, ___________ their own native language.

Hiroshi Mikitani of the Rakuten Group in Japan is one example. HOLD

As the operator of the chain Uniqlo, he made his entire

staff learn English and once made a warning to fire or at the very least,

demote those who were not very fluent. Mikitani ___________

the belief that the language of English helps in promoting

attributes such as creativity and free thinking among employees.

The Internet – a Blessing or a Curse?

We live in the age of information technology and the Internet INVENT

is a unique ___________, which has influenced all areas of our lives.

Yet some people are ___________ about the importance of the Web. CERTAIN

Is it a blessing or a curse?

On the one hand, with the Internet, it is now possible to EASY

communicate ___________ with people all over the world.

In addition, the Internet is very useful, because it makes ACCESS

the world of facts and knowledge ___________ to everyone.

However, a huge amount of information on the Internet is also WEAK

one of its ___________. This diversity makes it difficult to find

the type of information you want.

Moreover, the Internet can become ___________ for our society, DANGER

because of cybercriminals. The information wars of the future may be

fought on Web sites.

Ответы

ПИСЬМЕННАЯ ЧАСТЬ

Раздел 3.

Лексика и грамматика

Вариант 1

№ задания	Ответ
1	us
2	brought
3	starring
4	latest
5	areused
6	doesn’t; doesnotbreak
7	willbecome
1	population
2	conveniently
3	comparable
4	disappoint
5	friendly
6	locations; location

Вариант 2

№ задания	Ответ
1	hadbeenspoken
2	istranslated
3	havebeen
4	isconsidered
5	explaining
6	waswritten
7	werecomposed
1	basic
2	misinterpretations
3	easier
4	completely
5	unlike
6	literacy

Вариант 3

№ задания	Ответ
1	waters
2	havepushed
3	caused
4	hasestimated
5	replacing
6	changing
7	arenotapplying
1	popularity
2	dangerous
3	especially
4	unsafe
5	professional
6	variety

Вариант 4

№ задания	Ответ
1	signed
2	craving
3	wasfinished
4	isnotlimited
5	touting
6	haveserved
7	havebeentaking
1	literally
2	second
3	corridors
4	endless
5	lucky
6	its

Вариант 5

№ задания	Ответ
1	their
2	towitness
3	mostsuccessful
4	cities
5	werewritten
6	best
7	fist
1	dusty
2	owners
3	living
4	industrial
5	colorful
6	rhythmically

Вариант 6

№ задания	Ответ
1	willcintinue
2	third
3	don’tfund; donotfund
4	areprepared
5	tweeted
6	hasaffected
7	willreturn
1	equality
2	recently
3	less
4	managerial
5	largest
6	humanity

Вариант 7

№ задания	Ответ
1	hasintroduced
2	hasbeenaired
3	wasleft
4	wouldreduce
5	dealing
6	stressed
7	being
1	unrest
2	violent
3	movement
4	unequal
5	more
6	relief

Вариант 8

№ задания	Ответ
1	appears
2	arecaused
3	shining
4	iscalled
5	are
6	willhave
7	mostbeautiful
1	sincerely
2	likeability
3	appreciated
4	impression
5	facial
6	jaws

Вариант 9

№ задания	Ответ
1	havebeenconducted
2	overcame
3	returned
4	including
5	tutored
6	containing
7	hadn’tbeenrecorded;hadnotbeenrecorded
1	mostthreatened
2	poorly
3	occurrence
4	predictive
5	highly
6	importance

Вариант 10

№ задания	Ответ
1	wereperceived
2	says
3	wereintrigues
4	trying
5	looked
6	might
7	were
1	easily
2	terms
3	equanimity
4	their
5	unusual
6	oratorical

Вариант 11

№ задания	Ответ
1	hasbeenseen
2	willencounter
3	hadtocontend
4	havebeen
5	book
6	extend
7	willnotregret
1	doctoral
2	composition
3	sponsorship
4	educational
5	gradual
6	greater

Вариант 12

№ задания	Ответ
1	teaching
2	isspoken
3	said
4	means
5	willhelp
6	isshowing
7	added
1	youngest
2	evidence
3	critically
4	first
5	indicative
6	interaction

