Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings when the bell rang егэ ответы

Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings. When the bell rang, the others would rush into the open air, laughing and chattering. He felt left out. Yet these were also times he enjoyed. He could daydream about how things might have been.

Sometimes, though, he would watch the play not directly, that would have been impossible but on the big screen in one of the classrooms. Cheering on his friends made him feel part of the action. Even through the screens, however, watching for long often made his eyes hurt. Sunlight reflected strongly off the silvery turf, and even more from the trees around the ground. Players in motion trailed flashes of light which left black spots in his vision.

It was during a tense game that the summons came through. The shelter Principal, no less, wanted him at once in his office. Jonte uttered a mild swearword, though realising that he had already been watching too long his head was aching. He made his way to the admin sector, signalled his arrival and went in. The Principal was behind his desk directly opposite the door. He was a small man, with metallic black hair cut short, silver-grey hands in constant fidgety motion and an expression of perpetual irritation. He waved in the direction of a chair placed in front of the desk.

But to Jonte’s surprise, there were several other people in the office. It was difficult at first to see them all clearly: not only had the effects of watching the match still to wear off, but the lighting was poor. Perhaps the Principal had only remembered at the last minute to close the heavy shutters and switch on a lamp.

As his vision returned, Jonte’s surprise grew. The six men and two women, who sat in a half circle to one side, judging by their job tags, were senior …very senior. Four were from the administration. The two women and the other two men seemed to be scientists from different research bodies.

Jonte was used to the fact that other people were inscrutable. He would have been able to tell from gazing in a mirror into his own eyes, with their blue irises surrounding dark pupils, how he was feeling, even if he hadn’t known yet. But other people’s eyes were silver discs, giving away nothing. He could sometimes see from the rest of their faces whether they were happy or sad, smiling or frowning; but their skin reflected the light, so that he could never be quite sure. From the way they were sitting, he thought, the visitors seemed anxious.

‘Jonte’ the Principal said, ‘these people have a favour to ask, and I hope you can help them. Please sit down.’ Jonte’s surprise grew. What possible favour could these people want from someone like him? ‘I’ll help if I can’, he said.

4You know/ the Principal went on, ‘that you have had to grow up here because going outside would be dangerous. Your body wouldn’t be able to withstand the radiation, even at night-time. Ordinary people are born with protection; but in your case…’

‘So you see’, one of the women interjected quickly, ‘you are really a very interesting young man. We want you to let us get to know you better.’

‘The people here,’ the Principal resumed, ‘are from the government’s science and research council. They would like to take you to one of their centres in the south, where the facilities are supposed to be better than we can provide…’

‘But I’m quite happy here,’ Jonte felt he should say. ‘My friends…’

‘…and in any case, ’the Principal insisted a trifle sourly, ‘you wouldn’t be able to stay much longer. The shelter is being closed down.’

Jonte took this in. ‘So when do I have to go?’ he asked.

‘If you can pack your things together quickly, ’one of the men replied, ‘we should like to move you this evening … say in an hour. Is that all right?’

An hour! The suddenness of it all puzzled Jonte. His condition had been known from the moment he had been born when his parents, so he had been told, had handed him over for special care. But it also excited him. Apart from a short journey when he had been much younger to a medical centre, he could not remember ever having left the shelter. He didn’t really have much to pack anyway.

ВОПРОС 1 When his friends rushed into the open air during playtime, Jonte felt
1) embarrased.
2) annoyed.
3) lonely.
4) bored.

ВОПРОС 2 When the summons came through, Jonte was
1) glad that he was able to have a rest.
2) annoyed that he had to stop watching the game.
3) eager to know what had happened.
4) in a hurry.

ВОПРОС 3 The people in the Principal’s office were all
1) of high rank.
2) very old.
3) researchers.
4) from the administration.

ВОПРОС 4 In paragraph 6 the word ‘inscrutable’ means
1) not wishing to talk.
2) unhappy.
3) pretending to be kind.
4) showing no emotion or reaction.

ВОПРОС 5 Jonte had to grow up in the shelter because
1) he was an orphan.
2) the world outside the shelter was dangerous.
3) his body was unable to withstand high temperature.
4) he would not manage to survive in the open air.

ВОПРОС 6 The people offered to take Jonte to one of their centres because
1) Jonte was not quite happy here.
2) it was well equipped.
3) the Principal didn’t want Jonte to stay in the shelter.
4) the shelter could not provide good education for Jonte.

ВОПРОС 7 Jonte was surprised because
1) he had not known about his condition.
2) he had never left the shelter before.
3) he had to leave the shelter urgently.
4) he didn’t have much to pack.

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A Mary’s new job takes up a lot of time and energy.

B Mary has no time to go to parties.

C Peter felt his salary in the company was too low.

D Peter left his job because he had no promotion prospects.

E Peter sent out his resume to nearly twenty companies.

F Peter wouldn’t mind working in another city.

G Mary advises Peter to speak to people with the same problems.

Вы услышите рассказ писателя о своём увлечении музыкой. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

The narrator says that his musical career
1) changed its direction at the age of 11.
2) started roughly 30 years ago.
3) began after he had sung a song with his father.
Ответ: .

4

When the narrator was almost 40,
1) he was already performing in public.
2) he had learned to sing the parts of ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’.
3) he felt a desire to start playing music.
Ответ: .

5

When the narrator got a mandolin, he

Ответ: .

6

The narrator enjoyed playing the mandolin because
1) he was able to master difficult chords.
2) he was composing music.
3) he was able to relax after his everyday work.
Ответ: .

7

The narrator went to the jam camp because
1) he wanted to perform in public.
2) he would like to speak to Dr. Banjo.
3) he was offered the easiest way to improve his skills.
Ответ: .

8

In the camp the narrator learned that
1) to play songs he should know forty basic chords.
2) to grow as a musician he should possess certain qualities and abilities.
3) he could become a perfect mandolin player if he practises a lot.
Ответ: .

9

When the narrator came back home last week, he was pleased because
1) Ruth had started taking music lessons.
2) his friends and relatives showed their interest in music.
3) Los Angeles was a different place.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. The first thing that a good speaker does is looks at the audience and takes a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey.

B. Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.

C. Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.

D. Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person’s mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.

E. If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs.

F. Don’t be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need ‘white space’ and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.

G. The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person’s physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Ever wonder A ____________? There’s actually quite a bit of science going on behind the scenes, with several components working together to bring you that digital-quality signal.

Your channel selection begins with the programming sources themselves. Companies like Showtime, HBO or Cinemax create their programming. Channel providers then purchase rights to this programming B ____________. Once a provider has their programming in place, they turn their attention to the broadcast centre to compress and convert the programming for satellite broadcast.

