Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio егэ

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1.  A good investment

2.  How it all began

3.  Multi-purpose constructions

4.  All is well that ends well

5.  A vertical marathon

6.  Breathtaking athletic events

7.  21st century technology

8.  Once number one globally

A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous  — and tallest  — towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia.

B. The Ostankino Tower is 540 meters tall which makes it the tallest tower in Europe. When it was built in 1968, it was the tallest structure in the world, which it remained until 1975. The Ostankino Tower radio and television signal covers the area with the population of over 15 million people. The Tower also has an observation platform and a restaurant about 330 meters in the air which you can reach on one of the lifts in just 58 seconds.

C. The first Radio Tower in Moscow was built during the Civil War in 1922 by the outstanding Russian architect Vladimir Shukhov and is a hyperboloid structure. In fact, it was Shukhov who first invented the hyperboloid metal structure in the 1890s, inspired by the weaving of peasant baskets. Vladimir Lenin himself approved the construction of this tower which today is considered a historic and architectural monument of Soviet Constructivism.

D. Yet another use of television towers is holding sports events. Some of the most common ones are base-jumping, an extreme sport where participants jump off high structures with parachutes; and bungee jumping, where the jumpers are attached to a tall structure with a large elastic cord. Among the more traditional competitions is racing up the tower staircase, which was held in the Ostankino Tower up until 2000, when the tower was damaged by the fire.

E. The fire broke out at a height of 458 m on 27 August, 2000. It took over 300 firefighters, more than 24 hours and a lot of effort to stop it. Many people were afraid that the tower would not be able to survive and would collapse. Luckily it didn’t happen. But almost all TV channels and some radio channels stopped working for several days. The reconstruction of the tower that followed lasted until 2007. In 2009 the tower reopened its doors to tourists.

F. And not only to them. On July 21, 2018, Ostankino Tower was open again to 28 sportsmen from 12 countries who raced up its winding staircase. The staircase is very narrow, so the sportsmen had to run one by one with a 30 second interval between them. Only professional runners were allowed to participate. It was a German athlete Christian Riedl who made it to the top in just 9 minutes and 51 seconds, setting a new record.

G. It would be logical to assume that television towers are the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Текст	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Заголовок

Источник

1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. A good investment
2. How it all began
3. Multi-purpose constructions
4. All is well that ends well
5. A vertical marathon
6. Breathtaking athletic events
7. 21st century technology
8. Once number one globally

A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous — and tallest — towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

A Trash Collector’s Work is Never Done

Brian Kane was a trash collector in Denver, Colorado. Year after year, ___ (A) Brian rode on the back of a garbage truck through the streets of this city. At each stop, he would jog quickly to the back of buildings, then drag heavy trash cans to the truck. Brian never complained — even ___ (B) or cold wind turned his fingers into sticks of ice.

Brian saw these hardships ___ (C). His job was actually a training ground for his lifelong dream: to climb Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. On his thirtieth birthday, Brian took a three-month leave from his job and flew to Nepal. There he began the long, difficult journey up Mount Everest.

Brian first climbed to a base camp. He stayed there for a couple of weeks ___ (D). Brian had also planned to bring three oxygen canisters with him to the summit, at 29,028 feet, it would be hard to survive without extra oxygen. Over the next two months, Brian climbed to 26,000 feet, to Camp Four — the last place to rest below the summit. But when Brian saw this camp, he gasped and fell to his knees.

“Trash!” he cried. Nearly a thousand empty oxygen canisters littered the camp area. Humans had turned this beautiful remote place into a giant trash heap. Nevertheless, ___ (E), Brian continued to follow his dream. Two days later he stood proudly on the peak of Mt. Everest. He had reached the “roof of the world”!

Two days after this great achievement, Brian stuffed a dozen empty oxygen canisters in his pack and headed down the mountain. He smiled to himself ___ (F) that the work of a trash collector is never done.

1. to get used to the thinner air
2. eight hours a day, five days a week
3. as he realized
4. sad, but determined
5. whatever happens in the future
6. as opportunities to become strong and fit
7. when sweat stung his eyes

A	B	C	D	E	F

3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The word ‘ambitious’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to the word
1) determined.
2) aggressive.
3) arrogant.
4) hopeful.

4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Archibald Mirrielees lived in
1) Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.
2) Moscow in the second half of the 19th century.
3) St Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century.
4) St Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century.

5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the 4th paragraph, Andrew Muir
1) was responsible for the quality of imported goods.
2) started selling musical instruments in Moscow.
3) spent his holidays in different European countries.
4) had two grown-up sons who were helping him.

6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to the article, which of the following was NOT a novelty that made a Department store different from an ordinary small shop?
1) Clients could order goods from stores to be delivered to their homes.
2) Clients could return goods to the store and get their money back.
3) Client could pay much less if they negotiated the price at the store.
4) Clients could buy things cheaper at the store at certain seasons.

7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

William Whiteley called his store a ‘Universal Provider’ because
1) he sold his goods all over the country.
2) of the variety of goods that were sold there.
3) his clients came from all social classes.
4) he provided many smaller shops with goods.

Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

According to paragraph 7, on November 24, 1900
1) Feodor Shalyapin was watching the fire from across the street.
2) Feodor Shalyapin had fewer admirers listening to him than usually.
3) there was a drama played at the Bolshoi, rather than an opera.
4) performances in the Bolshoi and Maly theatres ended at midnight.

9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The new Muir & Mirriclees building seemed unusual to Muscovites because
1) from the outside it looked like a sky-scraper.
2) of the modem technologies that were used in it.
3) it was designed by an American architect.
4) of the attractive decorations on the lifts.

Источник

A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous – and tallest – towers in the world are the Tokyo Sky tree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia.

G. It would be logical to assume that television towers arc the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Источник

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Источник

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования

«Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова»

МОСКОВСКИЙ ПРИБОРОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ТЕХНИКУМ

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

Заместитель директора

по учебной работе

_______________ Д.А. Клопов

«____» _____________20____ г.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ КОНСУЛЬТАЦИЙ ДЛЯ ИТОГОВОЙ АТТЕСТАЦИИ

ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ: БД.03 «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»

Специальность:

09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы

09.02.06 Сетевое и системное администрирование

09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

10.02.05 Обеспечение информационной безопасности автоматизированных систем

Форма проведения: КОНСУЛЬТАЦИЯ

РАССМОТРЕНО

На заседании цикловой методической комиссии

«Иностранных языков»

Протокол № 7 от 05.02.2020 г.

