Medical 3d printers егэ ответы - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Тренировочный вариант №2 КИМ №210920 ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку 11 класс для подготовки на 100 баллов от 20 сентября 2021 года.

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Экзаменационная работа по английскому языку состоит из четырёх разделов («Аудирование», «Чтение», «Грамматика и лексика», «Письмо»), включающих в себя 40 заданий.

Решу ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку вариант 100 баллов №210920:

Сложные задания и ответы с варианта

1)Donnie’s mother found Disney’s proposal …

1) awesome.
2) demanding.
3) excessive.
4) frightening.

2)Donnagan fired his manager because …

1) the boy wanted to be independent in his choice.
2) the boy was eager to try something else besides films.
3) the man hated Disney. 4) the man was rude.

3)Variety mentioned in the report is …

1) a magazine.
2) a reporter.
3) a theatre.
4) an animation studio.

4)Artists worked with Donnie for long hours …

1) to find a proper make-up for him.
2) to make the face of Bambi.
3) to train to him express the eeded emotions.
4) to understand whether the boy suited the project.

5)Donnie Dunagan first saw the deer on screen …

1) when the film was restored.
2) when the first night was on.
3) when the soundtrack was being made.
4) when he joined the army

6)The memories of the film came back to the actor after a while when …

1) he experienced his first kiss with a girl at school.
2) he was wounded on the battlefield.
3) his father came to visit him in hospital.
4) his mother was killed.

7)Some episodes were withdrawn from the film because …

1) they were too painful to see.
2) the film was too long to be watched by children.
3) the company was lacking money.
4) the company was failing to meet the deadline.

8)They did not return to the subject until they in bed for half an hour. (BE)

9)The evening was just cool enough to make it worth while to pull up the counterpane. From below the familiar sound of singing and the scrape of boots on the flagstones. (COME)

10)The brawny red-armed woman whom Winston there on his first visit was almost a fixture in the yard. (SEE)

11)There seemed to be no hour of daylight when she to and fro between the washtub and the line, alternately gagging herself with clothes pegs and breaking forth into lusty song. (MARCH)

12)Julia had settled down on her side and to be already on the point of falling asleep. (SEEM)

13)He reached out for the book, which was lying on the floor, and sat up against the bedhead. ‘We must it,’ he said. (READ)

14)’You too. All members of the Brotherhood have to read it.» ‘You read it,’ she said with her eyes shut. ‘Read it aloud. That’s the best way. Then you can explain it to me as you go.’ The clock’s hands said six, meaning eighteen. They had three or four hours ahead of them. He the book against his knees and began reading: (PROP)

15)3D printing has been used to print patient implant and device for medical use. (SPECIFY)

16)operations include a titanium pelvis implanted into a British patient, titanium lower jaw transplanted to a Belgian patient, and a plastic tracheal splint for an American infant. (SUCCESS)

17)The hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the area of future development using the custom 3D printing technology (BIG)

18)In March 2014, in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been seriously injured in a road accident. (SURGERY)

19)Research is also being conducted on methods to bioprint for lost tissue due to arthritis and cancer. (REPLACE)

20)In October 24, 2014, a five-year-old girl born without formed fingers on her left hand became the first child in the UK to have a prosthetic hand made with 3D printing technology. Her hand was designed by US-based Enable, an open source design organisation which uses a network of volunteers to design and make prosthetics mainly for children. (FULL)

Другие тренировочные варианты ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку:

Тренировочные варианты ЕГЭ по английскому языку 11 класс задания с ответами

Тренировочный вариант №210906 ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку 11 класс 100 баллов с ответами

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Источник

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1. The 3D printer…
1) can print with ink on paper.
2) has got an accurate name.
3) prints quickly.

2. Describing the technique of 3D printing Dr Hunt stresses that…
1) it is not as complicated as it seems.
2) it’s too complex to explain in detail.
3) it is essential to know different techniques.

3. What does Dr Hunt say about the resin?
1) It is all the same.
2) It is a kind of ink.
3) Light causes it to change.

4. Dentists were mentioned to give an example of
1) something people don’t like.
2) a well-known use of resin.
3) an application of 3D printers.

5. What is said about the equipment that is needed to 3D print?
1) It is not very expensive.
2) It will soon be widely available.
3) All you need to do is take a photo.

6. Speaking about what items people print, Dr Hunt suggests that
1) the majority are for the medical field.
2) they are never ordinary items.
3) they are incredibly accurate.

7. Dr Hunt says that in the future 3D printers …
1) will change the way we shop.
2) will be used mostly in factories.
3) will be used to print homes.

1 – 2
2 – 2
3 – 3
4 – 2
5 – 2
6 – 3
7 – 1

Presenter: Hello there, and welcome. With us this evening on “Technology of the Minute” we have a very special guest, Dr Josephine Hunt, who has been involved in the research and development of an exciting new technology, the 3D printer.
Speaker: Thank you, I’m delighted to be here.
Presenter: First of all, Dr Hunt, can you explain what a 3D printer does, in case some of our listeners don’t know?
Speaker: Of course. Well, a 3D printer does just what it sounds like it should do. It prints. But instead of printing letters with ink on paper, it prints layers of material, one after the other, usually a polymer resin, to form a three dimensional shape. It is a slow process; sometimes it takes hours.
Presenter: It sounds really complicated. Can you give us more detail? I must say, I’ve heard a lot about 3D printing but I’m having a hard time visualising just how it works.
Speaker: The truth is, it IS incredibly complicated. It is highly technical and there are a number of different techniques, so I’m not sure you really want too much detail. We could spend all day discussing the different ways create a 3D printed object. But I will give you an overview of the most common technique.
Presenter: Yes, we don’t want to end up more confused than we are now! So, we have this machine, and somehow it makes an object…
Speaker: First of all, the material that replaces the ink is photopolymer resin, which is basically something like liquid plastic. There are countless kinds of resin, and they are all slightly different. But they all come out of the printer as a liquid, and when they’re exposed to light, usually ultraviolet light, they become hard.
Presenter: Wait a minute, that sounds familiar. Is it the same material that dentists use to repair our teeth?
Speaker: Yes, that’s right. It’s the same thing. But don’t hate resin because it reminds you of the dentist! It’s a very useful material with a wide range of applications.
Presenter: That’s amazing. But I have a question. How does the printer know what to print?
Speaker: You need a 3D scanner and 3D modelling software to use with a 3D printer. At the moment, they’re a bit pricy, but we’re not far now from the time when these will be available on your smartphone. It can be as simple and affordable as taking a photo. Presenter: Wow. And what kind of things are being 3D printed? What do people do with this technology?
Speaker: One of the most amazing uses is in the field of medicine. Models of organs like hearts have already been printed, and they are so realistic that surgeons can use them to practice complicated surgeries. In the future, we could have 3D printed synthetic skin, bone, and even organs. On the other hand, other people print more ordinary items, including mobile phone cases and high-heeled shoes.
Presenter: It sounds like science fiction.
Speaker: It may sound like science fiction, but it’s not. It’s reality right now. It won’t be long until everyone owns their own 3D printer, and we will be downloading files, and printing in our own homes, rather than buying objects made in factories.

Упр. 18 | 19 | 20

Источник

Medical 3D Printing

3D Printing

3D printing, a popular term for what is now known as additive manufacturing (AM), refers to various processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object. In additive manufacturing processing, successive layers of material are formed under computer control to create the object. These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are produced from digital model data 3D model or other electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file.

Futurologist Jeremy Rifkin claimed that 3 Dimensions printing or AM signals the beginning of a third industrial revolution, succeeding the production line assembly that dominated manufacturing starting in the late 19th century.

The term 3D printing has its origin sense, in reference to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United States and global Technical standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense. ISO/ASTM52900-15 defines seven categories of AM processes within its meaning: Binder Jetting, Directed Energy Deposition, Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Powder Bed Fusion, Sheet Lamination and Vat Photopolymerization.

Medical

3D printing has been used to print patient specific implant and device for medical use. Successful operations include a titanium pelvis implanted into a British patient, titanium lower jaw transplanted to a Belgian patient, and a plastic tracheal splint for an American infant. The hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the biggest area of future development using the custom 3D printing technology. In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been seriously injured in a road accident. Research is also being conducted on methods to bio-print replacements for lost tissue due to arthritis and cancer. 3D printing technology can now be used to make exact replicas of organs. The printer uses images from patients’ MRI or CT scan images as a template and lays down layers of rubber or plastic.

Источник

Personalized, precision medicine is on the rise. New tools and advanced technologies are bringing doctors closer to patients, delivering treatments and devices customized to better serve each unique individual.

Advances in medical 3D printing technology have made tremendous contributions to fields throughout healthcare. For patients, new tools and therapeutic methods developed through 3D printing can bring new degrees of comfort and personalization to treatment. For doctors, this newly accessible technology allows for a greater understanding of complex cases and provides new tools that can ultimately result in a higher standard of care.

From surgical planning models to 3D printed vasculature and bioreactors, read on to discover five ways 3D printing in healthcare is taking off and why many medical professionals are excited about the potential of 3D printing in the medical field. Then, learn about the most popular 3D printers for healthcare and how to choose a solution for specific use cases.

3D printed anatomical models from patient scan data are becoming increasingly useful tools in today’s practice of personalized, precision medicine. As cases become more complex and operating room efficiency becomes more important for routine cases, visual and tactile reference models can enhance understanding and communication within OR teams and with patients.

Healthcare professionals, hospitals, and research organizations across the globe are using 3D printed anatomical models as reference tools for preoperative planning, intraoperative visualization, and sizing or pre-fitting medical equipment for both routine and highly complex procedures that have been documented in hundreds of publications.

Producing patient-specific, tactile reference models from CT and MRI scans is affordable and straightforward with 3D printing. Peer-reviewed literature shows that they provide an additional view that helps physicians prepare better for surgeries, leading to drastically reduced time and cost in the operating room while improving patient satisfaction, lowering anxiety, and reducing recovery time.

Physicians can use patient-specific surgical models to explain the procedure beforehand, improving patient consent and lowering anxiety.

Learning from preoperative models can influence the course of treatment as well. This was true of the experience of Dr. Michael Eames. After replicating a young patient’s forearm bones, Dr. Eames realized the injury differed from what he’d previously thought.

Dr. Eames settled on a new, soft-tissue procedure—one that was much less invasive, decreased rehabilitation time, and produced far less scarring. Using the printed bone replica, Dr. Eames walked the young patient and his parents through the procedure and obtained their consent.

The result? A surgery time of less than 30 minutes, instead of the initially planned surgery of three hours. This difference in surgery time led to an estimated $5,500 in cost avoidance for the hospital and meant the patient would need to spend less recovery time in postoperative care.