Your Dish Network Programming originally arrives as a digital stream of video, which is then compressed and converted through an encoder, typically using the MPEG2 format. This format reduces the overall size of the video, C ____________.

Once encoded, the video is then encrypted D ____________. After the video has been encrypted, it is sent to the provider’s satellite, strategically positioned in the sky.

The satellite itself uses a dish similar to your own satellite dish, to receive the video and send it back down to Earth. When the satellite sends the signal back down to Earth, it is picked up by your satellite dish, a small round antenna that receives the satellite’s broadcast and sends the video on to your satellite TV receiver.

The satellite TV receiver is that little black box that sits inside your home and allows you to choose E ____________. The receiver actually performs several important functions in the satellite viewing process, including the decryption of the signal itself. If you remember, the satellite signal was scrambled by the provider to protect it from un-paying consumers. Your receiver ‘de-scrambles’ that signal and converts the signal into a format F ____________. Together these amazing components create a vividly clear digital picture for over 200 satellite channels.

1. which channel you want to watch
2. including a power source and a computer system
3. so that the broadcast can only be viewed by paying subscribers
4. so that they can broadcast the shows via satellite
5. how your satellite TV system works
6. making it possible for a satellite to broadcast hundreds of channels at the same time
7. that your television can handle

Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings. When the bell rang, the others would rush into the open air, laughing and chattering. He felt left out. Yet these were also times he enjoyed. He could daydream about how things might have been.

Sometimes, though, he would watch the play not directly, that would have been impossible but on the big screen in one of the classrooms. Cheering on his friends made him feel part of the action. Even through the screens, however, watching for long often made his eyes hurt. Sunlight reflected strongly off the silvery turf, and even more from the trees around the ground. Players in motion trailed flashes of light which left black spots in his vision.

It was during a tense game that the summons came through. The shelter Principal, no less, wanted him at once in his office. Jonte uttered a mild swearword, though realising that he had already been watching too long — his head was aching. He made his way to the admin sector, signalled his arrival and went in. The Principal was behind his desk directly opposite the door. He was a small man, with metallic black hair cut short, silver-grey hands in constant fidgety motion and an expression of perpetual irritation. He waved in the direction of a chair placed in front of the desk.

But to Jonte’s surprise, there were several other people in the office. It was difficult at first to see them all clearly: not only had the effects of watching the match still to wear off, but the lighting was poor. Perhaps the Principal had only remembered at the last minute to close the heavy shutters and switch on a lamp.

As his vision returned, Jonte’s surprise grew. The six men and two women, who sat in a half circle to one side, judging by their job tags, were senior… very senior. Four were from the administration. The two women and the other two men seemed to be scientists from different research bodies.

Jonte was used to the fact that other people were inscrutable. He would have been able to tell from gazing in a mirror into his own eyes, with their blue irises surrounding dark pupils, how he was feeling, even if he hadn’t known yet. But other people’s eyes were silver discs, giving away nothing. He could sometimes see from the rest of their faces whether they were happy or sad, smiling or frowning; but their skin reflected the light, so that he could never be quite sure. From the way they were sitting, he thought, the visitors seemed anxious.

‘Jonte’, the Principal said, ‘these people have a favour to ask, and I hope you can help them. Please sit down.’ Jonte’s surprise grew. What possible favour could these people want from someone like him? ‘I’ll help if I can’, he said.

‘You know,’ the Principal went on, ‘that you have had to grow up here because going outside would be dangerous. Your body wouldn’t be able to withstand the radiation, even at night-time. Ordinary people are born with protection; but in your case…’

‘So you see’, one of the women interjected quickly, ‘you are really a very interesting young man. We want you to let us get to know you better.’

‘The people here,’ the Principal resumed, ‘are from the government’s science and research council. They would like to take you to one of their centres in the south, where the facilities are supposed to be better than we can provide. ’

‘But I’m quite happy here,’ Jonte felt he should say. ‘My friends…’

‘… and in any case,’ the Principal insisted a trifle sourly, ‘you wouldn’t be able to stay much longer. The shelter is being closed down.’

Jonte took this in. ‘So when do I have to go?’ he asked.

‘If you can pack your things together quickly,’ one of the men replied, ‘we should like to move you this evening … say in an hour. Is that all right?’

An hour! The suddenness of it all puzzled Jonte. His condition had been known from the moment he had been born when his parents so he had been told had handed him over for special care. But it also excited him. Apart from a short journey when he had been much younger to a medical centre, he could not remember ever having left the shelter. He didn’t really have much to pack anyway.

(Adapted from ‘Fear No More’ by George Anthony)

12

When his friends rushed into the open air during playtime, Jonte felt

Ответ: .

13

When the summons came through, Jonte was
1) glad that he was able to have a rest.
2) annoyed that he had to stop watching the game.
3) eager to know what had happened.
4) in a hurry.
Ответ: .

14

The people in the Principal’s office were all

Ответ: .

15

In paragraph 6 the word ‘inscrutable’ means

Ответ: .

16

Jonte had to grow up in the shelter because
1) he was an orphan.
2) the world outside the shelter was dangerous.
3) his body was unable to withstand high temperature.
4) he would not manage to survive in the open air.
Ответ: .

17

The people offered to take Jonte to one of their centres because
1) Jonte was not quite happy here.
2) it was well equipped.
3) the Principal didn’t want Jonte to stay in the shelter.
4) the shelter could not provide good education for Jonte.
Ответ: .

18

Jonte was surprised because

Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

Choosing a Career

Edinburgh

The Archipelago

In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them 32____ by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is 33____ odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. 34____ their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely 35____ to more than a few heated exchanges.

At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason 36____ its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.

Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island 37____ an enormous wedding cake.

Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply 38____ out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.

32

Ответ: .

33

Ответ: .

34

Ответ: .

35

Ответ: .

36

Ответ: .

37

Ответ: .

38

Ответ: .

Ваш результат: пока 0.

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A Mary’s new job takes up a lot of time and energy.

B Mary has no time to go to parties.

C Peter felt his salary in the company was too low.

D Peter left his job because he had no promotion prospects.

E Peter sent out his resume to nearly twenty companies.

F Peter wouldn’t mind working in another city.

G Mary advises Peter to speak to people with the same problems.

Вы услышите рассказ писателя о своём увлечении музыкой. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

The narrator says that his musical career
1) changed its direction at the age of 11.
2) started roughly 30 years ago.
3) began after he had sung a song with his father.
Ответ: .

4

When the narrator was almost 40,
1) he was already performing in public.
2) he had learned to sing the parts of ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’.
3) he felt a desire to start playing music.
Ответ: .

5

When the narrator got a mandolin, he

Ответ: .

