Mausoleum of mausolus егэ ответы

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Раздел 1. Аудирование

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. I’m afraid of becoming overweight.
2. I want a stable financial position.
3. I might get held at gunpoint.
4. I’m concerned about my parents.

1. I want to stay fit for years to come.
2. I feel upset by my friend’s problems.
3. I’m anxious to get a decent job.

Говорящий	A	В	С	D	E	F
Утверждение

1. Вы услышите разговор подруг. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений 1-7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. Carter wants to discuss with Holly professor Label’s lectures.

1) True        2) False        3) Not stated

2. Holly is ready to give her notes to Carter till tomorrow.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

3. Carter is too tired during the morning classes.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

4. Carter failed his last exam.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

5. Holly and Carter are going to meet in the library later
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

6. Holly and Carter like Professor Label’s slides.
1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

7. Holly and Carter are going to have some ice cream in the evening.

1) True        2) False                          3) Not stated

1. Вы услышите рассказ студента. В заданиях 8-14 обведите цифру 1, 3, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите дважды.

8    Fred describes the outgoing year as the one which

1. brought him new financial problems.
2. seriously changed his whole life.
3. marked the end of his construction business.

9    Fred worked with the children who

1. lacked some physical ability.
2. attended a weekend school.
3. had to stay in a hospital.

10    When dealing with the children Fred was instructed to

1. be aware of their depression.
2. try to avoid getting them excited.
3. behave in the usual way.

ll    The new experience helped Fred to become more

1. persistant.
2. determined in doing what he wanted.
3. patient.

12    Fred says that before becoming a father he was particularly good at

1. loosing the time.
2. spending the leisure hours.
3. entertaining his friends.

13    The parenthood made Fred

1. pay more attention to sports activities.
2. spend less time at work.
3. more responsible.

14    Fred mentions as his special father’s talent the ability

1. to understand his wife.
2. for a sound sleep.
3. to calm down a crying child.

Раздел 2. Чтение

1. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Controlling skies
2. Lack of safety
3. Bicycle is faster
4. Office at home

1. Blocked roads
2. Paid roads
3. Improving railways
4. Buses instead of cars

A.        The world’s first public passenger railway was built in Great Britain in 1826 and
ran between the industrial north-eastern towns of Stockton and Darlington. After
180 years’ experience the British say that their trains still don’t seem to run
efficiently or even safely. On average, about 500 accidents with broken rail tracks
happen in the country every year.

B.        The British government is promising to give £33.5 billion to modernise the
railways before 2010. Another £30 billion is to come from the private sector. The
main target is to increase safety and speed. For example, new London-to-Scotland
high-speed trains significantly reduce journey times and in 2004 a warning system
was installed throughout the country.

C.        Statistics show that only 12% of all journeys made in Britain are by public
transport. The remaining 88% are made by car. Every year British people spend
about two weeks travelling to and from work including nine days in their own
cars. But anyone will say this isn’t a quick and easy way to travel. In fact, a
journey from London to Manchester frequently takes seven hours. A cyclist could
get there quicker.

D.        Every year there are about half a million traffic jams in Britain. That is nearly
10,000 a week. There are hundreds of big traffic jams every day. According to
the forecast, the number of jams will grow by 20 per cent over the next ten years.
Nearly a quarter British people find themselves in a jam every day and 55 per
cent at least once a week.

E.        Nowadays many British people take their children to school by car. Twenty years
ago, nearly one in three primary school children made their own way to school.
Now only one child in nine makes their own way. During the school year at 08:50
a.m. one car in five on the roads in any British town is taking children to school.
The solution could be special school buses widely used in the USA.

F.        Many scientists hope that new technologies allowing more people to work at home
may help with traffic problems. Fewer people will work from 9 to 5 and travel to
and from work during the rush hour. But only 15% of people now want to spend
more time working at home. The workplace is, for many people, a place to meet
other people and to talk to them, so they would miss it if they worked from home.

G. In 1903, the Wright brothers made the first aeroplane flight. It only lasted 12 seconds but changed the world forever. A century later, air travel is no longer a miracle, it is part of everyday life. One billion air passengers now fly every year — that’s equivalent to a sixth of the world’s population. To make sure everything runs smoothly, there are special air traffic control centres in each country which watch every aeroplane.

A	В	С	D	E	F	G

1. Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания 1-6.В каждом задании обведите букву a, b, c или d, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Cry-Baby

It was almost midnight before they got around to giving the Oscars to the really well-known personalities. At first a series of guest stars had awarded the prizes: to the best designer, to the best special-effects man, for the best technical invention for motion pictures during the year, and to all the other people, so unknown outside the industry, but so significant within it.

I looked around the theatre, recognizing most of the weighty faces in the business, but not caring much. You see, I was pretty nervous. Myra Caldwell, whom I had brought to the ceremony, was sitting there beside me, and right across the aisle was Joan Weyland. Now, to get the picture properly, you have to remember that during that particular year Myra had played the sensational supporting role in The Devil Loses and had been called the greatest find in the history of pictures. But that was the same year that Joan Weyland had stolen a big picture called Calumet Centre right out from under the nose of one of the most famous female stars in the industry. The only other actress nominated was not given much chance. Now in a few minutes, they were going to announce who had won the Oscar for the Best Supporting Actress of the year. It was the hottest Contest and everybody was aware of it. Furthermore, it was no secret that the two leading contestants would be delighted to boil each other in oil — win, lose, or draw. And here they were across the aisle from each other. Do you get why I was nervous?

Then the lights went down. They were going to run short scenes from the pictures for which the actors and actresses had been nominated. The supporting-actress pictures were coming on, and here was Joan Weyland in her grand scene from Calumet Centre. The audience started to applaud as soon as they saw her.

After that they ran a short episode from Whirlwind, showing the other nominee, a refugee actress called Tanya Braden. I had never seen the picture of the actress, and the picture hadn’t made much money, but there was no doubt she could act! She played the star’s mother and she made you believe it.

Then they ran Myra’s big moment in The Devil Loses. After it was over, I tried to guess who had the biggest chance.

«I think I won,» Myra said to me.