In the words of Dr. Alexis Dang, an orthopedic surgeon at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) and the San Francisco Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center: “Every one of our full-time orthopedic surgeons and nearly all of our part-time surgeons have utilized 3D printed models for care of patients at the San Francisco VA. We’ve all seen that 3D printing improves performance on game day.”

New biocompatible medical 3D printing materials have also enabled new surgical tools and techniques to be developed for the express purpose of further improving clinical experience during surgery. These include sterilizable fixation trays, contouring templates, and implant sizing models that can be used to size implants in the OR before the first cut, helping surgeons reduce time and increase accuracy of complex procedures.

Anatomical model of a hand, including the ‘skin’ made out of an elastic 3D printing material.

Todd Goldstein, PhD, Instructor at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, is unequivocal in his estimation of how central 3D printing technology has become to his department. He estimates that if Northwell uses 3D printed models in 10-15% of its cases, it could save $1,750,000 a year.

“From medical device prototypes, complicated anatomical models for our children’s hospital, to creating training systems, and finally entering the dental clinic with implant surgical guides, [3D printing technology] has increased our capabilities and decreased our costs, all while allowing us to provide tools to treat patients that would be next to impossible to replicate without our go-to SLA 3D printer,” said Goldstein.

3D printing has virtually become a synonym for rapid prototyping. The ease of use and low cost of in-house 3D printing has also revolutionized product development and many manufacturers of medical tools have adopted the technology to produce brand new medical devices and surgical instruments.

Over 90 percent of the top 50 medical device companies use 3D printing to create accurate prototypes of medical devices, jigs and fixtures to simplify testing, as well as directly 3D printing medical devices.

In the words of Alex Drew, a mechanical project engineer at DJO Surgical, a global provider of medical devices. “Before DJO Surgical brought the [Formlabs 3D printer] on board, we relied almost exclusively on outside print vendors for prototypes. Today, we are running four Formlabs machines, and the impact has been profound. Our rate of 3D printing has doubled, cost has been reduced by 70 percent, and the level of print detail allows for clear communication of designs with orthopedic surgeons.”

Medical device companies like Coalesce use 3D printing to create accurate prototypes of medical devices.

3D printing can accelerate the design process by iterating complex designs in days instead of weeks. When Coalesce was tasked to create an inhaler device that can digitally assess an asthma patient’s inspiratory flow profile outsourcing to service providers would have resulted in lengthy lead times for each prototype. Design files would have had to be painstakingly refined through various iterations before being sent off-site to be built.

Instead, desktop SLA 3D printing allowed Coalesce to keep the entire prototyping process in-house. The prototypes were fit for use in clinical studies and looked just like a finished product. In fact, when they showcased the device, their clients mistook the prototype for the final product.

Overall, in-house represented an enormous 80–90% reduction in lead time for prototypes. What’s more, the parts took only eight hours to print and could be finished and painted within a few days, while the same process would have taken a week or two through an external contractor.

Each year hundreds of thousands of people lose a limb, but only a subset of them get access to a prosthesis to recover its function.

Simple prostheses are only available in a few sizes, so patients must make do with what fits best, while custom-fit bionic devices designed to mimic the motions and grips of real limbs that rely on muscles in a person’s residual limb to control their functions are so expensive that they’re only accessible to patients with the best health insurance in developed countries. This particularly affects prostheses for children. As children grow and get into adventures, they inevitably outgrow their prostheses and require expensive repairs.

The difficulty is the lack of manufacturing processes that can produce custom parts affordably. But increasingly, prosthetists can take advantage of 3D printing’s much-noted design freedom to mitigate these high financial barriers to treatment.

Initiatives such as e-NABLE allow entire communities around the world to form around 3D printed prostheses. They’re driving an independent movement in prosthetic production by sharing information and open-source designs freely online, so patients can get a custom-designed prosthesis that is well-adapted for them for as little as $50.

Other inventors like Lyman Connor, take this one step further. With only a small facility of four desktop 3D printers, Lyman was able to complete and fit his first production prostheses. His ultimate objective? To create a customizable, fully bionic hand to be sold at a fraction of the current tens of thousands of dollars retail price tag for such advanced prostheses.

Elsewhere, researchers at MIT have also identified 3D printing as an optimal means of producing more comfortable prosthesis sockets.

Needless to say, the low cost of producing these prostheses, along with the freedom that comes with custom designs, has proved revelatory. Prostheses made with 3D printing can be turned around in as little as two weeks and then can be trialed and maintained at a much lower cost than their traditional counterparts.

As the costs continue to decrease and material properties improve, 3D printing will undoubtedly play an increasing role in this department of healthcare.

Many of the same high financial barriers to treatment seen in prosthetics are also native to fields such as orthoses and insoles. Like many other patient-specific medical devices, custom orthoses are often inaccessible due to their high cost and take weeks or months to get manufactured. With 3D printing, that no longer needs to be the case.

The example of Matej and his son Nik springs to our mind. Born prematurely in 2011, difficulties during childbirth caused Nik to have cerebral palsy, a condition that affects almost twenty million people worldwide. Matej was inspired by his son’s unwavering will to transcend the limitations of his condition, but he was faced with a choice between a standard, pre-made orthosis that would have been inadequate and uncomfortable for his son, or an expensive custom solution that would take weeks or months to be delivered, only to be made quickly obsolete by a growing child.

He decided to take matters into his own hands and sought out new solutions to achieve this goal. With the freedom offered by digital technologies including 3D scanning and 3D printing, Matej and Nik’s physical therapists were able to experiment liberally and develop an entirely new innovative workflow for ankle foot orthoses (AFOs).

The resulting custom-made, 3D printed orthosis provided Nik with support, comfort, and correction precisely where it was needed, helping Nik to at last take his first independent steps. This custom orthotic device reprised the highly-adjusted finish of high-end orthotics, at a fraction of the price, and with no further adjustments required.

Professionals around the world are using 3D printing to reinvent patient- and customer-specific insoles and orthoses, as well as a range of other tools for improving physical therapy. In the past, the course of physical therapy using customized tools had proved difficult. Patients often faced long wait times and finished pieces that led to discomfort. 3D printing is on the path to change this status quo. 3D printed insoles and orthoses have proved to be a better fit, led to better therapeutic outcomes, and provided a greater degree of comfort and use for patients.

The conventional means of treating patients with grave organ failures currently involve using autografts, a graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individual’s body, or organ transplants from a donor. Researchers in the fields of bioprinting and tissue engineering are hoping to soon change that and be able to create tissues, blood vessels, and organs on demand.

3D bioprinting refers to the use of additive manufacturing processes to deposit materials known as bioinks to create tissue-like structures that can be used in medical fields. Tissue engineering refers to the various evolving technologies, including bioprinting, to grow replacement tissues and organs in the laboratory for use in treating injury and disease.

With the help of high-precision 3D printing, researchers like Dr. Sam Pashneh-Tala from the University of Sheffield have brought new possibilities to tissue engineering.

To direct cellular growth so that the required tissue is formed, Dr. Pashneh-Tala grows living cells on a scaffold in the lab, that provides a template of the required shape, size, and geometry. For example, a tubular structure is needed to create a blood vessel for a cardiovascular patient. The cells will multiply and cover the scaffold, taking on its shape. The scaffold then gradually breaks down, leaving the living cells arranged into the shape of the target tissue, that is cultured in a bioreactor, a chamber that contains the developing tissue and can reproduce the internal environment of the body, to acquire mechanical and biological performance of organic tissue.

A 3D printed bioreactor chamber with a tissue-engineered miniature aorta growing inside. The tissue is cultured in the bioreactor to acquire the mechanical and biological performance of organic tissue.

This will empower scientists to create patient-specific vascular graft designs, improved surgical options and provides a unique testing platform for new vascular medical devices for those suffering from cardiovascular disease, that is currently the number one cause of death worldwide. Following that, the ultimate goal is to create blood vessels that are ready to be implanted into the patients. As tissue engineering uses cells that are taken from the patient requiring the treatment, it eliminates the possibility of rejection by the immune system—a major issue in conventional organ transplant procedures today.

3D printing has proven capable of responding to the challenges of producing synthetic blood vessels by solving the difficulties of recreating the precise shapes, sizes and geometries of the vessel required. Being able to closely match printed solutions to the specific needs of patients has proved revelatory.

In Dr. Pashneh-Tala’s words: “[Creating blood vessels through 3D printing] offers the potential for improved surgical options and even patient-matched blood vessel designs. Without access to high-precision, affordable 3D printing, creating these shapes would not be possible.”

We have seen exciting breakthroughs in biological materials suitable for use in 3D printers. Scientists are developing new hydrogel materials that have the same consistency as organ tissue that can be found in the human brain and lungs and can be compatible with various 3D printing processes. Scientists are hoping to be able to implant them onto an organ, to act as ‘scaffold’ onto which cells would be encouraged to grow.

While bioprinting fully functional internal organs such as hearts, kidneys, and livers still sounds futuristic, advancements with hybrid 3D printing techniques are happening at a very rapid rate.

Sooner or later, building biological matter in laboratory printers is expected to lead to the ability to generate new, fully functional 3D printed organs. In April 2019, scientists created the first 3D heart using a patient’s biological materials at Tel Aviv University. The tiny replica was created using the patient’s own biological materials, engendering a complete match of the patient’s immunological, cellular, biochemical, and anatomical profile.

«At this stage, our 3D heart is small, the size of a rabbit’s heart, but larger human hearts require the same technology,» said Professor Tal Dvir.

The first 3D bioprinted heart, created at the University of Tel Aviv.

When it comes to 3D printers for healthcare, not all methods are created equal. It is important to choose the right printing technology for specific use cases.

The most popular medical 3D printing technologies include stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM) for plastic parts, and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM) for metals.

SLA 3D printers use a laser to cure liquid resin into hardened plastic in a process called photopolymerization. SLA is one of the most popular processes among medical professionals due to its high resolution, precision, and material versatility.

Advantages of SLA

SLA parts have the highest resolution and accuracy, the clearest details, and the smoothest surface finish of all plastic 3D printing technologies. The main benefit of SLA, however, lies in its versatility. SLA resin formulations offer a wide range of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties to match those of standard, engineering, and industrial thermoplastics.

SLA is a great option for highly detailed anatomical models, medical device prototypes requiring tight tolerances and smooth surfaces, as well as molds, tooling, patterns, and functional end-use parts. SLA also offers the widest selection of biocompatible materials for dental and medical applications. With Draft Resin, the Formlabs SLA printers are also the fastest options for 3D printing large prototypes, up to 10X faster than FDM.

Disadvantages of SLA

SLA’s wide versatility comes with a slightly higher price tag than FDM, but it is still more affordable than all other 3D printing processes. SLA resin parts also require post-processing after printing, which includes washing the parts and post-curing.

SLA 3D printing offers a wide selection of 3D printing materials, including biocompatible materials, for a variety of medical and dental applications.