6

The narrator enjoyed playing the mandolin because
1) he was able to master difficult chords.
2) he was composing music.
3) he was able to relax after his everyday work.
Ответ: .

7

The narrator went to the jam camp because
1) he wanted to perform in public.
2) he would like to speak to Dr. Banjo.
3) he was offered the easiest way to improve his skills.
Ответ: .

8

In the camp the narrator learned that
1) to play songs he should know forty basic chords.
2) to grow as a musician he should possess certain qualities and abilities.
3) he could become a perfect mandolin player if he practises a lot.
Ответ: .

9

When the narrator came back home last week, he was pleased because
1) Ruth had started taking music lessons.
2) his friends and relatives showed their interest in music.
3) Los Angeles was a different place.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. The first thing that a good speaker does is looks at the audience and takes a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey.

B. Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.

C. Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.

D. Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person’s mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.

E. If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs.

F. Don’t be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need ‘white space’ and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.

G. The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person’s physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Ever wonder A ____________? There’s actually quite a bit of science going on behind the scenes, with several components working together to bring you that digital-quality signal.

Your channel selection begins with the programming sources themselves. Companies like Showtime, HBO or Cinemax create their programming. Channel providers then purchase rights to this programming B ____________. Once a provider has their programming in place, they turn their attention to the broadcast centre to compress and convert the programming for satellite broadcast.

Your Dish Network Programming originally arrives as a digital stream of video, which is then compressed and converted through an encoder, typically using the MPEG2 format. This format reduces the overall size of the video, C ____________.

Once encoded, the video is then encrypted D ____________. After the video has been encrypted, it is sent to the provider’s satellite, strategically positioned in the sky.

The satellite itself uses a dish similar to your own satellite dish, to receive the video and send it back down to Earth. When the satellite sends the signal back down to Earth, it is picked up by your satellite dish, a small round antenna that receives the satellite’s broadcast and sends the video on to your satellite TV receiver.

The satellite TV receiver is that little black box that sits inside your home and allows you to choose E ____________. The receiver actually performs several important functions in the satellite viewing process, including the decryption of the signal itself. If you remember, the satellite signal was scrambled by the provider to protect it from un-paying consumers. Your receiver ‘de-scrambles’ that signal and converts the signal into a format F ____________. Together these amazing components create a vividly clear digital picture for over 200 satellite channels.

1. which channel you want to watch
2. including a power source and a computer system
3. so that the broadcast can only be viewed by paying subscribers
4. so that they can broadcast the shows via satellite
5. how your satellite TV system works
6. making it possible for a satellite to broadcast hundreds of channels at the same time
7. that your television can handle

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings. When the bell rang, the others would rush into the open air, laughing and chattering. He felt left out. Yet these were also times he enjoyed. He could daydream about how things might have been.

Sometimes, though, he would watch the play not directly, that would have been impossible but on the big screen in one of the classrooms. Cheering on his friends made him feel part of the action. Even through the screens, however, watching for long often made his eyes hurt. Sunlight reflected strongly off the silvery turf, and even more from the trees around the ground. Players in motion trailed flashes of light which left black spots in his vision.

It was during a tense game that the summons came through. The shelter Principal, no less, wanted him at once in his office. Jonte uttered a mild swearword, though realising that he had already been watching too long — his head was aching. He made his way to the admin sector, signalled his arrival and went in. The Principal was behind his desk directly opposite the door. He was a small man, with metallic black hair cut short, silver-grey hands in constant fidgety motion and an expression of perpetual irritation. He waved in the direction of a chair placed in front of the desk.

But to Jonte’s surprise, there were several other people in the office. It was difficult at first to see them all clearly: not only had the effects of watching the match still to wear off, but the lighting was poor. Perhaps the Principal had only remembered at the last minute to close the heavy shutters and switch on a lamp.

As his vision returned, Jonte’s surprise grew. The six men and two women, who sat in a half circle to one side, judging by their job tags, were senior… very senior. Four were from the administration. The two women and the other two men seemed to be scientists from different research bodies.

Jonte was used to the fact that other people were inscrutable. He would have been able to tell from gazing in a mirror into his own eyes, with their blue irises surrounding dark pupils, how he was feeling, even if he hadn’t known yet. But other people’s eyes were silver discs, giving away nothing. He could sometimes see from the rest of their faces whether they were happy or sad, smiling or frowning; but their skin reflected the light, so that he could never be quite sure. From the way they were sitting, he thought, the visitors seemed anxious.

‘Jonte’, the Principal said, ‘these people have a favour to ask, and I hope you can help them. Please sit down.’ Jonte’s surprise grew. What possible favour could these people want from someone like him? ‘I’ll help if I can’, he said.

‘You know,’ the Principal went on, ‘that you have had to grow up here because going outside would be dangerous. Your body wouldn’t be able to withstand the radiation, even at night-time. Ordinary people are born with protection; but in your case…’

‘So you see’, one of the women interjected quickly, ‘you are really a very interesting young man. We want you to let us get to know you better.’

‘The people here,’ the Principal resumed, ‘are from the government’s science and research council. They would like to take you to one of their centres in the south, where the facilities are supposed to be better than we can provide. ’

‘But I’m quite happy here,’ Jonte felt he should say. ‘My friends…’

‘… and in any case,’ the Principal insisted a trifle sourly, ‘you wouldn’t be able to stay much longer. The shelter is being closed down.’

Jonte took this in. ‘So when do I have to go?’ he asked.

‘If you can pack your things together quickly,’ one of the men replied, ‘we should like to move you this evening … say in an hour. Is that all right?’

An hour! The suddenness of it all puzzled Jonte. His condition had been known from the moment he had been born when his parents so he had been told had handed him over for special care. But it also excited him. Apart from a short journey when he had been much younger to a medical centre, he could not remember ever having left the shelter. He didn’t really have much to pack anyway.

(Adapted from ‘Fear No More’ by George Anthony)

12

When his friends rushed into the open air during playtime, Jonte felt

Ответ: .

13

When the summons came through, Jonte was
1) glad that he was able to have a rest.
2) annoyed that he had to stop watching the game.
3) eager to know what had happened.
4) in a hurry.
Ответ: .

14

The people in the Principal’s office were all

Ответ: .

15

In paragraph 6 the word ‘inscrutable’ means

Ответ: .

16

Jonte had to grow up in the shelter because
1) he was an orphan.
2) the world outside the shelter was dangerous.
3) his body was unable to withstand high temperature.
4) he would not manage to survive in the open air.
Ответ: .

17

The people offered to take Jonte to one of their centres because
1) Jonte was not quite happy here.
2) it was well equipped.
3) the Principal didn’t want Jonte to stay in the shelter.
4) the shelter could not provide good education for Jonte.
Ответ: .