The lights went up. The old actor, who had won the Supporting Actor award the year before, came through the curtains and prepared to present the award. I didn’t see how I was going to live through the next few minutes. He got the envelope and began opening it very slowly.

He was loving every second of it, the old man. Then he looked at the little piece of paper.

«The Winner,» he said, then paused again, «is Miss Tanya Braden, for her performance in Whirlwind.»

Well, I’m not too sure about the sequence of events that followed. I don’t reme: the applause, because Joan let out a loud cry from across the aisle that drownec everything else. Then Myra started to cry. I don’t mean cry like the ordinary pei but I mean cry so that the building shook.

Then Joan jumped to her feet and started out, and her mother accompanied But I couldn’t do anything with Myra. The show was interrupted and the v theatre was staring at her. I picked her up and carried her out.

It wasn’t a very pleasant performance, but I think there is some excuse. Afte: Joan is 8 years old, and Myra is only 6, and she isn’t used to being up so late, a little on her side anyway. And why not? I’m her father.

1.    At the beginning of the Oscar ceremony prizes were awarded

1. to the most famous stars among the winners.
2. to the best director.
3. for the best film.
4. to the secondary members of shooting crews.

2.     Joan Weyland and Myra Caldwell were present at the ceremony because they

1. had both played in one film which had an Oscar nomination.
2. had been nominated as two of the Best Supporting Actresses of the year.
3. wanted to see the well-known personalities of the film industry.
4. accompanied the nominees.

3.     The phrase Myra «had been called the greatest find in the history of pictures» n that

1. she found the best way to perform her role.
2. she was awarded with a prize for the best performance in the history of cine
3. her debut was called very successful.
4. she revealed sensational facts in the film «The Devil Loses».

4.    «Calumet Centre» was

1. a picture by some popular artist.
2. a film in which a famous actor starred.
3. a picture painted by a famous female star.
4. a film in which Joan was given a role instead of a famous actress.

1.     The narrator describes the relations between Joan and Myra as

1. friendship.
2. rivalry.
3. sympathy.
4. partnership.

1.   The narrator liked the performance of the third nominee, Tanya Braden, becaux

1. played her part very convincingly.
2. was very beautiful.
3. was a well-known actress.
4. played as a partner of a world-famous star.

Раздел3. Грамматика и лексика.

1.  Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 1-7. Эти, номера соответствуют заданиям 1-7, в которых представлены возмог варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Father Feels Starved

In the summers, when we went to the country, we usually hired a temporary to go with us, so that Margaret could stay in town. We hated to leave her, but the idea was that somebody must stay to (1) _________ care of the house.

But this didn’t work well. No matter how few the substitute’s faults were, Father had no patience with them. One summer, I remember, there was a nice woman Delia who got on well with Mother because she was so obliging and pleasant, but who didn’t (2) _________ Father at all. «I don’t give a damn how obliging she is,» he (3) _________ to say. «If she won’t oblige me by cooking something fit to eat, she can go.»

This didn’t sound unreasonable, but to (4) _________ the truth, Delia cooked well enough for the rest of us. Mother tried to ((5) ___________ no attention to Father’s

grumbling. At breakfast Father would put down his coffee cup in disgust and roar: «Does she call this confounded mess coffee? Take it away!» And while Mother and Delia were frantically making a fresh pot, he would eat all of his omelet and bacon, and then declare that he was starved.

The longer Delia stayed with us, the more alarmed Father became. He ate heartily, but he said he didn’t feel nourished. At last Mother had to (6) _______

that it was impossible to go on like this. «This is Delia’s last night. I do hope you will like Tobo they say, he is a very good cook.»

The next night, Father found out, that the first dish was too Oriental and the meat underdone. So Mother sent for Margaret. She knew she could always depend (7) _______ Margaret.

1)        help

1)        agree

1)        held

1)        speak

1) pay

1) dremt

2)make 2) suit

2) kept 2) talk

2) draw 2)adopt

3) give

3) fit

3) used

3) say

3) bring 3)decide

4) take

4) match

4) took

4) tell

4) turn

4) promise

1) in                     2) on                  3) at                     4) of

1. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 8-12, так чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 8-12.

The Climate of Russia

Russia has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia _____________ in the North Temperature Zone.	SITUATE
The climate is continental; however, the fluctuations in temperature are          than in other European countries.	GREAT
The extreme north is a cold bare region — the tundra. For more than six months it ___________________in snow.	BURY
This region can be called the land of ____________ rivers.	FREEZE
In May the temperature begins to rise.  The gloomy nights is succeeded by continuous daylight, when the sun ___________ below the horizon for several month.	NOT SINK

1. Прочитайте  приведенный  ниже  текст. Образуйте от  слов,  напечатаннъ заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 13-17, однокорень слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали сс жанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый прот соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 13—17.

Tourism in Australia

The growth of tourism infrastructure related to the base of Ayer Rock, or Uluru began in the 1950s. Soon it started to produce adverse          impacts.	ENVIRONMENT
It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all                   accommodation-related tourist facilities and re-establish them    outside the park. In 1975, a ________________of 104 square   kilometres of land beyond the park’s northern boundary was chosen as the site for a new resort.	RESERVE
The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the luxurious resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort.	GOVERN
Since listing the park as a World Heritage Site, the annual number of__________________ rose to over 400,000 people by the year 2000.	VISIT
A year or two later, the ___________________of a tourist facility and an associated airport, to be known as Yulara started.	DEVELOP

1. Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 18-24. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 18-24, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Mausoleum of Mausolus

The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) was a tomb built in 350 ВС for king Mausolus and Artemisia, his wife.

In 377 ВС, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom on the coat of Anatolia. In that year the ruler of the region diedand left the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Before his death the father king (18)___________ control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. Mausolus (19) ____________ the territory of the kingdom as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Mausolus and Artemisia ruled from their capital over the surrounding territory(20)__________ twenty-four years. Mausolus, although he was descended from local people, spoke Greek and (21)__________ the Greek way of life and government.

   He founded many cities of Greek design along the coas and (22)_________ Greek democratic traditions.