Председатель цикловой методической комиссии ____________/А.Д. Завьялова/

Разработчики:

Лосикова А.Л., преподаватель ФГБОУ ВО РЭУ имени Г.В. Плеханова

Николаева Н.Г., преподаватель ФГБОУ ВО РЭУ имени Г.В. Плеханова

Пояснительная записка

Консультация – это аудиторное занятие, направленное на решение интеллектуальных и психологических вопросов, возникших у учеников при подготовке к экзамену. Консультации перед экзаменом являются необходимой частью экзамена, в которой нужно сделать обзор пройденного материала, а также более подробно разобрать возникшие вопросы или сложности, которые были выявлены в процессе работы.
Формы:

Консультации проводятся в виде практического занятия, а также преподаватель дает ответы на возникшие вопросы и задания.

Цели:
1. Дать организационные указания о порядке работы при подготовке к экзамену и о порядке проведения экзамена:

— ознакомить студентов с типовыми экзаменационными заданиями;
— довести до сведения учащихся критерии оценивания экзаменационного задания: основные требования, критерии отметок;

— раскрывая содержание вышеизложенных требований, преподаватель иллюстрирует возможности их выполнения конкретными примерами по всем тема рабочей программы;
2. Консультация как форма организации обучения выполняет корректирующую функцию, помогая студентам сориентироваться в требованиях и определить важность и удельный вес отдельных разделов в структуре программы. В ходе этих консультаций выделяются ключевые положения, глубокое осмысление которых позволяет учащимся усваивать знания в системе, способствует более легкому запоминанию объемного материала. Таким образом, основная содержательная часть консультации:
— обобщение и систематизация изученного материала, приведение изученного материала дисциплины в стройную систему;
— определение границ минимума и максимума работы над темами;
— объяснение наиболее трудного материала, сложных для самостоятельного осмысления проблем;
— анализ возможных трудностей, конкретные советы по предупреждению типичных ошибок.
3. Психологическая подготовка студентов к экзамену. С психологической точки зрения консультация является очень важным занятием по подготовке к экзамену. Студенты должны быть уверенными в том, что они смогут успешно сдать экзамен.

Для успешной подготовки к итоговому экзамену по дисциплине БД.03 «Иностранный язык» студентам следует обратить особое внимание на повторение тем, согласно стандарта.

1. Present Simple Tense

2. Present Continuous Tense

3. Present Perfect Tense

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

5. Past Simple Tense

6. Past Continuous Tense

7. Past Perfect Tense

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

9. Инфинитив и герундий

10. Модальные глаголы (may, can/be able to, must/have to/should; need, shall, could,might, would)

11. Существительные. Множественное число. Исключения

12. Прилагательные. Степени сравнения

13. Наречия. Much/many, few/a few, little/a little

14. Артикль (определённый, неопределённый, нулевой)

15. Аффиксы для образования глаголов: re-, dis-, mis-; -ize/ise

16. Аффиксы для образования существительных: -er/or, -ness, -ist, -ship, -ing, -sion/tion,-ance/ence, -ment, —ity

17. Аффиксы для образования прилагательных: -y, -ic, -ful, -al, -ly, -ian/an, -ing, -ous, -ible/able, -less, -ive, inter-

18. Отрицательные префиксы un-, in-/im

Задание № 1. Установите соответствие между текстами A-G и заголовками . Запишите в поле для ответа последовательность цифр, соответствующих текстам ABCDEFG. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

Perm’s industry
City’s cultural life
Natural resource as attraction
The greatest achievement
Traditionally liberal
Beneficial location
Where the name comes from
Too important to be left alone

The word “Perm” first appeared in the 12th century in the Primary Chronicle, the main source describing the early history of the Russian people. The Perm were listed among the people who paid tribute to the Rus. The origin of the word “Perm” remains unclear. Most likely, the word came from the Finno-Ugric languages and meant “far land” or “flat, forested place”. But some local residents say it may have come from Per, a hero and the main character of many local legends.

Novgorodian traders were the first to show an interest in Perm. Starting from the 15th century, the Muscovite princes included the area in their plans to create a unified Russian state. During this time the first Russian villages appeared in the northern part of the region. The first industry to appear in the area was a salt factory, which developed on the Usolka river in the city of Solikamsk. Rich salt reserves generated great interest on the part of Russia’s wealthiest merchants, some of whom bought land there.

The history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Perm became the capital of the region in 1781 when the territorial structure of the country was reformed. A special commission determined that the best place would be at the crossroads of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which runs east-west and the Kazan line, which runs north-south. This choice resulted in Perm becoming a major trade and industrial centre. The city quickly grew to become one of the biggest in the region.

Perm is generally stable and peaceful, so the shocks of 1917 did not reach it right away. Neither did they have the same bloody results as in Petrograd. Perm tried to distance itself from the excesses and did not share the enthusiasm for change of its neighbours. Residents supported more moderate parties. They voted for the establishment of a west European style democracy in Russia. Unfortunately, the city could not stay completely unaffected, as both the White and the Red armies wanted its factories.

Perm’s desire for stability and self-control made the region seem like a “swamp” during the democratic reforms of the 1990s. Unlike other regions, there were no intense social conflicts or strikes. Nevertheless, Perm was always among the regions that supported the democratic movement. In the 1999 elections, the party that wanted to continue the reforms won a majority in the region. So the city got an unofficial status of “the capital of civil society” or even “the capital of Russian liberalism”.

During the Second World War many factories were moved to Perm Oblast and continued to work there after it ended. Chemicals, non-ferrous metallurgy, and oil refining were the key industries after the war. Other factories produced aircraft engines, equipment for telephones, ships, bicycles, and cable. Perm press produces about 70 percent of Russia’s currency and stamped envelopes. Nowadays several major business companies are located in Perm. The biggest players of Russian aircraft industry are among them.

Perm has at least a dozen theatres featuring productions that are attracting audiences from faraway cities, and even from abroad. The broad esplanade running from the city’s main square has become the site of almost continuous international art, theatre and music fairs during the summer. Even the former prison camp with grim walls outside town was converted into a theater last July for a production of “Fidelio”, Beethoven’s opera about political repression. The performance was well-reviewed.

Задание № 2. Установите соответствие между текстами A—G и заголовками . Запишите в поле для ответа последовательность цифр, соответствующих текстам ABCDEFG. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. A good investment

2. How it all began

3. Multi-purpose constructions

4. All is well that ends well

5. A vertical marathon

6. Breathtaking athletic events

7. 21 century technology

8. Once number one globally

Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous – and tallest – towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia.

The Ostankino Tower is 540 meters tall which makes it the tallest tower in Europe. When it was built in 1968, it was the tallest structure in the world, which it remained until 1975. The Ostankino Tower radio and television signal covers the area with the population of over 15 million people. The Tower also has an observation platform and a restaurant about 330 meters in the air which you can reach on one of the lifts in just 58 seconds.

The first Radio Tower in Moscow was built during the Civil War in 1922 by the outstanding Russian architect Vladimir Shukhov and is a hyperboloid structure. In fact, it was Shukhov who first invented the hyperboloid metal structure in the 1890s, inspired by the weaving of peasant baskets. Vladimir Lenin himself approved the construction of this tower which today is considered a historic and architectural monument of Soviet Constructivism.
Yet another use of television towers is holding sports events. Some of the most common ones are base-jumping, an extreme sport where participants jump off high structures with parachutes; and bungee jumping, where the jumpers are attached to a tall structure with a large elastic cord. Among the more traditional competitions is racing up the tower staircase, which was held in the Ostankino Tower up until 2000, when the tower was damaged by the fire.