18

Jonte was surprised because

Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

Choosing a Career

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh is one of the most written-about cities on earth. Built on ancient volcanoes and first established because of its secure and

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

The Archipelago

In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them 32____ by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is 33____ odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. 34____ their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely 35____ to more than a few heated exchanges.

At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason 36____ its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.

Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island 37____ an enormous wedding cake.

Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply 38____ out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.

32

Ответ: .

33

Ответ: .

34

Ответ: .

35

Ответ: .

36

Ответ: .

37

Ответ: .

38

Ответ: .

Ваш результат: пока 0.

Demand
Soars For Satellite DSL, Satellite Tv & DSL Internet Services

…with
satellite dsl being one of today’s
hottest new technologies!Welcome To HighSpeedSat!
A one-stop information source for satellite dsl,
satellite phone,
satellite radio, and satellite tv systems, plus voip and dsl
internet service.

…satellite dishes are dotting the landscape
everywhere!

In cities, towns and remote locations, mini satellite dishes
point attentively to the Southern sky. Emblazoned with names like DirecTv®,
Dish Network®, and DirecWay®, their numbers are
growing at an amazing rate.

Ever wonder why these satellite dish systems are in such great
demand? Does high speed internet service or digital television
programming via satellite intrigue you?

Great! You’re about to learn about some exciting new satellite
technologies especially options for high speed internet access.
These include satellite dsl or broadband service via satellite, as
well as, conventional DSL Internet service from leading providers.

Gaining popularity worldwide, satellite dsl technology is revolutionizing high speed internet access and communications everywhere. It is one of today’s hottest commodities because it provides fast, reliable, and secure service most anywhere in the continental US and around the globe.

Did you know that satellite phones work just about anywhere? Take a look at the latest wireless telephone solutions available for today’s travelers. Now, you can rent or buy a satellite phone or GSM international cell phone at discounted rates to keep in touch with the rest of the world wherever you travel, work or play.

As demand grows for better technology, satellite systems including satellite dsl, radio, television, and telephone, as well as, dsl internet services are delivering innovative solutions. Satellite technology gives you the ability to achieve greater productivity on the internet and to enjoy the best in communication, as well as, television and audio entertainment.

The pages that follow are your keys to understanding the advantages of having satellite technology in your life today. I welcome you to explore them, including our web business resources page.

Learn how you can establish your own business on the Internet with the best web site creation, hosting, and promotion tools available today. Take the time to read this information. It is my belief that you will enjoy and benefit greatly from it!

Satellite tv is talked about so much in the world of consumer viewing. Satellite dishes, receivers, program packages, PVRs, DVRs, HDTV – what does it all mean? How can you even begin to think of buying a satellite tv system when you’re bombarded with all these meaningless terms? So suppose you really knew exactly how satellite tv works? Wouldn’t that put you in a more positive position? Wouldn’t that allow you to make an informed decision when shopping for a satellite tv system?

There are many pages on the Internet explaining how satellite tv works. Many have a lot of technical information. We’d like to take a simpler approach. So, the following is an explanation of just how satellite tv works – in layman’s terms. Take note – and you can secure some useful knowledge.

The Basics

Satellite tv is a wireless system for delivering tv programming directly to a viewer’s house. It transmits its broadcasts via a radio signal.

The ultimate source of this radio signal is the broadcast stations. They use a powerful antenna to transmit their broadcasts to the viewers. However, these radio signals can travel only in straight lines. So the signal can’t be captured by the viewer on his receiver unless he is in the line of sight of the broadcaster’s signal. Tall buildings, trees, and other such obstructions, can’t block the signal, but it could be blocked by the curvature of the Earth. Therefore, broadcasters needed another medium to transmit their signals to the viewers. Enter satellites.

Satellites were launched. They orbited the Earth at exactly the same speed as the Earth (7,000 mph or 11,000 kph), at a distance of 22,200 miles (35,700 km), thereby creating a geosynchronous orbit, that is, they appeared to be “stationary” above the Earth, “hovering” over a certain point. The result of this geosynchronous orbit is that signals (broadcasts) could be directed from the Earth to the satellites and continually engage them in receiver transmissions.

So now on the ground there was a need for an antenna to receive these broadcasters’ signals. Enter satellite tv systems. These very large satellite dishes started popping up in people’s back yards. Although the satellites took up large areas of the viewer’s property, the programming was very rewarding. The owners of these big satellite dishes could pick up foreign stations, live feeds between broadcast stations, NASA activities and a lot of other programs transmitted using satellites.

Progress brings smaller and more efficient technology

Then direct broadcast satellite (DBS) providers decided to collect the programs available via satellite and re-sell them to the viewer. But the broadcasters (for example, HBO and ESPN) weren’t about to just give away their programs. They charged the DBS providers a fee for these rights. So in essence, the DBS providers are like brokers – they buy programs wholesale and re-sell them for a profit. Two of the most well-known DBS providers are DIRECTV and the Dish Network.

The next challenge for the DBS providers was to create a system more cost-effective and simpler than the large satellite dishes. So they came up with a small satellite dish that viewers could easily attach to their houses or apartments. This opened up a whole new market for their programs.

Program packages were created by selecting certain channels and bundling them, often in a theme – like sports, movies, documentaries, retro, etc. Viewers could choose the package that best fit their viewing preferences, and wouldn’t have to pay for channels they weren’t interested in.

So in review, here’s the basic path of a radio signal containing television programming: the programming source (the broadcaster), to a satellite, to the DBS broadcast center, back to a satellite, to the viewer’s receiver, to the television set.

Exactly how is this signal sent?

Early satellite tv was broadcast in C-band radio (3.4 GigaHertz [GHz] to 7 GHz). Remember, the picture and sound making up the signal is actually a radio signal. But the broadcasters wanted to provide superior video and audio to its viewers, so they started transmitting their programs in the Ku frequency (12 GHz to 14 GHz). Thus was invented High-Definition Television (HDTV). Now the picture and sound were theatre-like in quality. This also gave them a jump on their competition – the cable companies.

Now for a quick, but not too deep, look at the technology of the satellite signal. The original broadcasts are converted into a high-quality, uncompressed digital stream containing a lot of data, and sends it at a speed of 270 megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. But unless all this data was compressed, the satellite wouldn’t be able to accept it.

The system of compression used in the U.S. is the MPEG-2 compressed video format. This is similar to the system used to make DVDs. The provider could now reduce the 270-Mbps stream to about 5 or 10 Mbps, enabling them to transmit about 200 channels, instead of the 30 they could transmit before compression. The signal was scrambled so only paid subscribers could receive it.

