Language extinction егэ ответы

Подробности

18184

Задание 50 на подготовку к ЕГЭ по английскому. В тексте имеются пропуски слов. Для каждого пропуска даны несколько вариантов. Определите, какой вариант верный.

ЗаданиеОтвет

Language Extinction

Language death is nowadays a phenomenon with a much more frequent APPEARANCE / EXISTANCE / OCCURRENCE / OCCASION than the death of animals or plants species. Every two weeks, one language goes out of WORLD / USE / MIND / WAY. Although language extinction is a natural process, it raises controversial issues CONCERNED / DEALING / REGARDING / RELATED to society and culture.

Linguists have defined a language as being dead the moment its last speaker passes OVER / AWAY / OUT / OFF. What causes the extinction and final death of a language? Usually, a language has higher chances to die when people speaking it are assimilated by other cultures. In this case, the language dies slowly, by merging with the language of the assimilators. Or its death can be a more accelerated process when the speakers CHANGE / BREAK / END / GIVE up their own language because they don’t find any benefit in using it. Many of the dying languages have no written records, so once they go, they will be lost forever. Of course, speaking one of these languages is not seen as an asset within the business or working environment today. But it can be an asset from cultural and even scientific points of ORDER / INTEREST / VIEW / OPINION.

Preserving your own language is a proof of self-respect and of respect for your past. Learn as many foreign languages as possible, but never forget your native language just because you can’t find any benefit in using it throughout your day-to-day life. And if you are one of the few speakers of a language, contribute to getting it out of the death threat. SHARE / GIVE / PASS / CONVEY your knowledge with others who are interested in expanding their horizons by learning a foreign language.

Language Extinction

Language death is nowadays a phenomenon with a much more frequent OCCURRENCE than the death of animals or plants species. Every two weeks, one language goes out of USE. Although language extinction is a natural process, it raises controversial issues RELATED to society and culture.

Linguists have defined a language as being dead the moment its last speaker passes AWAY. What causes the extinction and final death of a language? Usually, a language has higher chances to die when people speaking it are assimilated by other cultures. In this case, the language dies slowly, by merging with the language of the assimilators. Or its death can be a more accelerated process when the speakers GIVE up their own language because they don’t find any benefit in using it. Many of the dying languages have no written records, so once they go, they will be lost forever. Of course, speaking one of these languages is not seen as an asset within the business or working environment today. But it can be an asset from cultural and even scientific points of VIEW.

Preserving your own language is a proof of self-respect and of respect for your past. Learn as many foreign languages as possible, but never forget your native language just because you can’t find any benefit in using it throughout your day-to-day life. And if you are one of the few speakers of a language, contribute to getting it out of the death threat. SHARE your knowledge with others who are interested in expanding their horizons by learning a foreign language.

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A Dana has been very successful recently.

B Ken is going to tell Dana some important information.

C Dana is looking for the job at the moment.

D Dana’s promotion came through quite unexpectedly.

E Dana didn’t get a raise in her salary.

F Ken is getting married in two weeks.

G Dana is surprised to hear that her friend is getting married.

Вы услышите рассказ популярной американской певицы о её карьере. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

The narrator says she started to write songs
1) when she was ten.
2) because she could not talk.
3) because it was the best way to express her feelings.
Ответ: .

4

According to the narrator,
1) she could afford to have a recording studio.
2) her family was not well off.
3) she bought Christmas presents for her friends.
Ответ: .

5

The narrator returned to Texas because
1) her apartment burnt down.
2) she had got several college music scholarships.
3) a friend told her about the American Idol audition in Dallas.
Ответ: .

6

Looking back on the show, the narrator says that
1) few people really believed she could win.
2) the members of the crew were not at all supportive.
3) everyone was supporting her.
Ответ: .

7

The narrator thinks that
1) she ought to become thinner.
2) she could serve as a role model for young girls.
3) girls should not live up to their idols.
Ответ: .

8

The narrator dreams of
1) touring the world.
2) having a permanent relationship.
3) staying single.
Ответ: .

9

The narrator considers herself
1) to be a celebrity.
2) practical and sensible.
3) honest and sincere.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. Young children have a genetic ability to learn language. They come into the world as eager learning machines, and language acquisition is a major aspect of this learning. How children actually learn language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they copy the way adults use words and grammar.

B. Learning a second or third language is easier in early childhood than later. It is particularly important to learn correct pronunciation as young as possible. At any age, learning by constant contact with native speakers in their own society is the quickest and the most effective method. It is superior to taking foreign language classes because it forces you to concentrate on it all of the time.

C. Learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language. There can be some blending of phonemes. For instance, most Americans who learn French in high school or college pronounce French words with a distinctive American accent. Grammar can also be affected. English speakers who learn both French and Spanish sometimes combine grammatical rules of both when speaking either of them.

D. Until just a few years ago, language study was limited to the classroom or personal tutor, or home study by book. In the last few decades technology has given us a much needed audio option — first vinyl records, then cassettes and CDs. Now technology has given us a new format — the Internet. Options to learn a language by Internet are still limited but the potential is not.

E. What is important when learning a language? If you have the desire and persistence, time is the only factor that you may have to work with. How much time you can devote to learning will play a role in how quickly you can learn the language. Just remember how exciting it will be and how rewarding you will feel at the accomplishment.

F. Rather than have businessmen, diplomats, scientists and tourists from every country learning all the major languages that they want to learn or need to learn, Esperantists would have everyone just learn one second language — Esperanto. Then everyone could communicate with everyone, everywhere. The major ‘national’ languages could keep their special characteristics for anyone who wanted to learn them. This is the essence of the ‘Esperanto Movement’.