     Mausolus decided to build a new capital, a city as safe from capture as magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Mausolus and Artemisia spent huge (23)__________ of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Mausolus planned to place a resting place for his body after his death. It would be a tomb that would forever show how rich he and his queen were.

In 353 ВС Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb, a structure so famous that it became one of the Seven Wonders of the (24)___________Word.

18	captured	took	achieved	required
19	extended	lengthened	prolonged	doubled
20	by	in	with	for
21	worshiped	admired	beloved	fancied
22	insisted	suggested	encouraged	persuaded
23	amounts	numbers	quantities	figures
24	Archaic	Prehistoric	Antique	Ancient

1. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных главными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 25-30, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 25—30.

Invention of Potato Chips

The potato chip was invented in 1853 by George Crum who was a chef at a restaurant in New York. Fried potatoes were popular at the restaurant because they were rather___________________, but one day a visitor complained that the slices were too thick.	EXPENSIVE
Crum made thinner slices, but the ____________________ customer was still dissatisfied.	NERVE
Crum finally made fries that were too thin to eat with a fork, hoping to annoy the          difficult customer.	EXTREME
But the customer was happy – and hat was the_________________ of potato chips!	INVENT
manufacturing of potato chips began in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1895.	INDUSTRY
The chips gained even more ___________________ in 1926 when a wax paper potato chip bag was invented that helped to keep them fresh and crisp.	POPULAR

        Раздел 4. Письмо

Обратите внимание на необходимость соблюдения указанного объема текста. Тексты недостаточного объема, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объем — не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (1, 2), а затем ответ на него.

1.  Вы получили письмо от своего друга по переписке Тома, который пишет:

… In our city we have an annual competition for teenagers who make their own short films. This year I got the second prize for a film about my grandparents. Do you think it’s important to record family history? Who do you think should do it? How can it be done best?

This month is my mom’s birthday and now I am thinking about a gift for her. I want it to be very special…

Write a letter to Tom. In your letter

• answer his questions
• ask 3 questions about his mom

Write 100 — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

1. Прокомментируйте следующее заявление.

Some people think that learning foreign languages is a waste of time and money.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200 — 250 words.

Use the following plan:

• make an introduction (state the problem)
• express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
• express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opir
• explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
• make a conclusion restating your position

Keys

        Раздел 1. Аудирование.

1. 2 4 7 1 3 5
2. 2 2 1 3 1 2 3
3. 2 1 3 3 1 3 2

Раздел 2. Чтение.

1. 2 7 3 5 8 4 1
2. 4 2 3 4 2 1 3

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика.

1. 3 4 1 2 1 4 3
2. issituated

greater

isburied

frozen

doesn’t sink

1. blowing

further

environment

reservation

development

visitors

1. 2 1 4 2 3 1 4
2. inexpensive

nervous

extremely

invention

industrial

popularity.

Прочитайте
приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте,
если необходимо, слова, напечатанные
заглавными буквами в конце строк,
обозначенных номерами В4-В10,
так
чтобы они грамматически соответствовали
содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски
полученными словами. Каждый пропуск
соответствует отдельному заданию из
группы В4-В10.

The Climate of Russia

B4
Russia
has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia in the North Temperature
Zone.

SITUATE

B5
The climate is continental; however, the fluctuations in
temperature

are than in other European countries.

GREAT

B6
The extreme north is a cold bare region — the tundra. For
more than

six months it in
snow.

BURY

B7

This
region can be called the land of

rivers.

FREEZE

B8
In May the temperature begins to rise. The gloomy night is
succeeded

by
continuous daylight, when the sun below the

horizon
for several months.

NOT
SINK

©
2012 Федеральный институт педагогических
измерений. © 2012 Национальное образование.
Копирование, распространение и
использование без письменного разрешения
правообладателей не допускается

84

ЕГЭ-2012.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
ЯЗЫК:
ТИПОВЫЕ
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЕ
ВАРИАНТЫ

В9
I The better part of Russia is not influenced by the warm winds of
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There are no mountains in the north
to

form
a barrier against the cold winds from the

Arctic
Ocean.

BLOW

BIO
The
extreme west of Russia has a temperate climate. Thus, the

summers
in the Baltic are cool and the winters mild. If we go

east,
the climate will become more continental.

FAR

Прочитайте
приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от
слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами
в конце строк, обозначенных номерами
В11—В16, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы
они грамматически и лексически
соответствовали содер­жанию текста.
Заполните пропуски полученными словами.
Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному
заданию из группы В11-В16.

Tourism
in Australia

Bll
The
growth of tourism infrastructure related to the base of Ayers

Rock,
or Uluru began in the 1950s. Soon it started to produce

adverse
impacts.

ENVIRONMENT

B12
It
was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation-related
tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park. In 1975,
a

of 104 square kilometres of land beyond the

park’s
northern boundary was chosen as the site for a new resort.

RESERVE

of
a tourist facility and

B13

A
year or two later, the

an
associated airport, to be known as Yulara started

DEVELOP

B14|
The
camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed
in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the luxurious resort.
In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the
Northern

Territory
was sold and the resort was renamed

Ayers
Rock Resort.

GOVERN

B15
Since
listing the park as a World Heritage Site, the annual number
of

rose to over 400,000 people by the year 2000.

VISIT

B16
I
Increased tourism provides regional and national economic
benefits. It also presents an ongoing challenge to
balance conservation of

values
and tourists’ needs.

CULTURE

©
2012 Федеральный институт педагогических
измерений. ©
2012
Национальное образование. Копирование,
распространение и использование без
письменного разрешения правообладателей
не допускается

ВАРИАНТ
8

85

Прочитайте
текст с пропусками, обозначенными
номерами А22-А28.
Эти
номера соответствуют заданиям А22-А28,
в которых представлены возможные
варианты ответов. Обведите номер
выбранного вами варианта ответа.

А22

А25

Mausoleum
of
Mausolus

The
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) was a tomb built
in 350 ВС
for king Mausolus and Artemisia, his wife.