This was the turning point towards the huge success the DBS providers now experience. Again, this put them ahead of the cable companies.

The Receiver – the end and the beginning

The receiver is almost at the end of the signal’s journey, accepting the program signal and converting it into a format that can be viewed on your tv. It’s also the beginning of your viewing pleasure. The receiver does three basic things:

1. It receives and de-scrambles the signal which contains the program.
   
2. It separates the individual channels you request by way of the channel selector button on either your tv or your remote control.
   
3. It tracks your pay-per-view usage (the special programs you order), and sends your billing information for this programming to your provider.

Receivers do a few more jobs as well. They display a “TV Guide” (your onscreen programming guide), which comes as part of the signal from the satellite. You can also get special receivers, called Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), which let you pause or record live television.

So now we’ve traced the radio signal from its inception at the broadcaster to its reception on your television. And now you know just how satellite tv works. You’re qualified to make an informed decision when buying a satellite tv system.

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/29920/how_satellite_tv_works.html

http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Satellite-TV-Works&id=32290
http://www.sbca.com/mediaguide/howsatworks.htm

Satellite radio is
such a remarkably simple concept that one might wonder why it took until
2001 for the first space-based audio service to make its debut in the
United States.

	At least it’s simple on the surface: Take a music, news or talk station, beam the signal up to a satellite, and overcome the limitations of ground-based transmitters whose signals generally drop off as distance increases. Then make sure the programming is more appealing than traditional radio stations and cut down on the number of commercials in exchange for a monthly subscription fee. But as it turns out, satellite radio is a whole lot more complex than it seems on paper – and it took cutting-edge technology to make the systems operated by Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio work. XM and Sirius are not the first companies to enter the satellite radio industry: Worldspace Corp., a firm based in Washington, has provided satellite radio in Asia, Africa and Europe since 1998. But Worldspace was intended primarily for use in
One of XM’s two seven-meter uplink satellite dishes located at the company’s headquarters.
fixed locations, while the systems used by XM and Sirius are optimized to reach U.S. listeners on the go.

It took a number of
years to develop the XM and Sirius systems.

Sirius and XM each
took somewhat different approaches, although the end result, from a lay
person’s perspective, is the same: 100 channels of music, news, sports
and other fare available virtually anywhere in the continental United
States. The companies are trying to distinguish themselves with
programming and attitude.

XM’s system uses
two very powerful satellites floating in space directly above the equator.
The spacecraft are in geostationary orbit — they appear from the ground
to remain in fixed perches, because they move around the Earth at the same
speed the planet is rotating.

Geostationary
satellites are commonly used for all sorts of space-based communications
because they enable use of inexpensive, fixed antennas. Satellite TV and
Internet systems are two examples of consumer-oriented technologies that
use this type of satellite.

Repeat
that, please

Each XM receiver is
equipped to receive signals from both of the company’s Boeing 702
satellites and a repeater simultaneously. As long as one of the sources is
available, the radio will play without interruption. In addition, the
receivers have buffers that store programming for several seconds,
allowing operation to continue even if no signal is available momentarily.

Sirius uses a trio
of Loral FS1300 satellites in unique elliptical orbits in an effort to
avoid the problems posed by geostationary satellites.

The orbits, shaped
like figure eights, allow the satellites to appear higher in the sky than
XM’s, cutting down on the potential for a listener to be out of range of
a satellite signal — and allowing Sirius to have a much smaller number of
repeaters.

Sirius’ repeater
network also avoids the need for specialized antennas that can track the
company’s non-geostationary satellites as they move about the sky,
Sirius feeds its repeaters using capacity on a geostationary satellite
leased from a traditional satellite operator. Listeners can’t tell that
the signals they receive via the repeaters do not
travel over Sirius’ fleet of satellites.

The Sirius
satellites each spend about 16 hours over the United States, then whip
around the other side of the Earth and return eight hours later for
another stint hovering over Sirius’ listening area, according to Ted
Hessler, the company’s vice president of space segment and enterprise
operations.

Two Sirius
spacecraft cover the United States at any given time, Hessler said.

In
the studio

Satellite HDTV (high definition television) is today’s
«cutting edge» tv technology. Redefining broadcast
television with digitized programming, high definition tv via
satellite delivers imagery and sound that’s so lifelike — it’s the
next best thing to being there!What Makes It So Impressive?

Remarkable improvements over conventional analog broadcasts
distinguish high definition television as the system of the future.
The most noticeable difference between hd television and analog tv
is picture quality and size.

This dramatic increase in resolution and aspect ratio (screen width
versus height) produces a «razor sharp» picture
with a significantly wider viewing area.

The excellent picture quality of satellite hdtv is a result of the
best resolution available today. A greater number of resolution
lines produces a sharper, more accurate picture.

In order to have a better appreciation, consider that standard
analog television produces 330 lines of resolution. The much crisper
dvd format provides 400 — 480 lines of resolution. In comparison,

DirecTv
satellite hdtv receivers deliver up to 1080 lines of resolution.

Delivering over 1 million pixels on screen, satellite’s digitized tv
programming creates crystal clear images with the most minute
details.

A larger aspect ratio allows you to see action on screen that is
normally «cropped-off» with analog broadcasts. The aspect
ratio of hdtv at 16:9 (screen width : height) is more in line with
the human visual field versus the 4:3 ratio of standard analog
television.

Satellite hd broadcasts deliver a home theater viewing
experience that allows you to see movies as they were intended.
Combined with Dolby ® Digital 5.1 Surround Sound, hd programming
via satellite makes you feel as though you are in the midst of the
action on screen.

What Equipment is Needed to Experience
HDTV?

High definition programming from local network affiliates across the
US can be received simply with a high definition tv set and an
off-air hdtv antenna; or, through DirecTv local programming services
where available.

DirecTv® is the first satellite tv service to have its receiving
system built-in to many hdtv sets providing viewers with the added
convenience of easy satellite access.

Participating manufacturers include Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Panasonic,
ProScan, RCA, Samsung, Sony, Toshiba and Zenith. It is anticipated
that additional manufacturers will be partnering with DirecTv® to
provide this service in the future.

In order to experience high definition tv via satellite from DirecTv®,
you will need an HDTV set with a built-in DirecTv® receiver from
any of the above manufacturers; or, a standalone DirecTv®
high-definition receiver and a hd compatible television. You will
also need a multi-satellite tv system from DirecTv® to receive hd
programming via satellite.

DirecTv® delivers high definition programming to its subscribers
via the new, multi-satellite tv system.