G. More than half of the world’s 7,000 languages are expected to die out by the end of the century, often taking with them irreplaceable knowledge about the natural world. When a species dies out, sometimes fossils can be found, remains uncovered. But when a human language disappears, there’s rarely any key left behind. Each loss becomes a linguistic black hole, where an entire way of knowing the world disappears.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

A constitution may be defined as the system of fundamental principles according to A ____________. A good example of a written constitution is the Constitution of the United States, formed in 1787.

The Constitution sets up a federal system with a strong central government. Each state preserves its own independence by reserving to itself certain well-defined powers such as education, taxes and finance, internal communications, etc. The powers B ____________ are those dealing with national defence, foreign policy, the control of international trade, etc.

Under the Constitution power is also divided among the three branches of the national government. The First Article provides for the establishment of the legislative body, Congress, and defines its powers. The second does the same for the executive branch, the President, and the Third Article provides for a system of federal courts.

The Constitution itself is rather short, it contains only 7 articles. And it was obvious in 1787 C ____________. So the 5th article lays down the procedure for amendment. A proposal to make a change must be first approved by two-thirds majorities in both Houses of Congress and then ratified by three quarters of the states.

The Constitution was finally ratified and came into force on March 4, 1789. When the Constitution was adopted, Americans were dissatisfied D ____________. It also recognized slavery and did not establish universal suffrage.

Only several years later, Congress was forced to adopt the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, E ____________. They guarantee to Americans such important rights and freedoms as freedom of press, freedom of religion, the right to go to court, have a lawyer, and some others.

Over the past 200 years 26 amendments have been adopted F ____________. It provides the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth and social progress.

1. which are given to a Federal government
2. because it did not guarantee basic freedoms and individual rights
3. but the Constitution itself has not been changed
4. so it has to be changed
5. which a nation or a state is constituted and governed
6. which were called the Bill of Rights
7. that there would be a need for altering it

That summer an army of crickets started a war with my father. They picked a fight the minute they invaded our cellar. Dad didn’t care for bugs much more than Mamma, but he could tolerate a few spiders and assorted creepy crawlers living in the basement. Every farm house had them. A part of rustic living, and something you needed to put up with if you wanted the simple life.

He told Mamma: ‘Now that we’re living out here, you can’t be jerking your head and swallowing your gum over what’s plain natural, Ellen.’ But she was a city girl through and through and had no ears when it came to defending vermin. She said a cricket was just a noisy cockroach, just a dumb horny bug that wouldn’t shut up. No way could she sleep with all that chirping going on! Then to prove her point she wouldn’t go to bed. She drank coffee and smoked my father’s cigarettes and she paced between the couch and the TV. Next morning she threatened to pack up and leave, so Dad drove to the hardware store and hurried back. He squirted poison from a jug with a spray nozzle. He sprayed the basement and all around the foundation of the house. When he had finished, he told us that was the end of it.

But what he should have said was: ‘This is the beginning’. For the next fourteen days Mamma kept finding dead crickets in the clean laundry. She’d shake out a towel or a sheet and a dead black cricket would roll across the linoleum. Sometimes the cat would corner one, and swat it around like he was playing hockey, then carry it away in his mouth. Dad said swallowing a few dead crickets wouldn’t hurt as long as the cat didn’t eat too many.

Soon live crickets started showing up in the kitchen and bathroom. Mamma freaked because she thought they were the dead crickets come back to haunt, but Dad said they were definitely a new batch, probably coming up on the pipes. He fetched his jug of poison and sprayed beneath the sink and behind the toilet and all along the baseboard until the whole house smelled of poison, and then he sprayed the cellar again, and then he went outside and sprayed all around the foundation leaving a foot-wide moat of poison.

For a couple of weeks we went back to finding dead crickets in the laundry. Dad told us to keep a sharp look out. He suggested that we’d all be better off to hide as many as we could from Mamma. I fed a few dozen to the cat who I didn’t like because he scratched and bit for no reason. I hoped the poison might kill him so we could get a puppy. Once in a while we found a dead cricket in the bathroom or beneath the kitchen sink. A couple of weeks later, when both live and dead crickets kept turning up, Dad emptied the cellar of junk. He borrowed Uncle Burt’s pickup and hauled a load to the dump. Then he burned a lot of bundled newspapers and magazines which he said the crickets had turned into nests.

He stood over that fire with a rake in one hand and a garden hose in the other. He wouldn’t leave it even when Mamma sent me out to fetch him for supper. He wouldn’t leave the fire, and she wouldn’t put supper on the table. Both my brothers were crying. Finally she went out and got him herself. And while we ate, the wind lifted some embers onto the wood pile. The only gasoline was in the lawn mower fuel tank but that was enough to create an explosion big enough to reach the house. Once the roof caught, there wasn’t much anyone could do.

After the fire trucks left, I made the mistake of volunteering to stay behind while Mamma took the others to Aunt Gail’s. I helped Dad and Uncle Burt and two men I’d never seen before carry things out of the house and stack them by the road. In the morning we’d come back in Burt’s truck and haul everything away. We worked into the night and we didn’t talk much, hardly a word about anything that mattered, and Dad didn’t offer any plan that he might have for us now. Uncle Burt passed a bottle around, but I shook my head when it came to me. I kicked and picked through the mess, dumb struck at how little there was to salvage, while all around the roar of crickets magnified our silence.

(Adapted from ‘The Cricket War’ by Bob Thurber)

12

A cricket is

Ответ: .

13

Mamma threatened to pack up and leave because
1) she had smoked all cigarettes.
2) she had not got used to rustic living.
3) she could not put up with crickets.
4) she was a city girl through and through.
Ответ: .