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SLS 3D printers use a high-powered laser to fuse small particles of polymer powder. The unfused powder supports the part during printing and eliminates the need for dedicated support structures, making SLS a particularly effective choice for complex mechanical parts.

Its ability to produce parts with excellent mechanical capabilities makes SLS the most common polymer additive manufacturing technology for industrial applications. Depending on the material, SLS nylon parts may also be biocompatible and sterilizable.

Advantages of SLS

Since SLS printing doesn’t require dedicated support structures, it’s ideal for complex geometries, including interior features, undercuts, thin walls, and negative features. Parts produced with SLS printing have excellent mechanical characteristics, with strength resembling that of injection-molded parts.

The most common material for SLS is nylon, a popular engineering thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties. Nylon is lightweight, strong, and flexible, as well as stable against impact, chemicals, heat, UV light, water, and dirt. 3D printed nylon parts can also be biocompatible and not sensitizing, which means that they are ready to wear and safe to use in many contexts.

The combination of low cost per part, high productivity, established materials, and biocompatibility makes SLS a popular choice among medical device developers for functional prototyping, and a cost-effective alternative to injection molding for limited-run or bridge manufacturing.

Disadvantages of SLS

SLS 3D printers have a higher entry price than FDM or SLA technologies. While nylon is a versatile material, material selection for SLS is also more limited than for FDM and SLA. Parts come out of the printer with a slightly rough surface finish and require media blasting for a smooth finish.

SLS 3D printing is ideal for strong, functional prototypes and end-use parts, such as prosthetics and orthotics.

FDM, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), is a printing method that builds parts by melting and extruding thermoplastic filament, which a printer nozzle deposits layer by layer in the build area.

FDM is the most widely used form of 3D printing at the consumer level, fueled by the emergence of hobbyist 3D printers. Industrial FDM printers are, however, also popular with professionals.

Advantages of FDM

FDM works with an array of standard thermoplastics, such as ABS, PLA, and their various blends. This results in a low price of entry and materials. FDM best suits basic proof-of-concept models and the low-cost prototyping of simpler parts. Some FDM materials are also biocompatible.

Disadvantages of FDM

FDM has the lowest resolution and accuracy when compared to other 3D printing technologies for plastics such as SLA or SLS, which means that it is not the best option for printing complex designs or parts with intricate features, such as anatomical models. Higher-quality finishes require labor-intensive and lengthy chemical and mechanical polishing processes. Some industrial FDM 3D printers use soluble supports to mitigate some of these issues and offer a wider range of engineering thermoplastics, but they also come at a steep price. When creating large parts, FDM printing also tends to be slower than SLA or SLS.

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printers work similarly to SLS printers, but fuse metal powder particles together layer by layer using a laser instead of polymers.

DMLS and SLM 3D printers can create strong, accurate, and complex metal products, making this process ideal for a variety of medical applications.

Advantages of DMLS and SLM

The biggest advantage of these processes is obviously the materials, as DMLS and SLM 3D printers are capable of producing high-performing end-use medical devices and components from metal. These processes can reproduce complex geometries and the finished products are strong, durable, and biocompatible. They can be used to manufacture generic implants (hips, knees, spine implants, etc.), custom implants for cancer or trauma treatment, dentures, as well as medical and orthopedic technology products.

Disadvantages of DMLS and SLM

While the prices of metal 3D printers have also begun to decrease, with costs ranging from $200,000 to $1 million+, these systems are still not accessible to most businesses. Metal 3D printing processes also have an involved and complex workflow.

Alternatively, SLA 3D printing is well-suited for casting workflows that produce metal parts at a lower cost, with greater design freedom, and in less time than traditional methods.

The table below highlights the 3D printing technologies that are best equipped to handle the different medical 3D printing applications.

	Stereolithography (SLA)	Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)	Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)	Metal 3D Printing (DMLS, SLM)
Build volume	Up to 300 x 335 x 200 mm (desktop and benchtop 3D printers)	Up to 165 x 165 x 300 mm (benchtop industrial 3D printers)	Up to 300 x 300 x 600 mm (desktop and benchtop 3D printers)	Up to 400 x 400 x 400 mm (large industrial DMLS/SLM)
Price range	Starting from $3,750	Starting from $18,500	Starting from $2,500	Starting from $200,000
Materials	Varieties of resin (thermosetting plastics). Standard, engineering (ABS-like, PP-like, silicone-like, flexible, heat-resistant, rigid), castable, dental, and medical (biocompatible).	Engineering thermoplastics, typically nylon and its composites (nylon is biocompatible + compatible with sterilization).	Standard thermoplastics, such as ABS, PLA, and their various blends.	Stainless steel, tool steel, titanium, cobalt chrome, and aluminum.
Ideal applications	Anatomical models, highly detailed prototypes requiring tight tolerances and smooth surfaces; molds, tooling, patterns, functional parts, dental and medical end-use devices.	Complex geometries, functional prototypes, short-run or bridge manufacturing of medical devices, including orthotics and prosthetics.	Basic proof-of-concept models, low-cost prototyping of simple parts.	Strong, durable parts with complex geometries, implants, dentures, medical and orthopedic components out of metal.

Precise and affordable medical 3D printing processes are democratizing access to the technology, empowering healthcare professionals to develop new clinical solutions and quickly manufacture custom devices, and allowing physicians to deliver new treatments across the globe. As medical 3D printing technologies and materials continue to improve, they will pave the path for personalized care and high-impact medical applications.

Every medical facility should have access to the latest tools to improve care and provide the best patient experience. Get started now or expand your in-house production with Formlabs, a proven, cutting-edge partner in medical 3D printing.

Reach out to our medical experts to learn more about how in-house 3D printing can provide better treatment and supplement your current medical device design and manufacturing workflow.

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Английский язык для ИТ-специалистов / Тест 6

Упражнение 1:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод dispense:

Ответ:

(1) выбрасывать

(2) брать, забирать

(3) раздавать, делить, распределять

(4) отказываться

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод high-end:

Ответ:

(1) высококачественный

(2) дорогой

(3) высокий

(4) конечный

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод alloy:

Ответ:

(1) собрание

(2) сплав

(3) союз

(4) сборка

Упражнение 2:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод elaborate:

Ответ:

(1) комплексный

(2) прикладной

(3) усовершенствованный

(4) сложный

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод mock-up:

Ответ:

(1) экспериментальная модель

(2) образец

(3) проба

(4) пример

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод workshop:

Ответ:

(1) департамент

(2) отдел

(3) цех

(4) завод

Упражнение 3:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод entrepreneur

Ответ:

(1) производитель

(2) покупатель

(3) посредник

(4) предприниматель

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод jet-fighter:

Ответ:

(1) реактивный диск

(2) реактивный момент

(3) реактивный истребитель

(4) реактивный двигатель

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод assemble:

Ответ:

(1) собирать, монтировать

(2) разбирать

(3) переделывать

(4) склеивать

Упражнение 4:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод aerodynamic ducting

Ответ:

(1) аэродинамическая труба

(2) воздушный поток

(3) аэродинамика

(4) воздуховод

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод dispense:

Ответ:

(1) раздавать, делить

(2) передавать

(3) разрезать

(4) собирать заново

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод high-end:

Ответ:

(1) многопрофильный

(2) некачественный

(3) высококачественный

(4) низкопрофильный

Упражнение 5:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод Предприниматель

Ответ:

(1) doer

(2) entrepreneur

(3) entrepot

(4) entreprise

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод Сплав:

Ответ:

(1) alloy

(2) union

(3) assembly

(4) combination

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод Собирать, монтировать:

Ответ:

(1) set up

(2) pick up

(3) assemble

(4) collect

Упражнение 6:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод Экспериментальная модель

Ответ:

(1) mock-up

(2) model

(3) sample

(4) pattern

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод Усовершенствованный:

Ответ:

(1) improved

(2) good

(3) elaborate

(4) advanced

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод Реактивный истребитель:

Ответ:

(1) jet lag

(2) jet-fighter

(3) jet plane

(4) jet set

Упражнение 7:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод Воздуховод

Ответ:

(1) aerodynamic pipe

(2) aerodynamic way

(3) aerodynamic ducting

(4) aerodynamic passage

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод Делить, распределять:

Ответ:

(1) dispense

(2) divide

(3) cut

(4) share

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод Цех:

Ответ:

(1) workshop

(2) plant

(3) department

(4) factory

Упражнение 8:

Номер 1

Укажите правильный перевод Высококачественный

Ответ:

(1) well-done

(2) cutting-edge

(3) modern

(4) high-end

Номер 2

Укажите правильный перевод Предприниматель:

Ответ:

(1) entrechat

(2) entrepot

(3) entrepreneur

(4) enterprise

Номер 3

Укажите правильный перевод Экспериментальная модель:

Ответ:

(1) sample

(2) mock-up

(3) trial

(4) experiment

Упражнение 9:

Номер 1

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

цех	→	workshop
предприниматель	→	entrepreneur
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble
делить, распределять	→	dispense
усовершенствованный	→	elaborate

Номер 2

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

реактивный истребитель	→	jet-fighter
высококачественный	→	high-end
экспериментальная модель	→	alloy mock-up
воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting

Номер 3

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

предприниматель	→	entrepreneur
делить, распределять	→	dispense
сплав	→	alloy
экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble

Упражнение 10:

Номер 1

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

сплав	→	alloy
воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting
цех	→	workshop
усовершенствованный	→	elaborate
реактивный истребитель	→	jet-fighter

Номер 2

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

высококачественный	→	high-end
экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up
делить, распределять	→	dispense
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble
предприниматель	→	entrepreneur

Номер 3

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up
сплав	→	alloy
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble
высококачественный	→	high-end
усовершенствованный	→	elaborate

Упражнение 11:

Номер 1

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

предприниматель	→	entrepreneur
реактивный истребитель	→	jet-fighter
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble
делить, распределять	→	dispense
высококачественный	→	high-end

Номер 2

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

усовершенствованный	→	elaborate
цех	→	workshop
воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting
сплав	→	alloy
экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up

Номер 3

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

цех	→	workshop
сплав	→	alloy
воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting
реактивный истребитель	→	jet-fighter
цех	→	workshop

Упражнение 12:

Номер 1

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

усовершенствованный	→	elaborate
высококачественный	→	high-end
воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting
собирать, монтировать	→	assemble
делить, распределять	→	dispense

Номер 2

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

предприниматель	→	entrepreneur
высококачественный	→	high-end
цех	→	workshop
реактивный истребитель	→	jet-fighter
экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up

Номер 3

Установите правильное соответствие между двумя списками:

Ответ:

воздуховод	→	aerodynamic ducting
сплав	→	alloy
экспериментальная модель	→	mock-up
усовершенствованный	→	elaborate
цех	→	workshop

Упражнение 13:

Номер 1

How do 3-D printers build up objects?