*
An important component of this system is the 18″ x 20″
Triple LNB (low noise block) satellite dish antenna. Why? …

It allows subscribers to receive signals from three separate DirecTv
satellites simultaneously. Positioned at 101, 110 and 119 degrees
respectively, they deliver all of DirecTv’s services including
satellite and local channel high definition programming. (where
available)

*If you have
DirecTv service with the earlier version multi-satellite system
(18″ x 24″ dish) and you would like to start enjoying hdtv
programs, you will first need to check if your system is hdtv
enabled.

To do so, tune to Channel 99 of your DirecTv HD receiver. If you can
see the DirecTv logo on your screen, then you are good to go.

Otherwise, you will need to upgrade your satellite dish with a Sat-C
self install kit available from DirecTv for a nominal fee. Contact
them directly at

1-800-531-5000 for
details.

Available Programming in HDTV Format

Many ABC, NBC and CBS affiliate stations across the country have
already begun boadcasting in the hd format. In addition, DirecTv
offers a growing lineup of high definition telecasts via satellite
and recently announced its new

HD
programming package
Currently, hdtv broadcasts from DirecTv are available on HD Net and
HD Net Movie channels which feature live sporting events like NHL
hockey and Major League Baseball, as well as, movies, concerts and
more.

You can also experience the wonders of nature and space exploration
displayed so vividly on Discovery HD Theater™. Enjoy
magnificent presentations of wildlife and plantlife that looks so
real — you will want to reach out to touch it! Closeups reveal, with
incredible detail, features never before seen with conventional
television.

For sports enthusiasts, ESPN HD captures the action up-close
for virtually every sporting event. Additionally, HBO and Showtime
offer hd broadcasts of championship boxing, big hit movies, award
winning series and Hollywood favorites around the clock. You can
also enjoy high definition programming on select BlockBuster
pay-per-view movie channels.

• What is satellite radio?
• What does satellite radio offer?
• What does satellite radio sound like?

Satellite Tv delivers pleasure and excitement to millions of
families and business patrons everywhere across the country.
Whether it’s providing action packed sporting events, up to the
minute worldwide news or classic movie action, DirecTv and Dish
Network satellite television systems are one of today’s hottest
commodities!

One of the major reasons for the huge Satellite Tv
demand is outstanding service. Direct tv satellite services
received the coveted
#1 ranking for Customer Satisfaction among
satellite/cable subscribers
by J.D.Power & Associates for 2002 and 2003!

In a very competitive environment, satellite tv
providers, like DirecTv, have gained national recognition and
approval by using tv satellite dishes and receivers to deliver
quality television programming with personalized service.

What is satellite
radio?

The Broadcast TV Problem

Photo courtesy DirecTV

Conceptually, satellite television is a lot like broadcast
television. It’s a wireless system for delivering television
programming directly to a viewer’s house. Both broadcast
television and satellite stations transmit programming via a radio
signal (see How
Radio Works for information about radio broadcasting).

Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio
waves to the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the signal with
a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of broadcast
television is range. The radio signals used to broadcast
television shoot out from the broadcast antenna in a straight
line. In order to receive these signals, you have to be in the
direct «line of sight» of the antenna. Small
obstacles like trees or small buildings aren’t a problem; but a
big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves.

If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast
television thousands of miles from the source. But because the
planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal’s line of site.
The other problem with broadcast television is that the signal is
often distorted even in the viewing area. To get a
perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be
pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles
in the way.

The Satellite TV Solution
Satellite television solves the problems of range and distortion
by transmitting broadcast signals from satellites
orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there
are a lot more customers in the line of site. Satellite television
systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized
antennas called satellite dishes.

The television satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit,
meaning that they stay in one place in the sky relative to the
Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 7,000 mph
(11,000 kph), reaching approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km)
above the Earth. At this speed and altitude, the satellite will
revolve around the planet once every 24 hours — the same period
of time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other
words, the satellite keeps pace with our moving planet exactly.
This way, you only have to direct the dish at the satellite once,
and from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at
least when everything works right. (See How
Satellites Work for more information on satellite orbits.)

At the core, this is all there is to satellite television. But
as we’ll see in the next section, there are several important
steps between the original programming source and your television.

The Overall System
Early satellite TV viewers were explorers of sorts. They used
their expensive dishes to discover unique programming that wasn’t
necessarily intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving
equipment gave viewers the tools to pick up foreign stations, live
feeds between different broadcast stations, NASA activities and a
lot of other stuff transmitted using satellites.

Some satellite owners still seek out this sort of programming
on their own, but today, most satellite TV customers get their
programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
provider, such as DirecTV or the Dish Network. The provider
selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set
package. Basically, the provider’s goal is to bring dozens or even
hundreds of channels to your television in a form that
approximates the competition, cable TV. Unlike earlier
programming, the provider’s broadcast is completely digital,
which means it has much better picture and sound quality (see How
Digital Television Works for details). Early satellite
television was broadcast in C-band radio — radio in the
3.4-gigahertz (GHz) to 7-GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast
satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range
(12 GHz to 14 GHz ).

There are five major components involved in a direct to home
(DTH) satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast
center, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver. On the
next page, we’ll look at each component in more detail.

The Components

• Programming sources are simply the channels that
  provide programming for broadcast. The provider doesn’t create
  original programming itself; it pays other companies (HBO, for
  example, or ESPN) for the right to broadcast their content via
  satellite. In this way, the provider is kind of like a broker
  between you and the actual programming sources. (Cable
  television companies work on the same principle.)
• The broadcast center is the central hub of the
  system. At the broadcast center, the television provider
  receives signals from various programming sources and beams a
  broadcast signal to satellites in geostationary orbit.

  The Programming
  Satellite TV providers get programming from two major sources:
  national turnaround channels (such as HBO, ESPN and
  CNN) and various local channels (the NBC, CBS, ABC, PBS
  and Fox affiliates in a particular area). Most of the
  turnaround channels also provide programming for cable
  television, and the local channels typically broadcast their
  programming over the airwaves.

  Turnaround channels usually have a distribution center that
  beams their programming to a geostationary satellite. The
  broadcast center uses large satellite dishes to pick up these
  analog and digital signals from several sources.

  Most local stations don’t transmit their programming to
  satellites, so the provider has to get it another way. If the
  provider includes local programming in a particular area, it
  will have a small local facility consisting of a few racks of
  communications equipment. The equipment receives local signals
  directly from the broadcaster through fiber-optic
  cable or an antenna and then transmits them to the central
  broadcast center.

  The broadcast center converts all of this programming into
  a high-quality, uncompressed digital stream. At this point,
  the stream contains a vast quantity of data — about 270
  megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. In order to
  transmit the signal from there, the broadcast center has to compress
  it. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to
  handle. In the next section, we’ll find out how the signal is
  compressed.