14

After Dad had sprayed the basement and all around the foundation of the house,
1) the family were constantly coming across dead crickets.
2) the family kept seeing live crickets everywhere.
3) the dead crickets came back to haunt.
4) all crickets disappeared.
Ответ: .

15

The narrator fed the cat with crickets because
1) the cat was hungry.
2) he would like to have another pet.
3) he wanted to hide crickets from Mamma.
4) Dad told him to do it.
Ответ: .

16

Dad borrowed Uncle Burt’s pickup
1) to fight with crickets.
2) to bring new furniture to the cellar.
3) to throw away newspapers and magazines.
4) to get rid of rubbish.
Ответ: .

17

The house caught fire because
1) Dad left a garden hose near the fire.
2) the wind lifted some papers onto the wood pile.
3) the fuel tank had gone off.
4) there wasn’t much anyone could do.
Ответ: .

18

The narrator was surprised
1) that Dad didn’t offer any plan.
2) when the bottle came to him.
3) that crickets were all around.
4) that there was not much to save from the fire.
Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

September Mood in England

Junk Food

The Changing World of Computers

Computers are rapidly changing the way we do things. For a technology that is still relatively new, their 32____ on the business and consumer sector has been incomprehensible. As if it was not sufficient to own one computer, many people nowadays have a few of them. We think we need a desktop computer, a laptop computer, and a bunch of little computers in our phones and music players, even 33____ they actually do the same thing. Now that everybody has their desktops and laptops, and we are all able to 34____ the Internet anytime we want to, our world has turned into a virtual playground. We can now connect with our foreign neighbours in a matter of seconds, 35____ of how far away they are from us. It’s as if we no longer have borders in this highly digital world of ours.

Desktops have always been a great option, but the problem with them is that they are not mobile. They have all the 36____ of other computers, but it can be annoying at times to have to sit in the same spot while working. For businesses and personal offices, desktop computers are still the favoured option because of their power. But when people have to be connected while travelling, the need for laptops really becomes apparent. The main advantage of laptops is the ability to communicate with people no 37____ where you are. Our society has been converted into one that has to have all the latest gadgets. Some people even 38____ down on others if they still have last year’s model of some gadget. Those people will always be behind the curve just because of how fast technology is advancing now.

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Ответ: .

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Ответ: .

35

Ответ: .

36

Ответ: .

37

Ответ: .

38

Ответ: .

Ваш результат: пока 0.

Раздел 1. ЧТЕНИЕ

• .1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

> Why do so many people learn foreign languages today?

> Will English become a global language? Why∕why not?

> Do you like learning English? Why∕why not?

> Which activity do you prefer: reading, listening, speaking or writ­ing? Why?

> What do you think is the best way of learning a foreign language? Why?

• .2. Прочитайте тексты A-G И установите соответствие между текстами и заголовками 1—8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. Young children have a genetic ability to learn language. They come into the world as eager learning machines, and language acquisition is a major aspect of this learning. How children actu­ally learn language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to com­municate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they copy the way adults use words and grammar.

B. Learning a second or third language is easier in early childhood than later. It is particularly important to learn correct pronuncia­tion as young as possible. At any age, learning by constant contact with native speakers in their own society is the quickest and the most effective method. It is superior to taking foreign language classes because it forces you to concentrate on it all the time.

C. Learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language. There can be some blending of phonemes. For instance, most Americans who learn French in high school or college pronounce French words with a distinctive American ac­cent. Grammar can also be affected. English speakers who learn both French and Spanish sometimes combine grammatical rules of both when speaking either of them.

D. Until just a few years ago, language study was limited to the class­room or personal tutor, or home study by book. In the last few decades technology has given us a much needed audio option — first, vinyl records, then cassettes and CDs. Now technology has given us a new format — the Internet. Options to learn a language by Internet are still limited but the potential is not.

E. What is important when learning a language? If you have the de­sire and persistence, time is the only factor that you may have to work with. How much time you can devote to learning will play a role in how quickly you can learn the language. Just remember how exciting it will be and how satisfied you will feel at the ac­complishment.

F. Rather than have businessmen, diplomats, scientists and tourists from every country learning all the major languages that they want to learn or need to learn, Esperantists would have everyone just learn one second language — Esperanto. Then everyone could commu­nicate with everyone, everywhere. The major ‘national’ languages could keep their special characteristics for anyone who wanted to learn them. This is the essence of the ‘Esperanto Movement’.

G. More than half of the world’s 7,000 languages are expected to die out by the end of the century, often taking with them irreplace­able knowledge about the natural world. When a species dies out, sometimes fossils can be found, remains uncovered. But when a human language disappears, there’s rarely any key left behind. Each loss becomes a linguistic black hole, where an entire way of knowing the world disappears.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

1.3. Выпишите из текста синонимы к следующим словам и слово­сочетаниям:

1. The process of learning skills or getting knowledge

2. Mainly

3. Mixing

4. Easy to recognize because of being different

5. Private teacher

6. Determination to do something

7. Pleased

8. The main point

9. To disappear

10. Impossible to restore

11. . Выразите свое мнение:

> Does everyone need to learn foreign languages? Why∕why not?

> How many languages do you think are enough for the world? Why?

> Would you like to learn any other foreign language? Why∕why not?

12. . Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F Частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer A. A native speaker of Span­ish, for example, will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a na­tive speaker of Chinese because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish, while Chinese is very different, so the first language can affect learn­ing a second language. The greater the differences between the second language and our first one, B. Many people answer that Chinese is the hardest language to learn possibly influenced by the thought Oflearning the Chinese writing system. The pronunciation of Chinese appears to be very difficult for many foreign learners, too. However, for Japanese speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning this language will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet.