Ответ:

(1) They dispense cut liquid resin and then make it harden

(2) They use an ultraviolet laser to cut components

(3) They harden a thin layer of liquid resin

(4) They dispense a thin layer of liquid resin and then make it harden using an ultraviolet laser

Номер 2

What happens to the excess soft resin at the end?

Ответ:

(1) The excess soft resin is cleaned away using a chemical bath

(2) The excess soft resin is cleaned away using an ultraviolet laser

(3) The excess soft resin stays in the tray

(4) There is no excess soft resin, the printer uses it all

Номер 3

What things can 3-D printers produce?

Ответ:

(1) They can produce only complex things

(2) They can produce only complex things with moving parts

(3) They can produce only solid things

(4) They can produce both solid things and complex ones with moving parts

Упражнение 14:

Номер 1

What will the most elaborate 3-D printers be capable of?

Ответ:

(1) They will provide a cost-effective way to manufacture thousands of components in one day

(2) They will provide a cost-effective way to manufacture metal components

(3) They will provide a way to manufacture wood and plastic components

(4) They will provide a cost-effective way to manufacture thousands of components

Номер 2

What are the materials largest and most expensive 3-D printing machines work with?

Ответ:

(1) These machines work only with plastic

(2) These materials are plastic, metal and alloy

(3) These machines work only with metal

(4) These machines work with wood and plastic

Номер 3

What can 3-D models from the digital slices produced by computed-tomography scans be used for?

Ответ:

(1) They can be used to explain procedures to patients and to help surgeons plan complex operations

(2) They can be used in reconstructive surgery to build implants

(3) They can be used in dental care for producing implants

(4) They can be used in hospitals to create medical tools

Упражнение 15:

Номер 1

What are the two anticipated directions in which the market of 3-D printers will be developing?

Ответ:

(1) On one hand, there will be more demand for cheaper and simpler 3-D printers; on the other hand, there will also be demand for more elaborate machines

(2) On one hand, there will be more demand for smaller 3-D printers; on the other hand, there will also be demand for industrial-size machines

(3) There will be only one direction: there will be a demand for more elaborate machines

(4) There will be no demand for 3-D printers in the future

Номер 2

What is the first step in all 3-D printing processes?

Ответ:

(1) The software calculates how many details need to be constructed

(2) The software takes one hour to prepare the parts of the object

(3) The software calculates the size of the printer

(4) The software takes cross-sections through the part to be created and calculates how each layer needs to be constructed

Номер 3

What are medical applications of 3-D printing?

Ответ:

(1) 3-D printers can print results from X-ray

(2) 3-D printers are used to create medical tools and instruments

(3) 3-D printers are used widely in dental care

(4) 3-D printers print 3-D models from the digital slices produced by computed-tomography scans

Упражнение 16:

Номер 1

What makes large 3-D printing machines useful?

Ответ:

(1) They are able to print large objects quick enough

(2) They are able to print objects in any conditions

(3) They are able to create a large amount of parts very rapidly

(4) They are able to make a small number of parts, without having to spread the massive toolup costs of traditional manufacturing across thousands of items

Номер 2

What does the time of the printing process depend on?

Ответ:

(1) The time of printing depends on the cost of the printer

(2) The time of printing depends on the size of the object, the material it is made from and the level of detail required

(3) The time of printing depends on the size and material of the printer

(4) The time of printing depends on the applications the printer uses

Номер 3

In what fields are modern largest and most expensive 3-D printing machines popular?

Ответ:

(1) They are popular among common users

(2) They are popular in the consumer-electronics, aerospace and carmaking industries

(3) They are popular in the field of medicine and child care

(4) They are popular in the military field

Упражнение 17:

Номер 1

3-D printers build objects layer by layer, just like printing in three dimensions.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 2

The 3-D printers currently available use only one certain technology.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 3

The latest 3-D printers can produce objects to an accuracy of slightly less than 0.1mm.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Упражнение 18:

Номер 1

3-D printing process starts with calculating how each layer needs to be constructed.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 2

Medical applications of 3-D printing also have a lot of potential.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 3

3-D printing can't produce custom-made metallic and plastic parts to be used as artificial implants.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Упражнение 19:

Номер 1

Nobody believes that low-cost 3-D printers for the consumer market will eventually appear.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 2

A new model of a low-cost 3-D printer for the consumer market was launched costing less than $10,000.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 3

3-D printers can also be used to produce the aerodynamic ducting on a jet-fighter as a single component.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Упражнение 20:

Номер 1

Largest and most expensive 3-D printing machines are capable of directly producing complex plastic, and metal and alloy components.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 2

Even the most elaborate 3-D printers won't be able to manufacture more than 100 components.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Номер 3

There will be no demand for cheaper and simpler 3-D printers in future.

Ответ:

(1) true

(2) false

Источник

Всего: 58 1–20 | 21–40 | 41–58

Добавить в вариант

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

A)  The job gives Lisa an opportunity to travel abroad.

B)  The check-in process at the airport makes Lisa nervous.

C)  Lisa always feels comfortable during the flight.

D)  When on business trips Lisa doesn’t have to work long hours.

E)  On her business trips Lisa signs a lot of important contracts.

F)  Lisa spends a lot of money in duty-free shops.

G)  There is a computer in the business lounge for passengers who want to do some urgent work.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Speaker one: So, Lisa, I see your suitcase’s out, you are going on a trip.

Lisa: I’m going to Taiwan on a business trip.

Speaker one: A business trip? How do you feel about taking business trips?

Lisa: I love getting out of London for, you know, 3 or 4 days, and staying at a nice hotel somewhere in Europe or America, and taking a flight somewhere.

Speaker one: So you like to travel?

Lisa: I love travelling!

Speaker one: You don’t mind staying in different hotels and travelling by planes all the time? Don’t you get bored?

Lisa: No, never. I mean, I don’t always like the whole process of checking in at the airport because it takes a lot of time, but somehow, I’ve got used to queueing and stay calm. Then there’s waiting for the plane. It’s so long and tiring. I always feel bored, but as soon as I am in the plane and the doors close, I love it. No one can contact me, I can’t contact anyone else, there are free movies playing and the food comes. It’s wonderful!

Speaker one: So it seems you like living in a bubble. It’s like a mini-vacation.

Lisa: Well, when I go on business trips, my working day is up to 14 hours. In terms of my workload, it’s a lot busier than when I’m at home, but somehow it does feel like a mini-vacation. I stay in nice hotels, I get to take taxis everywhere, which I love to do, you know, I eat at great restaurants and meet some great people and do some important things. So yeah, I really do love the whole aspect of a business traveller’s life.

Speaker one: So what do you do to try to avoid being bored when you’re waiting to board the plane?

Lisa: Well, the first thing I do is I never get to the airport too early. As I’m a frequent flier, I check in and then I, unfortunately, go to the duty-free shop. I say «unfortunately», cause it’s unfortunate for my credit card, nit really unfortunate for me. I go to the duty-free shop, normally I buy some perfume or cosmetics, sometimes I go to the business lounge, where there are free drinks and food, and if I do get to the airport a couple of hours earlier, I do some urgent work

Speaker one: I see. Sounds like an exciting lifestyle.

Lisa: It’s fun! I wouldn’t give it up for anything else.

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

A)  Ruth speaks English with a strong accent.

B)  Moving to Spain made Ruth split up with her boyfriend.

C)  Ruth loves Irish dance very much.

D)  Ruth thinks that people behave differently in big cities in Ireland.

E)  Bray is an industrial town.

F)  The area around Bray is mountainous.

G)  Ruth might visit her home town in the autumn.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 240

Вы услышите диалог дважды. Определите, является ли следующее утверждение верным, или неверным, или о нем нет информации.

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

Ruth speaks English with a strong accent.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

John: I’m sorry, what was your name again?

Ruth: My name is Ruth Archibald.

John: OK, Ruth, are you from Ireland?

Ruth: Yes, I am.

John: I’ve noticed your slight Irish accent.

Ruth: Really? I thought I lost my Irish accent after moving south, from Ireland to Spain.

John: What was it like going from Ireland to Spain?

Ruth: Ah, it was a depressing change I guess. I had longterm friends back home, you know, friends from school, and there were some boys and girls I’ve known since I was born. I needed to make new friends and to find a place to hang out. But it’s OK now.

John: I’ve never been to Ireland. What’s famous about Ireland that you can tell me about?

Ruth: Probably the most famous things are Guinness and Irish clog-dance — dancing in wooden shoes.

John: Do you dance in wooden shoes?

Ruth: Unfortunately not. I think only a few people can do this.

John: I’ve heard that people’s manners are pretty rough and ready in Ireland. Is that true?

Ruth: No, I don’t think so. I think it depends on where you go in Ireland. In the capital, yes, maybe people are a bit less polite, but in the countryside they’re very warm and friendly.

John: OK, so if I went to a bar or a disco in Ireland, would there be any risk of getting into trouble?

Ruth: I don’t think so. No. No. It’s really safe. You don’t really think that all Irish people are rude and short-tempered.

John: Oh, no. No…. And where exactly are you from?

Ruth: I’m from a place called Bray, which is maybe an hour’s drive from the capital, Dublin but far away from the main industrial centres. It’s clean and calm.

John: What is the geography like?

Ruth: It’s pretty flat. There are some hills but none of them are very high and the area around the city has been intensively cultivated — there’s a lot of farming, particularly beef and dairy products and also sheep. There are lots of sheep.

John: When are you going back?

Ruth: I’ve just been there. I went back in December for three weeks, so at the moment I have no plans to go home in the near future, but maybe sometime in September I’ll go again.

John: Maybe I’ll go and visit it sometime.

Ruth: Definitely. It’s really good. It’s a really nice place to visit.

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

A)  Peter seldom goes to the library.

B)  Peter is satisfied with his term studies.

C)  Peter hopes to do as well in the course as his classmates.

D)  Peter prefers to work at his computer at home.

E)  Jane does not expect Peter to pass his language exam.

F)  Jane has always been the best student in the group.

G)  Jane has some problems with one of her subjects.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 332

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

Peter seldom goes to the library.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Jane: Hello, Peter! What are you doing here in the library? I often come to the reading room but I have never seen you here before!

Peter: Hello, Jane. That’s right — you could not have possibly seen me here. I come round to change my books or look through some journals now and then during the term time, but that is it. The end of the term is different, of course.

Jane: Why so?

Peter: Well, you know, the exams are coming and I am getting a bit nervous.

Jane: Have you missed many classes then?

Peter: Not many, really, but the fact is that I did just the bare minimum even for my major! There is a lot of information which went over my head completely. My group mates have lent me their notes but they are of very little use. They are really brief, as a rule, so I cannot make out a single thing of them!