  Compression
  The two major providers in the United States use the MPEG-2
  compressed video format — the same format used to store
  movies on DVDs.
  With MPEG-2 compression, the provider can reduce the 270-Mbps
  stream to about 5 or 10 Mbps (depending on the type of
  programming). This is the crucial step that has made DBS
  service a success. With digital compression, a typical
  satellite can transmit about 200 channels. Without digital
  compression, it can transmit about 30 channels.

  At the broadcast center, the high-quality digital stream of
  video goes through an MPEG-2 encoder, which converts the
  programming to MPEG-2 video of the correct size and format for
  the satellite receiver in your house.

  The MPEG encoder analyzes each frame and decides how to
  encode it. The encoder eliminates redundant or irrelevant
  data, and extrapolates information from other frames to reduce
  the overall size of the file. Each frame can be encoded in one
  of three ways:

  • As an intraframe — An intraframe contains the
    complete image data for that frame. This method of
    encoding provides the least compression.
  • As a predicted frame — A predicted frame contains
    just enough information to tell the satellite receiver how
    to display the frame based on the most recently displayed
    intraframe or predicted frame. This means that the frame
    contains only the data that relates to how the picture has
    changed from the previous frame.
  • As a bidirectional frame — To display a
    bidirectional frame, the receiver must have the
    information from the surrounding intraframe or predicted
    frames. Using data from the closest surrounding frames,
    the receiver interpolates the position and color of
    each pixel.

  This process occasionally produces «artifacts»
  — little glitches in the video image — but for the most
  part, it creates a clear, vivid picture.

  The rate of compression depends on the nature of the
  programming. If the encoder is converting a newscast, it can
  use a lot more predicted frames because most of the scene
  stays the same from one frame to the next. In other sorts of
  programming, such as action movies and music videos, things
  change very quickly from one frame to the next, so the encoder
  has to create more intraframes. As a result, something like a
  newscast generally compresses to a much smaller size than
  something like an action movie.

  Encryption and Transmission
  After the video is compressed, the provider needs to encrypt
  it in order to keep people from accessing it for free.
  Encryption scrambles the digital data in such a way that it
  can only be decrypted (converted back into usable data) if the
  receiver has the correct decryption algorithm and security
  keys. (See How
  Encryption Works for more information.)

  Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the broadcast
  center beams it directly to one of its satellites. The
  satellite picks up the signal with an onboard dish, amplifies
  the signal and uses a another dish to beam the signal back to
  Earth, where viewers can pick it up.

  In the next section, we’ll see what happens when the signal
  reaches a viewer’s house.

• The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast
  station and rebroadcast them to the ground.
• The viewer’s dish picks up the signal from the
  satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky)
  and passes it on to the receiver in the viewer’s house.
• The receiver processes the signal and passes it on to
  a standard television.

In the next few sections, we’ll look at each step in the
process in greater detail.

The Dish
A satellite dish is just a special kind of antenna designed to
focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists
of a parabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed
horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends it through the
horn, and the dish focuses the signal into a relatively narrow
beam.

The dish on the receiving end can’t transmit information; it
can only receive it. The receiving dish works in the exact
opposite way of the transmitter. When a beam hits the curved dish,
the parabola shape reflects the radio signal inward onto a
particular point, just like a concave mirror focuses light onto a particular point.

In this case, the point is the dish’s feed horn, which passes
the signal onto the receiving equipment. In an ideal setup, there
aren’t any major obstacles between the satellite and the dish, so
the dish receives a clear signal.

In some systems, the dish needs to pick up signals from two or
more satellites at the same time. The satellites may be close
enough together that a regular dish with a single horn can pick up
signals from both. This compromises quality somewhat, because the
dish isn’t aimed directly at one or more of the satellites. A new
dish design uses two or more horns to pick up different satellite
signals. As the beams from different satellites hit the curved
dish, they reflect at different angles so that one beam hits one
of the horns and another beam hits a different horn.

The central element in the feed horn is the low noise
blockdown converter, or LNB. The LNB amplifies the
radio signal bouncing off the dish and filters out the noise
(radio signals not carrying programming). The LNB passes the
amplified, filtered signal to the satellite receiver inside the
viewer’s house.

The Receiver
The end component in the entire satellite TV system is the receiver.
The receiver has four essential jobs:

• It de-scrambles the encrypted signal. In order to unlock the
  signal, the receiver needs the proper decoder chip for that
  programming package. The provider can communicate with the
  chip, via the satellite signal, to make necessary adjustments
  to its decoding programs. The provider may occasionally send
  signals that disrupt illegal de-scramblers, as an electronic
  counter measure (ECM) against illegal users.
• It takes the digital MPEG-2 signal and converts it into an
  analog format that a standard television can recognize. In the
  United States, receivers convert the digital signal to the
  analog NTSC format. Some dish and receiver setups can also
  output an HDTV
  signal.
• It extracts the individual channels from the larger
  satellite signal. When you change the channel on the receiver,
  it sends just the signal for that channel to your TV. Since
  the receiver spits out only one channel at a time, you can’t
  tape one program and watch another. You also can’t watch two
  different programs on two TVs hooked up to the same receiver.
  In order to do these things, which are standard on
  conventional cable, you need to buy an additional receiver.
• It keeps track of pay-per-view programs and periodically
  phones a computer at the provider’s headquarters to
  communicate billing information.

Receivers have a number of other features as well. They pick up
a programming schedule signal from the provider and present this
information in an onscreen programming guide. Many receivers have
parental lock-out options, and some have built-in digital
video recorders (DVRs), which let you pause live television or
record it on a hard drive.

While digital broadcast satellite service is still lacking some
of the basic features of conventional cable (the ability to easily
split signals between different TVs and VCRs,
for example), its high-quality picture, varied programming
selection and extended service areas make it a good alternative
for some. With the rise of digital cable, which also has
improved picture quality and extended channel selection, the TV
war is really heating up. Just about anything could happen in the
next 10 years as all of these television providers battle it out.

For much more information on satellite television and other
broadcast systems, check out the links on the next page.

How Does DIRECTV Technology Work?

DIRECTV first launched its service in the summer of 1994.
According to industry statistics, the DIRECTV^® System
became one of the fastest selling consumer electronics product
ever to enter the market — faster than color TVs, CD players and
VCRs.

The DIRECTV System includes a small satellite dish (which is an
antenna for receiving a satellite broadcast signal); a digital
integrated receiver/decoder (IRD), which separates each channel,
and decompresses and translates the digital signal so a television
can show it; and a remote control.