In
377 ВС,
Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom on the
coast

of Anatolia. In that year the ruler of the region
died
and left the kingdom to his son,

Mausolus. Before his death the
father king I A221 control
of several of the

neighboring
cities and districts. Mausolus

the
territory of the kingdom as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia.
Mausolus and Artemisia ruled from their

twenty-four
years. Mausolus,

the
Greek

capital
over the surrounding territory A24

A23

although
he was descended from local people, spoke Greek and |
A25

Greek
democratic traditions

A26

way
of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along
the coast and

Mausolus
decided to build a new capital, a city as safe from capture as
magnificent

to
be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Mausolus and Artemisia
spent huge

A27
of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues,
temples

and
buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Mausolus
planned to place a resting place for his body after his death. It
would be a tomb that would forever show how rich he and his queen
were.

4)
required 4) doubled 4) for 4) fancied 4) persuaded 4) figures 4)
Ancient

2)
took

2)
lengthened

2)
in

2)
admired

2)
suggested

2)
numbers

2)
Prehistoric

In
353 ВС
Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. As a tribute to
him,

she decided to build him the most splendid
tomb, a structure so famous that it became

one of the Seven
Wonders of the A28 World.

1)
captured

A23
1) extended

A24
1) by

1)
worshiped

A26
1) insisted

A27
1) amounts

A28
1) Archaic

3)
achieved 3) prolonged 3) with 3) beloved 3) encouraged 3) quantities
3) Antique

По
окончании выполнения заданий В4-В16,
А22-А28
НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕ­СТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ
В БЛАНК
ОТВЕТОВ МП
ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания
В4-В16,
А22-А28 располагаются
в разных частях бланка. При переносе
ответов в заданиях В4-В16
буквы
записываются без пробелов и знаков
препинания.

©
2012 Федеральный институт педагогических
измерений. © 2012 Национальное образование.
Копирование, распространение и
использование без письменного разрешения
правообладателей не допускается

86

ЕГЭ-2012.
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Раздел 1. Аудирование

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1. I buy only hardback books as they can be used longer.

2. I have found out that the choice of books read by young people is rather limited.

3. I read books that give food for thought.

4. I am fond of books about people who succeed in overcoming difficulties.

5. I want to convince myself not to keep books I don’t need any more.

6. I have difficulty getting interested in some books despite their enjoyable language.

7. I would like to share books with other people.

Говорящий	А	В	C	D	Е.	F
Утверждение

Вы услышите разговор друзей. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А1-А7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответству­ют (2 — False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Вы услышите рассказ человека, увлеченного созданием календаря. В заданиях А8-А14 обведите цифру I9 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному вами вари­анту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

The narrator made mistakes in his scheduling because his weekly planner

1) was written in a foreign language.

2) included a lot of additional information.

3) listed the days of the week in an unusual order.

A9 The planner contains the calendar that lets you know

1) many useful facts about natural phenomena.

2) how to organise your working time efficiently.

3) what places of interest are worth visiting in this season.

AlO The main idea of “The Book of Days” was

1) to make people loosen the stress of life.

2) to show the significance of each season.

3) to help the readers to realise their dreams.

All The project of “The Book of Days” was not finished because of a lack of

1) new ideas.

2) enthusiasm.

3) finance.

A12 “The Ecological Calendar” is

1) completely identical to “the Book of Days”.

2) absolutely different from “the Book of Days”.

3) partly similar to “the Book of Days”.

A13 According to “The Clock of the Long Now” people should

1) forget about the time.

2) expand their concept of time.

3) not care about their future.

A14 The narrator wants to

1) give up calendar projects.

2) make somebody else manage his project.

3) see his ideas accomplished.

По окончании выполнения заданий Bl и А1—А14 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что от­веты на задания BlfА1-А14 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При пере­носе ответов в задании Bl (в нижней части бланка) цифры записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 2. Чтение

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. For 150 years America was a British colony. At that time British and American English were almost exactly the same. When America won the War of Independence in 1776, it became a free country. The USA was quickly growing richer, and millions of Europeans came to settle here. They brought new words and expressions to the language. As a result, English in America began to develop in its own way and today, there are certain differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and spelling between American and British English.

B. Typical American teenagers are in fact very ordinary. They think their teachers make them work too hard, they love their parents but are sure they don’t understand anything, and their friendships are the most important things in their lives. Some of them do have a lot of money to spend, but usually they have earned it themselves. Most young people take jobs while they are in school. They work at movie theatres, fast-food restaurants, gas stations, and stores to pay for their clothes and entertainment. Maybe this is what makes them so independent from their parents at such a young age?

C. Is it possible to have one device with the functions of a TV-set, a PC and the Internet? With the advent of Internet TV it has become a reality. Imagine watching a film on TV and getting information on the actors in the film at the same time! To enter web-addresses and write e-mails you use a remote control and an on-screen keyboard or an optional wireless keyboard. By clicking a button, you can also read adverts, ‘chat’ with a friend, plan your holiday and play your favourite video games. And in the future you’ll be able to change the plot of the film you are watching!

D. When do you stop being a child and become an adult? There are lots of laws about the age when you can start doing things. In Britain, for example, you can get married at 16, but you cannot get a tattoo until you are 18. In most American states you can have a driving licence at 17, but you cannot drink until you are 21. In Russia you can be put to prison when you are 16, but you cannot vote until you are 18. In fact, most European countries and the US have the same age for voting: 18. Many people, however, think that this is unfair. They would like to vote at an earlier age.

E. Blue jeans were a by-product of the Gold Rush. The man who invented jeans, Levi Strauss, emigrated from Germany to San Francisco in 1850. Levi was 20 years old, and he decided to sell clothes to the miners who were in California in search of gold. When he was told that durable trousers were the most needed item of clothing, Levi began making jeans of heavy tent canvas. Levi’s jeans were an immediate success. Soon he switched from canvas to a cotton fabric which came from Nimes, a city in France. The miners called it ‘denim’ and bought a lot of trousers from Strauss.

F. Some fifty years ago people hadn’t even heard of computers, and today we cannot imagine our life without them. Computer technology is now the fastest-growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pinhead. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear on our wrists or even in our glasses and ear-rings. Such wearable computers are now being developed in the USA.