Some people seem to learn languages readily, C. Teachers and the circumstances in which the language is learned also play an important role, D. If people learn a lan­guage because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life.

British diplomats and other embassy staff have found that the sec­ond hardest language is Japanese, which will probably come as no surprise to many. But the language that they have found to be the most problematic is Hungarian, which has 35 grammatical cases. This does not mean that Hungarian is the hardest language to learn for everyone, but it causes British diplomatic personnel the most difficulty. However, Tabassaran, a Caucasian language has 48 cases, E. Different cultures and individuals from those cultures will find dif­ferent languages more difficult. In the case of Hungarian for British learners, it is not a question of the writing system, which uses a similar alphabet, but the grammatical complexity, though native speakers of related languages may find it easier, F.

1. as well as each learner’s motivation for learning

2. because there are many factors to take into consideration

3. so it might cause more difficulty if British diplomats had to learn it

4. while others find it very difficult

5. while struggling with languages that the British find relatively easy 6. the harder it will be for most people to learn

7. as it might seem

A	B	C	D	E	F

1.6. Выпишите из текста синонимы к следующим словам и слово­сочетаниям:

1. Close to

2. The way in which a language is pronounced

3. Seems

4. Letters or symbols

5. Easily

6. Conditions

7. Personnel

8. Forms of nouns

9. 7. Выразите свое мнение:

> Which language is the most difficult to learn? Why?

> What is the most difficult thing for you in learning a foreign lan­guage? Why?

> Are you a good language learner? Why∕why not?

Раздел 2. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

2.1. Подготовка к аудированию. Прочитайте утверждения 1—7 в задании 2.2 И подчеркните ключевые слова, которые могут оказать влияние на выбор правильного ответа.

2.2. Вы услышите разговор друзей. Определите, какие из приве­денных утверждений 1—7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — IYue), Какие не соответствуют (2 — False) И о чем в тек­сте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услы­шите запись дважды.

1. Kate started to learn English a year ago.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

2. Christian is a successful businessman.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

3. Christian usually watches English and American films.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

4. Kate can sing lots of English songs.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

5. Kate has already been to English-speaking countries.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

6. Christian uses the Internet for practising his English.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

7. Christian spends half an hour every day on doing his homework.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

2.3. Обсудите свои ответы с партнером:

> What helped you choose your answers?

> Why are the other options wrong?

> What was the most difficult answer for you? Why?

Раздел 3. ГОВОРЕНИЕ

Перед выполнением заданий вспомните
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ к составлению диалога-обмена
мнениями (см. Тему 2. Раздел ГОВОРЕНИЕ).

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Полезные советы:

JЧтобы начать диалог, введите собеседника в ситуа­цию, используя формулировку задания, а затем поинте­ресуйтесь его мнением по данному вопросу:

What shall we do?

What do you think about it?

What is your opinion?

What option shall we choose?

*,’ He забывайте реагировать на реплики собеседника прежде, чем начнете выражать свое мнение.

3.1. Как можно вежливо возразить собеседнику?

3.2. Вы с другом собираетесь поехать в Лондон для изучения анг­лийского языка и хотите жить вместе. Обсудите с партнером возможные варианты вашего проживания и выберите тот, ко­торый подходит вам обоим:

> staying with your relatives in London

> staying at a hotel

> staying at a youth hostel

> staying with a host family

Время говорения 3—4 минуты.

3.3. Прочитайте вариант диалога. Выпишите в таблицу аргументы «за» и «против» для каждого варианта проживания.

Option	Arguments ‘for’	Arguments ‘against’
Staying with your relatives in London
Staying at a hotel
Staying at a youth hostel
Staying with a host family

‘It’s a great idea to take a language course in London! But where are we going to stay? Γd rather stay at the same place with you? And you?’

‘So would I. I’ve got some relatives in London so we could stay with them. They are very friendly people and they know London very well. So they could recommend us the most interesting places to visit. Besides, we won’t have to pay for our accommodation. What do you think of it?’

‘Not a bad idea! But I won’t feel very comfortable if we stay with your relatives. They are strangers to me and I won’t feel at home. In addition, we won’t be on our own in the evening and at the weekend. Just imagine that we’W have to talk to them all the time and to do what they want us to. It’s awful! By the way, do they live near the school?’

‘Not really. In fact, we’ll have to go by bus or by underground.

‘You see, it’s quite inconvenient to waste so much time getting to and from school. As for me, I’d rather stay at a hotel not far from our school. The hotels in London are very comfortable.’

‘But they are very expensive! I’m afraid my parents won’t be able to afford it. Besides, it’s very difficult to book a hotel accommodation in London in summer. The hotels are usually full.’

‘Well, it’s a pity because in the hotel you are absolutely free to do whatever you feel like doing, for example, go to the cinema or to a disco. What about staying in a youth hostel? They are much cheaper, and we’ll have the same freedom as in a hotel. What is more, we’ll be able to make lots of new friends with foreign teenagers and practise our English. What’s your opinion?’

‘To tell the truth, I don’t like this idea. First of all, youth hostels are also expensive. Besides, they are usually far from the school so you’ll have to get to school by public transport. In addition, we’ll have

To cook our meals ourselves and I hate cooking. Moreover, it’s no use speaking English with people who don’t know it. Don’t forget that students usually come to England to learn English. We should practise our language speaking with native speakers.’

‘Well, perhaps, you are right. What do you suggest then?’

‘Why don’t we stay with a host family? We could practise our Eng­lish talking with them in the evening and discussing different things. Besides, it’s a good chance to get to know the English lifestyle as well as English customs and traditions.’

‘Not a bad idea! Is it expensive?’

‘Not at all. It’s the cheapest kind of accommodation, especially if we share a room.’