DIRECTV^® programming is distributed by six high-power
satellites: four built by Hughes Electronics Corp. (DBS-1, DBS-2,
DIRECTV 1-R, and D4-S), and two built by LORAL (DIRECTV 5, 6).
Each satellite has multiple transponders that relay the DIRECTV
signal from the broadcast centers to home satellite dishes. The
D4-S satellite is a «spot beam» satellite which allows
signals to target specific areas within the U.S., and is used by
DIRECTV to deliver local programming. The «spot beam»
satellite has five antennas and multiple feeds. Each feed projects
its particular signal onto a special location on one of the
antennas. The antenna is specifically shaped to bounce the signal
to a specific location in the continental U.S.

All DIRECTV satellites are located in geosynchronous orbit 22,300
miles above the earth. DIRECTV provides service from three orbital
locations under authority granted by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC). After the DIRECTV System is installed — a
process that includes aiming the dish at the satellites — no
adjustment is necessary to change programming because the
satellites remain in the same location in the sky. The dish never
has to track the satellites, so there’s no waiting for the picture
to come in and little maintenance required.

To gather programming content, ensure its digital quality, and
transmit the signal up to the satellites, DIRECTV created two of
the most sophisticated digital broadcast centers in the world —
in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, California. Programming
comes to the broadcast center from our content providers (CNN,
ESPN, etc.) via satellite, fiber optic cable and/or special
digital tape. Most satellite-delivered programming is immediately
digitized, encrypted and uplinked to the orbiting satellites. Some
programs are copied to professional video servers by the broadcast
centers’ state-of-the-art automation equipment to be broadcast
later.

The satellites retransmit the signal back down to each customer’s
DIRECTV satellite dish. Before any recorded programs are viewed by
customers, technicians use sophisticated post-production equipment
to view and analyze each tape to ensure audio and video quality.
Professional video layout servers have playback of a program
triggered by a computerized signal sent from the broadcast
automation system. Back-up video playout servers ensure
uninterrupted transmission at all times.

If you’re familiar with multimedia computers, you may have heard
of MPEG, which stands for Moving Pictures Experts Group. MPEG is a
technology that can compress a moving image so it takes a tiny
fraction of the space it normally would for transmission.
Uncompressed digital images can be enormous; about ten or twenty
seconds would fill up the hard drive on a home computer. Even
compressed, digital moving images are very large.

Consider this comparison: Your telephone modem can transmit
information at up to 56 thousand bits per second. At DIRECTV, each
of our transponders on the DIRECTV 1-R and DBS-2 satellites can
send about 30 million bits of information per second to a DIRECTV
System, or more than 500 times what a normal PC modem can handle.
This data transmission rate enables DIRECTV to retransmit detailed
moving digital video signals to subscribers. DIRECTV programming
and all DIRECTV Receivers employ MPEG-2 technology, the emerging
world standard for digital broadcasts.

Другие языки

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.  Recovery of a masterpiece

2.  Return of the popularity

3.  Dangerous when rare

4.  Back and deep into the past

5.  Return to the market

6.  A happy comeback

7.  From Eastern to Western culture

8.  They come back in spring

A. The Mona Lisa, also known as La Giaconda, became world famous after it was stolen from the Louvre in 1911. The painting was missing for two years before police traced the theft to Italian painter, Vincenzo Peruggia, who stole the work to return it to its country of origin. The Louvre Museum in Paris built a separate room to house the Mona Lisa, giving up to five million visitors a year the chance to see the painting.

B. The tradition of telling stories with a series of sequential images has been a part of Japanese culture long before Superman comic strips. The earliest examples of pre-manga artwork that influenced the development of modern Japanese comics are commonly attributed to Toba Sojo, an 11th-century painter-priest with an odd sense of humor. Toba’s animal paintings satirized life in the Buddhist priesthood by drawing priests as rabbits or monkeys engaged in silly activities.

C. When the story in which Holmes died was published in a popular magazine in 1893, the British reading public was outraged. More than 20,000 people canceled their subscriptions. The demand for Holmes stories was so great that Conan Doyle brought the great detective back to life by explaining that no one had actually seen Holmes go down the Reichenbach Falls. The public, glad to have new tales, bought the explanation.

D. Caviar refers to the salted eggs of the fish species, sturgeon. At the beginning of the 19th century, the United States was one of the greatest producers of caviar in the world. Because of overfishing, commercial sturgeon harvesting was banned. Today, mostly through farm-raised varieties, caviar production has returned in America. Some American caviar is very high in quality and has been compared favorably to wild Caspian caviar.

E. T.S. Eliot wrote in his poem, «The Waste Land,» that April was the «cruelest month.» He was living in England at the time, and the weather there can be dreadfully rainy and cold during spring. But from a cook’s point of view, April is anything but cruel. The month brings us some of the freshest, most wonderful foods. Consider the first ripe strawberries, asparagus, artichokes, tiny peas, and so much more.

F. When the eruption of Vesuvius started on the morning of 24 August, 79 AD, it caught the local population completely unprepared. The catastrophic magnitude of the eruption was connected with the long period of inactivity that preceded it. The longer the intervals between one eruption and another, the greater the explosion will be. Luckily, the frequent but low-level activity of Vesuvius in recent centuries has relieved the build-up of pressure in the magma chamber.

G. Iron Age Britain can only be understood from the archaeological evidence. There are few spectacular ruins from Iron Age Britain. Unlike in Classical Greece or Ancient Egypt, in Iron Age Britain there was no construction of major cities, palaces, temples or pyramids. Rather, it was an essentially rural world of farms and villages, which had no economic or religious need to build palaces, cities, major tombs or ceremonial sites.

Подробности

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Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А22-А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. TEST  02  ( part 3)

The Archipelago

    In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them A22 apart by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is A23 at odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. A24 Despite their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely A25 amounts to more than a few heated exchanges.

    At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason A26 for its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.

    Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island A27 resembled an enormous wedding cake.

     Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply A28 ran out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.

A22	1) out	2) off	3) apart Tell apart — различать, отличать; устоявшееся выражение	4) aside
A23	1) over	2) at Be at odds — находиться в противоречии, не соответствовать; устоявшееся выражение	3) against	4) on
A24	1) Despite несмотря на	2) In spite употребляется с OF	3) Besides кроме того	4) Although хотя
A25	1) raises Raise (smb.) to — повышать (в звании, должности)	2) attains Attain to — добиваться, достигать	3) amounts Amount to — равняться, составлять	4) achieves Употребляется без TO
A26	1) with	2) to	3) of	4) for Из всех слов reason употребляется только с FOR
A27	1) recollected Recollect — припоминать, вспоминать	2) reminded Remind — напоминать	3) resembled Resemble — походить, иметь сходство	4) remembered Remember — помнить
A28	1) went	2) ran Run out of smth — кончаться, иссякать; устоявшееся выражение	3) grew	4) came

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