Memory technique егэ ответы

Задание №9087.
Аудирование. ЕГЭ по английскому

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Прослушайте запись дважды.

1. A diary in your mobile may be a good idea.
2. This way to remember things doesn’t go well with hygiene.
3. One should keep used diaries and daily planners.
4. This technique is not good for remembering things.
5. Good memory may be a question of genetics.
6. Writing things on pieces of paper is convenient.
7. Keeping a diary can help not to forget things.

Решение:
Утверждение 7 (Keeping a diary can help not to forget things. — Ведение дневника помогает не забывать о вещах) соответствует высказыванию спикера A: «I’m very forgetful person. That’s why I have a daily planner.»

Утверждение 6 (Writing things on pieces of paper is convenient. — Писать на бумажках удобно) соответствует высказыванию спикера B: «My mom says I live in a total mess. My desk is chaos with sheets of paper everywhere with different reminders like buy milk…»

Утверждение 1 (A diary in your mobile may be a good idea. — Дневник в мобильном телефоне может быть хорошей идеей) соответствует высказыванию спикера C: «This is my cell phone. I bought one with a built in daily planner. It works like magic. I can’t imagine my life without it now.»

Утверждение 5 (Good memory may be a question of genetics. — Хорошая память может быть вопросом генетики) соответствует высказыванию спикера D: «So it kind of runs in our family. I really shouldn’t be boasting about it because it isn’t my achievement or success. I was just born with it.»

Утверждение 4 (This technique is not good for remembering things. — Этот метод не подходит для запоминания вещей) соответствует высказыванию спикера E: «Each morning I make a long list of things to do. In the morning my memory is fresh and I can clearly remember all my plans for the day.»

Утверждение 2 (This way to remember things doesn’t go well with hygiene. — Такой способ запоминания плохо сочетается с гигиеной) соответствует высказыванию спикера F: «I know what I do is very childish but I can’t help it really. I put some pen marks on my hand or palm so that I see them and remember about it.»

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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий

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Тест №02 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

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Тест №03 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

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Тест №04 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

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Тест №05 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

The History of Man

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Greek myths: Daedalus

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Тест №06 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

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Тест №07 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

The largest snowfall in decades

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Flood in Santa Claus’ home

B7	The usual images of the North Pole are impressive ice sheets, but scenes from a webcam there reveal a different story. Meteorologists have reported that temperatures in early July were one to three degrees Celsius higher than the year’s average over most of the Arctic Ocean. (степень сравнения)	HIGH
B8	Thanks to rapidly melting ice, Santa Claus nowhas his own swimming pool. The North Pole is currently a lake, Canada.com reports. (3-е лицо have-has)	HAVE
B9	The lake is about a foot deep, consistingentirely of the melted ice itself. It shows a dramatic change is the Arctic climate. (состоящая)	CONSIST
B10	In fact, a pool of melted water has formed at the North Pole every year now since 2002. The mythical home of Santa Claus has been officially flooded! (present perfect, т.к. он начал формироваться и до сих пор формируется)	FORM

Тест №08 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Why do the Chinese call the Yellow River in China “China’s Sorrow”?

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 A rabbit and a tortoise

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B9	The rabbit lay down under a tree and soon he was asleep. When he awoke, he saw that the tortoise had crossed / was crossing the line. (past perfect, он увидел, что черепаха пересекла линию до того, как он проснулся. past continues, он увидел, что черепаха пересекала линию в тот момент, когда он просыпался)	CROSS
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Тест №09 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

New Zealand: geography

B4	New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller islands so scattered that they range from the tropical to the Antarctic. New Zealand is located about 2,012 km southeast of Australia. (present simple passive)	LOCATE
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B6	South Island has the Southern Alps along its west coast, with Mount Cook being thehighest point. Other inhabited islands include Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, and Great Barrier Island. (степень сравнения)	HIGH

Enough is enough

B7	A woman came to President Abraham Lincoln and told him with a commanding air: “Mr. President, you must make my son a general. Sir, I demand it not as a favor, but as a right. My grandfather fought at Lexington. (past simple, т.к. действие произошло в определённое время в прошлом.)	FIGHT
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Тест №10 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Does it ever snow in Brazil?

B4	During winter and sometimes even autumn and spring it snows in some cities of southern Brazil. There are several cities known for their snow, like Urupema and Urubici. (известные)	KNOW
B5	These cities are all in high areas, but even places at sea level can have snow, although in small amounts and not every year. (they — are)	BE
B6	Brazil is thought to be a “tropical paradise” which is very wrong. Foreigners who travel to southern Brazil during autumn or winter in search for some heat and beaches are often disappointed. (present simple passive, т.к. это общее утверждение. О Бразилии думают, а не Бразилия думает)	THINK

The North Pole is melting

B7	Do you know how the global warming affects the Arctic? A survey by the Japan Agency for Science and Technology shows that Arctic ice is melting at a far quicker rate than anticipated. Today Arctic ice is melting at previously unseen rates. (степень сравнения)	QUICK
B8	The coastal ice in parts of Canada and Alaska has become quite brittle. Ice easily breaks away in large pieces and melts in the open ocean. Now there is also less sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. (степень сравнения)	LITTLE
B9	It happens because ice floats/has floatedinto the Atlantic Ocean. (present simple, лёд плывет в Атлантический океан – общее утверждение.  present  perfect, автор хочет показать, что лёд плывет в Атлантический океан, и уже есть результат)	FLOAT
B10	Scientists say that the lack of ice represents clear proof that the planet is warming. Back in the past it could take three years to get through the waterway’s thick ice successfully, now — just a few weeks. (present continues, т.к. это изменение, развитие. Планета постепенно нагревается)	WARM

Тест №11 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Russian inventions: holography

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B6	Now the technology is used in most holographic displays and it was the first to allow multi-color image reproduction in holograms. (present simple passive, т.к. технология используется, а не использует)	USE

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B9	It turns one my hairs grey!” (present simple, 3-е лицо)	TURN
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Тест №12 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

A cup of coffee

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B6	But finally, becoming impatient, I turned to signal for service and saw the neon sign. That was the worst moment … I discovered that I was sitting outside a store selling garden furniture. (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD

The Great Wall of China

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B9	The construction of the Wall began in the 6thcentury BC and lasted until the 16th century AD. (past simple, т.к. действие произошло в определённый момент в прошлом)	BEGIN
B10	Since then, the Great Wall of China has become a Symbol of wisdom and bravery of the Chinese people and a monument to Chinese nation for many hundreds of years. (present perfect, т.к. действие началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор)	BECOME

Тест №13 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

A phone call

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B5	A sleepy female voice answered and told me he was at work and would come home late in the evening. (reported speech, при переходе из прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	COME
B6	The worst moment was when I remembered that I had recently asked staff members to give me their home numbers. I went right down to the employee’s office to apologize for my call. (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD
B7	Later, however, he thanked me. I had awakened his daughter, who had an exam that morning but had forgotten to set her alarm. Thanks to my call, she hadn’t missed the exam. (степень сравнения)	LATE

 March 8 in Russia

B8	In English-speaking countries they celebrate Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day. In Russia we celebrate the International Women’s Day. Though it is called ‘International’, it is observed only in Russia and some CIS countries. (present simple passive, т.к. это называется, а не само называет)	CALL
B9	Boys and men bring flowers and small presents to girls and women they work or study with. (man – ед.ч. men – мн.ч.)	MAN
B10	It has become a tradition for husbands to do all house work on that day. There are many jokes about it being the only day of the year when they do this. (present perfect, т.к. действие началось в прошлом, и продолжается до настоящего)	BECOME

Тест №14 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Singing in the car

B4	My elder brother likes all kinds of music. He prefers jazz but also listens to pop music and sometimes goes to classical music concerts. But when driving me in his car, he insists on listening to heavy-metal music. (меня)	I
B5	For a long time I couldn’t/could notunderstand why he was doing  it. (can – настоящее время, could – прошедшее время)	NOT CAN
B6	He knew very well that for me it was theworst kind of music. (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD
B7	One day I decided to ask him why he always chose this type while driving. “Well, sister,” he reluctantly replied, “to be frank, it’s mainly so you can’t sing along.” He added that he would listen to anything else if only I promised not to sing along. (reported speech, при переходе их прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	LISTEN

St. Patrick’s Day, March 17

B8	St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. On March 17 there is a great celebration with the major parade in Dublin and smaller parades all over Ireland. In New York the first St.Patrick’s Day celebration took place in 1762. (первый)	ONE
B9	On March 15, 1992 St. Patrick’s Day was celebrated in Moscow. Thousands of delighted Muscovites gathered at Novy Arbat to watch the parade of marching bands, Cossack horsemen and floats of Russian and Irish companies. (past simple passive, т.к. этот день празднуется, а не он сам что-то празднует)	CELEBRATE
B10	Since then, St. Patrick’s Day parades have been held in Moscow every year. (present perfect passive, т.к. действие началось в прошлом и продолжается по сей день)	HOLD

Тест №15 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Excuses, excuses…

B4	For years my husband, Tom, and I had complained bitterly about the lack of sidewalks in our village. We didn’t have enough exercise but we couldn’t / could not jog because there were no sidewalks. (could – прошедшая форма от can)	NOT CAN
B5	Tom had often told me, «If only we had sidewalks, we would jog or walk daily and become models of fitness». (мне)	I
B6	So we were thrilled when a community sidewalk project was announced, and watched eagerly as paving neared completion. Then theworst thing happened: wishful thinking and reality collided. (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD
B7	«Well, dear,» Tom said. «What’ll we use as an excuse for not walking now?» I said I would think of some excuse. (reported speech, при переходе их прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	THINK

 Memorial Day

B8	In the USA, Memorial Day is the last Monday in May. Memorial Day was declared a national holiday in 1971. (past simple passive, т.к. этот день был провозглашён, а не сам что-то провозгласил)	DECLARE
B9	But the tradition of honoring those who died in defense of their country goes back to the Civil War. The tradition to hold memorial services, visit the cemeteries, decorate the graves with flowers and wreaths originated in Waterloo, New York, in 1866. (их)	THEY
B10	Since then, the tradition has changed. Nowadays, on Memorial Day Americans honor not only soldiers who perished in wars but those loved ones who have died. (present perfect, т.к. традиция изменилась и остается изменённой до сих пор)	CHANGE

Тест №16 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

As old as a brontosaurus

B4	As we walked around the Prehistoric Park in Calgary, I had my six- year-old son, Jordie, pose for a picture with a brontosaurus in the background. After I took the photo, I couldn’t/ could not help crying. (could – прошедшая форма от can)	NOT CAN
B5	«What’s wrong, Моm?» Jordie asked. I explained that when I was his age, my parents had taken my picture standing in exactly the same spot, and I was feeling rather nostalgic. I added that perhaps one day he would takehis son’s picture here. (reported speech, при переходе их прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	TAKE
B6	Puzzled, he looked several times from the brontosaurus to me. (мне)	I
B7	And then came the worst moment of my life. My son said, «But … when you were a girl … it was alive then, right?» (bad – worse — the worst)	BAD

 Victory Day

B8	On this day, Russia celebrates the victory over Nazi Germany and honours 20 million Soviet people who died in the war. May 9 was chosen, since on the night of the 8th/9th of 1945, the Nazi Germany surrendered to the Soviet Union and the Allies in Berlin. (past simple passive, т.к. этот день был выбран, а не сам что-то выбрал)	CHOOSE
B9	In Russia, almost every family has at least one person who took part in the war. (past simple, т.к. действие произошло в определённый момент в прошлом)	TAKE
B10	Older citizens who did not fight during the war worked in factories to make weapons, which was not easier than fighting. They, too, are honoured on Victory Day. (степень сравнения)	EASY

Тест №17 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

A Smart Boy

B4	Mr. Jones and Mr. Brown worked in the same office. Their wives were good friends. One day Mr. Jones invited Mr. Brown to a small party. (wife – ед.число, wives – мн.ч.)	WIFE
B5	Mr. Brown went into the other room and telephoned. He was surprised very much by his telephone conversation. (past simple passive, он был удивлён, а не он удивил кого-то)	SURPRISE
B6	When he came back Mr. Jones asked him, “Have you spoken to your wife already?” “No, she wasn’t/was not there when I phoned. My small son answered the phone. I asked him, “Is your mother there?” And he said, “She is somewhere outside”. (past simple, т.к. действие произошло в определённый момент в прошлом)	NOT BE
B7	“Why is she outside?” I asked. “She is lookingfor me”, he answered. (present continues, т.к. действие происходит в настоящий для говорящего момент)	LOOK

Maslenitsa

B8	Have you ever celebrated Maslenitsa? It is one of the most popular festivals in Russia. It signals the end of winter and welcomes the coming of spring. (степень сравнения)	POPULAR
B9	Russian pancakes — blini — are very important in the celebration of Maslenitsa. Blini are eaten with jam, sour cream, and of course, lots of butter. (present simple passive, т.к. это общее утверждение. Также, блины едят, а не сами блины едят кого-то)	EAT
B10	Warm, round, and golden — blini are the symbol of the sun! Ancient Russians actually believed that when eating a pancake, theywere getting a part of the Sun’s life energy. (past continues, т.к. это параллельное действие, когда они ели, они получали)	GET

Тест №18 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Natural Wonders: Meteor Crater