‘But I’m afraid that we wouldn’t have much chance to be on our own and we would have to follow the family rules. Besides, it could be a long way from school.’

‘I don’t think so. Students usually have enough freedom in the family, they even have their own keys, so we’ll be able to return home whenever we like. And the school usually chooses host families that live within a walking distance from school. What is more, the family provides students with morning and evening meals. So it will be very convenient.’

‘You’ve convinced me that this is the best way to stay in London! It’s great that we won’t have to worry about our meals. Besides, the family could recommend us what to see in London. As for your rela­tives, we could phone them or even pay them a visit.’

‘I completely agree with you! Staying with a host family will be the best choice for us.’

3.4. Работа с партнером. У вашей школы появилась возмож­ность купить дополнительные материалы или оборудование для того, чтобы помочь учащимся лучше освоить английский язык. Обсудите с партнером возможные варианты покупки и выберите тот, который вы оба считаете наиболее полезным:

> a cassette recorder

> video cassettes

> dictionaries

> books for reading

Время говорения 3—4 минуты.

При составлении диалога вы можете использовать аргумен­ты «за» и «против», приведенные в таблице, или придумать свои собственные.

Option	Arguments ‘for’	Arguments ‘against’
A cassette recorder	• You know that listening skills are very important in learning languages. If you can’t understand a person you are speaking to, you won’t be able to commu­nicate, will you? • There is no cassette re­corder in our classroom and our teacher has to ask somebody to lend it to her when we have listening tasks in our text book.	• We should buy things not only for our group. • Modern textbooks include audio CDs so a cassette recorder will soon be useless.
Video cassettes	• Watching English films is a good way to train our listening skills and to learn about English culture. • We’ve got TV sets in almost all classrooms so video cassettes can be used in all groups.	• The problem is that we don’t have video players to watch them. • All films now are on DVDs. Ifwe had DVD players, it would be the best option for us but, unfortunately, DVD players are rather ex­pensive so we can’t af­ford to have them in all classrooms.
Dictionaries	• Dictionaries are very useful at the lessons and we don’t have any diction­aries in the classroom. • Good dictionaries not only help pupils translate words but also teach gram­mar and collocations.	• Good dictionaries are rather expensive so we won’t be able to supply all students with them. • Lots of our students use electronic diction­aries in their comput­ers and mobile phones so they don’t need printed dictionaries.

Окончание табл.

Option	Arguments ‘for’	Arguments ‘against’
Books for reading	• Reading English books is the best way to enlarge our vocabulary and today there is a great choice of books in the shops. • Most books go together with audio cassettes or CDs so we’ll also be able to im­prove our listening skills. • We could keep them in the library so all students will be able to read them at home if they want. • They are rather cheap so we’ll be able to buy quite a large number of different books.	• Γm afraid they are rather expensive. • Reading takes up a lot of time and it is quite boring.

Раздел 4. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА
ГРАММАТИКА

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PRESENT В АКТИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ

Перед выполнением заданий изучите раздел
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PRESENT
В ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОМ СПРАВОЧНИКЕ.

1.1. Present simple или present continuous? Подчеркните правиль­ную форму глагола.

1. Paul is good at tennis. He (plays∕is playing) Tennis very well.

2. It’s very noisy — Suzy (listens∕is listening) To rock music.

3. Many birds (fly∕are flying) South every summer.

4. Most students (don’t smoke/aren’t smoking) These days.

5. (Does Mr. Black use∕Is Mr. Black using) The computer at the moment?

6. Jack usually (goes∕is going) To work on Saturdays.

7. Dick isn’t at home now. He (helps∕is helping) a student with his project.

8. (Does it rain∕Is it raining)? No, look, it’s sunny.

9. Cats (see∕are seeing) Very well in the dark.

10. You look nice, Ann. (Do you wear/ Are you wearing) A new dress?

11. France (has∕is having) A lot of high mountains.

12. Every morning John (gets up/ is getting up) At 7.00.

13. I’m sorry. I can’t help you at the moment. I (wash up/ am washing up).

14. Hi! Where (do you go∕are you going)?

15. I’d better go home now. I (have/ am having) Terrible pains in my chest.

16. Jerry often (paints∕is painting) Pictures of different animals.

17. Derek is good at tennis but he (doesn’t play/isn’t playing) It very often.

18. She’s not ready — she (cooks∕is cooking) Dinner.

19. (Do you always wear/ Are you always wearing) Glasses?

20. Turn the TV off — no one (watches∕is watching) It!

1.2. Present simple или present continuous? Подчеркните правиль­ную форму глагола.

1. Listen! I (want∕am wanting) To ask you a few questions.

2. ‘Where is Ann?’ ‘She (has∕is having) A rest in the garden.’

3. How do you make this apple pie? It (tastes∕is tasting) Wonder­ful.

4. This dress (looks∕is looking) Great on you!

5. Jane can’t come to the phone because she (washes∕is washing) Her hair.

6. I (don’t like∕am not liking) Football very much.

7. We usually (go∕are going) To the seaside in summer.

8. I (think∕am thinking) Of going to university after finishing school.

9. (Do you study/ Are you studying) For your exams at the mo­ment?

10. (Do you see/ Are you seeing) My problem?

11. Can you be quiet, please? I (listen∕am listening) To the radio.

12. He (thinks∕is thinking) That school is boring.

13. They (meet∕are meeting) For lunch once a month.

14. Ann paid for the boat so it (belongs∕is belonging) To her now.

15. John! Answer the door, please! I (make∕am making) Dinner.

16. I (don’t enjoy∕am not enjoying) Cooking very much.

17. It (rains∕is raining) A lot in this region in winter.

18. I (prefer∕am preferring) Volleyball to basketball.

19. (Do you know∕Are you knowing) What’s happening?