The fire broke out at a height of 458 m on 27 August, 2000. It took over 300 firefighters, more than 24 hours and a lot of effort to stop it. Many people were afraid that the tower would not be able to survive and would collapse. Luckily it didn’t happen. But almost all TV channels and some radio channels stopped working for several days. The reconstruction of the tower that followed lasted until 2007. In 2009 the tower reopened its doors to tourists.

And not only to them. On July 21, 2018, Ostankino Tower was open again to 28 sportsmen from 12 countries who raced up its winding staircase. The staircase is very narrow, so the sportsmen had to run one by one with a 30 second interval between them. Only professional runners were allowed to participate. It was a German athlete Christian Riedl who made it to the top in just 9 minutes and 51 seconds, setting a new record.

It would be logical to assume that television towers are the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $ 1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $ 40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Задание № 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.

1. The jazz band (to play) in the park now. A lot of people (to listen) to the music and they really (to have) a good time. 2. My working day (to begin) at seven o’clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. 3. I (drive) my car when I saw my friend and I said ‘hello’. 4. I (drive) home from work every day. 5. This restaurant (become) very popular. I am sure. 6. I (wait) for the bus when you called. 7. When .. you (arrive) home yesterday? 8. Tomorrow I (eat) sushi. 9. I (wait) for the bus at the moment 10. She (visit) London several times in the past.

Задание № 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.

1. She (visit) probably London next year. 2. Has she decide where to go next year? Yes, she (go) to visit London again. 3. I (wait) for the bus yesterday. 4. I (drive) home from work every day. 5. What you (to read)? — I (to read) a magazine. — How long you (to read) it? — I (to read) it for half an hour. 6. He (not to eat) yesterday. 7. Look at this birdhouse. Mike (to make) it himself. He (to make) it last Sunday. 8. With whom you (to discuss) this question yesterday? 9.Your brother (to return) from the north? — Yes, he (to come) a few days ago. 10. His sister (to study) English every day.

Задание № 5. Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные жирными буквами в конце строк так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов.

Who really discovered America?

Everybody knows that Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, America ___________ after Amerigo Vespucci who explored the eastern coast of South America. NAME

Was he really the first to reach the continent? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdal believed that ancient people ___________ able to build boats that could cross oceans. BE

To test his ideas, Heyerdal decided to build a copy of an ancient Egyptian boat. On May 25, 1969 the boat called Ra ___________ a port in Morocco. LEAVE

On May 17, 1970 Ra with two ___________ on board successfully crossed the Atlantic, proving that ancient civilizations had enough skill to reach America long before Columbus. SEAMAN

Задание № 6. Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные жирными буквами в конце строк так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов.

Labor Day

Labor Day is a holiday in honor of workers. On September 5, 1882 the ___________ Labor Day parade was held in New York. ONE

20,000 workers marched up Broadway, ___________ banners «Labor creates all wealth». After the parade, there were picnics all around the city. CARRY

The next year even ___________ people took part in the celebration. In 1894, Congress made it a national holiday. Today most Americans consider Labor Day the end of the summer. They enjoy the last three-day weekend on the beaches and in the parks. MANY

Источник

ледуюшнх

парах предложений

определите

время

и залог сказуемого.

4. Р в е н и я

переведите (§ 44, 60).

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fl^dustry, technology and science.

of 2 Duri°g

r^eteentb century a great development of

science and

o l o g y took

place in the world. Rapid

changes have taken place in

!fCjnce and

technology

since

the end

the

Second

World

War.

An interesting

phenomenon

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field of aerodynamic effects

discovered

Russian scientists last

year. Almost all chemical ele-

ments which

have

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found on

Earth

have been

discovered in the

Sun and the

planets

solar

system.

^Прочтите текст А и выпишите из него все интернациональные слова, переведите их, не прибегая к помощи словаря. Текст переведите.

TEXT Л. RADIO AND TV MARCH AHEAD

More than 100 years passed since the day when the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his «storm indicator» which was the prototype of modern radio receivers.

Great progress has been made in radio engineering, radio communications, radio broadcastings and television since that time. We have be-

come so used

to these

means

communication that we can’t imagine

our life without

them.

In the modern world, radio

and

television

play an important role

as a mass media of infor-

mation and as a means of people’s political and

cultural education.

There is hardly a spot on the whole vast terri-

of Russia

where there

is no radio. The voice

Russian

radio

heard

all

over

the

world. To-

great

number

radio

broadcasting

stations

^ 0111 country

transmit all-day long programmes

countries in about 50 languages.

Modern means of radio engineering cover the

ultra

*)art

with

long,

medium

and

beih

0 r t

rac^°

w a v e s —

New

radio

stations

are

built

and

equipped

with

the

most

modem

tru*nents.

rQ^^sion

also

developing

rapidly

our

1иУ- At

present

Russia

has

system

121

which is among the largest in the world. It includes 120 TV ^ which make their own programmes. The construction of the world’s i*1


gest television centre, the	Moscow centre,	which is	housed щ	^
533-metre high Ostankino television	tower had been completed by iJjj
All programmes which are broadcast	by the Moscow centre are in Coi
TV broadcasts go out from Moscow	every day on about	15 channels
total about 200 hours of broadcasting	in every 24-hour period. There	^
regular international exchange	of	TV	programmes as well. Our televi«J
is linked up with Intervision	and	Eurovision	international	systems.

Work on the improvement of space television and broadcasting ^ ^ great interest. The application of powerful outerspace relays makes posjj. ble televising programmes directly to huge territories.

The aim of Russian radio and TV is to provide listeners and viewea with an objective review of events taking place in Russia and in the world

	Words and Expressions to Be Learnt
aim л — цель	imagine v—воображать, представлять себе
application л — применение	language л — язык
broadcast л — радиопередача;	link v — соединять
v — передавать по радио	listen v —слушать
con’duct v — вести, проводить	peace л — мир
education л — образование	people л — народ, люди
engineering л — техника	play л — игра; v — играть
event л — событие	rapidly adv — быстро
exchange л — обмен	receive v — получать
hear (heard) v — слышать	receiver л — радиоприемник
huge а — огромный	transmit v — передавать
		voice л — голос
	to take place — происходить, иметь место
6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When did Alexander Popov demonstrate	his «storm	indicator^
2. What was the «storm	indicator»?
3. Why can’t we imagine	our life without	radio	and	television?
4.	What role do radio and television play	in the	modern world-
5.	How many radio broadcasting stations work in	our	country —
6. In how many languages are programmes to other count’1
	conducted?
7. Where is the Moscow	television centre	housed?
8.	What is the aim of Russian radio and	TV?