B4	Some of the natural wonders are known for their beauty. The Meteor Crater is not one of them. It looks like a big hole in the desert. Itwas caused by a meteorite hitting the earth thousands of years ago. (past simple passive, т.к. метеоритный удар по земле послужил причиной, а не большая дыра в земле послужила причиной )	CAUSE
B5	The crater is 4,145 feet across, and 570 feet deep. It is the largest impact crater in the entire world. (степень сравнения)	LARGE
B6	When Europeans discovered it in 1871, theythought it was the top of a volcano. (past simple, т.к. говорится об определенном событии в прошлом)	THINK
B7	Since then, scientists have explored/have been exploring the crater for many years, but there are still many secrets and mysteries hiding inside it. (present perfect, т.к. говорящий хочет акцентировать внимание на результате. Исследование началось с какого-то момента в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор. present perfect continues, т.к. говорящий хочет акцентировать внимание больше на процессе, который начался в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор. )	EXPLORE

 It was simple

B8	One day last summer my nine-year-old daughter went off to the camp. All her thingswere packed in a small bag. (past simple passive, т.к. её вещи были упакованы, а не сами упаковали ч.л.)	PACK
B9	Two weeks later, Anna came back home and I unpacked her things. Everything was clean and well folded. “Camp sure has changed you. Your things look much better than usual.” (степень сравнения)	GOOD
B10	“It was simple, Mom,” she answered. “I didn’t unpack. Many children did the same.” (child – ед.ч, children – мн.ч.)	CHILD

Тест №19 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

The Climate of Russia

B4	Russia has a varied climate. Almost all of Russia is situated in the North Temperature Zone. (present simple passive, т.к. она находится, а не она расположила)	SITUATE
B5	The climate is continental; however, the fluctuations in temperature are greater than in other European countries. (степень сравнения)	GREAT
B6	The extreme north is a cold bare region — the tundra. For more than six months it is buriedin snow. (present simple passive, т.к. она находится, а не она расположила)	BURY
B7	This region can be called the land offrozen rivers. (замёрзший)	FREEZE
B8	In May the temperature begins to rise. The gloomy night is succeeded by continuous daylight, when the sun does not sink/doesn’tsink below the horizon for several months. (present simple, т.к. это общее утверждение. это происходит всегда, регулярно.)	NOT SINK
B9	The better part of Russia is not influenced by the warm winds of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There are no mountains in the north to form a barrier against the cold windsblowing from the Arctic Ocean. (дующий)	BLOW
B10	The extreme west of Russia has a temperate climate. Thus, the summers in the Baltic are cool and the winters mild. If we go further/farther east, the climate will become more continental. (степень сравнения)	FAR

Тест №20 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

Who really discovered America?

B4	Everybody knows that Christopher Columbus discovered America. Was he really the first to reach the continent? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdal believed that ancient people were able to build boats that couldcross oceans. (could – прошедшая форма от can)	CAN
B5	То test his ideas, Heyerdal decided to build a copy of the ancient Egyptian boat and sail across the Atlantic. On May 25, 1969 the boat called Ra left a port in Morocco and headed across the widest part of the Atlantic. (степень сравнения)	WIDE
B6	On May 17, 1970 Ra successfully crossed the Atlantic, proving that ancient civilizations had enough skill to reach America long before Columbus. (доказывая)	PROVE

Greek myths: Apollo and Cassandra

B7	In ancient Greece there were many temples built for Apollo. He was the god of youth, beauty, music and poetry. Besides, Apollo had one very special skill — he could see the future. One day Apollo came to the temple in Troy. Among other women he saw Cassandra, a young and beautiful priestess, who worked at the temple. (woman – ед.ч., women – мн.ч.)	WOMAN
B8	Apollo was impressed by her grace. (past simple passive, т.к. он был впечатлён, а не он впечатлил)	IMPRESS
B9	The minute Apollo saw Cassandra, he fell in love. It was love at first sight. Apollo offered her a deal. He would give Cassandra the gift of being able to see the future, if she gave him a kiss. Cassandra agreed. (past simple, т.к. это случилось тогда, в определённый момент в прошлом, fall-fell-fallen)	FALL
B10	With a laugh, Apollo gave her the gift,dreaming about the reward. Instantly, Cassandra could see the future. She saw Apollo, in the future, helping to destroy Troy. (мечтая)	DREAM

Тест №21 по ЕГЭ. Английский язык

The Emperor’s Seed

B4	Once there lived an old emperor who had no children. He couldn’t /could not choose his successor for a long time. (could – прошедшая форма от can)	NOT CAN
B5	Then he called all the young people in the kingdom together and said, «I’ll give each one of you a seed today. I want you to go home, plant it, water it and come back here one year from today with what you have grown from this one seed.» A boy named Ling also got a seed. He came home and told his mother that he would grow the best plant. (reported speech, при переходе их прошлого в будущее will меняется на would)	GROW
B6	She helped him plant the seed. Every day he watered it but nothing grew. (ему)	HE
B7	A year passed and Ling took his empty pot to the palace while all the rest brought some beautiful plants. The emperor said, «Lying is the worst thing in the world. I gave you all spoilt seeds. Nothing grows from spoilt seeds.» So Ling became the new emperor. (bad–worse-the worst)	BAD

 Roald Dahl

B8	Roald Dahl, a famous British writer, was Norwegian by birth. Dahl was named after the Polar explorer Roald Amundsen, a national hero in Norway at the time. During the Second World War Dahl served in the Royal Air Force as a fighter pilot. (past simple passive, т.к. он был назван, а не он назвал к.л.)	NAME
B9	Dahl became well-known in 1940s with works for both children and adults. (child – ед.число, children – мн.число)	CHILD
B10	One of his highly popular tales was ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’. Since 1945 his books have been published in almost 50 languages. (present perfect passive, т.к. действие началось в прошлом, и не закончилось до сих пор.)	PUBLISH

Дворец памяти — это мнемоническая техника.

Принцип очень прост: вы создаете комбинацию из новой, неизвестной информации и того, что вам хорошо знакомо. И закрепляете её прочными ассоциациями.

Прежде чем приступить к описанию дворца памяти, вспомним слова Шерлока Холмса о том, что наша память похожа на чердак, и чтобы выуживать из нее вовремя все самое необходимое, крайне важно забывать все лишнее.
Но, во-первых, многие просто не умеют сознательно забывать, а во-вторых, как правильно заметил доктор Ватсон в фильме, как было бы скучно жить, если бы все помнили только то, что им нужно по работе.

Однако существует ряд компромиссных вариантов, позволяющих запоминать и тренировать память, и особенно среди них выделяются приемы мнемотехники. У каждого из них свое «назначение».
Методика, о которой идет речь в этой статье, при определенном опыте (который достигается практикой и только практикой), помогают быстро и просто запомнить нужный объем фактической информации.
Называется эта техника по-разному — дворец памяти, замок памяти, лоскутное одеяло памяти, метод Симонида, метод Шерлока Холмса, метод локуса.
Есть и некоторые другие названия, в частности, с выходом популярного британского сериала распространилась вариация «чертоги разума». Как и многие другие подобные приемы, этот был известен еще древним грекам.

Немного истории

Мнемоническая техника «дворец памяти», о которой пойдёт речь, появилась ещё 2 500 лет назад в Древней Греции. Эту же методику неосознанно использовал таинственный гражданин Ш. (кстати, его настоящее имя — Соломон Шерешевский — обладатель феноменальной памяти, профессиональный мнемонист
) и осознанно — нынешние участники чемпионатов по запоминанию.

Легенда о появлении этой методики могла бы -послужить сюжетом для фильма Хичкока. Древнегреческого -поэта Симонида позвали почитать стихи на большом празднике. Закончив выступление, поэт вышел на улицу, а несколько мгновений спустя свод здания, где проходили торжества, рухнул. Все, кто находился внутри, погиб.
Жертвы были так изуродованы, что родственники не могли опознать тела и должным образом похоронить умерших. Единственным выжившим оказался Симонид, с которым, пока он наблюдал за убитыми горем людьми, случилось настоящее чудо.
Постепенно в его памяти возникла панорама пиршественного зала до разрушения. Поэт стал брать родственников за руки и отводить к телам погибших.
Проанализировав позже то, как проявлялась в памяти «картинка», Симонид описал первую мнемоническую технику.

Правда, есть альтернативная легенда, в которой авторство методики приписывается Цицерону. Древний философ и оратор Цицерон ежедневно ходил на «работу» пешком. Обладая блестящим вниманием, он изо дня в день замечал различные особенности в дороге, по которой он шествовал. Спустя долгое время, Цицерон запомнил дорогу настолько хорошо, что мог безукоризненно вспомнить любой ее промежуток со всеми деталями.
После этого Цицерон научился «привязывать» к дороге какие-нибудь предметы в своей памяти. И когда он вспоминал место на дороге, он моментально вспоминал о предмете, который был «привязан» к месту. Это называется ассоциативная связь.
А данный способ мнемотехники теперь называют метод Цицерона, дорога Цицерона. Подробнее о нём мы поговорим в другом посте.

Метод «Дворца памяти» строится на очень сильных ассоциативных связях, благодаря которым любое количество информации можно запомнить в нужном порядке.
Пригодится умение строить такие «воздушные замки» и в быту, причем для разных целей. Например, вы сможете запомнить какие-либо сведения о ваших подчиненных, коллегах или клиентах и показать им, как хорошо вы их помните — человеку такое внимание всегда приятно, а значит, оно поможет наладить контакт.
Не выпадут подробности жизни ваших друзей (в том числе кличка любимой кошки и дата рождения их дочери). И это уже не говоря о сессиях, тестах и прочих ситуациях, когда вам в ограниченное время надо запомнить большое количество слов, понятий, явлений, причем необязательно в каком-либо конкретном порядке.

Как работают дворцы памяти

Дворец памяти или чертоги разумаЗа счет чего этого достигается? Краткое описание методики дворца памяти, будет выглядеть следующим образом: собственно дворец — это некое построенное в вашем воображении помещение (реально существующее или вымышленное), в котором размещены различные опорные пункты — например, кровать, письменный стол, секретер, телевизор. Помещение необязательно должны быть жилым, но это должно быть спокойное место, в котором вы чувствуете себя комфортно. Самое главное условие — отлично представлять себе как само помещение, так и все опорные пункты. К опорным пунктам по ассоциациям привязывается информация, которую надо запомнить. Как правило, чем ярче ассоциации тем легче потом воспроизвести сведения. Когда вам надо будет это сделать, вы просто «подойдете» в своем воображении к нужному месту в вашем дворце памяти и выудить из него все необходимое.

Чтобы ваша память надежно удерживала всю помещенную в чертоги разума информацию, при строительстве дворца памяти надо учесть несколько моментов, о которых мы расскажем в следующей статье. Но прежде чем мы перейдем непосредственно к мнемотехнике строительства, обратим внимание на практический момент.
Если вы хотите побить или по крайней мере приблизиться к мировым рекордам или удивить друзей своими суперспособностями, будьте готовы к тому, что вам потребуются усердные тренировки — ничто не дается просто так. Для бытовых целей хватит и нескольких практических уроков, но и здесь необходимо практиковаться, прежде чем запоминать действительно важные вещи.

Общий принцип создания дворцов памяти

1. Первый шаг — выберите место его «постройки».
Пространство для создания дворцов памяти вы можете придумать (например, составить план некоего небольшого городка или представить дом/квартиру/комнату своей мечты) или же представить хорошо вам знакомую территорию (свою квартиру, дачный участок или что-либо похожее).

Второй метод надежнее, так как в данном случае на этом этапе вам ничего не надо запоминать — только представить уже что-то давно знакомое.
Тем, кто только учится создавать дворцы памяти, специалисты советуют начинать именно с этого варианта.

Итак. Нужно:

1. Закрыть глаза.
2. Вспомнить комнату, где вы сейчас находитесь. Мысленно прогуляйтесь по ней, вспомните каждый предмет мебели, его цвет и форму, пересчитайте количество стульев, полок в шкафу, окон. Какие в комнате шторы? Что стоит на столе? Где расположена кровать? И т.д.
3. Мысленно пройдитесь по квартире, повторяя всё то же. Мысленно загляните в холодильник, попробуйте назвать продукты.
4. Можно выйти на улицу и мысленно прогуляться по двору, вспоминая лавочки, деревья, ямы на дорогах.

Это и станет нашим первым дворцом памяти.
Выберите какое-нибудь место, по которому вы уже прошлись. Это может быть одна из комнат, ну или кусочек двора, ограниченный мысленной чертой, или класс в школе, в которой вы учились. Можно превратить в дворец памяти практически любое место, которое вы помните.
Его мы и будем населять образами.

Далее для каждого объекта, который вам надо запомнить, выделите область
в вашем «дворце»/«квартире»/«городе» памяти и продумываете ассоциацию
с ним.
Эти области принято называть опорными пунктами
.

Ассоциации всегда очень индивидуальны, и подчас вы можете сами себе удивиться, почему так? В данном случае не обращайте на это внимание — выбирайте то, что вам легче всего запомнить.

Например, вы студент, который хочет выучить к завтрашнему 20 билетов по географии. В таком случае разбейте выделенное под «дворец памяти» пространство (предположим, гостиную) на 20 условных зон — по одной на билет. И дальше выстраивайте ассоциативные цепочки для каждой зоны.

Предположим, билет «Реки Европы» — это буфет. В буфете стоят голубые вазы (символизирующие реки). Самую большую вазу мы купили, когда плыли по Волге на пароходе (Волга — самая длинная река Европы).
Мы плыли 35 дней, а на пароходе ночевали только 30 ночей (3530 км — длина Волги). (Далее вы придумываете историю про объекты в билете и раскручиваете цепочку).

А вот телевизор — это будет билет «Животные Австралии». В комнате работает телевизор, идет передача про животных Австралии. Здесь много очень забавных эндемиков. Сначала показали утконоса, а затем — броненосца.
А вот книжная полка. На книжной полке стоит атлас, а в атласе — большая политическая карта. Атлас довольно толстый, в нем около 240 страниц (примерное количество стран).