Вариант 13

№ задания	Ответ
1	hadbeen
2	weresupposed
3	me
4	first
5	wasswimming
6	hapaned
7	best
1	climatic
2	variation
3	occasional
4	drastically
5	visitors
6	majority

Вариант 14

№ задания	Ответ
1	are
2	aregiven
3	weregiven
4	havechanged
5	istelevised
6	haveencumbered
7	refuses
1	episodes
2	originally
3	funny
4	latter
5	disruption(s)
6	unusual

Вариант 15

№ задания	Ответ
1	influences
2	hasbeenpropagated
3	settled
4	centuries
5	haveadopted
6	replacing
7	holds
1	invention
2	uncertain
3	easily
4	accessible
5	weaknesses
6	dangerous

Источник

A Javan leopard, Panthera pardus melas, phototrapped in Meru Betiri National Park in 2017. Credit: Meru Betiri National Park; Panthera

The first robust estimate of the distribution of the Javan leopard offers reliable information on where conservation efforts must be prioritized to safeguard the Indonesian island’s last remaining large carnivore. The findings were reported in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on June 27, 2018 by Hariyo Tabah Wibisono of the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, USA, and colleagues.

The critically endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is one of the most threatened subspecies of leopard. Yet to date, it has received little conservation attention and its population status and distribution remain poorly known. To address this gap in knowledge, the researchers used species distribution modeling to predict the locations of suitable leopard habitats throughout Java, based on the most extensive Javan leopard occurrence dataset available.

The predictive map greatly improves those previously produced by the government of Indonesia and International Union for Conservation of Nature. For example, it adds six new priority landscapes and reveals that the leopard population spans several highly fragmented landscapes, which are far more isolated than previously thought. The study also highlights the importance of maintaining connectivity between protected areas and human-modified landscapes, because adjacent production forests and secondary forests were found to provide vital extensions for several Javan leopard subpopulations.

Wibisono adds: «With only 9% remaining suitable landscape, all priority landscapes identified in this study should be treated as critical for the long-term survival of Javan leopards. To prevent Javan leopards becoming extinct, as happened with Javan tigers, we urge the government of Indonesia and conservation partners to take immediate actions to secure the leopard’s future.»

More information:
Wibisono HT, Wahyudi HA, Wilianto E, Pinondang IMR, Primajati M, Liswanto D, et al. (2018) Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0198369. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198369

Citation:
Map of Javan leopard distribution provides guidance for conservation efforts (2018, June 27)
retrieved 10 March 2023
from https://phys.org/news/2018-06-javan-leopard-guidance-efforts.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Источник

The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a leopard subspecies confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2021. The population is estimated at 188–571 mature individuals in 22 fragmented subpopulations and a declining population trend. The total remaining habitat is estimated at only 2,267.9 to 3,277.3 km² (875.6 to 1,265.4 sq mi).^[1]

Javan leopard

Javan leopard in a safari park in Bali, Indonesia
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Pantherinae
Genus:	Panthera
Species:	P. pardus
Subspecies:	P. p. melas
Trinomial name
*Panthera pardus melas* (G. Cuvier, 1809)

Distribution of the Javan leopard in red

CharacteristicsEdit

The Javan leopard was initially described as a black panther with dark black spots and silver-gray eyes.^[2] It has either a normal spotted coat with rosettes, or a recessive phenotype resulting in a black coat.^[3]

Distribution and habitatEdit

The Javan leopard is confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It is known to inhabit Gunung Halimun National Park, Ujung Kulon National Park, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Ceremai National Park, Merbabu National Park, Merapi National Park, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Ijen Mountain, Baluran National Park, and Alas Purwo National Park.^[1] It inhabits altitudes from sea level to 2,540 m (8,330 ft) ranging from dense tropical rainforest to dry deciduous forests. Outside protected areas, it was recorded in secondary forest, mixed agriculture and production forest between 2008 and 2014.^[4]

In the 1990s, it survived in the seral stages of successional vegetation patterns, which made it less susceptible to humans’ disruptive activities than many other mammals.^[3]

From 2001 to 2004, monitoring research has been conducted in a 20 km² (7.7 sq mi) area of Gunung Halimun National Park using camera traps and radio tracking. Seven leopards were identified in the study area. The total population was estimated at 42 to 58 individuals. The home range of an adult female averaged 9.82 km² (3.79 sq mi).^[5]

Ecology and behaviorEdit

The Javan leopard’s prey comprises barking deer, wild boar, Java mouse-deer, and primates such as crab-eating macaque, silvery lutung, and Javan gibbon. Javan leopards also look for food in close by villages and have been known to prey on domestic dogs, chickens, and goats.^[3]
Two leopards were radio collared in the Gunung Halimun National Park. Their daily activity pattern showed peaks in the early mornings between 6:00 and 9:00, and late afternoons between 15:00 and 18:00.^[5]

ThreatsEdit

Men and a child with a newly shot leopard in Banten, West Java, circa 1915–1926.