122

		WORD STUDY
..„ye	сочетания,	обращая внимание на перевод слов одного корня:
to РРУ	а n e w	^ a PP^c a l ) , e method; application of new
of production

to produce internal-combustion engines; the product of conversion; producer of the film; productive forces; the productivity of this

^Lhinc tool;	the automatic	production line
to direct	the	movement;	a direct contact; the direction of flight; to
& the method	directly

l Пфсвелтгс следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на «цепочки» определений:

radio, radio wave, radio-wave length; electricity, electricity generation, electricity generation methods; power, power station, atomic power station capacity; space, space television, space television application; television, television studio, television studio equipment; television programmes, television programmes exchange; radio receiver, radio receiver characteristics; outerspace relays, outerspace relays function

>. К словам из группы (а) подберите антонимы нз группы (б):

а) modem, regular, outer, peace, to strengthen, to include, to like, possible, rapidly, past, powerless, efficient, unlimited, accurate, conductor

б) slowly, impossible, inefficient, war, future, limited, inner, old, in- **urate, irregular, non-conductor, to dislike, to weaken, powerful, to exclude

К словам из группы (а) подберите синонимы из группы (б):

*) to proceed, normally, owing to, accurate, to provide, various, to switch Otegy, a lot of, large, to use, man-made, for instance, to define

6) many, power, for example, to turn	on, to continue, artificial, to sup-
j^» big, to determme, precise, usually,	to apply, different, due to

Переделите функции глагола to have в предложении. Предложения переведите

$ 134).

Today we have stations all over the country.

Radio and TV have to inform and educate people.

They	have informed us about one more success of Russian
^ sPace	science.
Space	television has a great future.
Ь has	to help in carrying out flights to other planets.

123

б) since — так как, поскольку, с, с тех пор как.

A system of space television has made it possible to tel

programmes	directly to	huge territories.	^
3. Our workshop had	an old equipment.
It	had	to be equipped with new lathes.
It	had	been equipped with them by the end of the last	y ^

•12. Определите время • залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите.

1. Radio engineering, electronics and television have already f0Uj. great application in industry, transport and medicine.

2. We have to apply powerful outerspace relays to televj^ programmes directly to huge territories.

3.In the application of electronic devices die engineer must have i good knowledge of their characteristics.

4.The automation of industrial processes, of heat and power station^ remote control — all this has become possible due to the achievemeaj of electronics.

5.An electronic machine has to be used to make all these calculations. They are particularly complex.

6.Radio’electronics has made it possible to perform the most precise

measurements and	to test various equipment.
7.	Every	new	hydroelectric power project has been designed at the
Hydroproject	Institute.
13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения:
а) by — творительный надеж, посредством, к,	на.
1. The discovery of radio waves by	Alexander Popov	in 1895 had»
great	value for mankind.
2.	In the	early thirties all the Soviet republics and remote region*
were already linked by radio.
3.	The Ostankino television tower had been completed by 1970.
4.	The application of this device will increase the productivity of d*
machine tool	by 20 per cent.
5.	A steam engine is a machine by	means	of which	heat is ffanS‘
formed into	work.
6.	It takes much less time to travel	by air	than by	train.

• лifi* 1. A great number of outstanding discoveries has been made in

ous fields of our science since the Second World War.

2. Since the Moon is the nearest body to the Earth, we know about it than we know about any other planet.

124

C0pper ls	m e t a l commonly used	as a conductor	since it com-
jjjgh	conductivity	with	comparatively	low	cost.
pj0w	much	time	has	passed since Popov	invented	radio?

введите слова в скобках, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже.

I* [Цеведите предложения.

j The number of radio (приемники) is over a thousand million on

the Planet

2 The main (цель) of radio is to give information concerning life on

our pla**

3. Radio Moscow (ведет передачи) in 50 languages.

4.Much time (прошло) since the day when the first TV station be- ^п (работать) in Russia.

5.Today we can’t (представить) our life without radio and televi-

sion.
6. We can (смотреть) TV programmes	even from	space.
7. Special equipment has been	worked	out (чтобы	передавать) col-
our TV	.	receivers;	watch; to transmit; imagine
broadcasts,programmesha passed; to operate; aim;
IS. Прочтите текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком
новых слов и словосочетаний.
	TEXT В. RADIO AND TV IN OUTER SPACE
beaefit л — польза	reliable a — надежный
emit v — излучать	set up v — устанавливать
observe v — наблюдать	valuable a — ценный
portable a — портативный	weak a — слабый
ground-based — установленный на земле
in	addition to — в дополнение к …

. Radio waves serve as a most reliable	means connecting the spaceship
^ Ле Earth. Since the time when the	first rocket was sent into space,

is always a two-way communication channel between the Earth and The most valuable information is transmitted to the Earth from

«^fcts and spaceships by radio waves.
iud^16	*n ^o r m a t l o n fr°m	s Pa c e comes to the	Earth in a coded form
site i 6	lt i s	decoded	» l t 0	language	clear	to the specialists.	Radio
Uioj!		a r e	s e n t	t 0	Earth	from	space	are	much	weaker	than
which	are	emitted	by radio	stations on	the	Earth.	That is why

ground-based receiving antennas should be very big. The greater ^tenna area, the more reliable is the reception.

125

Here on the Earth we not only hear the voices of our cosmonaut can also see them thanks to the television transmitters which are set ^ the spaceship cabin. The cosmonauts use portable TV cameras to^*5

telecasts from their space home and show	the televiewers the	Earth	^
the Moon. And so in addition to two-way	radio communication	there	^

two-way television channel from the Earth — to space and back. 1X4 Outer space is a gigantic natural laboratory. Here people can observ and study new phenomena, discover laws of nature and then use th* knowledge for the benefit of mankind. And here radio and TV are f

great help.

*16. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. In what form does the information from space come to the Earth?

a)in the form of words;

b)in a coded form;

c)in a decoded form.

2.	Why should	the	ground-based receiving antennas be very big?
	a)	because	radio	information from space should be decoded;
	b)	because	radio	signals from space are very strong;
	c)	because	radio	signals from space are weak.
3.	How do cosmonauts communicate with the Earth?
	a)	by	television	only;
	b)	by	radio	and	television channels;

c)by radio channels.

17.Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов и словосочетаний, данных ниже:

1.There is а connection channel between the Earth and space-

ships.

2. Radio waves serve as a most	connecting spaceships with the
Earth.

3.The information is transmitted from rockets and spaceships by

4.We can see cosmonauts thanks to

5.	The information comes to the Earth in a … form.
6.	Radio signals from space are very … .
7.	The greater the antenna area, the more … is the reception.
reliable; radio waves; television transmitters; coded; reliable means; weak;	two-way
	Revision Exercises
I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения	it.	j
1.	It should be noted that automation today is an	important fectof

industrial progress. It is being introduced on a wide scale in all bran of industry.