Некоторые нюансы строительства дворцов памяти

Если вам надо запомнить сведения о людях, то им тоже надо отвести в вашем «дворце памяти» определенные зоны — привязать к опорным пунктам. Самими простыми ассоциации станут вроде «Игорь любит вкусно поесть — поэтому он холодильник», «Таня постоянно жалуется, что мало спит, — она кофеварка» и «Вася не вылезает из онлайн-игр — он компьютер». Здесь главное, чтобы вы сами могли быстро вспомнить, кто с чем у вас ассоциируется.

Если вам надо запомнить сведения о людях, то им тоже надо отвести в вашем «дворце памяти» определенные зоны — привязать к опорным пунктам. Самими простыми ассоциации станут вроде «Игорь любит вкусно поесть — поэтому он холодильник», «Лена любит мучное — она хлебница» «Таня постоянно жалуется, что мало спит, — она кофеварка» и «Вася не вылезает из онлайн-игр — он компьютер». Здесь главное, чтобы вы сами могли быстро вспомнить, кто с чем у вас ассоциируется.

При запоминании последовательности
важно быстро придумать историю, связанную с уже расставленными по зонам дворца памяти персонажами или объектами.

Например, сначала я решил позавтракать и пришел к холодильнику (один объект). Я взял сыр, а потом подумал, что бутерброд с сыром еще лучше и подошел к хлебнице (второй объект). Но бутерброд надо чем-то запить, а что может быть лучше с утра, чем чашечка свежезаваренного кофе, и поэтому я пошел к кофеварке (третий объект).
И за чашечкой кофе просмотрел новости на компьютере (четвёртый объект).

Практический совет по запоминанию последовательностей во «дворце памяти»:
чем необычнее будет ассоциация и чем большие эмоций она у вас вызывает, тем лучше (при этом не важно, хорошие или плохие, в принципе плохие считаются даже более надежными). Запомнить что-то экстраординарное проще, чем обыденное.
В ход хорошо идут нелепости и абсурдности.

Порой возникают такие ситуации, когда важно запомнить не только какие-либо сведения, но и их правильный порядок. Конечно, чаще всего это касается чисел — но не только, поэтому сейчас мы обратимся к запоминанию смысловых единиц.
Два наиболее часто встречающихся приема мнемотехники: мнемонические фразы и дорога Цицерона, которой будет посвящена следующая статья.

Для начала разберем фразы-запоминалки.

Запоминаем последовательность через мнемонические фразы

В мнемонике достаточно широко распространено составление фраз для запоминания. Самая известная среди них — «Каждый охотник желает знать, где сидит фазан». Она «кодирует» цвета радуги: каждый начинается с той же буквы, что и слово во фразе.
Аналогичным образом работает фраза о порядке планет: «Мы ведь знаем, мама Юли села утром на пилюли» (правда, составлена она была тогда, когда Плутон еще был планетой).
Часто такими способами пользуются врачи, чтобы запомнить, например, последовательности костей и др.

Этот же способ позволит запомнить связи между предметами или сами предметы, даже когда их порядок не важен
.

Например, работу фоторецепторов глаза обозначают следующим образом «Днем работают с колбочками, ночью ходят с палочками» (колбочки реагируют на цвет, палочки отвечают за сумеречное зрение), а в мини-диалоге «Степка, хочешь щец? — Фи!» спрятались все глухие согласные русского языка.

Как составить мнемоническую фразу

Если если вы ищите способ хорошо запомнить последовательность слов, попробуйте составить фразу-запоминалку. Идеальный вариант — если вы напишете ее в стихах, так как их выучить надолго намного проще.
Впрочем, если у вас нет поэтических способностей или вы не хотите тратить время на рифмовки — ничего не страшного. Главное — чтобы вы в принципе легко запомнили фразу, а для этого сделайте ее смешной, абсурдной и используйте особо близкие вам образы
.

Например, с помощью предложения «Весной и летом наша крыса радостно цепляет Филькино ухо» можно выучить первый столбец Таблицы Менделеева (водород, литий, натрий, калий, рубидий, цезий, франций, унуненний).

Если вы планируете выучить последовательность каких-либо фактов или сами эти факты исключительно по принципу экзаменов («сдал — забыл»), значит, вам важно «проносить» данные фразы в голове максимум несколько дней, что, как правило, не вызывает особых сложностей.
Однако если вы планируете периодически обращаться к запоминаемым сведениям и вам важно, чтобы ими всегда были под рукой, первое время после составления мнемонических фраз возвращайтесь к ним и повторяйте их, чтобы, как и в случае с «Охотник желает знать…», данные предложения перешли в долговременную память и закрепились там.

Еще один совет относится со всем «дворцам памяти», вне зависимости от цели их «постройки». «Первый блин комом» — эта поговорка применима и к данной мнемотехнике, поэтому прежде чем запоминать действительно важные и объемные данные, потренируйтесь на чем-либо менее важном и простом.
Если вы хотите запомнить что-то надолго (а не в режиме «сдал — забыл»), по «дворцу» придется периодически «гулять».
по материалам experimental-psychic.ru

НА ЗАМЕТКУ…

Как развить образное мышление

1. Запоминайте и вспоминайте

Как утверждает тренер по суперпамяти Иван Чурсин, необходимое для мнемотехники образное мышление может «прокачать» каждый.

Начните с простого. Попробуйте запомнить как можно больше людей, которых вы видели за день. А перед сном попытайтесь их всех вспомнить, — советует эксперт. — Опишите внешность, представьте их манеры…
На следующий день повторите эксперимент. Только не с людьми, а с машинами. Или вывесками магазинов.

2. Фантазируйте

Воображайте не только реальные, но и фантастические объекты. Сказочные персонажи и невиданные животные, транспорт будущего и внеземные цивилизации…
Представьте, что вы архитектор, которому по силам создать совершенно новый мир. Фантазируйте!

3. Расшифровывайте слова

Выберите несколько слов и расшифруйте их, словно аббревиатуры. Например, слово «космос» — Крокодилы Осторожно С Мартышками Осваивали Судоходство…
Или «земля» — Зеленые Ежи Медленно Летели в Яму…
Не забудьте представить то, что напридумывали!

Удачи!

Кто из нас, учась в школе или университете, не мечтал запоминать и обрабатывать информацию со скоростью компьютера, а то и лучше? Времена Джони Мнемоника мы вряд ли увидим, но для того, чтобы не только хранить в своей голове огромные массивы информации, но еще и умело доставать именно то, что нужно, совсем не обязательно встраивать себе в голову компьютерный девайс. Хотя я лично знаю несколько людей, которые были бы в восторге от такой идеи;)

©photo

Вы уже могли ознакомиться со статьями про тренировку памяти «Тренировка памяти: кембриджский тест», « » и « ». Если они заинтересовали вас, то уверена, что метод быстрого и эффективного изучения иностранных слов будет вам не менее интересен. Те, кто любит экономить время, сразу вспомнит про мобильные переводчики. Но вы ведь не будете подглядывать в свой словарь, признаваясь девушке в любви, например, на французском? И даже если все равно прибегните к помощи техники, вам все равно нужно будет это выучить!

Итак, начнем. Постараюсь ознакомить вас с техникой вкратце. Потому что для достижения действительно высокой эффективности, вам все же придется прочесть книгу полностью. Материал взят из книги Доминика О’ Брайена «Как развить абсолютную память».

Для того, чтобы быстро запоминать иностранные слова, вам не обязательно монотонно зубрить и корпеть над словарем в течении долгого времени. Тем более, что вполне вероятный исход такой зубрежки — просто сдача норматива и дальнейшее полное «испарение» выученного из вашей головы. То есть информация, конечно, останется в вашем мозгу (оттуда, в отличие от нашей памяти, ничего не исчезает), но вот снова достать ее будет довольно сложно.

Чтобы ваше время и усилия не были потрачены зря, попробуйте заучивать слова с помощью построения ассоциаций, связок и своеобразных «дворцов памяти».

Шаг 1.
Представьте себе хорошо знакомый вам город. Нарисуйте в голове его подробную карту — парк, стадион, магазин, ресторан и т.д.

Шаг 2.
Используйте ваше воображение и ассоциацию — это поможет иностранному слову самому подсказать вам ключевой образ.

Шаг 3.
Разместите ваш ключевой образ в месте, которое логически бы соответствовало значению слова на вашем родном языке.

Шаг 4.
При объединении вашего ключевого слова и места привязки вообразите себе какую-нибудь яркую картинку, которая бы связывала их вместе.

Далее вы можете выделить в своем городе места для глаголов (стадион, спортивный комплекс и т.д.), прилагательных (парк), существительных и т.д., а также выделить в городе район для слов мужского рода, женского и, если потребуется, среднего рода. И, конечно же, придумать связку как можно более яркую и необычную. Чем более нереальной и преувеличенной получается картинка, тем больше шансов, что вы ее запомните гораздо лучше.

Пример из книги будет сложно привести, потому как она написана человеком, родной язык которого — английский. Нам же довольно сложно найти схожие слова в русском (украинском) языке с, например, итальянским. Но если у вас довольно развитое воображение, то это не составит вам особого труда.

Итальянское слово «correre» (бегать) произносится примерно как «коррере». С этим словом может возникнуть сразу несколько ассоциаций. Так, которая первой появилась у вас в голове, и будет основной. Мой ключевой образ — «карьер». То есть я могу представить себе какой-нибудь карьер, где добывают, например, уголь. Так как «correre» означает бегать, значит я могу представить себе человека, бегущего по карьеру. А карьер может находиться, например, на огромном стадионе.

Это самый простой пример. В идеале, вы должны придумать для своих слов такие связки, которые потом можно связать в единое целое. Позвольте словам вести по вашему городу и распространяться по различным районам.

Конечно, прочитав это впервые, вы можете подумать, что этот способ абсурден. Поверьте, даже я, набирая этот пост, на ходу буквально за 5 минут нашла слово и связку. Может не так правильно и идеально (все-таки в первый раз), но этот метод вполне реален. Автор книги предупреждает, что у вас может не получиться с первого раза и, возможно, первые шаги отнимут довольно много времени и усилий. Но наша память — это наше богатство. Развивая наш мозг, мы продлеваем себе жизнь, наполняя ее красками и звуками до самого конца.

В книге «После трех уже поздно» японский профессор Массару Ибука утверждает, что до определенного времени ребенок впитывает информацию вокруг себя. Он не учит, не зубрит, он просто изучает, понимает и осознает. Потом, взрослея, человек теряет этот дар и ему приходиться уже прилагать усилия — учить и зубрить. Другие же, доказывая это собственным примером, утверждают, что ослабление памяти и внимания происходит не потому, что мы стареем (за исключением медицинских причин), а потому что расслабляемся и перестаем тренировать наш мозг и память. Да, приходиться тренироваться, учиться и постоянно совершенствоваться (нам же уже больше трех лет), но за ваши труды вам воздастся. Особенно в почтенном возрасте. Тем более сейчас, когда запоминание списков, расписания встреч и номеров телефонов мы полностью доверили своим цифровым товарищам.

Тренируя свою память и мозг мы не теряем зря время — мы продеваем себе полноценную жизнь!

«Память у меня превосходная, но короткая.»

Из всех риторических вопросов, которые мы часто себе задаем, самый распространенный: «Ну как же я мог / могла забыть?». В повседневной жизни мы постоянно сталкиваемся с огромным количеством информации как полезной, так и абсолютно нам неинтересной, и когда дело доходит до запоминания тех или иных событий, фактов или просто слов при изучении иностранного языка, наша «операционная система» может дать сбой. Как гласит аксиома Лео Бейзера: «Закладывая что-то в память ЭВМ, помните, куда вы это положили». Научиться справляться с подобной проблемой, а именно со стиранием тех или иных понятий из нашей памяти, нам поможет The Memory Palace Technique
(Техника «Дворца Памяти»). Данной техникой очень просто овладеть, она не требует особых способностей. Разработали её древние греки и использовали для запоминания своих публичных выступлений, так что полезна она будет как для будущих ораторов, так и для тех, кто просто не может запомнить содержание элементарного списка необходимых покупок.

Итак, давайте разберемся, как же это работает?

Всё, что нам понадобится при использовании данной техники, это:

• Хорошо знакомое место (familiar place
  ).
• Богатое воображение (vivid imagination
  ).

Шаг 1. Вам необходимо выбрать так называемый memory palace
(«дворец памяти»), то есть, то место, которое вы мысленно (in your mind’s eye
) сможете описать в подробностях (picture vividly
), как например, ваш дом, квартира или место работы. Желательно, чтобы в выбранном вами «дворце» было как можно больше комнат.

Шаг 2. Создайте определенный маршрут (chart a specific route
) передвижения по каждому из уголков (through every nook and cranny
) выбранного вами «дворца». Мысленно представьте, как вы несколько раз проходите по каждой из комнат в определенном порядке. Всегда строго следуйте одному и тому же намеченному маршруту.

Шаг 3. Проходите по каждой из комнат в одном и том же направлении, например, слева направо. Запоминайте все предметы (features
), которые находятся в данной комнате и встречаются у вас на пути, например, письменный стол, светильник, корзина для мусора, шкаф или картина. Представьте каждый из этих предметов в качестве «ячейки» для запоминания (as a “memory slot”
).

Шаг 4. Найдите ассоциацию (associate
) для факта или понятия, которое вы хотите запомнить, с одним из предметов в каждой комнате «дворца памяти». Расположите (locate
) их на своем маршруте в том порядке, в котором вы желаете их запомнить. Чем абсурднее, смешнее и даже глупее будут ваши ассоциации, тем лучше будут они запоминаться – это факт! Преувеличение (exaggerate images
) также поспособствует (aid in
) процессу вспоминания (recall process
). Например (for instance
), если вам необходимо купить яблоки, представьте, что одно из ваших домашних растений просто увешано килограммами крупных отборных яблок.