G. Some American words are simply unknown on the other side of the Atlantic, and vice versa. But a lot of words exist in both variants, and these can cause trouble. British visitors to America are often surprised at the different meanings that familiar words have acquired there. If an Englishman asks in an American store for a vest, he will be offered a waistcoat. If he wants to buy a handbag for his wife, he should ask for a purse, and if she wants to buy a pair of tights, she should ask for pantyhose: tights in America are what ballet dancers wear.

А	В	C	D	E	F	G

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозна­ченными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Culture and customs

In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A; in the U. S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is B, such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be C into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D — like talking on a mobile phone. Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E.”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F. The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1. To perform other actions

2. Outnumber traditional telephones

3. To communicate with each other

4. Combined with the Internet

5. To serve basic needs

6. Banned in some countries

7. Carry in our pockets

А	В	C	D	E	F

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15—Д21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

A Gifted Cook

If there is a gene for cuisine, Gabe, my 11-year-old son, could splice it to perfection. Somewhere between Greenwich Village, where he was born, and the San Francisco Bay area, where he has grown up, the little kid with the stubborn disposition and freckles on his nose has forsaken Boy Scouts and baseball in favor of wielding a kitchen knife.

I suppose he is a member of the Emeril generation. Gabe has spent his formative years shopping at the Berkeley Bowl, where over half a dozen varieties of Thanksgiving yams, in lesser mortals, can instill emotional paralysis. He is blessed with a critical eye. “I think Emeril is really cheesy,” he observed the other night while watching a puff pastry segment. “He makes the stupidest jokes. But he cooks really well.”

With its manifold indigenous cultures, Oaxaca seemed the perfect place to push boundaries. Like the mole sauces for which it is justly famous, the region itself is a subtle blend of ingredients — from dusty Zapotec villages where Spanish is a second language to the zocalo in colonial Oaxaca, a sophisticated town square brimming with street life and vendors selling twisty, one-story-tall balloons.

Appealing to Gabe’s inner Iron Chef seemed like an indirect way to introduce him to a place where the artful approach to life presides. There was also a selfish motive: Gabe is my soul mate, a fellow food wanderer who is not above embracing insanity to follow his appetite wherever it leads.

Months ahead of time, we enrolled via the Internet in the daylong Wednesday cooking class at Seasons of My Heart, the chef and cookbook author Susana Trilling’s cooking school in the Elta Valley, about a 45-minute drive north to town. In her cookbook and PBS series of the same name, Ms. Trilling, an American whose maternal grandparents were Mexican, calls Oaxaca “the land of no waste” where cooking techniques in some ancient villages have endured for a thousand years.

I suspected that the very notion of what constitutes food in Oaxaca would test Gabe’s mettle. At the suggestion of Jacob, his older brother, we spent our second night in Mexico at a Oaxaca Guerrero baseball game, where instead of peanuts and Cracker Jack, vendors hawked huge trays piled high with chapulines, fried grasshoppers cooked in chili and lime, a local delicacy. Gabe was bug-eyed as he watched the man next to him snack on exoskeletal munchies in a paper bowl. “It’s probably less gross than a hot dog,” he admitted. “But on the rim of the bowl I saw a bunch of legs and served body parts. That’s revolting!”

Our cooking day began at the Wednesday market in Etla, Shopping for ingredients and sampling as we went. On the way in the van, Gabe had made friends with Cindy and Fred Beams, fellow classmates from Boston, sharing opinions about Caesar salad and bemoaning his brother’s preference for plain pizza instead of Hawaiian. Cindy told Gabe about a delicious sauce she’d just had on her omelet at her B & B. “It was the best sauce — to die for,” she said. “Then I found out the provenance. Roasted worms.”

The Oaxacan taste for insects, we’d learn — including the worm salt spied at the supermarket and the “basket of fried locusts” at a nearby restaurant — was a source of protein dating back to pre-Hispanic times.

When our cooking class was over I saw a flicker of regret in his face, as though he sensed the world’s infinite variety and possibilities in all the dishes he didn’t learn to cook. “Mom”, he said plaintively, surveying the sensual offerings of the table. “Can we make everything when we get home?”

A15 Gabe’s mother thinks that he is

1) lazy. 3) selfish.

2) determined. 4) thoughtful.

A16 Gabe is supposed to represent the Emeril generation because he

1) is fond of criticizing others.

2) feels happy being alone.

3) is interested in cooking.

4) is good at making jokes.

A17 The narrator wanted to take Gabe to Oaxaca because

1) he could speak Spanish.

2) there are a lot of entertainments for children there.

3) he knew a lot about local cultures.

4) he was the best to keep her company.

A18 Gabe was struck when he

1) was told that local cooking techniques were a thousand years old.

2) saw the man next to him eat insects.

3) did not find any dish to satisfy his appetite.

4) understood that a hot dog was less gross than a local delicacy.

The Oaxacan people eat insects because this kind of food

1) tastes pleasant.

2) is easy to cook.

3) contains an essential nutritional element.

4) helps to cure many diseases.

A20 At the end of the class Gabe felt regret because

1) there were a lot of dishes he could not make on his own.

2) the dishes he made were not tasty.

3) he did not want to go back home.

4) he had not managed to master all the dishes he liked.

A2iln paragraph 3 “brimming with” means

1) lacking.

2) being filled with.

3) astonishing with.

4) beckoning, with.

По окончании выполнения заданий В2, ВЗ и А15-А21 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕ­СТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы, на задания В2, ВЗ, А15-А21 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При переносе ответов в заданиях В2 и ВЗ цифры записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В4-В10, так чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В4-В10.

Russia has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia

In the North Temperature Zone.

B5 The climate is continental; however, the fluctuations in temperature are than in other European countries. GREAT

B6 The extreme north is a cold bare region — the tundra. For more than six months it in snow. BURY

B7 This region can be called the land of

B8 In May the temperature begins to rise. The gloomy night is succeeded by continuous daylight, when the sun below the

Horizon for several months. NOT SINK

В9	The better part of Russia is not influenced by the warm winds of the
	Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There are no mountains in the north to form a barrier against the cold winds _________________________________________________________________ from the Arctic Ocean. BLOW

BlO The extreme west of Russia has a temperate climate. Thus, the summers in the Baltic are cool and the winters mild. If we go east, the climate will become more continental. FAR

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11-В16, однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содер­жанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11-В16.