20. We (have∕are having) A house near the beach.

1.3. Present simple или present continuous? Употребите правильную форму глагола.

1. The telephone (ring). Can you answer it?

2. Be quiet! I (watch) This film.

3. What he usually (have) For breakfast?

4. My parents (look) For a new country house now, because they (not want) To stay in Moscow in summer.

5. We usually (take) a bus to get to school.

6. ‘Why you (smile)?’ ‘I (have) No homework today.’

7. Where you (go) On Sundays?

8. I always (wear) nice clothes at school. Today I (wear) a white blouse and a blue skirt.

9. ‘Jane! Where are you? What you (do)?’ ‘I (clean) My shoes.’

10. Nick (live) In Kiev. He often (phone) Us when he (not be) Busy.

11. ‘Why you (go) to bed? It’s only 10.00.’ ‘I always (go) to bed early.’

12. I can’t use the telephone now. It (not work).

13. It’s late. I (want) To go to sleep.

14. ‘How many languages she (speak)?’ ‘She (speak) Six foreign lan­guages.’

15. I (not think) Ann (like) Me very much.

16. ‘Who is Richard?’ ‘He (stand) Next to Jane.’

17. My Father (work) In a bank, but today he is at home. He (write) Letters.

18. ‘Where is Tom?’ ‘He (have) Breakfast.’

19. John (not get) Up very early on Sundays.

20. Oh, dear! This milk (taste) Awful.

1.4. Present simple или present continuous? Употребите правильную форму глагола.

1. Hurry up! Everybody (wait) for you.

2. ‘You (watch) TV?’ ‘No, you can turn it off.’

3. What you usually (do) at weekends?

4. The Volga (flow) into the Caspian Sea.

5. I’m tired. I (go) to bed now. Goodnight!

6. This train is never late. It always (leave) On time.

7. Don’t put the dictionary away. I (use) it.

8. Who is this man? What he (want)?

9. You look serious! What you (think) About?

10. He told me his address but I (not remember) It now.

11. Jane (not drink) Coffee very often.

12. Please don’t make so much noise. Tom (do) his homework.

13. I (look) For Ann. You (know) Where she is?

14. He never (tell) The truth. I (not believe) Him.

‘ 15. ‘Tom usually (help) about the house?’ ‘No, he.’

16. You may phone Peter and ask him. I think he (not sleep) Yet.

17. When your children usually (get) up?

18. Why that man (look) At us? You (recognize) Him?

19. ‘Can you drive?’ ‘I (learn). My father (teach) Me.’

20. Listen to those people! What language they (speak)?

1.5. Present perfect simple или present perfect continuous? Подчерк­ните правильную форму глагола.

1. John is reading a book now. He has (read∕been reading) For two hours. He has (read∕been reading) 100 pages so far.

2. Jane’s clothes are covered in paint. She has (painted∕been paint­ing) The floor. She has not finished yet.

3. Ann is still doing her homework. She has (done∕been doing) It all day.

4. Have you ever (played∕been playing) Tennis?

5. Look! Somebody has (broken∕been breaking) That window!

6. ‘Sorry I’m late.’ ‘That’s all right. I have (waited∕been waiting) For a few minutes.’

7. ‘Is it still raining?’ ‘No, it has (stopped∕been stopping) Raining.’

8. I have (lost∕been losing) My address book. Have you (seen∕been seeing) It anywhere?

9. My hands are very dirty. I have (repaired∕been repairing) The car for two hours.

10. Mary has (written∕been writing) Ten letters today.

11. Have you (seen∕been seeing) My bag anywhere? I have (looked/ been looking) For it for ages.

12. How long have you (written∕been writing) This essay?

13. They have (played∕been playing) Chess since 2 o’clock.

14. I Have (known∕been knowing) Her for a long time.

15. John has always (lived∕been living) In London.

16. I haven’t (seen∕been seeing) Tom since Monday.

17. Where have you been? Have you (played∕been playing) Foot­ball?

18. You have (driven∕been driving) All day. Let me drive now.

19. Where is Tom? I haven’t (seen∕been seeing) Him today.

20. The British have (drunk∕been drinking) Tea since 1650.

1.6. Present perfect simple или present perfect continuous? Подчерк­ните правильную форму глагола.

1. 1 have (broken∕been breaking) Your pen. I am very sorry.

2. ‘What’s the matter?’ tI have (read∕been reading) For a long time, and I’ve got a headache.’

3. I am very tired! I have (worked∕been working) All day, but I Have not (finished∕been finishing) Yet.

4. I have (smoked∕been smoking) Since I Was sixteen.

5. I have (smoked∕been smoking) Too many cigarettes today.

6. ‘Why are you red?’ ‘1 have (run∕been running).’

7. I have (lost∕been losing) My note-book. Have You (seen∕been see­ing) It anywhere?

8. Where are my sweets? Who has (eaten∕been eating) Them?

9. I Have (waited∕been waiting) For you for ages! Where have You Been?

10. How many exercises have you (done∕been doing) Today?

11. This is the best book 1 Have ever (read∕been reading).

12. How long have you (known∕been knowing) Jane?

13. How long have you (learnt∕been learning) To drive?

14. I don’t know what Tom and Jack are doing. They have (argued/ been arguing) All day.

15. You are so dirty! What have you (done∕been doing)?

16. I have (painted∕been painting) The living room for a week. It’ll be finished soon.

17. I have (painted∕been painting) The living room. I finished last night.

18. ‘Why is your hair wet?’ ‘1 Have (swum∕been swimming).’