Шаг 5. Начните ваш маршрут с самого начала и посетите каждую комнату, отмечая каждый предмет в ней по очереди, чтобы легко и быстро вспомнить всю ту информацию (to readily recall the information
), которую вам необходимо было запечатлеть в своей памяти. И совсем скоро люди станут замечать и подчеркивать, что у вас превосходная память.

Каковы же преимущества данной техники запоминания, а главное, хранения информации в нашей памяти?

1. Прежде всего, вам больше не нужно ничего записывать. С помощью the Memory Palace Technique
   вы можете не составлять список необходимых покупок перед походом в магазин. Большинство из нас, думаю, согласятся со мной, что, даже если мы взяли с собой в магазин этот спасительный список, а не оставили его беспечно лежать там, где мы его составляли (что также случается довольно часто!), нам постоянно приходится в него заглядывать, ведь как только мы убираем его в карман или сумку, то сразу же забываем его содержание.
2. Мы можем мысленно планировать, а главное, запоминать, что нам необходимо сделать сегодня, завтра, на следующей неделе и т. д., даже находясь на беговой дорожке в спортзале.
3. Если вы готовите публичное выступление или презентацию, то и здесь данная система будет незаменима, так как вы сможете с легкостью запомнить все ключевые моменты своей речи и даже воспроизвести их в произвольном порядке. Собственно с этой целью древние греки и создали данную технику.
4. Для того чтобы запомнить новые иностранные слова, необязательно (а точнее, неэффективно) их монотонно зубрить, используйте ассоциации. Ваше воображение поможет иностранному слову самому подсказать вам ключевой образ, который затем вы разместите в месте, логически соответствующем значению слова на вашем родном языке. А затем для связки ключевого слова и места, представьте себе какую-нибудь яркую картинку. Например, запоминая слово dresser
   (комод, шкаф), представьте, что шкаф стоит в вашей спальне, где вы одеваетесь (get dressed
   → dresser
   ). Или представьте тот же комод, набитый прекрасными dresses
   – платьями, по аналогии dress
   → dresser
   .
5. Наконец, вам не составит труда запомнить любой список тех или иных понятий (например, при подготовке к экзаменам), а затем даже через продолжительный период времени без труда вспомнить его в полном составе.

The Memory Palace Technique
также известна под такими названиями, как The Loci System
(/ˈloʊˌsaɪ
/ множ. число от лат. “locus
” – место) или the Method of Loci
(Метод Локи). По сути это одно и то же, единственное отличие состоит в том, что здесь нам не нужен «дворец», вместо него используется определенный маршрут передвижения, например, посещение достопримечательностей или каких-либо других интересных, а главное хорошо знакомых вам мест. А во всём остальном всё также: следуя по маршруту, нам необходимо найти ассоциации между местом и той информацией, фактом, понятием, которое мы хотели бы запомнить.

От теории к практике. Итак, как же используется данная техника в реальной жизни, и каких результатов она помогает достигнуть? Об этом нам поведует Энди Бэлл, который стал победителем мирового чемпионата по запоминанию в 2002 году.

How to train your memory

• Neural
  /ˈnjʊərəl
  / pathway
  – нейронный проводящий путь.
• A route
  /ˈru:t, ˈraʊt
  / — маршрут, курс, путь.
• Brain cells
  – клетки мозга.
• To retrieve
  /rɪˈtri:v
  / facts
  – извлекать факты из памяти, вспоминать.
• To trigger
  /ˈtrɪgɚ
  / (the same pathway
  ) – вызывать; запускать; провоцировать.
• To recall the exact position
  – вспомнить точное расположение / номер.
• A deck
  (of cards
  ) – колода карт.
• To shuffle
  (cards
  ) – тасовать карты.
• Literally
  – буквально, точно.
• In rapid succession
  /ˈræpəd səkˈsɛʃən
  / – в быстрой последовательности.
• To be up
  – закончиться.
• Referee
  /ˌrɛfəˈri:
  / — судья.
• At random
  – наугад, вслепую.
• Six of spades
  – шестерка пик.
• Queen of hearts
  – дама червей.
• Ten of diamonds
  – десятка бубен.
• King of diamonds
  – бубновый король.
• The ace of hearts
  – туз червей.
• Jack of clubs
  – трефовый валет.
• No matter
  – неважно, не имеет значения.
• To father
  – создавать, придумывать; изобретать.
• Memory technique
  – техника запоминания.
• Landmark
  – достопримечательность, ориентир; заметный объект на местности.
• To establish
  (a route
  ) – создавать; организовывать.
• A saw
  /ˈsɑ:
  / – пила.
• Cast of characters
  – действующие персонажи.
• Conventionally
  /kənˈvɛnʃənl̟i
  / – условно; традиционно, обычно.
• Location
  – участок, местоположение, определение места.
• Advantage
  – преимущество.
• Astonishing
  /əˈstɑ:nɪʃɪŋ
  / fits of memory – удивительные свойства / проявления памяти.

“It’s one thing to fill your brain with facts, it’s quite another thing though to remember them. So how do we do it? Well, memorizing something is rather like what happens when we set up a line of dominoes. When we commit a fact of memory we create a neural pathway
to it – a route
of connecting brain cells
to whatever that memory’s stored in our brain and to retrieve those facts
all we have to do is to trigger the same pathway
back to them. It sounds easy, and for some people at least it really is. This is Andi Bell. In 2002 he was crowned World Memory Champion. But just how good is he? Today we’ve set him a test: he is going to try to recall the exact position
of every single card in ten whole decks
. That’s 520 cards that have been shuffled
by us. And he’s only got 20 minutes to look at them. Andi has developed a special technique which allows him to remember literally
thousands of items in rapid succession
. The twenty minutes are up
. Can Andi remember the position of the cards our referee
selects at random
?

— So deck #1 the very first card you saw?

— First card was the six of spades
.

— The same deck card #23?

— The twenty third card was the queen of hearts
.

— Deck 2, card #27?

— Ten of diamonds
.

No matter
how many cards we fathered
him: “That was the king of diamonds

”, – Andi remembered them perfectly: “48th card was the ace of hearts

”. In fact, Andi is able to recall all 520 cards: “Jack of clubs

”, – every one correct and in a right order: “Queen of spades
”. So, what’s his secret?

Before he even sits down with a deck of cards Andi uses his memory technique
. He takes a walk round London visiting a series of landmarks
in a particular order. Number 1 might be the Houses of Parliament and number 2 – Westminster Bridge. He walks the route several times to establish it
in his mind. But that’s just the first stage, the second is putting his imagination to work.

— When I memorize a deck of cards I turn each card into a picture and this is a colorful animal or object that I’ve learned to associate with that particular card.

The jack of clubs becomes a little bear, the nine of diamonds – a saw
, and the two of spades – a pineapple. Then Andi puts the two stages together – in his mind he imagines walking around London on his route and when he passes the Houses of Parliament he imagines the little bear with the saw and pineapple. Andi creates a journey in his mind with this cast of characters
.

— As a child I had conventionally
good memory. But once you learn a technique, like the location method I use, it takes everything beyond what you could possibly do naturally.

Scientists have discovered that our mind is better at remembering a route between the locations
then it is at remembering unconnected facts and figures.

— I think I have the same mental equipment as everybody else. So, it’s something anybody can do.

When we use simple stories to memorize facts we’re creating several pathways to where those memories are formed in the brain. It’s as if instead of lining up one set of dominoes we are setting up several. The reason we often have difficulties at retrieving our memory is because one neural pathway can easily get broken. But by having several different pathways to our memory it means that if one doesn’t manage to reach it, another one will. That’s the advantage
of the story technique. It creates lots of neural pathways in our brain and all our brains can work in this way which is why everyone can use this method. By using a story to memorize facts we all have the potential to perform astonishing fits of memory
.”

Как мы узнали, The Memory Palace Technique
поможет нам запомнить любую информацию (факты, понятия, иностранные слова), а при особом усердии, даже сделать из нас чемпиона по запоминанию. Данная техника не является сложной и не требует особых способностей, каждый из нас сможет найти ей применение и затем пожинать плоды удивительных проявлений человеческой памяти. А в заключение данной статьи, я выбрала несколько английских Memory Idioms
, которые являются эквивалентами выражений, часто используемых нами в повседневной жизни:

• Haven’t a clue
  – не иметь никакого представления (о чём-либо).
  

  I haven’t a clue what the capital of Ukraine is. Can you help me?

• Slip one»s mind
  – вылететь из головы; забыть что-либо.
  

  I was going to call you but I»m afraid it completely slipped my mind.

• You “can»t make head nor tail” of smth
  – не можете что-то понять.
  

  I»m trying to assemble this IKEA table and I can»t make head nor tail of the instructions.

• Lose one’s train of thoughts
  – потерять ход мысли; забыть, о чём только что говорили.
  

  “Sorry, I’ve lost my train of thoughts. What was I saying?”

• On the tip of one»s tongue
  – на языке вертится.
  

  What»s that man’s name again? It»s on the tip of my tongue.

• Beats me!
  – Ума не приложу! Без понятия!
  

  It beats me why this coffee machine won’t work. Everything appears OK with it.

• Rack one’s brain
  – голову ломать.
  

  I»ve been racking my brain trying to remember the name of that film we saw last week.

Если вы нашли ошибку, пожалуйста, выделите фрагмент текста и нажмите Ctrl+Enter
.

Прежде чем приступить к описанию дворца памяти, вспомним слова Шерлока Холмса о том, что наша память похожа на чердак, и чтобы выуживать из нее вовремя все самое необходимое, крайне важно забывать все лишнее. Однако, во-первых, многие просто не умеют сознательно забывать, а во-вторых, как правильно заметил доктор Ватсон в фильме, как было бы скучно жить, если бы все помнили только то, что им нужно по работе.

Однако существует ряд компромиссных вариантов, позволяющих запоминать и тренировать память, и особенно среди них выделяются приемы мнемотехники . У каждого из них свое «назначение». В частности, в статье «Мнемотехники по запоминанию цифр » мы рассказываем, как удерживать в памяти большие числа. В свою очередь, методика, о которой идет речь в этой статье, при определенном опыте (который достигается практикой и только практикой), помогают быстро и просто запомнить нужный объем фактической информации
. Называется эта техника по-разному — дворец памяти
;, замок памяти, лоскутное одеяло памяти, метод Симонида, метод локуса. Есть и некоторые другие названия, в частности, с выходом популярного британского сериала распространилась вариация «чертоги разума». Как и многие другие подобные приемы, этот был известен еще древним грекам.

Использование дворцов памяти

В наши дни он в первую очередь ассоциируется с картежниками, способными запомнить расположение и/или последовательность карт. Пригодится умение строить такие «воздушные замки» и в быту, причем для разных целей. Например, вы сможете запомнить какие-либо сведения о ваших подчиненных, коллегах или клиентах и показать им, как хорошо вы их помните — человеку такое внимание всегда приятно, а значит, оно поможет наладить контакт. Не выпадут подробности жизни ваших друзей (в том числе кличка любимой кошки и дата рождения их дочери). И это уже не говоря о сессиях, тестах и прочих ситуациях, когда вам в ограниченное время надо запомнить большое количество слов, понятий, явлений, причем необязательно в каком-либо конкретном порядке.

Как работают дворцы памяти

За счет чего этого достигается? Краткое описание методики дворца памяти
, будет выглядеть следующим образом: собственно дворец – это некое построенное в вашем воображении помещение
(реально существующее или вымышленное), в котором размещены различные опорные пункты
– например, кровать, письменный стол, секретер, телевизор. Помещение необязательно должны быть жилым, но это должно быть спокойное место, в котором вы чувствуете себя комфортно. Самое главное условие – отлично представлять себе как само помещение, так и все опорные пункты. К опорным пунктам по ассоциациям привязывается информация
, которую надо запомнить. Как правило, чем ярче ассоциации тем легче потом воспроизвести сведения. Когда вам надо будет это сделать, вы просто «подойдете» в своем воображении к нужному месту в вашем дворце памяти и выудить из него все необходимое.

Чтобы ваша память надежно удерживала всю помещенную в чертоги разума информацию, при строительстве дворца памяти надо учесть несколько моментов, о которых мы расскажем в следующей статье. Но прежде чем мы перейдем непосредственно к мнемотехнике строительства, обратим внимание на практический момент. Если вы хотите побить или по крайней мере приблизиться к мировым рекордам или удивить друзей своими суперспособностями, будьте готовы к тому, что вам потребуются усердные тренировки — ничто не дается просто так. Для бытовых целей хватит и нескольких практических уроков, но и здесь необходимо практиковаться
, прежде чем запоминать действительно важные вещи.

Если вы не уверены, что у вас получится освоить данную мнемотехнику или что результаты могут оказаться не такими высокими, ознакомьтесь с выступлением Джошуа Фора «Трюки памяти, на которые способен каждый» (

Дворец памяти — это способ запоминания информации. Хотите ли вы как можно быстрее научиться бегло говорить на иностранном языке? Скорее всего — да, но для этого надо выполнить большую работу и прежде всего необходимо будет запомнить очень много — несколько тысяч — новых слов и фраз. Есть древние проверенные способы запоминания больших объемов информации.

Об одном из таких способов — мнемонике — можно почитать в предыдущей статье — .

А в этой статье речь пойдет об одном из специфических видов мнемоники, который называется Дворец памяти или метод локаций. Сотни слов и фраз можно запомнить быстро благодаря этому методу.