Jane: So, you have missed not classes, but opportunities if I can put it this way.

Peter: I guess you can. Do you think I will be able to catch up with the rest of the group? I doubt it. I have been using my computer much to put all the information in proper schemes and tables but that does not seem to be helping much.

Jane: It is totally up to you! If you are determined to succeed, you will have to spend days and nights with books and your computer.

Peter: What worries me is the language course. It seems totally impossible!

Jane: Yes, that will be the most difficult one for you. You simply cannot expect to take in all the words and grammar rules in just a few nights.

Peter: Do you think I will fail it then?

Jane: Peter, be more optimistic! If the teacher sees you have tried to do at least something, she will appreciate it, I am sure.

Peter: Thank you, Jane; you are such a good friend! How about you? Are you ready for your exams? I bet you are!

Jane: Actually, I am not so sure about Literature. I think I am on the teacher’s blacklist for not meeting deadlines with some of the essays.

Peter: You will pass, do not worry!

Jane: Well, let us hope for the best!

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

A)  When leaving school Emily already knew that she would study medicine.

B)  Emily left Melbourne to get new experiences.

C)  Emily moved to Finland because she found her lab work in London boring.

D)  In Finland people at university preferred to speak Finnish with Emily.

E)  David is not happy about his experience of learning French in France.

F)  David would like to go by the trans-Siberian train one day.

G)  Emily is going to London again to continue her studies of immune system.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 378

Воспользуйтесь плеером, чтобы прослушать запись.

When leaving school Emily already knew that she would study medicine.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Emily: When I finished school I went to university, Melbourne University, and studied science. I then gained my university degree and after that I worked in a heart disease research institute. At that time I decided to start my career in medicine.

David: Did you work in Melbourne?

Emily: Yes, in Melbourne. So I worked for a year, a bit over a year on different patient recovery programs. Then I wanted to have a break so I went travelling and I travelled through Western Europe and ended up in London and I worked at the hospital in an immunology lab and that was more diagnostic work. It was quite interesting. And after that I moved to Finland.

David: It sounds great!

Emily: And I did my doctor’s dissertation there.

David: I’m sorry for interrupting, I am just curious … was it in English?

Emily: Yes, every student who is doing their dissertation, they have to write their works in English. And the seminars are given in English as well.

David: So you were in Finland for about five years. Do you speak Finnish?

Emily: Not very well. I can understand a bit, but it is quite a difficult language and because English was my mother tongue they wanted to practice their English and preferred to speak English with me. But yeah I did take lessons and try to learn it… and that was all-

David: I understand. I’ve had a similar experience with learning French. My frequent business trips to France didn’t help me much in language learning — some basic skills only. I wish I could take time to start regular lessons.

Emily: Probably I needed more lessons in Finnish too. Anyway I decided to move back to Melbourne so I took the trans-Siberian train.

David: Incredible!

Emily: Once I got back to Melbourne I started my post-doctoral research which was in a different field from heart problems, actually in the field of our immune system.

David: Well, it is quite a different direction. What influenced you most?

Emily: I think it was my previous working experience in London and my colleagues at the lab who encouraged me greatly to start this. So that was three years and that was in Melbourne. Then I just published the work and decided to travel.

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A)  Jerry does not want to travel to a crowded place this summer.

B)  Jerry thinks that his last year journey to Paris was perfect.

C)  Kate would prefer to go to a popular European tourist resort.

D)  Jerry is going to swim in the sea in Egypt.

E)  Jerry will take part in several archeological excavations held in Luxor.

F)  Kate thinks that booking in advance is important.

G)  Jerry has discovered that prices at the chosen five stars hotel are rather high.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 608

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Jerry does not want to travel to a crowded place this summer.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Kate: Hi Jerry. The school year is almost over. Do you have any plans for the summer holiday?

Jerry: I’m planning on sleeping all day, every day!

Kate: Oh, come on Jerry, you must be joking.

Jerry: Yeah, I’m just pulling your leg. Actually, I’m going to travel to Luxor in Egypt.

Kate: Really? Why would you go to Luxor but not to the Red Sea resorts? They’re much more popular tourist sites.

Jerry: Exactly! They are very popular, so they’ll be too crowded. What I need is peace and comfort. I enjoyed my last year trip to Paris to see the Eiffel Tower, but there were so many tourists there. I think it spoiled the atmosphere a bit.

Kate: I’m sure Luxor won’t be so crowded. But won’t it be too hot in the summer?

Jerry: I’ll bear anything for the sake of the views of this ancient Egyptian city.

And I rely on air conditioning inside — the hotel promises it works perfectly there.

Kate: Well, that sounds good. I wouldn’t mind going there myself then. Still,

I wonder … is there anything worth seeing in Luxor?

Jerry: Sure! For one thing, there’s the unique scenery of the city built directly on the Nile. I’m sure you’ve heard of Luxor Temple. There are also the Egyptian Pyramids which are said to be spectacular. They are a major tourist attraction, aren’t they?

Kate: Of course, I have heard of the Pyramids, but won’t you get bored just

looking at them?

Jerry: Come on Kate, there’s lots of things to do. I can take a river cruise on the Nile, and I will visit some excavation sites at Luxor as it is a very historical city with many ancient remains that are still amazing.

Kate: Well, when you describe it like that, it sounds really interesting!

Jerry: And that’s not all. I’ll be able to eat delicious, spicy food and enjoy swimming and sunbathing as they have a huge open-air swimming pool in the hotel.

Kate: I’m sure you’ll have fun, Jerry, but let me ask you — have you already reserved a room at the hotel you want? I find last minute bookings very disappointing.

Jerry: Don’t worry, I’m very lucky. I’ve reserved a room at the Pyramid Luxor Hotel, the best five stars resort in the area. I’ve seen some pictures on the Internet, it’s really nice!

Kate: That’s great, Jerry. I’m looking forward to seeing your photos when you get back.

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A)  Mike’s administrative work was very well paid.

B)  Mary did not do well at University because she had to earn her living.

C)  Mary was younger than the other students at her university.

D)  Mary thinks that regular classes are rather time-consuming.

E)  Mary thinks that she can’t study better than when she was younger.

F)  Distance learning seems to be very convenient for Mary.

G)  Mike does not feel disappointed about going to University.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 792

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Mike’s administrative work was very well paid.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Mike: I’m 39 now and I resumed my studies when my son started Grade One. Now I’m very happy that I made up my mind to do this. I’ll be graduating in April and hopefully start teaching high school English in September.

Mary: What had you been doing before you went to university?

Mike: I had been doing administrative work for 13 years, straight out of high school. I had got very tired and fed up with the low pay and the monotonous nature of the work. So I started university.

Mary: That’s a right decision, indeed. As for me, I went to university at more or less the normal age. I was actually 21 at the time. But I did so miserably that the university suggested that I not return. Since then I’ve been basically wasting my time.

Mike: And what are your plans?

Mary: You see, one day I was fiddling around on the web and found some information about distance learning. It’s fabulous if you can’t take the time out to go to people-ridden classes, because you can work it around your own schedule.

Mike: Yes, I think the fact that you can do the work in your own space and your own time is really helping.

Mary: Of course, I will have deadlines to meet, but they’re not the same as the in-class sort. Handing things in doesn’t depend on anyone else’s office hours or class times, which is really handy. I will only have to contact my tutors when I want to or need to, or when I’m required to do an oral quiz or exam.

Mike: I think it’s a very good idea. Going to university was the best thing I have ever done. I found it was more fun than I expected, and the benefits outweighed the disadvantages. I learned so much about myself, and I’m very proud of my accomplishments!

Mary: And I expect my ability to study to be much better than it used to be and things come much more easily. While I still see doing some of the work as a chore, at least this time around I’m actually enjoying it.

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A)  Peter dislikes going to the cinema.

B)  Peter has a strong opinion about Indian films.

C)  Indian films are long because of the viewers’ demands.

D)  Indian films are very expensive in making.

E)  Dancing interferes with understanding the plot in Indian films.

F)  Most Indian films reflect everyday life in the country.

G)  Bollywood produces more films a year than European studios.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Задания Д A1 № 976

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Peter dislikes going to the cinema.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Kelly: Hey, Peter, why don’t we go to the cinema together over the weekend?

Peter: I don’t like cinemas. There are crowds of people with pop corn and soda, and mobile phones will go off every now and then. It is difficult to concentrate. I would rather rent a DVD.

Kelly: Good idea! Let’s watch this new Indian film which was released last month. Do you like Indian films?

Peter: I have never watched a single Bollywood film before so I really do not know. I hear they are very long and boring.

Kelly: I will agree with you about the length but this is because of the amount of the song material. Besides, it a cultural thing — when Indians go out for an evening’s entertainment, they nt a saga, a drama, a life story — all in one and with some comical episodes as well. It is problematic to put all these aspects into 90 minutes, you know.

Peter: I see. Well, I guess singing and dancing must be a great strength of Indian commercial cinema. When actors show extreme emotions, just facial expressions may not be enough.

Kelly: Exactly. Songs and dances make the message loud and clear. Of course, it’s not real — after all, who breaks out in synchronized dances with many extras when one is happy? But this is a characteristic of Indian cinema.

Peter: What is the main theme of Indian films?

Kelly: Well, India cannot be considered a rich country but movies show an image of the upper-middle or rich classes. Most Indian people live a life which is completely different from what is there on the screen. This makes these films so attractive and bright.

Peter: How odd!

Kelly: I say, Peter, you mentioned “Bollywood films”. What do you mean?

Peter: Don’t you know? It is one of the largest film producers in the world — three films a day are finished there, which makes it about a 1000 films a year — can you imagine? The name is a combination of Bombay where the studio is situated and Hollywood.

Kelly: I didn’t know that! So, what is your decision?

Peter: Well, let’s go to the rental shop, shall we?

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A)  Rock stars’ income cannot be compared with income in any other professional category.

B)  Some rock stars admit that they earn more than they deserve.

C)  Being a good singer is more important than being lucky in show business.

D)  Star fans are not happy when a rock star appears too often on TV and in movies.

E)  Rock stars support charity programs in many different ways.

F)  Most rock stars end their life in poverty.

G)  The stage life of many rock stars is not long.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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Rock stars’ income cannot be compared with income in any other professional category.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

The Lifestyle of a Rock Star.

Interviewer: Around the world young people are spending unbelievable sums of money to listen to rock music. “Forbes Magazine” claims that at least fifty rock stars have incomes of between two million and six million dollars per year. Today we’ll discuss the lifestyle of rock stars with the person who knows all about it, MTV producer Jack Jackson.

Jack Jackson: “It doesn’t make sense,” says Johnny Mathis, one of the older music millionaires, who made a million dollars a year when he was most popular, in the 1950s. “Performers aren’t worth this kind of money. In fact, nobody is.” But the rock stars’ admirers seem to disagree. Those who love rock music spend about two billion dollars a year for records. They pay 150 million to see rock stars in person.