The Javan leopard is threatened by loss of habitat, prey base depletion, and poaching due to human population growth and agricultural expansion.^[1] Conflict between local people and leopards is also considered to be a main threat to the Javan leopard.^[5]
Java has lost more than 90% of its natural vegetation and is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Primary forests remain only in the mountainous regions at elevations above 1,400 m (4,600 ft).^[3]

ConservationEdit

Panthera pardus melas is listed in the CITES Appendix I.^[1]

Efforts are being made to restore the Javan leopard population and prevent its extinction. Hunting laws are strictly enforced. In 2005, Gunung Halimun National Park was enlarged to three times its original size for the protection of the Javan leopard, the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch), and the Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi).^[5]

To address the issue of Java’s overpopulation and encroachment on habitat of protected species, the Indonesian government has formed a nationwide family planning program. This program makes contraceptive devices like condoms and several different forms of birth control pills more readily available to the public.^[6]

In captivityEdit

In 1997, 14 Javan leopards were kept in European zoos. The Javan leopard is not specifically managed in captive breeding programs in Europe and America. As of 2007, the Taman Safari Zoo in Bogor, Indonesia, kept 17 Javan leopards — seven males and 10 females, of which four were breeding pairs. The Indonesian zoos of Ragunan, Taman Safari and Surabaya Zoo also keep Javan leopards.^[7]
As of December 2011, two male and one female Javan leopard were kept in Tierpark Berlin, Germany; and one male and one female in the Jakarta Zoo.^[8]
In 2013, one male Javan leopard was transferred from Tierpark Berlin to the Prague Zoo.^[9]

EvolutionEdit

Morphological research indicates that the Javan leopard is craniometrically distinct from other Asian leopard subspecies, and is a distinct taxon that split off from other Asian leopard subspecies in the Middle Pleistocene about 800,000 years ago. In the Middle Pleistocene, it may have migrated to Java from South Asia across a land bridge that bypassed Sumatra and Borneo.^[10]

ReferencesEdit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wibisono, H.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.; Rahman, D.A. & Chandradewi, D. (2021). «Panthera pardus ssp. melas«. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T15962A50660931.
^ Cuvier, G. (1809). «Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d’éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils». Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Santiapillai, C.; Ramono, W. S. (1992). «Status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Java, Indonesia» (PDF). Tiger Paper. XIX (2): 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
^ Wibisono, H.T., Wahyudi, H.A., Wilianto, E., Pinondang, I.M.R., Primajati, M., Liswanto, D. and Linkie, M. (2018). «Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island». PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harahap, S., Sakaguchi, H. (2005). Ecological research and conservation of the Javan Leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia. In: The wild cats: ecological diversity and conservation strategy. The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program International Symposium. Okinawa, Japan.
^ Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in London (2009). «A Solution to Java’s Overcrowding». United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
^ Gippoliti, S.; Meijaard, E. (2007). «Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard: an opportunity for zoos to save it». Contributions to Zoology. 76: 55–58. doi:10.1163/18759866-07601005. S2CID 55715897.
^ International Species Information System (2011). «ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus melas, December 2011″. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^ Exner, O. (2013). «Rare Leopard in Prague Zoo». Portal of Prague. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.
^ Meijaard, E. (2004). «Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on craniometric analysis». Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 302–310. doi:10.1644/ber-010.

External linksEdit

Species portrait Panthera pardus in Asia and short portrait P. pardus melas; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
Critically Endangered Javan Leopard Captured on Camera Traps in Ujung Kulon, Indonesia

Источник

CharacteristicsEdit

Distribution and habitatEdit

Ecology and behaviorEdit

ThreatsEdit

ConservationEdit

In captivityEdit

EvolutionEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

External linksEdit