По преданию это название появилось еще до нашей эры, когда однажды греческого поэта Симонида Кеосского пригласили на банкет во дворец, где он должен был держать речь. Кто-то вызвал его из дворца, а в это время обвалилась крыша здания и все, кто там остался, погибли.

Поскольку поэт пользовался специальной техникой, чтобы запомнить имена приглашенных и места, на которых они сидели, он мог идентифицировать тела погибших и помочь убитым горем родственникам правильно захоронить тела. Вот отсюда и пошло название метода развития памяти — Дворец памяти.

Что представляет из себя Дворец памяти?

Это образные конструкции в вашем воображении, которые базируются на размещении в реальном пространстве. Если вы способны видеть свою спальню в уме, значит вы сможете построить Дворец памяти.

Во Дворце памяти есть объекты — это помещения (кухня, зал, спальня, коридор и т.д.), а также предметы, которые находятся в этих помещениях постоянно и на определенных местах. Мы проложим маршрут движения по помещениям таким образом, чтобы последовательно обойти все эти предметы. Затем мы разместим слова и фразы на этих объектах, а во время воображаемого путешествия по Дворцу будем их подбирать.

Необязательно быть визуалом, чтобы использовать этот метод. Главное, просто представлять себе, где ваша кухня по отношению к спальне, и какие предметы встречаются на пути.

4 простых шага создания Дворца памяти.

1. Выберите хорошо знакомое помещение: квартиру, школьный класс, дом бабушки, церковь, аудиторию. офис — что угодно, лишь бы вы смогли нарисовать план этого помещения.

Пример плана двухкомнатной квартиры:

2. Нарисуйте маршрут продвижения по вашему плану. Маршрут должен иметь начало — точку входа, она же будет и точкой выхода, он должен быть последовательным, не должен пересекать сам себя и не должен заводить вас в тупик. Если вы не последовательно, а случайным образом выделяете объекты, такой маршрут сам по себе требует запоминания.

Прорисуйте (первый раз — на листке бумаги, а затем в воображении) этот маршрут движения. Допустим, вы всегда двигаетесь по часовой стрелке, а предметы, которые находятся на одной вертикальной линии, обозреваете сверху-вниз. Старайтесь не перегружать деталями ваш первый путь по дворцу.

Маршрут путешествия:

3. Пронумеруйте объекты, которые встречаются по пути следования.

4. Пробегитесь в воображении по этим объектам в прямом и обратном порядке, мысленно остановитесь у каждого из них.

Если надо добавить больше слов, можно вспомнить больше помещений, можно более детально рассматривать объекты — ближний край, дальний край, а можно еще использовать маршруты, которые вы часто проходите или проезжаете, допустим, это путь с работы домой. Объектами на маршруте могут быть: магазин, стадион, театр, скамейка, дерево, песочница, фонарный столб — рекомендуется выделять не больше 50 объектов.

Как использовать Дворец памяти?

Теперь мы должны узнать, что делать со словами и фразами в нашем дворце. Здесь работа разбивается на три части:

1) Внимательно изучим состав запоминаемого слова или фразы — анализируем написание, звучание и смысл.
2) Кодируем звук и смысл нового слова, используя визуальные образы и действия над ними так, чтобы они стали запоминаемыми.
3) Раскодируем образы и действия, чтобы изучаемое слово переместилось в долговременную память.

Принципы кодирования информации: лучше объекты представлять гротескными, большими, цветными, детальными, объемными, а действия над ними — интенсивными. Преувеличения здесь не помешают.

Чем бредовее ассоциация, тем лучше и быстрее запоминается. Можно пойти еще дальше и сделать Дворец памяти еще эффективнее, используя некое лицо, которое вместе с вами путешествует по вашему Дворцу и помогает совершать мысленные действия над запоминаемыми словами.

Примеры кодирования слов.

Здесь рассмотрены несколько неправильных глаголов — тема трудная, они же неправильные, строятся не по правилам, да к тому же здесь надо запомнить сразу три формы каждого глагола: инфинитив, простую прошедшую форму и причастие прошедшего времени. Ну вот, например, такая веселая картина:

	Объект	Слово	Значение	Мнемоника
1	туалет	to eat — ate — eaten	есть	В ту алете стоит Эйт рис и тан цует от радости, что она дома и скоро будет есть.
2	ванна	to become — became — become	получаться	Эйтрис зашла в ванну, тамеще продолжался ремонт, она поби ла ванну кам нем, потом поби ла кей сом , потом опять поби ла кам нем, чтобы ванна получилась хорошая.
3	раковина на кухне	to buy — bought — bought	покупать	Эйтрис купила на ebay бот и еще бот и поставила их в раковину на кухне, чтобы отмыть.
4	плита	to break — broke — broken	ломать	Потом она пошла к плите готовить кофе-брейк, но сломала броук и броукен
5	холодильник	to bring — brought — brought	приносить	Она открыла холодильник — раздался «бринг» и принесла из холодильника бутер-брот и еще бутер-брот
6	телевизор	to catch — caught — caught	ловить	Эйтрис пошла в свою спальню, включила телевизор, а там на кач елях раскачиваются кот и кот , они кач аются и ловят рыбу.
7	кровать	to choose — chose — chosen	выбирать	Эйтрис захотелось вздремнуть на кровати, она выбрала чу дное уз кое одеяло — чо? — уз кое одеяло, чо? — узен ькое одеяльце.
8	гардероб	to cut — cut — cut	резать	Эйтрис хорошо отдохнула. Потом она стала собираться, зашла в гардероб, посмотрела, а на любимой мягкой пушистой кофте — кат ышки, кат ышки, кат ышки — отрезала их все. Надела кофту и пошла в другую комнату.
9	тахта	to drink — drank — drunk	пить	Там на тахте в углу дриньк ал телефон, Эйтрис ответила. Это был ее друг Дрэнк , он хотел приехать в гости и попить чаю, но он был в дран еньк ой одежде, прямо из гаража.
10	стол	to drive — drove — driven	ездить	Эйтрис пригласила Дрэнка в гости прямо в драненькой одежде и стала готовить стол, пока Дрэнк ехал. Она думала, что ее ждет драйф — с Дрэнком не соскучишься, он большой выдумщик. Однажды он привез ей дров, сказал, что купил их за 7 дривен.
11	кадка с цветком	to feed — fed — fed	кормить	Тут она заметила, что ее огромный красный цветок в углу издает жалобные звуки: фиид — фед — фед, фиид — фед — фед, и она вспомнила, что давно хотела подкормить его.
12	торшер	to fly — flew — flown	летать	А в другом углу — на торшере — сидела жирная зеленая дрессированная муха, которая даже не могла быстро летать, потому что была очень жирная. Муху звали флай флю, ее дрессировал сам Клоун Флоун
13	кресло	to forget — forgot — forgotten	забыть	Эйтрис решила понаблюдать за мухой, сидя рядом в кресле, но кресло было занято, раньше она забыла там фогет (или фагот?). Она все время забывала, как правильно называется эта штука. Она села на фаготен ное место, а фагот отправился на пол.
14	диван	to fight — fought — fought	драться	Флай флю перелетела на диван, ей хотелось подраться с файт овым пауком, которого звали Фот . Фот хоть и был ловцом мух, но Флай-Флю он не мог поймать из-за ее жира, но он тоже любил с ней подраться.
15	шкаф	to grow — grew — grown	расти	В углу вырос гро мадный у —грю- мый шкаф гроун
16	вешалка	to hit — hit — hit	ударять	В дверь позвонили, Эйтрис бросилась открывать и ударилась о свою хит -овую вешалку. это был хит сезона, хит продаж в ее любимом магазине.

Чем больше практики, тем лучше и быстрее у вас будет получаться. Обязательно то, что ассоциации должны придумывать вы сами, опираясь на уже имеющиеся в вашем уме связи.

Практические советы построения Дворца памяти для изучения иностранных слов

— Расслабьтесь. Методы памяти работают лучше, когда вы умственно и физически свободны от стресса.
— Расставьте свой список слов в алфавитном порядке. Запишите слова, их значения и придуманную ассоциацию на бумаге, а лучше в таблицу Excel.
— Не волнуйтесь, если сразу не удается вызвать ассоциативный образ к слову или звуку или значению слова в вашем списке. Позже можно к этому вернуться.
— Используйте запоминаемые слова в разговорах, придумайте и запишите десять предложений для каждого из них.

Сила Дворца памяти для изучающих язык

Дворец памяти является мощным инструментом изучения иностранного языка. Вы можете его использовать наряду с другими методами, чтобы быстрее и эффективнее учиться и заговорить на иностранном языке.

Построение Дворца памяти занимает всего несколько часов, а с приобретением некоторого навыка, этот метод обучения поможет вам быстро увеличить ваш словарный запас.

Повторяйте почаще сохраненные в вашем дворце памяти слова и фразы. Вы можете подзабыть их, но не волнуйтесь: это бывает и в нашем родном языке.

Если расслабиться, то слова и изображения, которые были созданы во Дворце памяти вернутся к нам, когда мы в них будем нуждаться. Так что дерзайте, постройте свой дворец памяти и начните использовать его, чтобы увеличить запас слов и фраз. Счастливого запоминания!

Больше информации, обучающих видео и примеров можно получить у Антони Мэтивье на его сайте:

Не потеряйте.
Подпишитесь и получите ссылку на статью себе на почту.

Метод Цицерона, Римская комната или метод локусов – названия одного и того же приёма, основанного на построении дворца памяти. После его создания человек может запоминать большие объёмы информации (числа, слова и т.п.) в определенной последовательности. В статье вы узнаете, как построить дворец памяти, как им пользоваться и каких ошибок следует избегать.

Зачем нужен дворец памяти и как им пользоваться?

Дворец памяти – некое пространство с определенными статичными объектами, которое человек может воссоздавать в своём воображении.

Звучит сложно, но на деле это гораздо проще, чем кажется. Попробуйте закрыть глаза и представить свою кухню или своё рабочее место. Получилось? Считайте, что основную часть работы по проектированию простейшего дворца памяти вы уже сделали.

Как подготовить дворец памяти к запоминанию

Шаг первый:

Выберите пространство, которое вы превратите в свой дворец памяти. Лучше взять одну из комнат вашей квартиры, потому что вы там часто бываете, а значит, представить это место в своём воображении не составит труда.

Шаг второй:

Выделите предметы, которые не меняют своего места. Это может быть холодильник, телевизор, картина на стене, раковина, настенные часы, аквариум или кондиционер. Постарайтесь отметить как можно больше таких объектов.

Шаг третий:

Представьте выбранное пространство. В своём воображении последовательно переходите от одного выделенного в предыдущем шаге объекта к другому. Вам нужно убедиться, что вы знаете их расположение и можете мысленно перемещаться между ними.

Шаг четвёртый:

Проработайте очертания каждого из выделенных предметов. Вам не нужно
запоминать мельчайшие детали (каждый магнитик на холодильнике, точное изображение картины на стене и т.д.). Вы не должны видеть пятно или что-то совсем непохожее на ваш объект, но и излишний фанатизм только навредит.

Шаг пятый:

Вам нужно определить последовательность, с которой вы будете мысленно перемещаться между выделенными объектами. Проще говоря, создать маршрут. Не делайте его сложным: перемещайтесь слева направо или справа налево. Чем проще, тем удобнее.

Всё, ваш дворец памяти готов к использованию.

Как пользоваться дворцом памяти?

Сначала введу новое слово: локус
. Локус – это те объекты, которые вы выделяли в своём дворце памяти, это одна «станция» вашего маршрута.

Важно
: можно выделять для запоминания детали одного объекта, например, брать не весь холодильник, а отдельно дверцу, морозильную камеру и т.д. Тогда локусами будут дверца и морозильная камера, а не холодильник в целом.

Механизм использования дворца памяти легче всего продемонстрировать на примере. Допустим, у нас есть случайный набор слов и какой-то маршрут.

Слова: мороженое, футбольный мяч, смартфон, окунь, палитра, жёлудь, лошадь, молоко, любовь, декабрь.

Теперь идём по маршруту и оставляем на каждом локусе по одному или по два слова. Давайте на первых двух оставим по одному, а потом будем оставлять по два.

Допустим, первый локус – книжная полка. Представляем, как на ней между книг лежит тающее мороженое.

Стул. Позвольте своей фантазии положить на него огромного окуня, на которого сверху давит метровый смартфон.

Примечание
:
Запоминаемые предметы и локусы должны быть примерно одного размера. Несоответствие реальности допускается. Также, поскольку мы читаем слева направо сверху вниз, то слово, которое идёт раньше, должно быть выше. Именно поэтому смартфон находится над окунем.

Батарея. Представьте, что в неё вколочен большой жёлудь, из которого сверху торчит палитра.

Люстра. За край люстры зацепился пакет молока, в который вцепилась зубами висящая лошадь.

Примечание: У многих существительных воображаемый образ очевиден: нужно запомнить кота – представляем кота, ручку – ручку. Но существуют и абстрактные понятия, образ которых не всегда очевиден (чувства, эмоции, названия городов и стран, имена и т.д.). Тогда нужно использовать ассоциативное мышление. Любовь у меня ассоциируется с сердцем, а декабрь с подарком, потому что у меня в декабре день рождения и Новый год вдобавок. И да, ассоциации могут быть сугубо индивидуальными, нелогичными и странными. Критерий один: вы должны их понимать.

Представляем вешалку, на которую насадили сердце, к которому снизу привязан подарок.

Всё. Мы запомнили эти слова.

Теперь самое интересное: мы мысленно проходим по маршруту и видим
на локусах те слова, которые запоминали. Возьмите те же слова или какие-нибудь другие и попробуйте разместить их в своём дворце памяти. Это работает!

Дворец памяти универсален. Пример со словами я взял потому, что он самый простой и повторить это сможет любой новичок. Но вы можете оставлять на своих локусах также и , или даже размещать в своих дворцах памяти целые учебники.