19. I Have (shopped∕been shopping) All morning, but I Have not (bought∕been buying) Anything.

20. The streets are all wet. It has (rained∕been raining).

1.7. Прочитайте Письмо И Употребите Правильную Форму Глаго­Ла (present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple Или present perfect continuous).

Dear Sir or Madam,

I (1)(read) Your advertisement on your website and I (2)(write) To apply for a scholarship to attend an English language course at your college this summer.

I am 16 years old and I (3)(live) In Moscow. I (4)(complete) The ninth grade of secondary school. English is my favourite subject at school. I (5)(learn) It for eight years and I (6)(already∕pass) The FCE Exam with excellent results.

I (7)(always∕want) To go to Britain because it (8) (have) Some of the best universities in the world. I (9)(have) A pen-friend from Britain who often (10)(send) Me English magazines. I believe I would make the most of the opportunity to attend an English course because I am very motivated and hard-working.

I look forward Io hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

Ivan Belov

ЛЕКСИКА

ГЛАГОЛЫ C ПРЕДЛОГАМИ

: Перед выполнением заданий изучите раздел

: ГЛАГОЛЫ C ПРЕДЛОГАМИ В ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОМ СПРАВОЧНИКЕ.

4.8. Заполните пропуски предлогами.

1. (dis)agree	Sb sth	12. borrow
2. apologise___	Sb_____ sth	13. complain_____ sb	____ sth
3. apply______	. sb______ sth	14. congratulate sb___	___ sth
4. (dis)approve _		15. consist_______
5. argue	Sb sth	16. deal
6. arrive_______	_ a building	17. depend______
7. arrive_______	_ a city∕country	18. differ_______
8. ask ______		19. explain sth_______	Sb
9. believe		20. insist
10. belong		21. introduce sb	_ sb
11. benefit____		22. laugh_______

23. listen 27. rely

24. look forward 28. result

25. pay 29. suffer

26. refer 30. wait

4.9. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги.

1. Last winter he suffered pneumonia.

2. If you don’t understand any of these words, you could refer a dictionary.

3. The accident resulted the death of a man.

4. His failure resulted________ lack of attention to details.

5. It wasn’t his car, in fact I don’t know who it belongs

6. Nurses are very badly paid, I think they should insist higher rates of pay.

7. The buses are often late, so you can’t depend them.

8. Keep enough money to pay your ticket.

9. She listened me very attentively.

10. Who was the boy you were all laughing?

11. He was always arguing his brother.

12. I agree you that we should wait a bit longer her.

13. She never apologizes arriving late.

14. If you want to travel, that would be a good job to apply

15. I congratulated him his victory.

4.10. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги.

1. Can we rely him to support us?

2. They complained me the noise.

3. Can you explain this word me?

4. How often do you borrow books the library?

5. My children are looking forward Christmas.

6. They arrived the party at 8 p. m.

7. What time did you arrive London?

8. I must introduce you my cousin.

9. Her father disapproves her behaviour.

10. His views differ considerably those of his parents.

11. Shall we ask help?

12. Patients have benefited greatly this treatment.

13. Do you believe the existence of aliens?

14. I spent the morning dealing my emails.

15. The UK consists four countries.

ФРАЗОВЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ ‘LOOK’

4.11. Вставьте слова из рамки в предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

After at for forward out over through up(x2)

1. If I come across an unknown English word, I look it , in a dictionary.

2. Look this exercise and underline all irregular verbs in it.

3. My sister is looking an English language course to improve her speaking skills.

4. I look to hearing from you soon.

5. Look! There’s a car coming.

6. He’s an excellent teacher. All his pupils look to him.

7. We usually look the neighbours’ dog while they’re on

Holiday.

8. Look my dictionary! Someone has torn it!

БЛИЗКИЕ ПО ЗНАЧЕНИЮ СЛОВА

4.12. Вставьте слова из рамки в предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте, если необходимо, существитель­ные во множественное число.

Accident incident occasion occurrence
review revision remember remind

1. I buying this book. However, I can’t find it any­

Where.

2. He was killed in a car.

3. I had no to speak to him.

4. We have absolutely no time for before our exams.

5. Street-fights are an everyday in this area of the city.

6. Please me to buy this book when we are in the shop.

7. Every time I think of this funny, I can’t help laugh­ing.

8. Roger writes film for the newspapers.

ПРАКТИКА ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ

4.13. Прочитайте приведунный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в кон­це строк, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски 1—7 полученными словами.

Полезные советы:

≠ Обратите внимание на тип предложения. Если перед глаголом стоит NOT, следует вспомнить, как образуется отрицательная форма сказуемого в требуемом времени. Обратите также внимание на положение ключевых слов.

Проверьте соблюдение орфографических правил при образовании грамматических форм. Вспомните правопи­сание неправильных глаголов.

Learning a Language

Γm going to start off by saying that the (1) Way to learn a new language is by taking formal classes. Last year I (2)a 40-minute English class once a week and it was definitely worth the money. If you (3)The time or money to attend classes, you can of course teach yourself any language you want.

If you have absolutely no prior knowledge of the lan­guage you (4)to learn, start by buying the same textbooks that schools use. What makes us­ing textbooks such a great tool for learning, is that

They (5)In a context that makes them WRITE Easy to understand.

Besides, you can use the Internet, which is the greatest resource of knowledge that mankind

Ever (6). But remember! You HAVE

(7)any better without speaking and Iis — NOT GET tening to the language. No matter what path you take in learning a new language, this is by far the most important step.

4.14. Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 1—7. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 1—7, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Полезные советы:

JПри выборе ответа обращайте особое внимание на со­четаемость лексических единиц. Вспомните устойчивые сочетания, фразовые глаголы, идиоматические выраже­ния.