Tourism in Australia

Bll The growth of tourism infrastructure related to the base of Ayers Rock, or Uluru began in the 1950s. Soon it started to produce adverse impacts. ENVIRONMENT

B12 It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation-related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park. In 1975, a of 104 square kilometres of land beyond the park’s northern boundary was chosen as the site for a new resort.___________________________ RESERVE

B13 A year or two later, the of a tourist facility and

An associated airport, to be known as Yulara started.

B14 The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the luxurious resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory ; was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort.

B15 Since listing the park as a World Heritage Site, the annual number of rose to over 400,000 people by the year 2000. VISIT

B16 Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits. It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of values and tourists’ needs. CULTURE

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22-А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А22-А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Mausoleum of Mausolus

The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) was a tomb built in 350 BC for king Mausolus and Artemisia, his wife.

In 377 BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom on the coast of Anatolia. In that year the ruler of the regiondied and left the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Before his death the father king A22Control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. Mausolus A23 the territory of the kingdom as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Mausolus and Artemisia ruled from their capital over the surrounding territory ∣A24

Although he was descended from local people, spoke Greek and A25 Way oflife and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast Greek democratic traditions. ’

Mausolus decided to build a new capital, a city as safe from capture as magnificent tobe seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Mausolus and Artemisia spent huge of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples

And buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Mausolus planned to place A resting place for his body after his death. It would be a tomb that would forever show how rich he and his queen were.

In 353 BC Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb, a structure so famous that it became one of the Seven Wonders of the A28

По окончании выполнения заданий B4-B16, А22-А28 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕ­СТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ №1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания B4-B16, А22—А28 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При переносе ответов в заданиях В4—В16 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 4. Письмо

Для ответов на задания Cl и С2 используйте бланк ответов № 2. При выполнении заданий Cl и С2 особое внимание обратите на то, что ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объема текста. Тексты недостаточного объема, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объем — не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (Cl, С2), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, вы можете использовать его другую сторону.

Cl You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Ann who writes:

… More and more young people get involved in environmental protection. Could you tell me what measures young people in your country take to save the environment? What kind of support do you get from your local community and family? Is there any Green Party/Movement where you live? Wouldn’t you like to start one, if there isn’t?

I am very happy now because I have just passed my last exams.

Write back soon,

Ann

Write a letter to Ann.

In your letter

— answer her questions

— ask 3 Questions About her plans for the coming holiday

Write IOO — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

C2 Comment on the following statement.

Some people think that you can master the language only if you study it abroad, in the native speaking environment.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200 — 250 words.

Use the following plan:

— make an introduction (state the problem)

— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion

— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion

— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

— make a conclusion restating your position

The Tomb of Mausolus, Mausoleum of Mausolus or Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (in Greek, Μαυσωλεῖον της Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyrus and Pythius. It stood approximately 45 metres (135 ft) in height, and each of the four sides was adorned with sculptural reliefs created by each one of four Greek sculptors — Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus. The finished structure was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The word mausoleum has since come to be used generically for any grand tomb, though «Mausol – eion» originally meant «[building] dedicated to Mausolus«.

Lives of Mausolus and Artemisia

Artemisia loved Mausolus so very much, that she would do anything for him. This came into play after Mausolus died.

Conquest

In 623 BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom in the coast of Asia Minor. In 377 BC the ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas, died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local satrap under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons: Ada (adopted mother of Alexander the Great), Idrieus and Pixodarus. Mausolus extended its territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Artemisia and Mausolus ruled from Halicarnassus over the surrounding territory for twenty-four years. Mausolus, although descended from local people, spoke Greek and admired the Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek democratic traditions.

Halicarnassus

Mausolus decided to build a new capital; a city as safe from capture as it was magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. If Mausolus’ ships blocked a small channel, they could keep all enemy warships out. He started to make of Halicarnassus a capital fit for a warrior prince. His workmen deepened the city’s harbor and used the dragged sand to make protecting breakwaters in front of the channel. On land they paved streets and , and built houses for ordinary citizens. And on one side of the harbor they built a massive fortified palace for Mausolus, positioned to have clear views out to sea and inland to the hills — places from where enemies could attack.

On land, the workmen also built walls and watchtowers, a Greek–style theatre and a temple to Ares — the Greek god of war.

Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Artemisia planned to place a resting place for her body, and her husband’s, after their death. It would be a tomb that would forever show how rich they were.

Death and memorial

In 353 BC Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. It was the custom in Caria for rulers to be siblings; such incestuous marriages kept the power and the wealth in the family. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb, a structure so famous that Mausolus’s name is now the eponym for all stately tombs, in the word mausoleum. The construction was also so beautiful and unique it became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Soon after construction of the tomb started, Artemisia found herself in a crisis. Rhodes, a Greek island at the Aegean Sea, had been conquered by her and Mausolus. When the Rhodians heard about her husband’s death, they rebelled and sent a fleet of ships to capture the city of Halicarnassus. Knowing that the Rhodian fleet was on the way, Artemisia hid her own ships at a secret location at the east end of the city’s harbor. After troops from the Rhodian fleet disembarked to attack, Artemisia’s fleet made a surprise raid, captured the Rhodian fleet and towed it out to sea. Artemisia put her own soldiers on the invading ships and sailed them back to Rhodes. Fooled into thinking that the returning ships were their own victorious navy, the Rhodians failed to put up a defense and the city was easily captured, quelling the rebellion. Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The urns with their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As a form of sacrifice ritual the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron «considering that it was at once a memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor’s art.»

The construction of the Mausoleum

Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The famous sculptors were (in the Vitruvius order) Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen.