Ошибки, которые часто допускают при создании дворца памяти:

1. Использование одинаковых локусов. То есть, если у вас на маршруте будет два одинаковых объекта (две абсолютно одинаковые тумбочки, например), вы будете их путать. Это приведёт к ошибкам. Можно использовать однотипные локусы, вроде люстр разного вида или аквариумов разной формы, но одинаковые использовать нельзя.
2. Ошибки, связанные с передвижением по дворцу памяти. Лучше всего будет выбрать одно общее правило для всех маршрутов и придерживаться его. Тогда вы точно будете знать, что за чем идёт.
3. Забывание локусов. Вы должны хорошо знать свой дворец памяти. Непозволительно иногда пропускать некоторые из локусов. Регулярно тренируйтесь запоминать или хотя бы просто прогуливайтесь по своему дворцу памяти.

О том, как расширить свой дворец памяти и запоминать больше и быстрее, вы можете прочитать в .

Как это правильно сделать?

Общий принцип создания дворцов памяти

Первый шаг — выберите место его «постройки»
. Пространство для создания дворцов памяти вы можете придумать (например, составить план некоего небольшого городка или представить дом/квартиру/комнату своей мечты) или же представить хорошо вам знакомую территорию (свою квартиру, дачный участок или что-либо похожее).

Второй метод надежнее, так как в данном случае на этом этапе вам ничего не надо запоминать — только представить уже что-то давно знакомое. Тем, кто только учится создавать дворцы памяти, специалисты советуют начинать именно с этого варианта.

Далее для каждого объекта, который вам надо запомнить, выделите область
в вашем «дворце»/«квартире»/«городе» памяти и продумываете ассоциацию
с ним. Эти области принято называть опорными пунктами.
Ассоциации всегда очень индивидуальны, и подчас вы можете сами себе удивиться, почему так? В данном случае не обращайте на это внимание — выбирайте то, что вам легче всего запомнить
. Например, вы студент, который хочет выучить к завтрашнему 20 билетов по географии. В таком случае разбейте выделенное под «дворец памяти» пространство (предположим, гостиную) на 20 условных зон — по одной на билет. И дальше выстраивайте ассоциативные цепочки для каждой зоны.

Предположим, билет «Реки Европы» — это буфет. В буфете стоят голубые вазы (символизирующие реки). Самую большую вазу мы купили, когда плыли по Волге на пароходе (Волга — самая длинная река Европы). Мы плыли 35 дней, а на пароходе ночевали только 30 ночей (3530 км — длина Волги). (Далее вы придумываете историю про объекты в билете и раскручиваете цепочку).

А вот телевизор — это будет билет «Животные Австралии». В комнате работает телевизор, идет передача про животных Австралии. Здесь много очень забавных эндемиков. Сначала показали утконоса, а затем — броненосца. А вот книжная полка. На книжной полке стоит атлас, а в атласе — большая политическая карта. Атлас довольно толстый, в нем около 240 страниц (примерное количество стран).

Некоторые нюансы строительства дворцов памяти

Если вам надо запомнить сведения о людях
, то им тоже надо отвести в вашем «дворце памяти» определенные зоны — привязать к опорным пунктам. Самими простыми ассоциации станут вроде «Игорь любит вкусно поесть — поэтому он холодильник», «Таня постоянно жалуется, что мало спит, — она кофеварка» и «Вася не вылезает из онлайн-игр — он компьютер». Здесь главное, чтобы вы сами могли быстро вспомнить, кто с чем у вас ассоциируется.

При запоминании последовательности
важно быстро придумать историю, связанную с уже расставленными по зонам дворца памяти персонажами или объектами. Например, сначала я решил позавтракать и пришел к холодильнику (один объект). Я взял сыр, а потом подумал, что бутерброд с сыром еще лучше и подошел к хлебнице (второй объект). Но бутерброд надо чем-то запить, а что может быть лучше с утра, чем чашечка свежезаваренного кофе, и поэтому я пошел к кофеварке (третий объект). Более подробно про то, как запомнить последовательность , читайте в соответствующей статье.

Практический совет по запоминанию последовательностей во «дворце памяти»: чем необычнее будет ассоциация и чем большие эмоций она у вас вызывает, тем лучше
(при этом не важно, хорошие или плохие, в принципе плохие считаются даже более надежными). Запомнить что-то экстраординарное проще, чем обыденное. В ход хорошо идут нелепости и абсурдности.

Еще один совет относится со всем «дворцам памяти», вне зависимости от цели их «постройки». «Первый блин комом» — эта поговорка применима и к данной мнемотехнике, поэтому прежде чем запоминать действительно важные и объемные данные, потренируйтесь на чем-либо менее важном и простом
. Если вы хотите запомнить что-то надолго (а не в режиме «сдал — забыл»), по «дворцу» придется периодически «гулять».

Если вы не уверены, что у вас получится освоить данную мнемотехнику или что результаты могут оказаться не такими высокими, ознакомьтесь с выступлением Джошуа Фора «Трюки памяти, на которые способен каждый» (Joshua Foer «Feats of memory anyone can do»).

Поделиться статьей:

Многие поклонники знаменитого сыщика знают: как в повседневной жизни, так и для раскрытия преступлений он любил использовать технику запоминания дворец памяти. Что это такое, в чем его преимущество и можно ли этому научиться самостоятельно?

Как это работает?

Дворец памяти называют еще фотографическим методом запоминания информации, а также Чертогами разума. Это метод, позволяющий легко замечать и сохранять в памяти большое количество самой различной информации, при этом не прилагая особых усилий.

Человеческая память состоит из ячеек для информации. Во время обычного учебного процесса наступает переполнение ячеек, после чего мы понимаем, что больше запоминать и анализировать адекватно уже не можем. Приходит усталость и хочется отдохнуть. Метод мнемоника позволяет раскладывать информацию по ячейкам памяти малыми порциями, связывая их воображаемыми логическими нитями таким образом, что перенасыщения ячеек не происходит. Это очень хороший метод, если ваша основная деятельность связана с запоминанием и анализом множества разных мелочей. В процессе восприятия информации мыслитель должен представить и логически привязать кусок информации к определённому месту в своем воображаемом пространстве.

Вы представляете все имеющиеся факты воочию, будто они лежат перед вами все вместе на столе – это удобно. А чтобы информация не забылась и не потерялась, следует периодически наведываться в свои чертоги-дворец-комнату, а ещё лучше – пошагово, не спеша расширять границы.

Как построить Дворец памяти

Для создания Дворца используются несколько видов памяти: тактильная,
зрительная, слуховая и эмоциональная. Если слажено работают эти участки
мозга, а также вы не жалуетесь на чересчур зажатое воображение — то у
вас есть все шансы научиться пользоваться этой техникой.

Прежде всего Дворец – это пространство, вам удобное и понятное. Начинать можно с одной воображаемой комнаты, раскладывая в ней всю важную информацию. Затем можно расширять пространство, добавляя другие комнаты.

Чтобы вам хотелось посещать свои чертоги разума почаще, придумайте пространство – комнату, дворец – своей мечты. Можно просто представить место, где вам приятно находиться – библиотека, комната, домик в деревне бабушки и др. Второй вариант хорошо подходит для тех, кто только начинает осваивать методику запоминания.

Дальше в игру вступает воображение и так называемые опорные пункты. В воображаемом месте к определенным предметам следует привязать ассоциации, которые должны быть связаны с ощущениями. Например, вам нужно запомнить компанию лиц и их пристрастия. Допустим, для запоминания мы выбрали однокомнатную квартиру. Теперь предметам в комнате следует присвоить привычки людей. Допустим, Рита любит сосиски, значит Рита будет миской. Миша – писатель, Миша – ноутбук на столе. Оля – юрист, значит она – весы на книжной полке. С такими ассоциациями нужная информация не только легко уложится в голове, но и надолго запомнится.

Упражнения для развития фотографической памяти

Попросите товарища выбрать и разложить на столе несколько разных предметов. Потратьте немного времени на их запоминание. Затем отвернитесь и попытайтесь составить точный список на бумаге. На все следует уделять минимум времени.

Чтобы усложнить задание – попросите товарища, пока вы не видите, поменять предметы местами, убрать какой-нибудь предмет, а вместо него положить незнакомый. Если вам становится легко выполнять задание – добавьте предметов!

Для тренировки этого метода также поможет родной город. Проложите нестандартный для себя маршрут: представьте в подробностях и как можно скорее, по каким местам вы будете проходить, соединяя две точки – начала и конца пути.

Можно воспользоваться способом, указанным в видео:

Тренируйте мозг регулярно, постепенно увеличивайте нагрузку. Приучите себя смотреть на мир другими глазами, подмечая мелочи, на которые, казалось, никто больше не обращает внимания. Сосед на третьем этаже убрал цветок с окна, соседка выгуливает собаку мало, зато часто, у коллеги появились новые очки и так далее.

Старайтесь подбирать наиболее яркую, можно нелепую ассоциацию – чем необычнее, тем лучше она запоминается.

Прежде чем запоминать ценные данные в большом количестве, вначале потренируйтесь на чем-то менее важном.

Если не получается с первого раза — пробуйте ещё! Мозг – это та же мышца, только по-особому работающая. Относитесь к этим тренировкам так же терпеливо, как и в любимой спортивной секции.

Сегодняшний темп жизни и скорость обновления научных и практических знаний, используемых современным человеком в работе, да и в повседневной жизни, ставит перед многим вопрос о том, как запоминать больше и помнить дольше значимые объемы разнообразной информации.

К сожалению, в большинстве учебных заведений не преподают такую дисциплину, как мнемоника, обучающую различным техникам, способам и методам запоминания и хранения знаний. «Дворец памяти» — одна из древнейших мнемотехник. В этой статье мы расскажем о ее истории, различных модификациях и возможностях практического применения.

Как работает память?

Не углубляясь в научные изыскания, напомним, что же это за процесс — память. Информация, попадающая в наш мозг, проходит четыре основных этапа:

Запоминание;

Сохранение;

Извлечение;

Забывание.

В процесс запоминания вовлекаются все органы чувств, фиксирующие поступающую информацию: глаза, отмечают цвет и яркость шрифта, нос улавливает запах библиотеки или свежей типографской краски, уши слышат шуршание страниц, а руки «помнят» тяжесть книги и фактуру ее обложки.

После получения всей информации мозг посредством нервных импульсов передает все сведения в гиппокамп — особый парный участок коры головного мозга, выполняющий функцию контроля за качеством сохраняемой информации. Согласно исследованиям, именно этот участок мозга некоторое время удерживает выделенные в потоке нервных импульсов важные данные, а затем перенаправляет их в кору полушарий, где и находится основное хранилище. Таким образом, гиппокамп отвечает за кратковременную, а кора мозга — за долговременную память.

Однако всегда перед человеком остро стояла проблема нахождения необходимой информации в нужное время в «закоулках» своей памяти.

Немного истории

В процессе повествования об искусстве памяти и используемых мнемонистами техниках и приемах постоянно вспоминается крылатая фраза о том, что все новое — это хорошо забытое старое. Большинство мнемотехник, успешно применяемых сегодня, были описаны еще в 82 году до н. э. в кратком пособии по риторике Rhetorica ad Herennium. Изложенные в этом фолианте мнемонические способы, техники и тренировки памяти довольно широко использовались как в древние, так и в Средние века.

Юрист Питер Равенна, живший в XV веке, использовал такую технику, как дворцы памяти, для запоминания слов и цитат. Причем количество дворцов в его случае исчислялось не десятками, а тысячами, и в них в алфавитном порядке хранились ключевые фразы и цитаты по важным для него темам. Об этом методе он рассказал в своей книге «Феникс», вышедшей в конце XV столетия.

Наравне с логикой, грамматикой и риторикой, методики являлись основой классического европейского гуманитарного образования. Студентов не только заставляли заучивать материал, но и объясняли, каким образом это делать.

Современные политики и бизнесмены прекрасно знают, как построить дворец памяти и использовать эту мнемотехнику для достижения собственных целей.

Кто автор?

Сегодня невозможно точно определить, кто же первым создал и использовал методику запоминания огромного количества имен, исторических дат, цитат и фактов — древнегреческий поэт Симонид или римский оратор Цицерон. Суть используемой ими техники состояла в том, что необходимую информацию они располагали в хорошо знакомом им здании. В воображении они наполняли комнаты этого строения образами, ключевыми словами — в общем, всем тем, что хотели запомнить. В дальнейшем в любое время можно было воспроизвести в воображении само здание, пройтись по нему и вспомнить все, что необходимо. Позднее эту методику стали называть дворец памяти, метод Цицерона, техника дорог.

Римские комнаты, или дорога Цицерона

Если учесть, насколько давно жил древнеримский оратор и философ не придется удивляться тому, что ему приписывают несколько вариантов использования мнемотехники. Согласно одной из версий, готовясь к публичным выступлениям, он ходил по многочисленным комнатам собственного дома и располагал в них различные тезисы, цитаты и даты. Выступая, он мысленно повторял свой путь и выдавал необходимые сведения. Другая версия гласит, что для запоминания этот римский ритор использовал дорогу, по которой ежедневно ему приходилось ходить. Конечно, будучи наблюдательным и внимательным человеком, Цицерон знал все ее особенности, к которым и «привязывал» нужные ему предметы, факты и т. д.