126

It was	Alexander	Popov who	invented	radio	at	the	end	of	the
^c C 0tury. Now it is	a	widely used means	of mass	media.
д great	progress has been made in	our country	in	the	field	of
a research. It is an important	branch	of	science.
It takes	only one hour to get	from St. Petersburg to	Moscow	by
ц is very interesting to watch this device in action. It is quite a
device. It	is used for precise measuring	of high	pressure.
И will take only 30 minutes to bar the	way	to	the	sea wave	in
toe flood defence system	in St. Petersburg.
IL Пере*сД\|ГГе	предложения,	обращая	внимание	на	слова-заместители	(§
117-—118):

1. Scientists and engineers work out new processes and improve old

ones to produce better kinds of polymer	materials.
2. The capacity of this atomic power	station will be many times
greater than t h a t of the first one.

3. The system of structures to protect St. Petersburg from floods is a

unique	one.
4. The number of discoveries and	inventions of the last 25 years
equals those made throughout the history	of civilization.
5. The speed of lighter molecules	is	greater than	that of	heavier
ones.	( p	DO YQU KNOW THAT…

…the highest building in Moscow	is	the Ostankino	television	tower
533	metres?
…the	Eiffel Tower	in Paris	together	with	its television	antennae is
320 metres high?
-the	steel television	tower in	Kiev	is		about	380 metres	high?

ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 8, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:

н fill ^ Т е н и е бук® с и t перед i +	гласная	в безударном	положении
°УКвы s перед -ure, -ion, -ian.
Грамматический материал: спряжение глаголов во временах
Perfect.
• Слова и выражения, выделенные для	запоминания,	с. 122.
Вы должны знать 231	слово и	выражение.

127

c o n d u c

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ НА ПОВТОРЕНИЕ ПРОЙДЕННОЮ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА (УРОКИ 6—8)

1.	Как образуется страдательный залог времен группы	I n d e n t
	Назовите три способа перевода на русский язык предложений^
	сказуемым в страдательном залоге.	^
2.	Как образуются времена группы Continuous в действительно»,
	страдательном залоге?	*
3.	Как образуются времена группы Perfect в действительно^
	страдательном залоге?	1
4.	Как переводится глагол-сказуемое во временах групп	Continue*
	и Perfect?
5.	Какие значения глаголов to be и to have вы знаете?
6.	Назовите основные значения слов that, one, it.

TEST No. 2′

Task 1

I.Определите no суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное, b) глагол, с) пршц. гательное, d) наречие:

1. lengthen; 2. appearance; 3.	scientific;	4.	improvement;	5. sensi-
tive; 6. electrify; 7. various; 8.	helpless;	9.	powerful; 10.	darkness;
II. precisely; 12. communication;	13. characterize; 14. difference; 15. in-
ventor

II.Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русскому:

16.производительный — a) produce; b) productive; с) productivity;

d)production

17.различие — a) different; b) differently; c) differ; d) difference

18.проводник — a) conduct; b) conductor, c) conductivity; d) conductive

III. Выберите соответствующее по смыслу слово из данных ниже:

19. There are batteries that … solar energy	with great efficiency-
20. A great many … devices are constructed	to improve the cutting
of metal parts.

a) useful; b) useless; c) use; d) usefully

21.	A new	powerful … has been received by our laboratory.
22.	The … of programmes from our institute TV centre is
regularly in	the	evening.
a) transmit;	b)	transmission;	c) transmissible; d)	transmitter
1 Тест считается зачтенным,	если количество	ошибок не превышает 25% 0 1
числа заданий. Ключи к тесту см. на с. 279.
128

берите правильный перевод выделенного слова:

я Moscow Radio broadcasts are listened to all over the world. 24 Moscow Radio broadcasts in about 50 foreign languages.

ведет передачу; b) передатчики; с) передачи

25 Hy&ostations on Siberian rivers supply a vast territory with cheap епег8У-

26. Energy supply is one of the main factors in the development of

industry-
	а) снабжение; b) снабжать; с) снабжающие; d) снабжают
	27. One should handle the unit carefully.	the	right.
	2g. The	unit is regulated by a handle	on
	а) управлять; b) управляет; с) рукоятка
	Task 2
L Определите время сказуемого в предложениях:
1.	At present one can get to Kronstadt by	road	as well as by sea.
2.	A lot of various organizations have taken	part	in	the design of	the
	flood defence complex.
3.	Radio is playing an ever increasing role	in our	life.
4.	The first television station was put into	operation in Moscow	in
	March	1938.

a) Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite; c) Future Indefinite; d) Present Continuous; e) Past Continuous; f) Present Perfect

U.Назовете номера предложений, сказуемые которых стоят в страдательном залоге:

5.May 7, 1895 has entered the history of science as the date of the invention of radio.

6.In 1938 the first TV station came into being in Moscow, but the stopped the development of television.

The international exchange programmes will be developed still «•rtber in future.

Some powerful radio stations have recently been built in the n°rthem regions.

Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimen-

Hi. fc.,television.

-««верите правильный перевод сказуемого:

10. Tu

U machine tool measures its production itself.

12machine tool will measure its production itself, part is measured with great accuracy.

^«верила; b) измеряет; с) измеряется; d) будет измерять

13.	The builders are planning the road…
14.	The	building	of	the	road	is being planned…
15.	The	building	of	the	road	was being planned…

а) планируется; b) планируют; с) планировали; d) спланировали

16.The tests have been carried out well.

17.The tests were being carried out well.

18. The tests are being carried out well.

а) выполняются; b) выполнялись; с) были выполнены; d) будут выполнены

IV. Выберите предложения, эквивалентные данным английским:

19. The builders will be shown some models of new bridges.

a)Строителям показали модели новых мостов.

b)Строителям покажут модели новых мостов.

c)Строители покажут модели новых мостов.

20. The design of the dam was worked at by some institutes.

a)Несколько институтов работали над проектом плотины.

b)Проект плотины разрабатывается несколькими институтами.

c)Над проектом плотины должны были работать несколько институтов.

21. Complex calculations were followed by experiments.

a)За экспериментами последовали сложные вычисления.

b)За сложными вычислениями последовали эксперименты.

c)За сложными вычислениями следуют эксперименты.

V. Укажите, чем являются глаголы	to be и to have: а) смыслов»*
b) вспомогательным, с) модальным, d)	глаголом-связкой.

22.These calculations are very complex.

23.They are to be done by electronic machines.

24.	The	electronic machines are worked out by our engineers.
25.	Our	designing bureau has to develop	a new equipment	for our lab
26. Our laboratory has an old and ineffective equipment.
27.	The	head engineer has paid great	attention	to	this	problem.
28.	He	had to take part in this work himself.
VI. Выберите	перевод сказуемого:
29.	The	flood defence system is being	built near	St.	Petersburg-
30.	The	hydroengineering project is to	be built in some years.
31.	The	main task of the workers is to build	it	in	time.	^
32. Constructors are also building the	150 km	ring	road around
Petersburg.							()
а) строят; b) должны построить; с) строится; d) состоит в том, чтобы постро****
строили
33.	The	engineers have to work out different	flexible	lines.