Interviewer: Some observers think the customers are buying more than music.

Jack Jackson: Absolutely. Rock music has a special appeal because no real training is needed to produce it. There is no gulf between the audience and the performer. Every boy and girl in the audience thinks, “I could sing like that.” So rock has become a new kind of religion, a new form of worship. Young people are glad to pay to worship a rock star because it is a way of worshipping themselves.

Interviewer: Luck is a key word for explaining the success of many. In 1972 one of the luckiest was Don McLean, who wrote and sang “American Pie.” Mc Lean earned more than a million dollars from recordings of “American Pie.”

Jack Jackson: Well, records provide only part of a star’s income. Around the world young listeners soon want to see the star in movies, on television, and in person. Neil Young, who performs in torn blue jeans, sometimes sings to an audience of 10,000, each of whom has paid at least fifteen dollars for a ticket. After paying expenses, Young leaves with about $120,000 in his pocket at the end of an evening.

Interviewer: How do the rock stars use their money? What do they do when the money starts pouring in like water?

Jack Jackson: Most young stars simply throw their money around. England’s Elton John gave someone a $38,000 Rolls-Royce automobile and bought himself a $5,000 pair of eyeglasses that light up and spell E-L-TO-N. He also bought himself two cars, “one for each foot.” In the end, a rock star’s life is unrewarding. After two or three years riches and fame are gone. Left with his memories, and his tax problems, the lonely ex-performer spends his remaining years trying to impress strangers. New stars have arrived to take his place.

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A)  Every year Betsy spends the New Year abroad.

B)  Betsy thinks that the trip was not worth the money.

C)  There is an active volcano on the island.

D)  Betsy led an active life on the island.

E)  The zoo had more than a hundred species of wild birds.

F)  There are no snow-capped mountains on the island.

G)  Foreigners are not allowed to own property on the island.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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Every year Betsy spends the New Year abroad.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Helen: How was your holiday, Betsy?

Betsy: It was great to get away to somewhere warm. I hate spending the New Year in a cold climate.

Helen: So, where did you go then?

Betsy: To the Canary islands. We flew to Tenerife.

Helen: Oh really? Did you get a charter?

Betsy: Yes, it was a package holiday, which included the flight and hotel. It was really good value.

Helen: So, where did you stay then?

Betsy: In the south of the island. We stayed in quite a nice hotel right near the coast.

Helen: I think, I read somewhere that the beaches in Tenerife are black. Is that right, Betsy?

Betsy: Yes, that’s partly true. They’re striped-white and black. The black sand is from the volcanoes and the white sand is from the Sahara desert.

Helen: From the Sahara desert?!

Betsy: Yes. The island’s in the Atlantic Ocean, near Africa.

Helen: Oh, I didn’t realize that. So, it was pretty hot then?

Betsy: It was fantastic. Warm enough to swim in January.

Helen: So, you spent most of your time on the beach then?

Betsy: No, I also went on lots of trips. One trip to the mountains was incredible. The views were unbelievable!!! I also visited a really beautiful zoo in the mountains. It specialized in wild birds which flew free. I’ve never seen anything like it before.

Helen: Sounds marvellous. Are the mountains covered with snow at that time of the year?

Betsy: It’s not cold enough for that.

Helen: So, you’d recommend it as a holiday then?

Betsy: Yes. Sure. It’s a tremendous place for a winter break. I’d recommend it any time.

Helen: Oh, I forgot to ask. Do they speak Spanish there?

Betsy: Yes, the natives of the island speak Spanish, but nearly everybody speaks some English and a lot of English people actually live there. They have holiday homes there.

Helen: So you had no language problems then?

Betsy: No.

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A)  It didn’t cost Betsy anything to use the diving equipment.

B)  Alex had to work more than 9 hours on Saturday.

C)  Alex is pleased with the benefits he gets at his work.

D)  Betsy forgot about her classmate’s birthday.

E)  Betsy’s friends gave her a lift home because it was very late at night.

F)  Alex was invited by his grandparents for lunch on Sunday.

G)  Betsy couldn’t make herself do any homework on Sunday.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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It didn’t cost Betsy anything to use the diving equipment.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Alex: So, how was your weekend? Did you do anything interesting?

Betsy: No, not really, but it was nice to have some hot weather for a change.

Alex: Yeah, it was great, wasn’t it? Were you out much then?

Betsy: I went to the beach on Saturday with some friends. We went scuba diving just off the coast. My friend’s dad is an instructor at a diving club and he lent us all the diving equipment free of charge. We did a bit of sunbathing after that to warm up, because the temperature of the water was quite low. So what did you do?

Alex: I had to work on Saturday. I’ve got a Saturday job stacking shelves in the local supermarket. I was absolutely shattered at the end of the shift, which finished after nine o’clock at night.

Betsy: That’s late. I hope the pay’s good, if you have to work that late.

Alex: The pay’s not too bad and there are quite a few perks with the job. I get a twenty per cent discount for instance, on every purchase I make. So I don’t mind working late once a week. There was still time to do something after work, though. I went to Tony’s birthday party afterwards. Nearly everybody from our class was there. Why didn’t you come?

Betsy: Well, I was planning to, but we decided to stay late on the beach and have a barbecue. It was great. We also played some really good music. Yes, we all had a good time and stayed there quite late. I didn’t get home till past midnight in fact.

Alex: Yes, the party went on quite late as well. A lot of people stayed overnight, but I went home at about two in the morning. I had to get up quite early on Sunday, because my grandparents were coming round for lunch. And what did you do on Sunday? Anything special?

Betsy: No, not really. I got up quite late and just sat around for a couple of hours reading the Sunday papers. It was good to stretch out on the sofa and read in peace and quiet. I had to do some work on my geography project then. That took a couple of hours and then I had a few friends round and we just sat and chatted and listened to music. I was pretty tired after the party on Saturday night.

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A)  Alice is going shopping for carbonated water.

B)  The choice of shopping is limited by Alice’s decision to cycle.

C)  They need more soap and toothpaste.

D)  Alice is inexperienced in making electrical repairs.

E)  The only way to travel at that time was by bicycle.

F)  Dad believes even slow moving traffic is dangerous.

G)  Alice’s brother Michael also rides a bike.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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Alice is going shopping for carbonated water.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Alice: I’m just going to the shop to get a few bits and pieces. Do you need anything?

Dad: You couldn’t pick up a half a dozen litre bottles of carbonated water could you?

Alice: I would Dad but I am going by bike and I can’t get anything heavy. It’s more a case of anything small and urgent — then I’m your girl.

Dad: Well we need batteries for the remote control. They are small and really urgent. We’ll not be able to watch TV otherwise

Alice: More urgent for you than for me. But no problem, batteries: Anything else?

Dad: I think we are pretty low on toothpaste and maybe soap. Do you want to check?

Alice: I checked already and we have plenty.

Dad: I know what we really need — a roll of insulation tape. Some wires have come loose under the stairs and I promised your mum that I would sort it out. Actually we need a new box of fuses as well. They really have run out because I looked yesterday. And by the way we need a new screwdriver set because

Alice: I am not sure if I can get those from the shop on the corner. Probably it will be necessary to go into the centre of town.

Dad: Why don’t we both go? I’ll take the car and then we can stock up on some of the heavier things like water, fruit and veg.

Alice: You haven’t looked outside have you? There’s been an accident at the top of Gardner Street. The police have now closed it to cars and set up a diversion but the traffic is at a complete standstill. The only way to travel just now is by bike or on foot which is why I am going to cycle there.

Dad: I didn’t realize. Was it a bad accident?

Alice: They say on the radio news that nobody was hurt but 5 vehicles are involved and they don’t expect the road to be open again until later this evening.

Dad: I see. So we won’t get a chance to visit the town centre shops until tomorrow. In that case just some batteries — if they sell them at the corner shop. I hope they do because I don’t know how a TV addict like you will possibly survive a whole evening without TV

Alice: Ha-ha. Well it takes one to know one

Dad: Be careful on the bike. The traffic may be at a standstill but there are always a few drivers who go on pavements and similar stunts. Have you asked your Mum or brother if they need anything urgent?

Alice: I asked Mum but she doesn’t need anything. Michael’s still not home from college.

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A)  Katie’s initial view about Paul’s summer plans is entirely positive.

B)  Katie enjoys department store work.

C)  They finally agree that there is no excuse for not being computer literate.

D)  In the summer Paul will work individually with every trainee.

E)  Paul has been a volunteer before.

F)  Katie never volunteered for anything.

G)  Paul believes they share the same motives for their summer holidays.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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Katie’s initial view about Paul’s summer plans is entirely positive.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Katie: You are going to work all summer as a volunteer?

Paul: Yes. It’s really exciting. I can’t wait.

Katie: Let me see now, that’ll be no money, no time off and no summer. I can only see positives!

Paul: Ha-Ha, how witty you are, very funny. Is it worth even trying to explain to a summer department store worker such as yourself?

Katie: Steady on brother! OK — tell me about it. I am all ears.

Paul: Did you know there are thousands of people with no computer skills? Think about that for a moment. What jobs today don’t need computers? And think about our media surroundings. It’s all websites, virtual opportunities, social networking and so on. Then just imagine you don’t understand any of it. Imagine no prospect ever of getting a job or even….

Katie: Paul — there is no excuse nowadays for anyone not having basic computer skills.

Paul: Really? What about people over 50? They never had computer classes at school because for ordinary people then, there were no computers. And what about those disadvantaged by dyslexia, or those from tough home environments, or the elderly, or…

Katie: I get the picture. Go on.

Paul: I’ll be in a training centre, giving one-to-one tuition to people whose lives might really change for the better. I did one evening a week last term and loved it. Now I have a whole summer.

Katie: Well I will work 7 days a week for most of the summer. And then I am going to the south of France with James and we’ll have the summer holiday of our lives.

Paul: That’s great Katie. Don’t think I don’t approve or even that I am not a tiny bit jealous. I am not a saint and actually in a sense, we are both taking the same option.

Katie: What do you mean?

Paul: You, dear sister, and I are both choosing exactly what we want to do this summer and really, we are making that choice only for ourselves.

Katie: Well — I still think you should get a halo.

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A)  It took Alice nearly four hours to get home.

B)  Michael wanted to see the film “Avatar”.

C)  There was no chance for them to watch TV that evening.

D)  Alice would quite like to see the film about The Doors.

E)  Alice is really enjoying her essay on Shakespeare.

F)  Alice thinks that Michael should choose a red car.

G)  Michael is not sure if he can afford a new car.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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It took Alice nearly four hours to get home.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Расшифровка записи

Alice: Hi Michael. How was your day?

Michael: College was OK but it was a nightmare driving home. How was yours?