Религиозная история

В Средние века, особенно во времена инквизиции, перед служителями церкви особо остро вставала проблема запоминания больших объемов различной информации. Религиозным деятелям того времени нужно было не только знать Священное Писание и молитвы, но также помнить все типы, виды прелюбодеяний, грехов, да еще и признаки ведьм… Именно в это время мнемоника становится тайной областью знаний. Человек, способный обучить других помнить все самое важное, очень высоко ценился в то время. Вряд ли той эпохи читали или слышали о таких мнемотехниках, как дворец памяти или дорога Цицерона. Они придумали и использовали схожую методику, называемую театрами памяти. В воображении создавали помещение с четырьмя стенами, на каждой из которых располагалось по несколько ярусов со множеством мест. Заполняя подобные «театры», священнослужители запоминали всю необходимую им религиозную информацию.

Джулио Камилло пошел дальше и создал реальный театр памяти, выстроенный из дерева, который был подарен французскому монарху. Туда могли входить два человека: сам Камилло и король, где правителю объясняли, как запомнить все, что угодно.

Чем прославился Маттео Риччи?

Средневековый католицизм прославился стремлением «привести» к своей «истинной» вере народы, исповедовавшие другие религии. Одним из католических миссионеров в Китае XVI века был иезуит Маттео Риччи. Это был образованнейший человек своего времени: математик и картограф, переводчик, сумевший впервые установить постоянные культурные взаимоотношения между китайским обществом и христианской Европой. Кроме того, в истории его имя сохранилось и из-за блестящих мнемонических способностей, благодаря которым он стал первым, и на долгие годы единственным европейцем, сумевшим выдержать в Китае экзамен на получение высокой государственной должности.

Иезуитская мнемотехника

За десять лет Риччи, взявший в Китае имя Ли Ма-доу, не только сумел выучить китайский язык и несколько региональных диалектов, но и прослыть весьма мудрым и ученым человеком. В этом ему помогло не только блестящее образование, но и владение иезуитской мнемотехникой, которой он обучал китайцев. Дворец памяти Маттео Риччи строил исходя из объема материала, необходимого для запоминания. В самых сложных случаях могло состоять из множества различных по высоте и размерам сооружений, соединенных между собой. Риччи считал, что для лучшего запоминания можно использовать не только дворцы, но и различные бюрократические учреждения и храмы, декоративные беседки и Именно в такой «составной» дворец памяти он предлагал своим китайским ученикам помещать образы и понятия, необходимые для запоминания. Китайцы воспользовались предложенной им методикой, но в католическую веру не перешли. Следует отметить, что современные буддисты почитают Маттео Риччи как бога-покровителя всех часовщиков — Ли Ма-доу.

В чем суть метода?

Независимо от того, как называют эту мнемотехнику — техникой опорных образов или локаций, методом матриц или геометрических мест, дворец памяти или чертоги разума, основа ее эффективности всегда одна. Человек создает в своем воображении образ хорошо знакомого и эмоционально близкого пространства, неважно, комната ли это в студенческом общежитии или Рыцарский зал Эрмитажа, рабочий офис или любимый уровень компьютерной игры DooM или Heroes of Might and Magic.

Фактическая информация, которую необходимо запомнить, превращается в яркие ассоциативные образы, размещаемые в воссозданном в воображении человека, хорошо знакомом и эмоционально приятном пространстве. Когда возникнет необходимость вспомнить тот или иной факт, припоминаете, куда вы его поместили, и оправляетесь в мысленное путешествие по дворцу памяти, своей комнате или уровню компьютерной игры.

Психологические механизмы

Такие мнемонические техники, как дворец памяти или метод локуса, используют превращение запоминаемой информации и фактов в яркие визуальные картинки, помещаемые и связываемые с определенными точками эмоционально значимого и знакомого пространства. В результате таких интеллектуальных манипуляций мозг создает новые нейронные связи и ассоциации между сведениями, которые необходимо запомнить и в дальнейшем воспроизвести, и образом того или иного места. Благодаря чему в результате образной визуализации и проработке развивается человеческая память.

В самом начале, только осваивая эту технику, лучше ограничиться небольшим и очень хорошо знакомым помещением, к примеру, собственной комнатой. Итак, что же нужно сделать, чтобы «возвести» собственный дворец памяти? Методика проста, вот основные шаги:

1. Определиться со своим дворцом памяти. На первых порах, для того чтобы разложить воспоминания, может хватить письменного стола и Если не хватает, то можно использовать и остальные предметы мебели и пространство. Вместо комнаты можно «выстроить» факты вдоль вашей дороги на занятия или работу. Дворец памяти или метод локуса лучше всего работает, позволяя размещать большее количество запоминаемой информации, когда воспроизводимое в воображении пространство реалистично и детализировано.

2. Прокладываем маршрут. Создав собственный «ментальный» дворец, важно продумать пути вашего передвижения по нему. Если нужно запомнить информацию в строго определенном порядке, то и маршрут передвижения должен быть очень четким и желательно простым. Проще всего использовать в воображении тот же путь, что существует в реальности. Например, войдя в комнату в первую очередь вы видите телевизор, затем диван, а только потом — рабочее место.

3. Выбираем хранилища. Очень важный шаг, так как при использовании методики (дворец памяти/разума) вам предстоит расставить по этим местам все необходимые цифры, факты и имена. Стоит помнить о том, что на один предмет можно накладывать одну мысль, иначе возможна путаница, и метод окажется бесполезным. Желательно, чтобы предметы заметно отличались друг от друга, так будет проще вспоминать.

4. Помните: дворец памяти — техника, эффективно работающая только в том случае, если вы знаете созданный вами дворец, как свои пять пальцев, и помните наизусть все его детали. Те, кто практикует это метод, рекомендуют нарисовать чертеж ментального хранилища и обозначить на нем места, где хранится информация. Сверяя виртуальный образ с нарисованной вами схемой, вы сможете проверить, насколько точно вы привязали его к предмету.

Как его использовать?

Но вот все подготовительные этапы пройдены, и, наконец, к запоминанию готов ваш дворец памяти.

Методика его наполнения довольно проста: нужно заполнить небольшим количеством информации каждый предмет. Чем больше характеристик — тем лучше. Представляйте запах, цвет, фактуру и текстуру каждого предмета, наделите его той или иной эмоциональной окраской. Если предстоит запомнить большой объем связной информации, то разместите ассоциативные предметы последовательно, связав их между собой. Чем более экстравагантными и даже абсурдными будут использованные вами ключи и образы — тем лучше. Например, Белый Медведь в Валенке размера 6 Максимум поможет вам легко вспомнить марку и модель нового суперавтомобиля от известного концерна.

Вместо заключения

Не стоит надеяться, что дворцы памяти — это легкий и быстрый способ подготовиться к экзамену или публичному выступлению. На самом деле это доступная методика, благодаря которой действительно можно улучшить память. Вот только заниматься придется регулярно, постоянно тренируя собственное воображение и различные виды памяти. Начать можно с малого — со своего рабочего места или комнаты. Главное, чтобы каждое воспоминание «лежало» на своем месте, ведь тогда его будет легко отыскать. Древние говорили о том, что дорогу осилит идущий, так, может, пора в путь?

В прошлом люди придавали совсем иное значение памяти. Запоминание было возведено в ранг науки и искусства. Прежде чем быть записанными, многие учения передавались из уст в уста на протяжении веков. Да и обычное для нас чтение про себя вошло в привычку не так давно. Раньше люди проговаривали то, что читали и это было единственным нормальным способом читать. В наш век избытка информации, заменой памяти стали компьютеры, гаджеты и другие внешние носители информации. Действительно, зачем нам память, когда есть ?

Но бывало ли с вами, что вы не могли вспомнить имена главных героев только что прочитанной книги?

Или вас поражала своей глубиной какая-то цитата, но воспроизвести ее по памяти не было никакой возможности? Оставалось только сокрушаться, как бы она пришлась к месту на вчерашней встрече.

Как не опозориться на конференции и вспомнить свою речь?

А как насчет подготовки к экзаменам? Неприятное занятие, не правда ли? Есть ли способ сделать его легче?

А что вы делали в прошлую среду?

Что позавчера ели на завтрак?

Как вы себя чувствуете когда вас просят рассказать о достопримечательностях того места, куда вы в последний раз ездили?

Конечно нет надобности помнить все — большинство окружающей нас информации — мусор. Но как отличить мусор от того, что важно, если память не работает? О чем говорить с друзьями? Как заинтересовать понравившегося человека?

Вот несколько простых методик для улучшения памяти.

1. Дворец памяти.

Этот метод задействует основной принцип мнемоники — вдумчивое кодирование. Каждый из нас до мелочей помнит хотя бы несколько близких его сердцу мест. Это может быть дом, в котором мы живем сейчас или жили в детстве, дом бабушки и дедушки, городская улица, парк, дорога до работы, любимый музей и т.д. Мы можем воспроизвести по памяти все уголки этих мест, поэтому эти места идеально подходят для того, чтобы быть так называемыми дворцами памяти. Суть метода — сначала мысленно воссоздать пространство, которое вы хорошо знаете, а затем начинить его тем, что вы хотите запомнить, расположив каждую вещь на определенном месте. Когда потребуется извлечь эту информацию, нужно просто прогуляться по дворцу памяти, встречая на своем пути помещенные туда предметы и образы.

Важно отметить, что чем необычнее будет образ, тем легче он запомнится. Любую скучную вещь, которую нужно запомнить, нужно превратить в нечто яркое, удивительное и непохожее на все виденное ранее, так что ее просто невозможно будет забыть.

Данный метод идеально подходит для запоминания хронологии событий, представителей исторических династий, разного рода списков, новых знакомых на многолюдной вечеринке.

2. Эффективное запоминание стихотворений и дословное запоминание текстов.

К сожалению, запоминание слов — это именно то, к чему наш мозг плохо приспособлен. И в данном случае использование только одного метода дворца памяти не будет эффективным, так как крайне сложно подобрать устойчивые образы для таких абстрактных понятий, как, скажем, эмпатия. Также сложно визуализировать предлоги, местоимения и знаки препинания. Но чтобы выучить стихотворение, нужно запомнить каждое слово, которое оно содержит. Выход — выработать систему изображений для предлогов, местоимений и знаков препинания, а абстрактные незапоминающиеся слова разбивать на слога, каждый из которых будет иметь свой символ. Например, слово эмпатия можно представить как Эмму Томпсон (эм), танцующую на вечеринке (пати).

3. «Главная система» для запоминания цифр.

Система изобретена еще в 17 веке искусствоведом Иоганном Винкельманом , однако мнемоники ее используют и по сей день, запоминая числовые ряды, состоящие из сотен, а то и тысячи цифр. Суть — трансформировать цифры в фонетические звуки, а звуки — превратить в слова, получив образы для своего дворца памяти. Например, число 3 похоже на перевёрнутую букву М, 8 — на Ф и так далее на ваше усмотрение (главное, запомнить соответствия). Тогда, например, число 3826 (МФНБ) можно представить как «МатФея, смотрящего на НеБо». Суть та же и для более сложных числовых последовательностей.

4. Интеллект-карты.

Данное направление активно продвигает мнемоник и, по совместительству, успешный коммерсант Тони Бьюзен . Для создания собственной карты вам понадобится лист бумаги и цветные фломастеры. Суть системы — человек создает мысленную карту, рисуя линии от главных идей к второстепенным, далее разветвляясь к третьестепенным и т. д. Идеи формулируются несколькими словами и по возможности иллюстрируются образами. Получается нечто похожее на цветную паутину ассоциаций. И поскольку эта схема наполнена цветными образами, расположенными по порядку на одной странице, она функционирует как дворец памяти, перенесенный на бумагу.

Данный метод особенно хорошо подходит для конспектирования лекций, разбора сложных запутанных вопросов, так как требует осознанного подхода к информации.

Человеческий мозг эволюционировал в процессе естественного отбора в условиях, совершенно отличных от тех, в которых мы живем сегодня. Потребности наших древних предков — охотников и собирателей сформировали тот мозг, которым мы пользуемся в нашу информационную эру. Вот почему всем нам легче дается запоминание зрительных образов и пространств, чем цифр и абстрактных категорий.

По сути, все техники запоминания основываются на том факте, что наш мозг не всю информацию запоминает одинаково хорошо. Преобразовывая ту информацию, которую наш мозг сохраняет с трудом, в ту, для хранения которой он был предназначен, можно значительно улучшить свою память.

С другой стороны, возникает вопрос — зачем же развивать свою память в век гаджетов, способных хранить ? Ответ — хотя бы для того, чтобы быть более внимательным к миру вокруг и не потерять себя в нем, связывать понятия, генерировать новые идеи и создавать произведения искусства. Ведь наши воспоминания делают нас теми, кто мы есть.

По материалам книги «Эйнштейн гуляет по Луне
«. Автор Джошуа Фоер

Купить книгу у наших партнеров —>

Версия для печати и копирования в MS Word

Задание 1

Прослушайте шесть высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение.  Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1.	A diary in your mobile may be a good idea.
2.	This way to remember things doesn’t go well with hygiene.
3.	One should keep used diaries and daily planners.
4.	This technique is not good for remembering things.
5.	Good memory may be a question of genetics.
6.	Writing things on pieces of paper is convenient.
7.	Keeping a diary can help not to forget things.

Задание 2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Задания 3-9

Прослушайте интервью. В заданиях А8–А14 укажите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа.