130

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

Источник

Radio masts and towers are typically tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. There are two main types: guyed and self-supporting structures. They are among the tallest human-made structures. Masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them.

In the case of a mast radiator or radiating tower, the whole mast or tower is itself the transmitting antenna.

Radio Tower in Yekaterinburg, Lunacharskogo 212

Terminology

A radio mast base showing how virtually all lateral support is provided by the guy-wires

The terms «mast» and «tower» are often used interchangeably. However, in structural engineering terms, a tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys. Broadcast engineers in the UK use the same terminology. A mast is a ground-based or rooftop structure that supports antennas at a height where they can satisfactorily send or receive radio waves. Typical masts are of steel lattice or tubular steel construction. Masts themselves play no part in the transmission of mobile telecommunications.
Masts (to use the civil engineering terminology) tend to be cheaper to build but require an extended area surrounding them to accommodate the guy wires. Towers are more commonly used in cities where land is in short supply.

The Tokyo Skytree, the tallest freestanding tower in the world, in 2012

There are a few borderline designs that are partly free-standing and partly guyed, called additionally guyed towers. For example:

The Gerbrandy tower consists of a self-supporting tower with a guyed mast on top.
The few remaining Blaw-Knox towers do the opposite: they have a guyed lower section surmounted by a freestanding part.
Zendstation Smilde, a tall tower with a guyed mast on top with guys which go to ground.
Torre de Collserola, a guyed tower with a guyed mast on top where the tower portion is not free-standing.

History

The first experiments in radio communication were conducted by Guglielmo Marconi beginning in 1894. In 1895–1896 he invented the vertical monopole or Marconi antenna, which was initially a wire suspended from a tall wooden pole. He found that the higher the antenna was suspended, the further he could transmit, the first recognition of the need for height in antennas. Radio began to be used commercially for radiotelegraphic communication around 1900. During the first 20 years of radio, long distance radio stations used long wavelengths in the very low frequency band, so even the tallest antennas were electrically short and had very low radiation resistance of 5-25 Ohms, causing excessive power losses in the ground system. Radiotelegraphy stations used huge capacitively-toploaded flattop antennas consisting of horizontal wires strung between multiple 100–300 meters (330–980 ft) steel towers to increase efficiency.^[1]

AM radio broadcasting began around 1920. The allocation of the medium wave frequencies for broadcasting raised the possibility of using single vertical masts without top loading. The antenna used for broadcasting through the 1920s was the T-antenna, which consisted of two masts with a wire topload strung between them, requiring twice the construction costs and land area of a single mast.^[1] In 1924 Stuart Ballantine published two historic papers which led to the development of the single mast antenna.^[1] In the first he derived the radiation resistance of a vertical conductor over a ground plane.^[2] He found that the radiation resistance increased to a maximum at a length of 1⁄2 wavelength, so a mast around that length had an input resistance that was much higher than the ground resistance, reducing the fraction of transmitter power that was lost in the ground system without using a capacitive top-load. In a second paper the same year he showed that the amount of power radiated horizontally in ground waves reached a maximum at a mast height of 5⁄8 wavelength.^[3]

By 1930 the expense of the T-antenna led broadcasters to adopt the mast radiator antenna, in which the metal structure of the mast itself functions as the antenna.^[4] One of the first types used was the diamond cantilever or Blaw-Knox tower. This had a diamond (rhombohedral) shape which made it rigid, so only one set of guy lines was needed, at its wide waist. The pointed lower end of the antenna ended in a large ceramic insulator in the form of a ball-and-socket joint on a concrete base, relieving bending moments on the structure. The first, a 665 foot (203 m) half-wave mast was installed at radio station WABC’s 50 kW Wayne, New Jersey transmitter in 1931.^[5]^[6] During the 1930s it was found that the diamond shape of the Blaw-Knox tower had an unfavorable current distribution which increased the power emitted at high angles, causing multipath fading in the listening area.^[4] By the 1940s the AM broadcast industry had abandoned the Blaw-Knox design for the narrow, uniform cross section lattice mast used today, which had a better radiation pattern.

The rise of FM radio and television broadcasting in the 1940s and 50s created a need for even taller masts. The earlier AM broadcasting used LF and MF bands, where radio waves propagate as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth. The ground-hugging waves allowed the signals to travel beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of kilometers. However the newer FM and TV transmitters used the VHF band, in which radio waves travel by line-of-sight, so they are limited by the visual horizon. The only way to cover larger areas is to raise the antenna high enough so it has a line-of-sight path to them.

Until August 8, 1991, the Warsaw radio mast was the world’s tallest supported structure on land; its collapse left the KVLY/KTHI-TV mast as the tallest. There are over 50 radio structures in the United States that are 600 m (1968.5 ft) or taller.^[7]

Materials

Steel lattice

The steel lattice is the most widespread form of construction. It provides great strength, low weight and wind resistance, and economy in the use of materials. Lattices of triangular cross-section are most common, and square lattices are also widely used. Guyed masts are often used; the supporting guy lines carry lateral forces such as wind loads, allowing the mast to be very narrow and simply constructed.

When built as a tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height. When constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the Eiffel Tower, the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The Crystal Palace tower in London is an example.

Tubular steel

Guyed masts are sometimes also constructed out of steel tubes. This construction type has the advantage that cables and other components can be protected from weather inside the tube and consequently the structure may look cleaner.
These masts are mainly used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, but sometimes also as mast radiator. The big mast of Mühlacker transmitting station is a good example of this.
A disadvantage of this mast type is that it is much more affected by winds than masts with open bodies. Several tubular guyed masts have collapsed. In the UK, the Emley Moor and Waltham TV stations masts collapsed in the 1960s. In Germany the Bielstein transmitter collapsed in 1985.
Tubular masts were not built in all countries. In Germany, France, UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Japan and the Soviet Union, many tubular guyed masts were built, while there are nearly none in Poland or North America.

Several tubular guyed masts were built in cities in Russia and Ukraine. These masts featured horizontal crossbars running from the central mast structure to the guys and were built in the 1960s. The crossbars of these masts are equipped with a gangway that holds smaller antennas, though their main purpose is oscillation damping. The design designation of these masts is 30107 KM and they are exclusively used for FM and TV and are between 150–200-metre (490–660 ft) tall with one exception. The exception being the mast in Vinnytsia which has height of 354 m (1161 ft) and is currently the tallest guyed tubular mast in the world after the Belmont transmitting station was reduced in height in 2010.

Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete towers are relatively expensive to build but provide a high degree of mechanical rigidity in strong winds. This can be important when antennas with narrow beamwidths are used, such as those used for microwave point-to-point links, and when the structure is to be occupied by people.

TV Tower in Jabalpur, MP India: the reinforced-concrete TV tower in Central India.

In the 1950s, AT&T built numerous concrete towers, more resembling silos than towers, for its first transcontinental microwave route.^[8]^[9]

In Germany and the Netherlands most towers constructed for point-to-point microwave links are built of reinforced concrete, while in the UK most are lattice towers.

Concrete towers can form prestigious landmarks, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada. In addition to accommodating technical staff, these buildings may have public areas such as observation decks or restaurants.

The Katanga TV Tower in Central India host’s a High Power Transmitter for DoorDarshan and Prasar Bharti, which are the Public Broadcaster in India.

The Stuttgart TV tower was the first tower in the world to be built in reinforced concrete. It was designed in 1956 by the local civil engineer Fritz Leonhardt.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass poles are occasionally used for low-power non-directional beacons or medium-wave broadcast transmitters.

Carbon Fiber

Carbon fibre monopoles and towers have traditionally been too expensive but recent developments in the way the carbon fibre tow is spun have resulted in solutions that offer strengths exceeding steel (10 times) for a fraction of the weight (70% less^[10]) which has allowed monopoles and towers to be built in locations that were too expensive or difficult to access with the heavy lifting equipment that is needed for a steel structure.

Overall a carbon fiber structure is 40 — 50% faster to be erected compared to traditional building materials.

Wood

As of 2022, wood, previously a common material for telecommunications tower construction, has started to become increasingly common. In 2022, a wood telecommunications tower – the first of its kind in Italy – replaced a previously-existing steel structure to blend in with its wooded surroundings.^[11] One of the most commonly cited reasons telecom companies opt for wood is because it’s the only material in the industry that is climate positive.^[12] For this reason, some utility pole distributors started to offer wood towers to meet the growing demands of 5G infrastructure. In the United States, for example, wood utility pole distributor Bell Lumber & Pole began developing products for the telecommunications industry.^[13]

Other types of antenna supports and structures

Poles

Shorter masts may consist of a self-supporting or guyed wooden pole, similar to a telegraph pole. Sometimes self-supporting tubular galvanized steel poles are used: these may be termed monopoles.

Buildings

In some cases, it is possible to install transmitting antennas on the roofs of tall buildings. In North America, for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the Empire State Building, the Willis Tower, Prudential Tower, 4 Times Square, and One World Trade Center. The North Tower of the original World Trade Center also had a 110-metre (360 ft) telecommunications antenna atop its roof, constructed in 1978–1979, and began transmission in 1980. When the buildings collapsed, several local TV and radio stations were knocked off the air until backup transmitters could be put into service.^[14] Such facilities also exist in Europe, particularly for portable radio services and low-power FM radio stations. In London, the BBC erected in 1936 a mast for broadcasting early television on one of the towers of a Victorian building, the Alexandra Palace. It is still in use.

This 100-foot (30 m) tall cross conceals equipment for T-Mobile at Epiphany Lutheran Church in Lake Worth, Florida, US. Completed in December 2009.

Disguised cell-sites

Disguised cell sites sometimes can be introduced into environments that require a low-impact visual outcome, by being made to look like trees, chimneys or other common structures.

Many people view bare cellphone towers as ugly and an intrusion into their neighbourhoods. Even though people increasingly depend upon cellular communications, they are opposed to the bare towers spoiling otherwise scenic views. Many companies offer to ‘hide’ cellphone towers in, or as, trees, church towers, flag poles, water tanks and other features.^[15] There are many providers that offer these services as part of the normal tower installation and maintenance service. These are generally called «stealth towers» or «stealth installations», or simply concealed cell sites.

Communications tower, at the horizon on the right, camouflaged as a tall tree.

The level of detail and realism achieved by disguised cellphone towers is remarkably high; for example, such towers disguised as trees are nearly indistinguishable from the real thing.^[16] Such towers can be placed unobtrusively in national parks and other such protected places, such as towers disguised as cacti in United States’ Coronado National Forest.^[17]

Even when disguised, however, such towers can create controversy; a tower doubling as a flagpole attracted controversy in 2004 in relation to the U.S. Presidential campaign of that year, and highlighted the sentiment that such disguises serve more to allow the installation of such towers in subterfuge away from public scrutiny rather than to serve towards the beautification of the landscape.^[18]

Mast radiators

A mast radiator or mast antenna is a radio tower or mast in which the whole structure is an antenna. Mast antennas are the transmitting antennas typical for long or medium wave broadcasting.

Structurally, the only difference is that some mast radiators require the mast base to be insulated from the ground. In the case of an insulated tower, there will usually be one insulator supporting each leg. Some mast antenna designs do not require insulation, however, so base insulation is not an essential feature.

Telescopic, pump-up and tiltover towers

A special form of the radio tower is the telescopic mast. These can be erected very quickly. Telescopic masts are used predominantly in setting up temporary radio links for reporting on major news events, and for temporary communications in emergencies. They are also used in tactical military networks. They can save money by needing to withstand high winds only when raised, and as such are widely used in amateur radio.

Telescopic masts consist of two or more concentric sections and come in two principal types:

Pump-up masts are often used on vehicles, and are raised to their full height pneumatically or hydraulically. They are usually only strong enough to support fairly small antennas.
Telescopic lattice masts are raised by means of a winch, which may be powered by hand or an electric motor. These tend to cater for greater heights and loads than the pump-up type. When retracted, the whole assembly can sometimes be lowered to a horizontal position by means of a second tiltover winch. This enables antennas to be fitted and adjusted at ground level before winching the mast up.

Balloons and kites

A tethered balloon or a kite can serve as a temporary support. It can carry an antenna or a wire (for VLF, LW or MW) up to an appropriate height. Such an arrangement is used occasionally by military agencies or radio amateurs. The American broadcasters TV Martí broadcast a television program to Cuba by means of such a balloon.

Drones

In 2013, interest began in using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for telecom purposes.^[19]

Other special structures

For two VLF transmitters wire antennas spun across deep valleys are used. The wires are supported by small masts or towers or rock anchors. The same technique was also used at Criggion radio station.

For ELF transmitters ground dipole antennas are used. Such structures require no tall masts. They consist of two electrodes buried deep in the ground at least a few dozen kilometres apart. From the transmitter building to the electrodes, overhead feeder lines run. These lines look like power lines of the 10 kV level, and are installed on similar pylons.

Design features

Economic and aesthetic considerations

The cost of a mast or tower is roughly proportional to the square of its height.^{[citation needed]}
A guyed mast is cheaper to build than a self-supporting tower of equal height.
A guyed mast needs additional land to accommodate the guys, and is thus best suited to rural locations where land is relatively cheap. An unguyed tower will fit into a much smaller plot.
A steel lattice tower is cheaper to build than a concrete tower of equal height.
Two small towers may be less intrusive, visually, than one big one, especially if they look identical.
Towers look less ugly if they and the antennas mounted on them appear symmetrical.
Concrete towers can be built with aesthetic design, especially in Continental Europe. They are sometimes built in prominent places and include observation decks or restaurants.