Alice: Boring — but I was really glad of my bike when I came home. I cycled through the park. It was a bit longer than usual — maybe 25 minutes.

Michael: And for me it took almost 4 hours. There was an accident in Gardner Street I was supposed to have a free afternoon and I was going to play tennis.

Alice: The traffic is still bad now otherwise I might have gone to see “Avatar” at the cinema.

Michael: Is that the 3D film?

Alice: Yes. Actually I have seen it twice before but the 3D effect is so impressive on a cinema screen. I doubt I’d ever watch it on DVD at home. Anyway — there’s no chance of going out anywhere this evening. At least we can watch TV. I managed to use my bike to get to the corner shop and pick up some batteries for the remote.

Michael: Have you looked to see if there is anything on worth watching?

Alice: I checked the TV guide and to be honest there is nothing much worth watching tonight. There is a film I’d like to see about Jim Morrison and The Doors. I forget its name. But it starts rather late so I think I’ll just record it and get an early night.

Michael: It’s called “The Doors” and I have it on DVD if you want to watch it earlier. It’s a really good film. I might watch it again with you.

Alice: On the other hand I might take the opportunity to make some progress on my dissertation. What joy — another couple of thousand words on political references and codes in Shakespeare.

Michael: Wow — that sounds like fun!

Alice: Have you had any more luck finding your new “green” vehicle?

Michael: I was thinking of a metallic red actually.

Alice: Very funny!

Michael: Well I am thinking about it still. I am still not sure if I can afford it or not. But I am going down to the show room next week for a test drive and to see what sort of deals they can offer.

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A)  The tourist has visited England before.

B)  There is a number of sightseeing attractions in Windsor besides Windsor Castle.

C)  The tourist hopes to see the Queen in Windsor.

D)  The Household Cavalry Museum occupies a part of Windsor Castle.

E)  The tourist wants to see Windsor Great Park on a separate day.

F)  The receptionist claims that most tourists need more than one day to spend in Windsor.

G)  The tourist wants to buy postcards with the town views.

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A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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The tourist has visited England before.

1) True

2) False

3) Not stated

Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2013 по английскому языку

Расшифровка записи

Receptionist: Hello, Windsor Travel Company, how may I help you?

Tourist: Hello, I was just wondering if you could offer me a tour of Windsor. This is my first visit to England and I want to make the most of it. I’ve been dreaming of visiting Windsor for quite a long time, so …

Receptionist: And may I tell you that you have phoned the very right place! We’re the oldest company in Great Britain to offer a variety of guided tours to Windsor.

Tourist: So you have several routes? I’m surprised to hear that as I thought Windsor’s a really tiny town.

Receptionist: Windsor isn’t big but there’s so much to see and do there. Would you like me to list some of the opportunities?

Tourist: Yes, please.

Receptionist: Well, the most famous attraction in Windsor is certainly the magnificent Windsor Castle — the most romantic castle in the world. When the Queen is in residence, her presence is marked by the flying of her personal standard from the Round Tower. You may be lucky to see that.

Tourist: I guess Windsor Castle is a must for a tourist like me. What can I see there?

Receptionist: First you go to St George’s Chapel — one of England’s most beautiful ecclesiastic structures — and move forward to Queen Mary’s Doll’s House a perfect miniature palace with working lights and lifts, and even running water in all its 5 bathrooms!

Tourist: That must be amazing! Anything else I could see apart from Windsor Castle?

Receptionist: You may stroll to the Household Cavalry Museum. Inside is a comprehensive collection of the Regiment’s uniforms, weapons and armour as used from 1600 to the present day. One more thing absolutely worth seeing is Windsor Great Park and Smith’s Lawn.

Tourist: Is it possible to combine all these things into one day’s tour?

Receptionist: Most people feel one day isn’t enough for them but you’ll have a general impression and can come back next time you’re in England.

Tourist: And what about shopping opportunities? I’d really love to buy some souvenirs for my family and friends.

Receptionist: Windsor Royal Station will suit you. The covered shopping area combines modern store design and user-friendly facilities.

Tourist: Good. I think I’ll order a tour now.

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A.  Tom and Brenda have not met for a long time.

B.  Tom used to dream of becoming a doctor.

C.  Brenda is an expert in scientific things.

D.  For Tom medical equipment is the same thing as surgical equipment.

E.  Tom’s company produces instruments which affect harmful cells with very low temperatures.

F.  Tom has many friends among surgeons.

G.  Tom oversees the processes of designing and creating new instruments.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Brenda: Oh, hi Tom. Haven’t seen you for ages. They say you became a successful doctor…

Tom: Hi Brenda. Who told you that? I’m just a surgical engineer.

Brenda: How do you mean?

Tom: I work for a company that produces extremely specialized surgical instruments.

Brenda: Right then, Tom. Your job is a complete mystery to me. I’m a complete idiot in scientific matters, so can you explain, as simply as possible, what you do?

Tom: Of course. I’ll try! Well, our company produces surgical equipment. That is different from medical equipment. By medical equipment we mean thermometers, machines to measure heart beats and so on. We don’t do that — all our equipment is used for surgery.

Brenda: You mean knives, things like that?

Tom: (laughs) No… actually not quite as simple as that. In the old days, yes, if a person had, say, cancer, the answer was usually to open them up and cut out the cancerous tissue. This approach is used less and less nowadays, and that’s where our products come in. We specialise either in cryo-surgical instruments…

Brenda: Sorry, you’ll have to explain that.

Tom: OK. Cryo-surgery basically means destroying diseased cells by freezing them. Once the doctor has identified the malignant cells, the surgeon will insert an instrument that freezes them, at temperatures as low as minus 75°. These instruments are incredibly delicate and have to be extremely precise. They usually look like a long, thin tube — sometimes as thin as 0.9mm.

Brenda: I see…

Tom: The other area we specialise in is ultrasonic surgery. Here the surgeon will insert a titanium rod which oscillates, vibrates, at the very high frequency of 35MHz. This literally hammers the malignant tissue until it is destroyed.

Brenda: Fascinating. And what is your part in all this?

Tom: Well, my official job title is ‘Project Engineer’. The way it usually goes is this: a surgeon comes to us and says,»I think I can freeze a particular type of cancer, and I think I can do it by doing this and doing that. Can you design a tool that will let me do it?» I’m in charge of a team of draughtsmen who have to design the instrument, and of mechanical and electronic engineers who will create it. I have to oversee the whole process, and make sure that we are obeying all the regulations, which are very strict in the making of surgical instruments.

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A.  Jake succeeded in his school-leaving exams.

B.  Jake has an elder brother.

C.  Jake wants to teach the subject Miss Clark teaches.

D.  Miss Clark is surprised with Jake’s career choice.

E.  Jake doesn’t believe in the abilities of every student.

F.  Miss Clark thinks Jake’s made the right choice.

G.  Miss Clark isn’t happy to hear Jake’s words.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Teacher: Hello, Jake. You look great today.

Jake: Good evening, Miss Clark. Thank you for the compliment.

Teacher: I hope you’ll enjoy the party. After all, your classmates and you have certainly deserved it. You worked so hard during the academic year, and you passed your exams with flying colours. My colleagues and I are so proud of you all.

Jake: Oh, Miss Clark, of course we did a good job, but we are very grateful to our teachers. If not for you, our results wouldn’t be so good.

Teacher: It’s good to know that. Thank you. So, Jake, what are you going to do after the prom? Are you going to have a gap year?

Jake: Most of my classmates are going to travel somewhere, but I won’t be able to join them. I’m going straight to college.

Teacher: Why? Don’t you like to travel?

Jake: Of course, I do. Everybody likes to travel, don’t they? It’s just that this summer isn’t a good time to do it because I’ll have to help my brother. He’s just had surgery, you know.

Teacher: I hope your brother is doing fine. How did the operation go?

Jake: It all went fine, thank you. The full recovery will take some time, but he’ll be absolutely fine in a couple of months.

Teacher: Oh, that’s excellent news. So, what college did you choose?

Jake: I’m going to Birmingham University. I want to be a teacher, like you.

Teacher: Really? I would never have thought you had chosen this career.

Jake: Well, I think it’s the most rewarding job in the world, so …

Teacher: It is, but mind you, not every student will succeed in your class. Sometimes, when one of your students fails, you blame yourself for it.

Jake: I think that’s true about many jobs, like doctors, for instance. I believe that every student has the potential for success and it’ll be so exciting because each new academic year will present new challenges and new potential successes.

Teacher: Well, Jake, if you are able to look at it that way, teaching is definitely

Jake: Thank you, Miss Clark. It’s you and your colleagues who have inspired me.

Teacher: Thank you. Now it’s high time for you to join your friends, and it’s time for me to wipe away the tears — your words are so touching.

Jake: Sorry if I’ve upset you.

Teacher: No, that’s fine. It’s always good to hear such things, you know. See you later, Jake.

Jake: See you.

Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 2017. Досрочная волна

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A.  Emily’s history class requires a lot of effort.

B.  Grandparents of Sam’s friend are his grandparents’ neighbours.

C.  Sam didn’t see his parents for two months.

D.  Emily wouldn’t want to spend her summer like Sam.

E.  In June Emily was away from home.

F.  Emily’s family plan to visit Greece again.

G.  Emily won’t be able to show Sam her photos.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Emily: Hello, Sam! How are you? How was your first day of classes?

Sam: Hello, Emily! I am well. Classes this semester seem interesting, but I am sure they will be a lot of work, as always.

Emily: Yeah, mine look that way, too. My history teacher told us that we will have to write four research papers by December and will have five big tests. It’s a good thing, I like history.

Sam: No kidding, I think my biology class will be the same way. Our teacher is very demanding. But with all the summer rest we’ve had, we should have enough energy, right?

Emily: Yes, by the way, Sam, how was your summer? Did you do anything special?

Sam: It was great. I spent two months at my grandparents’ cottage on a lake. My grandfather is into fishing, so every day we went out on a boat with him. The weather was hot, so I was able to sunbathe and swim a lot. My friend was visiting his grandparents in the cottage next door, so we spent some time running around the countryside, climbing trees and picking wild berries.

Emily: Sounds like a nice relaxing summertime. I wish I had done the same. I envy you for having spent it outdoors because my summer wasn’t nearly as active as yours.

Sam: Really? Why not? What did you do this summer?

Emily: I spent June on the couch in my flat, reading books and watching some boring TV shows. All my friends were gone by then, so I didn’t even have anyone to go roller skating or bike riding with. Then in July I went to the seaside with my family. We visited Greece but the sea was stormy most of the time, so we mostly did some sightseeing and shopping. We swam only two times! The most exciting part of the trip was visiting the ruins of Athens.

Sam: Wow, did you see the famous Parthenon? Is it as beautiful as they told us in history class?