Задание 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1	When we don’t sleep
2	Not only for humans
3	How dreaming helps
4	When we dream
5	Why dreams can be scary
6	What we feel dreaming
7	How we forget dreams
8	How we remember dreams

A	Even though our dreams may feel like they last for hours and hours, we hardly spend more than two hours dreaming each night, which means a person spends a total of nearly six years dreaming throughout a lifetime. In general there are four phases of the sleep cycle and all dreaming occurs practically at the final phase. Each of these sleep cycles lasts approximately 60 to 90 minutes and may repeat several times throughout the night.
B	Anxiety is the most popular emotion experienced in dreams. Many people dream of falling, which is often connected to something in our lives that is going in the wrong direction. In addition, dreams of being chased are very common and are linked to avoidance. Also people report dreams about their teeth falling out, which is related to the words and communication we might have in real life.
C	Dreaming helps people make sense of the information and events that occur in their lives. Dreams play an important role in processing and remembering information that we absorb daily. Also, they help reduce stress and even solve problems. It’s very possible to work through real-life problems while dreaming at night. In addition, dreams provide a lot of important content and meaning that can be used to inspire and direct our lives during the day.
D	Nearly 5 to 10% of adults have nightmares. There are several reasons for it, for example when people start taking certain medications or when they withdraw from drugs. Some physical conditions, such as stress or illness, can also be a trigger. However, in some cases adults may have frequent nightmares that are unrelated to their everyday lives, which may signify that they are more creative, sensitive, and emotional than the average person.
E	There is no person who does not have dreams, but not everybody recalls them. The most vivid dreams happen during the Rapid Eye Movement sleep stage when the brain is extremely active and the eyes move back and forth quickly underneath the eyelids. Although dream recall varies from person to person, some people have little or no recollection of the content, and around 90% of dreams are gone following the first 10 minutes of waking up.
F	Scientists have found that animals also dream and their subconscious thoughts are connected to real experiences. Animals’ dreams are complex, containing long sequences of events. Animals’ brains share the same series of sleeping states as the brain of human beings. Analyzing animals’ dreams and the content of their dreams may help scientists treat memory disorders and develop new ways for people to learn and retain information more effectively.
G	Only five minutes after the end of a dream and half of the content is likely to vanish from our memories. It’s not that dreams aren’t important enough to keep in mind, but other things tend to get in the way. Dream researcher L. Strumpell believes that dreams disappear from our memories for a number of factors. For example, we may not recall dream images that lack intensity, association or repetition, which are usually needed for dream recall.

Задание 11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Promoting language learning
The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its
citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate
with each other. It does so by A_____________________ to promote the teaching
and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in
common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often
three or more, EU countries.
The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education
policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national
education policy, B_____________________. What the EU programmes do is to
create links between countries and regions via joint projects,
C_____________________.
Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella
of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support
under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant
languages, D_____________________. There are national information centres in
each country, E_____________________.
The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural
diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and
subtitling of European films for F _________. The “Culture”
programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern
authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
2. which includes language teaching and learning
3. cinemas and television in other EU countries
4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
5. funding a number of educational programmes
6. and encouraging people to learn new languages
7. where details about the application procedures are given

Задания 12-18

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному
варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems
Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree
with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worth
can kill you.
According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to
collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to
understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on
our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers
underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water
can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water
decreases.
Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth.
It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible
climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as
time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science
fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.
I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of
the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s much
more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is the
successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention of
the matrix.
You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone,
computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space.
When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core.
The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and
comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.
There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are
made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes
could be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could push
them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.
In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water,
such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an
electric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and
hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.
Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX has
already started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).
The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America and
Russia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.
Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for
getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in
motion now.
We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples
from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of
500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in
orbit.
We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We
can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in
a smart way.

Задания 19-25

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных
номерами 19–25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19–25.

One airline had a policy that required the first officer to stand at the door while the passengers exited. He smiled and thanked them for the airline. [FLY]

A pilot on this airline landed his plane into the runway really hard. He thought that passengers angry comments. [HAVE]

However, it seemed that all of were too shocked to say anything. Finally, everyone got off except for a little old lady. She said, ‘Can I ask you a question?’ ‘Yes, Madam,’ said the pilot. ‘What was it?’ the lady asked, ‘Did we land or were we shot down?’ [THEY]

The Alhambra is a palace and fortress in Granada. It between 1238 and 1358 at the end of
Muslim rule in Spain. Despite the development that followed the Christian conquest, it still looks like a medieval Moorish settlement. [BUILD]

Since the Middle Ages, the Alhambra as a remarkable example of a Spanish-Moorish town. As most fortresses of that time, it has a surrounding wall, but it looks fairly weak. [SURVIVE]

Later it the kings of Granada and was just supposed to offer nice views. [NOT/DEFEND]

Today, the Alhambra to be one of the greatest examples of Islamic architecture. [CONSIDER]

Задания 26-31

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26–31,
однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными
словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26–31.

Задания 32-38

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32–38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32–38, в которых представлены
возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 ____________________ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important. The ceremony turned 33 ______________________ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 ______________________ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year. We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _____________________ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _____________________ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 ___________________ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 __________________ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

При выполнении заданий 32-38 вам поможет:

Методичка “Фразовые глаголы”

Задание 39

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Joan who writes:

… When I forget to take an umbrella in summer, it always rains. What’s the weather like in summer where you live? What do you usually do when it rains? How do you protect yourself from bad weather?
I bought new shoes two days ago, but now I think I should take them back to the store …

Write a letter to Joan.
In your letter
– answer her questions
– ask 3 questions about her new shoes
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

Как написать личное письмо на ЕГЭ по английскому языку

Задание 40

Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных высказываний (40.1 или 40.2), укажите его номер в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2 и выразите своё мнение
по предложенной проблеме согласно данному плану.

Comment on one of the following statements.

40.1 Exams motivate students to study harder.

40.2 It is better for children to grow up in the city.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing the given
statement);
– express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion;
– express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing
opinion;
– explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion;
– make a conclusion restating your position.

Вам помогут:

Методичка: “Примерные темы и аргументы для эссе (с лексикой)”

Курс эссе

Удачи на экзамене!

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1. through a small hole in the floor

2. through the hole for the hamster

3. and locked the runaway hamster

4. to come out of the hole

5. to look after the pet

6. to try and locate the missing hamster

7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

1. just overfill your stomach

2. could be bad for your weight

3. have a habit of eating quickly

4. linked to obesity

5. eat as slowly as possible

6. put on weight

7. learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1. than any other group

2. watching television

3. in the company of someone else

4. than two computers in the home

5. communicated with their families

6. helping them communicate

7. owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

1. it has become a way of life.

2. when it passes you on the street.

3. when you see him and talk to him.

4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

6. however small or simple the greeting is.

7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

1. but we did anyway.

2. whenever a need arises.

3. they did not really care.

4. whenever they need your help.

5. could not guarantee would even last.

6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3. and relying instead on actual call charges

4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

3. which take place every day, from

4. because they see and touch them close up 

5. despite the serious side to our work

6. which demand much time and effort

7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

1. which could reveal

2. which they stood

3. which it was once made up

4. that this stretch of the river Avon

5. that there might have been something

6. that it should be considered as integral part

7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

1. that once stood here

2. that is almost continent long

3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

1. which is contacted by radio

2. that familiar figure of the London scene

3. for they are accustomed to military bands

4. which possesses its own separate police force

5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

1. up for the optional module, part of

2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

4. such as the response of the writer

5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

6. to growing demand from the student

7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

6. while their caretakers tickled them

7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

3. the environment is under pressure

4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

2. alarm about these changes

3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

4. change is due to

5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

2. who do not hunt elephants

3. when they detected the smell of clothes

4. who carried out the research

5. the amount of risk they sense

6. spearing elephants

7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1. to perform other actions

2. outnumber traditional telephones

3. to communicate with each other 

4. combined with the Internet

5. to serve basic needs

6. banned in some countries

7. carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

1. like she was a rag doll

2. whether I was good at it or not

3. wished I, too, could be on stage

4. and I designed the rest

5. and I was star struck

6. so Heather could do her tap routine

7. because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

1. on the look-out for more treats

2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

6. when her son is having a lie-in

7. collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

1. whatever it costs

2. most excellent impression

3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

5. would never know it really well

6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

7. and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

3. which is invisible to the human eye.

4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

5. so it has a clear view of space.

6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

7. but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

1. and finally measure them.

2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

5. as they study mechanical forces.

6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

1. the chocolate consumed today is made

2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3. central and southern America for

4. of the world’s most popular flavours

5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7. many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

1. due to basic human instinct that

2. is still early to judge

3. are simply the cycles of fashion

4. but more usually the stars are members

5. that the television phenomenon

6. is a type of programme that

7. seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

5. the contemporary European powers in

6. are marked by special events and festivities at

7. famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

1. not like to spend our time

2. that it’s probably not quite

3. that particular day turned

4. our real shopping in

5. sometimes go shopping for real

6. anything you want and there is

7. but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

1. me to take a print of your credit card

2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

3. if I would even see her when

4. although it seemed virtually identical

5. so sure was I that nobody would

6. me to help you with your luggage

7. as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

5

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

5. that needed public attention and a new building

6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

7. through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

1. that are offered to the visitors

2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

4. by joining our e-community

5. that was sweeping the country

6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

7. to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

6. that young people should stay on at school, as

7. but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

1. from international names to family-run guest houses

2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

2. which let me know he approved of me

3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

4. which I needed to become a professional skier

5. which I would happily spend as I liked

6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

1. elegant meals were served to passengers

2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

3. who rode the train

4. who wrote about it

5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

6. that served dishes and wines

7. there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

1. that nature has ever created in the wild

2. that none of the others have

3. hovering over the magnificent lake

4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

1. as party influence has declined

2. against the spirit of the Constitution

3. being so large (435 members)

4. empowered to make laws

5. unlike the British Parliament

6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

2. for the first time in history

3. thus replacing them forever

4. as territories became interdependent

5. the use of covered wagons

6. by taking land from Native peoples

7. forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

1. who is not a member of any political party

2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

3. but it was not a total shock to her

4. being a politics student at the university

5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

1. has been developed very quickly

2. not understand why they are doing it for

3. as Americans call them

4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

5. just because they can

6. can also be used to take and send photos

7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

2. which includes language teaching and learning

3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

5. funding a number of educational programmes

6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

1. the essentials of starting

2. that awaits when you step

3. trials and tribulations of employment

4. establishing and conducting

5. preparing a business plan

6. waiting to be acquired

7. undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

1. that existed long before the invention of writing

2. that nearly every object made by humans

3. what those people were really like

4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

7. and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

1. that are displayed during the nesting season

2. while the city has grown up around them

3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

7. that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

1. as well as education and the law

2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

4. many being able to speak Welsh only

5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

1. make it a healthy diet

2. other parts of the world

3. four times higher than the average

4. have a cultural tradition

5. sends a signal to the body

6. the rest of the population

7. makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

1. where one can enjoy close contact with

2. which meet every need of their users

3. than to discover them once for oneself

4. who has never been to this wonderful city

5. which is ideal for various water sports

6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

7. who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. try to avoid the boredom of life

2. that has consistently remained part of society

3. that they are not alone

4. going through something difficult

5. without having to bear any responsibility

6. that range from unlikely to impossible

7. at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

3. which was the burial place of Russian

4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

5. as the most protected part of the city

6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

7. that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

2. whenever it rains

3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7. that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2. showing the original width of the avenue

3. which was not as straight as it was planned

4. which were built by famous architects and

5. connecting these two important structures with

6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track and identify their habitats

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

4. which has the second largest concentration of

5. to be a place of many water sources

6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

7. that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

1. read the book to find out what happens

2. some food and water on the lifeboat

3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

4. received an award for being strong

5. sold seven million copies worldwide

6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

2. became the subject of many legends

3. began dressing up unemployed men in

4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

5. was only a matter of time

6. stretches all the way back to

7. appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

7. and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

1. which is now called the West building

2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

5. as well as partnership with private organizations

6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

1. such as Easter and Christmas

2. visiting a local farm

3. local, fresh and organic where possible

4. provide good quality food

5. definitely improve after a good meal

6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

7. when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

1. part in the project

2. taking exercise

3. gave marked health benefits

4. in fitness levels

5. on simply getting people to take exercise

6. not enough to get fit

7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

2. use double-decker buses for public transport

3. double-decker city buses are less common

4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

6. have an open upper deck

7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____. 

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____. 

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____. 

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____. 

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

1. I never quite leave home

2. but human nature does not

3. that we are now harvesting

4. but we as well as our heart did not

5. not worse than those who came before us

6. just as the farmers who came before me did

7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

1. I could be playing down there someday

2. and set real close together

3. which were so old and posh

4. and he had a beard and moustache

5. I wasn’t that good at music

6. getting ready and warming up

7. laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

1. who are more interested in the past

2. and girls in blue uniforms

3. that were generally better

4. was not particularly unusual as

5. went on camping expeditions

6. interact with other people

7. had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

2. have been turning to tanning beds

3. they are actually quite classy accessories

4. better to avoid indoor tanning

5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

6. will eventually turn into a tan

7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

1. who is appointed by the president

2. but of other countries of the world

3. but in every aspect of social sciences

4. who are also appointed by the president

5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

1. differences in traditions

2. children and hope that they

3. the day for fireworks lovers

4. the explosion lights up the sky

5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

6. waits at home though: sparklers

7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

1. are built on the ground

2. are usually very organic

3. is being built facing south

4. being environmentally friendly

5. building materials and lifestyle

6. is that these homes are safe from fire

7. can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

1. Australia is one of the most

2. were born in other countries

3. Australia also defines itself by

4. many animal species that occur here

5. may have travelled from Asia across

6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

1. which is felt all year round

2. which take place in Madeira all year round

3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

1. cause lots of problems

2. in the city and take them back

3. walk in the street and cause traffic

4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

6. have been many reports in newspapers and

7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

1. that is the largest in Venice

2. which was built in the early I century

3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

6. the venue for major international festivals

7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

2. which is a former royal countryside residence

3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

1. and the views that open from it

2. which is built on the top to give visitors

3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

1. that is built on hundreds of islands

2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

1. that they are particularly interested in

2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

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