The tomb was erected on a hill overlooking the city. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. At the center of the courtyard was a stone platform on which the tomb sat. A stairway flanked by stone lions led to the top of the platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddess. At each corner, stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the tomb. At the center of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one-third of the Mausoleum’s 45-meter (135 ft) height. This section was covered with bas-reliefs showing action scenes, including the battle of the centaurs with the lapiths and Greeks in combat with the Amazons, a race of warrior women.

On the top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slim columns, nine per side, rose for another third of the height. Standing between each column was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid cella-like block that carried the weight of the tomb’s massive roof. The roof, which comprised most of the final third of the height, was pyramidal. Perched on the top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a chariot in which rode images of Mausolus and Artemisia.

Medieval and modern times

The Mausoleum overlooked the city of Halicarnassus for many years. It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC and still undamaged after attacks by pirates in 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the city’s ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By 1404 AD only the very base of the Mausoleum was still recognizable.

In the early fifteenth century, the Knights of St John of Malta invaded the region and built a massive castle called Bodrum Castle. When they decided to fortify it in 1494, they used the stones of the Mausoleum. In 1522 rumors of a Turkish invasion caused the Crusaders to strengthen the castle at Halicarnassus (which was by then known as Bodrum) and much of the remaining portions of the tomb were broken up and used in the castle walls. Sections of polished marble from the tomb can still be seen there today.

At this time a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. In many histories of the Mausoleum one can find the following story of what happened: The party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning to find the tomb, and any treasure it may have contained, plundered. The bodies of Mausolus and Artemisia were missing too. The Knights claimed that Muslim villagers were responsible for the theft. Today, on the walls of the small museum building next to the site of the Mausoleum we find a different story. Research done by archeologists in the 1960s shows that long before the knights came, grave robbers had dug a tunnel under the grave chamber, stealing its contents. Also the museum states that it is most likely that Mausolus and Artemisia were cremated, so only an urn with their ashes were placed in the grave chamber. This explains why no bodies were found.

Before grinding and burning much of the remaining sculpture of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster, the Knights removed several of the best works and mounted them in the Bodrum castle. There they stayed for three centuries.

In the 19th century a British consul obtained several of the statues from the castle, which now reside in the British Museum. In 1852 the British Museum sent the archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton to search for more remains of the Mausoleum. He had a difficult job. He didn’t know the exact location of the tomb, and the cost of buying up all the small parcels of land in the area to look for it would have been astronomical. Instead Newton studied the accounts of ancient writers like Pliny to obtain the approximate size and location of the memorial, then bought a plot of land in the most likely location. Digging down, Newton explored the surrounding area through tunnels he dug under the surrounding plots. He was able to locate some walls, a staircase, and finally three of the corners of the foundation. With this knowledge, Newton was able to determine which plots of land he needed to buy.

Newton then excavated the site and found sections of the reliefs that decorated the wall of the building and portions of the stepped roof. Also discovered was a broken stone chariot wheel some two metres (7 ft) in diameter, which came from the sculpture on the Mausoleum’s roof. Finally, he found the statues of Mausolus and Artemisia that had stood at the pinnacle of the building. From 1966 to 1977, the Mausoleum was thoroughly researched by Prof. Kristian Jeppesen of Aarhus University, Denmark. He has produced a six-volume work on the Mausoleum called «The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos«.

The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus were each responsible for one side. Because the statues were of people and animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history, as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece. Nowadays, the massive castle of the Knights of Malta still stands in Bodrum, and the polished stone and marble blocks of the Mausoleum can be spotted built into the walls of the structure. At the site of the Mausoleum itself, only the foundation remains, together with a small museum. Some of the surviving sculptures at the British Museum include fragment of statues and many slabs of the frieze showing the battle between the Greeks and the Amazons. There the images of Mausolus and his queen forever watch over the few broken remains of the beautiful tomb she built for him.

Modern buildings based upon the Mausoleum of Maussollos include Grant’s Tomb in New York City; Los Angeles City Hall; the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia; the spire of St. George’s Church, Bloomsbury in London; the Indiana War Memorial (and in turn Chase Tower) in Indianapolis; and the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction’s headquarters, the House of the Temple in Washington D.C., the Civil Courts Building in St. Louis.

The Tomb of Mausolus, Mausoleum of Mausolus or Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (in Greek, «polytonic|Μαυσωλεῖον της Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ«) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister.The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyrus and Pythius.cite book
last = Kostof
first = Spiro
title = A History of Architecture
publisher = Oxford University Press
date = 1985
location = Oxford
pages = 9
id = ISBN 0-19-503473-2] cite book
last = Gloag
first = John
title = Guide to Western Architecture
origyear = 1958
edition = Revised Edition
year = 1969
publisher = The Hamlyn Publishing Group
pages = 362 ] It stood approximately 45 metres (135 ft) in height, and each of the four sides was adorned with sculptural reliefs created by each one of four Greek sculptors — Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus.cite web
last = Smith
first = William
title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 744
date = 1870
url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0751.html
accessdate = 2006-09-21] The finished structure was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The word «mausoleum» has since come to be used generically for any grand tomb, though «Mausol» – «eion» originally meant » [building] dedicated to Mausolus».

Lives of Mausolus and Artemisia

Artemisia loved Mausolus so very much, that she would do anything for him. This came into play after Mausolus died. (read «Death and Memorial»)

Conquest

In 623 BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom in the coast of Asia Minor. In 377 BC the ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas, died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local satrap under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons: Ada (adopted mother of Alexander the Great), Idrieus and Pixodarus. Mausolus extended its territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Artemisia and Mausolus ruled from Halicarnassus over the surrounding territory for twenty-four years. Mausolus, although descended from local people, spoke Greek and admired the Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek democratic traditions.

Halicarnassus

Mausolus decided to build a new capital; a city as safe from capture as it was magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. If Mausolus’ ships blocked a small channel, they could keep all enemy warships out. He started to make of Halicarnassus a capital fit for a warrior prince. His workmen deepened the city’s harbor and used the dragged sand to make protecting breakwaters in front of the channel. On land they paved streets and squares, and built houses for ordinary citizens. And on one side of the harbor they built a massive fortified palace for Mausolus, positioned to have clear views out to sea and inland to the hills — places from where enemies could attack.