Emily: Yes, it is very graceful and the feeling of visiting such an ancient place is amazing, so I took a lot of pictures.

Sam: I would love to see them when you get the chance. Have you got them on your phone?

Emily: No, I took them with my camera, so you can see them on my computer. I am also making a photo album of my trip to Greece, so when I am finished, why don’t you come over and look at it?

Sam: I’d really like that, thanks. Let me know when it would be a good time to do that.

Emily: I will. I have to run now, time to get some homework done. Bye, Sam!

Sam: Bye, Emily!

Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку

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A.  Bill and Peggy are planning their trip to Moscow.

B.  Bill and Peggy study together at the university.

C.  Peggy has never been to Moscow before.

D.  While in Moscow, Bill rode a bicycle.

E.  Bill is a vegetarian.

F.  Peggy speaks good Russian.

G.  Bill liked literary museums in Moscow.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Bill: Hi Peggy! How’s it going?

Peggy: Hi Bill! I’m doing great! Guess what, I’m going to Moscow for my study abroad program next year. This is my first trip to Russia!

Bill: That’s fantastic, Peggy! I was there during my gap year. I can give you some advice about what to see and do there if you like.

Peggy: That would be great! I was hoping you’d be able to help me out.

Bill: Well, the nice thing about Moscow is that you won’t need a car. The public transportation system is one of the best in the world and the metro stations are very efficient and also beautiful. Tourists come from all over the world to see them.

Peggy: Oh! That’s good to hear. I was thinking about buying a bicycle to travel around Moscow. But I guess, it’s not necessary.

Bill: It’s true that Moscow is becoming more bicycle-friendly. There are special lanes for bikes and you can even rent them around the city for a small fee, but there’s still a lot of traffic and pedestrians to navigate through and it’s too cold and slippery in the winter for biking.

Peggy: Right! What about food? You know, I’m a vegetarian.

Bill: Well, being a vegetarian is not as common in Russia as it is in America, but it’s becoming more and more popular in Moscow, and you can find specialty stores that sell things like tofu and other products for vegetarians, as well as vegetarian cafes. In addition, there are a lot of great dairy products like kefir and cottage cheese that you will love that you can find in any supermarket.

Peggy: Cool! Another thing I was wondering about is where I can go to watch movies. I’m a really avid film-goer and I don’t like missing new releases. The problem is, my Russian isn’t so good and I heard that in Russia all foreign films are dubbed into Russian.

Bill: That’s true. Sometimes it’s really hard to find films shown in English. There are a few places though that show films in English with Russian subtitles. These are often artsy intellectual places for Russians who know English, and they don’t often sell popcorn there. You won’t be able to find blockbuster films there, either.

Peggy: That’s ok. I prefer watching more artistic films anyway. I also don’t care much for popcorn, so it’s not a big deal. What about places to see? I know about all the major attractions. But I’m sure there must be some less well-known sights that I shouldn’t miss.

Bill: Since you are into movies, you should check out Mosfilm studio. They have excursions there where you can see Russian film sets and props for classic Soviet films. It’s extremely fascinating. There are also a large number of lesser known museums that were actually the homes of famous Russian writers and artists that show how they really lived. I especially loved Tolstoy’s and Dostoyevsky’s museums.

Peggy: That sounds wonderful! Thank you, Bill for giving me such great advice! I’m really looking forward to my year abroad!

Bill: I’m sure you’re going to have an unforgettable experience. Please keep in touch and let me know how it goes.

Peggy: Sure! See you later!

Bill: Bye!

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1  — True), какие не соответствуют (2  — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3  — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

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A.  The tourist has never been to Russia.

B.  The tourist wants to see both Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

C.  The tourist loves evening excursions.

D.  The manager thinks Saint Basil’s Cathedral isn’t worth seeing.

E.  The tourist will have some time for shopping in Moscow.

F.  The tourist hopes to visit a show in the State Kremlin Palace.

G.  The tourist wants to buy a tour straight away.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Consultant: Hello, how may I help you?

Tourist: Hello. You see, I would like to book a tour to Russia and I was just wondering if you could help me?

Consultant: And may I tell you that you have made an excellent choice! Russia is an amazing country with lots of exciting places to see. Is it going to be your first visit to Russia?

Tourist: Yes, it is.

Consultant: Well, for the first visit to Russia I would suggest starting with Moscow. You could spend about a week there and do all the sightseeing, plus visit the museums. If you are planning a longer trip, we can recommend going to Saint Petersburg next.

Tourist: I think I would like to see only Moscow this time. You see, I’m a theater lover, and I’ve read it on the Internet that Moscow is famous for it’s theatres.

Consultant: You are absolutely right! We can help you book the tickets to the famous Bolshoi Theatre, if you wish.

Tourist: That would be great! Could you please tell me more about the tour.

Consultant: Yes, of course. Here is the suggested itinerary. When you arrive in Moscow, you’ll check in the hotel and have some rest. In the evening, you can have a bus tour around the city, just to get a general impression. Moscow looks magnificent in the evening, so you’ll enjoy it. The next day you’ll be able to see Moscow’s sights in daylight.

Tourist: Sounds good to me! Are we going to see the Red Square?

Consultant: Of course! It’s impossible to imagine a trip to Moscow without seeing Red Square, as it’s the heart of the country. You’ll see Saint Basil’s Cathedral. It’s a gorgeous building. Make sure you go inside, as there are 8 tiny churches there, which look like fairy-tale houses.

Tourist: Thanks, I’ll remember that.

Consultant: You’ll also see GUM — Russia’s number one department store. You’ll have enough time to go shopping there, if you wish, or have lunch there in a café, with a view of Red Square.

Tourist: I always wanted to see the Kremlin. Will it be possible to get inside it?

Consultant: Yes! But make sure you do it before 4 pm, as the museums there close early. There you will see Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell and the State Kremlin Palace, initially known as the Palace of Congresses. It’s vast 6000 seat auditorium was originally used to hold the congresses of the communist party of the Soviet Union. Today, it holds large social forums, theatrical performances, New Year’s shows for children and student’s balls.

Tourist: It all sounds so exciting! I think I’ll order a tour right now.

Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 02.04.2018. Досрочная волна

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A.  Greg studied in Russia for a year.

B.  Mary wants Greg to give her some advice.

C.  Mary still needs to get a visa to Russia.

D.  Greg thinks Mary shouldn’t take cash.

E.  Greg and Mary live in London.

F.  Mary always tips waiters in restaurants.

G.  Greg disliked Russian soups.

Запишите в ответ цифры, расположив их в порядке, соответствующем буквам:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Расшифровка записи

Greg: Hello, Mary! It’s so good to see you. How are things?

Mary: Oh, hi, Greg. I’m fine, thank you. What about you?

Greg: I’m okay, thanks. Congratulations on your summer holidays! I hope you are going to do something really exciting during them.

Mary: Actually, I’m going to travel to Russia.

Greg: Russia? Such a great choice! I spent a year in Russia as an exchange student and I absolutely loved the country.

Mary: Oh, I’ve clean forgotten you’ve been to Russia. It’s so good we’ve met

today then. I hope you can give me some useful tips on my future trip.

Greg: I’ll be glad to be of some help. What would you like to know?

Mary: Well, let me think … I have got my visa already and I’ve booked my trip with the travel agency, so I guess I have just a few practical questions.

Greg: So, go ahead.

Mary: Okay. The first issue is the money. Should I take cash or can I pay by my credit card?

Greg: If you stick to bigger cities, your credit card should be fine. In very small towns paying by credit card or withdrawing cash could be a problem, though.

Mary: Oh, I won’t go to any small towns. The tour includes just big cities, like Moscow or Saint Petersburg.

Greg: Then you don’t need to worry. You’ll find exchange offices and ATMs at banks without any problems. If I were you, I’d take some cash just to be on the safe side plus the credit card.

Mary: Did you have an impression that it’s safe in Russia?

Greg: You can visit any place and peacefully walk on the streets. However, you can easily become a victim of pickpockets in the underground, so take care of your wallet and don’t keep a lot of cash on you.

Mary: Well, no surprise here. London is just the same. What would you say about the food? Is it much different from what we have here in the UK?

Greg: I’m sure you’ll find something to your liking. The only problem you can face is that they seldom have a menu in English.

Mary: Should I tip?

Greg: If you wish. Tipping is expected but not mandatory. In any case, check your bill before paying.

Mary: Which dishes did you like most of all?

Greg: Well, I thought soups were quite nice. Generally speaking, Russian cuisine is not spicy. I think you’ll like it.

Mary: Thank you, Greg. I’ll let you know about my impressions when I get back.

Greg: Okay. Have fun!

Mary: I will.

Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2019 по английскому языку, Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2020 по английскому языку, Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2021 по английскому языку, Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2022 по английскому языку, Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2023 по английскому языку

Всего: 58 1–20 | 21–40 | 41–58

Источник

Задание №6832.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Those who attended school two decades ago, probably remember having a shop class — crafting, building and creating with materials like wood. In the last twenty years, though, shop classes have disappeared in favour of core subjects making sure ___ (A).

Nonetheless, shop classes don’t have to be devoted to woodworking or other hands-on building programmes. Just like schooling has to change with the times, shop classes should try to catch up, too. This is ___ (B) — 3D printers, computers, laser cutters and other similar equipment — to breathe new life into their shop programs.

This moves shop class into the 21st century and helps teach students not only the vocational skills ___ (C) but technological skills that can help them build a career. Using a 3D printer requires art and programming skills, which can be later translated into a variety of careers.

Knowing how to program a 3D printer could get learners jobs with NASA — the space program is already using a 3D printer on the International Space Station to create specialised tools and replacement parts ___ (D).

It’s past time for the politicians who make educational policy to step back and remember ___ (E). Students of all ages can benefit from hands-on learning experiences, whether those come in the form of shop class, an agriculture class where they learn to grow food and tend livestock or a 3D printing and robotics class ___ (F).

Shop classes were a fundamental element of secondary school for decades before public schools decided to start removing them from the curriculum. Bringing them back, even in an updated form, can change the way we teach the new generations.

1. that will serve them throughout their lives
2. where they can learn to create anything their heart desires
3. that would otherwise have to be flown up to the space station
4. why many schools are investing in the newest technology
5. that students are able to pass their state exams
6. which encourages students to pursue college
7. that academic success doesn’t necessarily equal intelligence

A	B	C	D	E	F

Решение:
Пропуску A соответствует часть текста под номером 5.
Пропуску B соответствует часть текста под номером 4.
Пропуску C соответствует часть текста под номером 1.
Пропуску D соответствует часть текста под номером 3.
Пропуску E соответствует часть текста под номером 7.
Пропуску F соответствует часть текста под номером 2.

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Источник: Английский язык: 10 вариантов ЕГЭ. К. А. Громова, О. В. Вострикова, О. А. Ильина и др.

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