JВыпишите словосочетания и фразовые глаголы, в ко­торых вы допустили ошибку, и выучите их наизусть. Это поможет избежать ошибок в будущем.

Language Extinction

Language death is nowadays a phenomenon with a much more frequent (1)than the death of wildlife species. Every two weeks, one language goes out of.(2). Although language extinction is a natural process, it raises controversial issues (3)to society and culture.

Linguists have defined a language as being dead the moment its last speaker passes (4). What causes the extinction and final death of a language? Usually, a language has higher chances to die when people speaking it are assimilated by other cultures. In this case, the language dies slowly, by merging with the language of an­other country. Or its death can be a more accelerated process when its speakers (5)up their own language because they don’t find any benefit in using it. Many of the dying languages have no written records, so once they go, they will be lost forever. Of course, speaking one of these languages is not seen as an asset within the business or working environment today. But it can be an asset from cultural and even scientific point of (6).

Preserving your own language is a proof of self-respect and of respect for your past. Learn as many foreign languages as possible, but never forget your native language just because you can’t find any benefit in using it throughout your day-by-day life. And if you are one of the few speakers of a language, contribute to getting it out of the death threat. (7)your knowledge with others who are in­terested in expanding their horizons by learning a foreign language.

1.	1) appearance	2) existence	3) occurrence	4) occasion
2.	1) world	2) use	3) mind	4) way
3.	1) concerned	2) dealing	3) regarding	4) related
4.	1) over	2) away	3) out	4) off
5.	1) change	2) break	3) end	4) give
6.	1) order	‘ 2) interest	3) view	4) opinion
7.	1) Share	2) Give	3) Pass	4) Convey

Раздел 5. ПИСЬМО

ЛИЧНОЕ ПИСЬМО

Перед выполнением заданий вспомните
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ к составлению личного письма (см. СПРАВОЧНИК ПО ПИСЬМУ).

5.1. Прочитайте экзаменационное задание и ответ на него. Ответьте на вопросы и выполните задания после письма. <

This is part of a letter from your German pen-friend:

… I find it a bit difficult to understand English gram­mar. What about you? Do you do grammar exercises? Do you think that itts necessary to remember all grammar rules?

Have you got any plans for the summer? I was think­ing of going to a language school in the UK to improve my English. It would be a lot more fun if we went together. What do you think?

Anyway, I have to go now as Γm helping my Dad in the shop.

Hope to hear from you soon.

All the best,

Kerstin

Write back to Kerstin.

In your letter

— answer her questions

— ask 3 questions About the trip to the UK

Write 100—140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Moscow

Russia

February Ilth

Dear Kerstin,

Thanks for your letter. I’m glad your arm is out of plaster now! .

Well, I agree with you that English grammar is rather. difficult so I think it’s necessary to learn grammar rules. and to do exercises. As for me, I do it on a regular ba — ( sis. I

Going to a language school together is a great idea! (

We could practise our English and visit lots of attractions. (

I’m absolutely free this summer so I can go whenever you ∣

Like. (

Please write back and tell me what dates suit you best. <

Which course would you like to do? What level do you (

Think we are? Where would you prefer to stay? (

Meanwhile, I’ll make some enquiries about language (

Schools in the UK. I’ll get in touch soon. I hope it all works (

Out! (

Love, (

Helen <

> What is the purpose of each paragraph?

>Underline Helen’s answers to Kerstin’s questions. Did Helen an­swer all the questions?

> How many questions did Helen ask in her letter? What are they?

> Is the language of the letter formal or informal? Give exam­ples.

>Underline linking words used in the letter.

> What are other ways of writing ‘February llth’?

5.2. Прочитайте экзаменационное задание.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend who writes:

It’s a really brave step to take a year out of college to come and spend 6 months in the UK! What are you plan­ning to do with your time? Find a job? Learn some new lan­guage skills? Write back and give me more details of your plans so I can do my best to help you have a good time…

I’ve got to go now! It’s time for my favourite TV show. Keep in touch!

Lots of love,

Chemmy

Write a letter to Чемми.

In your letter

— answer her questions and tell her about your plans

— ask 3 questions About her favourite TV shows

Write IOO — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

5.3. Спланируйте свой ответ.

>Какие фразы вы будете использовать для выражения бла­годарности за полученное письмо и ссылки на предыдущие контакты?

>Сколько вопросов задала Chemmy? На них надо дать раз­вернутые ответы.

>Какие вопросы вы зададите о ее любимых телепередачах? Желательно, чтобы вопросы были разнообразные, а не од­нотипные.

>Как вы закончите свое письмо? Какую фразу о дальнейших контактах вы употребите?

>Выберите завершающую фразу и не забудьте подписать свое письмо •— только имя.

5.4. Теперь напишите ответ Чемми.

Убедитесь, что вы:

SНе забыли указать свой адрес в правом верхнем углу и написать дату под адресом

JНачали письмо с обращения Dear Chemmyjи поставили после него запятую

JРазделили письмо на абзацы и использовали нефор­мальные слова-связки

JПоблагодарили Чемми за полученное письмо

≠ дали развернутые ответы на ее вопросы

≠ задали 3 вопроса о ее любимых телепередачах

≠ вежливо закончили письмо, упомянув о дальнейших контактах

JНа отдельной строке написали завершающую фразу и под ней указали свое имя (без точки)

JПроверили грамматику, орфографию и пунктуацию уложились в заданный объем 100—140 слов

5.5. Поменяйтесь письмами с партнером. Проверьте письма и по­ставьте друг другу баллы, используя схему и бланк оценива­ния личного письма (см. СПРАВОЧНИК ПО ПИСЬМУ).