On land, the workmen also built walls and watchtowers, a Greek–style theatre and a temple to Ares — the Greek god of war.

Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. In the center of the city Artemisia planned to place a resting place for her body, and her husband’s, after their death. It would be a tomb that would forever show how rich they were.

Death and memorial

In 353 BC Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia broken-hearted. It was the custom in Caria for rulers to be siblings; such incestuous marriages kept the power and the wealth in the family. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb, a structure so famous that Mausolus’s name is now the eponym for all stately tombs, in the word «mausoleum». The construction was also so beautiful and unique it became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Soon after construction of the tomb started, Artemisia found herself in a crisis. Rhodes, a Greek island at the Aegean Sea, had been conquered by her and Mausolus. When the Rhodians heard about her husband’s death, they rebelled and sent a fleet of ships to capture the city of Halicarnassus. Knowing that the Rhodian fleet was on the way, Artemisia hid her own ships at a secret location at the east end of the city’s harbor. After troops from the Rhodian fleet disembarked to attack, Artemisia’s fleet made a surprise raid, captured the Rhodian fleet and towed it out to sea. Artemisia put her own soldiers on the invading ships and sailed them back to Rhodes. Fooled into thinking that the returning ships were their own victorious navy, the Rhodians failed to put up a defense and the city was easily captured, quelling the rebellion. Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The urns with their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As a form of sacrifice ritual the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron «considering that it was at once a memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor’s art.»

The construction of the Mausoleum

Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The famous sculptors were (in the Vitruvius order) Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen. The tomb was erected on a hill overlooking the city. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. At the center of the courtyard was a stone platform on which the tomb sat. A stairway flanked by stone lions led to the top of the platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddess. At each corner, stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the tomb. At the center of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one-third of the Mausoleum’s 45-meter (135 ft) height. This section was covered with bas-reliefs showing action scenes, including the battle of the centaurs with the lapiths and Greeks in combat with the Amazons, a race of warrior women.

On the top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slim columns, nine per side, rose for another third of the height. Standing between each column was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid cella-like block that carried the weight of the tomb’s massive roof. The roof, which comprised most of the final third of the height, was pyramidal. Perched on the top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a chariot in which rode images of Mausolus and Artemisia.

Medieval and modern times

The Mausoleum overlooked the city of Halicarnassus for many years. It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC and still undamaged after attacks by pirates in 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the city’s ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By 1404 AD only the very base of the Mausoleum was still recognizable.

In the early fifteenth century, the Knights of St John of Malta invaded the region and built a massive castle called Bodrum Castle. When they decided to fortify it in 1494, they used the stones of the Mausoleum. In 1522 rumors of a Turkish invasion caused the Crusaders to strengthen the castle at Halicarnassus (which was by then known as Bodrum) and much of the remaining portions of the tomb were broken up and used in the castle walls. Sections of polished marble from the tomb can still be seen there today.

At this time a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. In many histories of the Mausoleum one can find the following story of what happened: The party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning to find the tomb, and any treasure it may have contained, plundered. The bodies of Mausolus and Artemisia were missing too. The Knights claimed that Moslem villagers were responsible for the theft. Today, on the walls of the small museum building next to the site of the Mausoleum we find a different story. Research done by archeologists in the 1960s shows that long before the knights came, grave robbers had dug a tunnel under the grave chamber, stealing its contents. Also the museum states that it is most likely that Mausolus and Artemisia were cremated, so only an urn with their ashes were placed in the grave chamber. This explains why no bodies were found.

Before grinding and burning much of the remaining sculpture of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster, the Knights removed several of the best works and mounted them in the Bodrum castle. There they stayed for three centuries.

In the 19th century a British consul obtained several of the statues from the castle, which now reside in the British Museum. In 1852 the British Museum sent the archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton to search for more remains of the Mausoleum. He had a difficult job. He didn’t know the exact location of the tomb, and the cost of buying up all the small parcels of land in the area to look for it would have been astronomical. Instead Newton studied the accounts of ancient writers like Pliny to obtain the approximate size and location of the memorial, then bought a plot of land in the most likely location. Digging down, Newton explored the surrounding area through tunnels he dug under the surrounding plots. He was able to locate some walls, a staircase, and finally three of the corners of the foundation. With this knowledge, Newton was able to determine which plots of land he needed to buy.

Newton then excavated the site and found sections of the reliefs that decorated the wall of the building and portions of the stepped roof. Also discovered was a broken stone chariot wheel some two metres (7 ft) in diameter, which came from the sculpture on the Mausoleum’s roof. Finally, he found the statues of Mausolus and Artemisia that had stood at the pinnacle of the building. From 1966 to 1977, the Mausoleum was thoroughly researched by Prof. Kristian Jeppesen of Aarhus University, Denmark. He has produced a six-volume work on the Mausoleum called «The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos».

The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus were each responsible for one side. Because the statues were of people and animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history, as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece.

Nowadays, the massive castle of the Knights of Malta still stands in Bodrum, and the polished stone and marble blocks of the Mausoleum can be spotted built into the walls of the structure. At the site of the Mausoleum itself, only the foundation remains, together with a small museum. Some of the surviving sculptures at the British Museum include fragment of statues and many slabs of the frieze showing the battle between the Greeks and the Amazons. There the images of Mausolus and his queen forever watch over the few broken remains of the beautiful tomb she built for him.

Modern buildings based upon the Mausoleum of Maussollos include Grant’s Tomb in New York City; Los Angeles City Hall; the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia; the spire of St. George’s Church, Bloomsbury in London; the Indiana War Memorial (and in turn Chase Tower) in Indianapolis; [ [http://www.in.gov/iwm/warmemorial/iwm_exterior.html in.gov] ] and the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction’s headquarters, the House of the Temple in Washington D.C., the Civil Courts Building in St. Louis.

Notes

Further reading

*Kristian Jeppesen, et al. «The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos», 6 vols.

External links

* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Turkey/_Periods/Greek/_Texts/LETGKB/Mausoleum*.html] — The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby’s reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)
* [http://www.livius.org/a/turkey/halicarnassus/halicarnassus2.html Livius.org: Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]