Masts for HF/shortwave antennas

For transmissions in the shortwave range, there is little to be gained by raising the antenna more than a few wavelengths above ground level. Shortwave transmitters rarely use masts taller than about 100 metres.

Access for riggers

Because masts, towers and the antennas mounted on them require maintenance, access to the whole of the structure is necessary. Small structures are typically accessed with a ladder. Larger structures, which tend to require more frequent maintenance, may have stairs and sometimes a lift, also called a service elevator.

Aircraft warning features

Tall structures in excess of certain legislated heights are often equipped with aircraft warning lamps, usually red, to warn pilots of the structure’s existence. In the past, ruggedized and under-run filament lamps were used to maximize the bulb life. Alternatively, neon lamps were used. Nowadays such lamps tend to use LED arrays.

Height requirements vary across states and countries, and may include additional rules such as requiring a white flashing strobe in the daytime and pulsating red fixtures at night. Structures over a certain height may also be required to be painted with contrasting color schemes such as white and orange or white and red to make them more visible against the sky.

Light pollution and nuisance lighting

In some countries where light pollution is a concern, tower heights may be restricted so as to reduce or eliminate the need for aircraft warning lights. For example, in the United States the 1996 Telecommunications Act allows local jurisdictions to set maximum heights for towers, such as limiting tower height to below 200 feet (61 m) and therefore not requiring aircraft illumination under US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules.

Wind-induced oscillations

One problem with radio masts is the danger of wind-induced oscillations. This is particularly a concern with steel tube construction. One can reduce this by building cylindrical shock-mounts into the construction. One finds such shock-mounts, which look like cylinders thicker than the mast, for example, at the radio masts of DHO38 in Saterland. There are also constructions, which consist of a free-standing tower, usually from reinforced concrete, onto which a guyed radio mast is installed. One example is the Gerbrandy Tower in Lopik, Netherlands. Further towers of this building method can be found near Smilde, Netherlands and the Fernsehturm in Waldenburg, Germany.

Hazard to birds

Radio tower in Jamshoro

Radio, television and cell towers have been documented to pose a hazard to birds. Reports have been issued documenting known bird fatalities and calling for research to find ways to minimize the hazard that communications towers can pose to birds.^[20]^[21]

There have also been instances of rare birds nesting in cell towers and thereby preventing repair work due to legislation intended to protect them.^[22]^[23]

Catastrophic collapses

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Laport, Edmund A. (1952). Radio Antenna Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 77–78.
^ Ballantine, Stuart (December 1924). «On the Optimum Transmitting Wave Length for a Vertical Antenna over Perfect Earth». Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 12 (6): 833–839. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1924.220011. S2CID 51639724.
^ Ballantine, Stuart (December 1924). «On the Radiation Resistance of a Simple Vertical Antenna at Wave Lengths below the Fundamental». Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 12 (6): 823–832. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1924.220010. S2CID 51654399.
^ ^a ^b Laport, Edmund A. (1952). Radio Antenna Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 79–81.
^ «Half wave mast antenna: A 665 foot structure which constitutes a new departure» (PDF). Radio-Craft. Mount Morris, Illinois: Techni-Craft Publishing Corp. 3 (5): 269. November 1931. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
^ Siemens, Frederick (December 1931). «WABC’s New »Wire-less» Antenna» (PDF). Radio News. New York: Teck Publishing Corp. 8 (6): 462–463. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
^ «Diagrams». SkyscraperPage. Skyscraper Source Media.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Weishan, Wayne (May 26, 2008). LaFrance, Albert (ed.). «AT&T’s Concrete Microwave Towers». The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System. Retrieved 2021-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Michaels, Terry (July 31, 2010). LaFrance, Albert (ed.). «The Stations of AT&T’s First Transcontinental Microwave Radio Route». The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System. Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
^ «edotco Pioneers the First Carbon Fibre Tower in Asia». edotco. 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ «Wooden-structured telecommunication towers introduce a low-carbon option for Europe’s accelerating 5G market - Forest.fi %». Forest.fi. 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
^ «A celebration of the innovations and inventors that are shaping connectivity». Wireless Infrastructure Association. 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
^ «Treated Wood Utility Poles: A Beginner’s Guide - Bell Structural Solutions». Bell Structural. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
^ «Some New York City TV and radio stations off the air after World Trade Center collapse». Archived from the original on 2006-12-31.
^ «CARC - UNC-Charlotte - Class 1000 Clean Room Facilities». ece.uncc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2006.
^ Armstrong, W.P. (2004). «Cell Phone Trees». Wayne’s Word. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11.
^ Wunderlich, Marv; Wunderlich, Elaine. «Sabino Canyon Recreational Area within the Coronado National Forest». Marlaine Services.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Conway, Bruce. «Stealth Cell towers and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Elections». Lightwatcher. Archived from the original on 2007-02-17.
^ Jones, Trahern (2013-04-27). «Telecom-equipped drones could revolutionize wireless market». The Arizona Republic.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Shire, Gavin G.; Karen Brown; Gerald Winegrad (June 2000). «Communication Towers: A Deadly Hazard to Birds» (PDF). American Bird Conservancy. Earthjustice. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
^ «Avian Collisions at Communication Towers - Sources of Information». U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. June 1, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
^ «Nesting falcon hits Vodafone customers in Southampton». BBC News. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Ray, Bill (17 April 2013). «Angry Birds fire back: Vulture cousins menace UK city’s mobiles». The Register. Retrieved 20 May 2013.

External links

All US Towers over 200 feet, transmitting on certain frequencies, or have certain transmitters over a certain power, must be registered in the US. This is the online directory.
The Transmission Gallery: Broadcast Transmission Sites in the UK
The Transmission Gallery: Constructing Stayed Masts
Scott Fybush, international tower photographer who has documented thousands of towers in his travels
Tom Bosscher of Western Michigan’s website on towers of Michigan
Mike Fitzpatrick’s NECRAT.US tower based website contains tower pictures from New England, New York, and beyond.
Turkish towers (in Turkish)
Amateur Radio Tower construction project
Displays over 12,000 80+ meter tall towers used in wind resource assessment
French towers (in French)
The Legal Landscape When a Tower Collapses
Richard Moore’s Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites
Mobile Phone Masts & Radio Base Station Planning UK
Various Communication Masts &Towers in Atlanta, Georgia, US
UK masts and towers at thebigtower.com
Searchable map of all registered transmitters in Australia

This page was last edited on 13 December 2022, at 16:37

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Terminology

History

Materials

Steel lattice

Tubular steel

Reinforced concrete

Fiberglass

Carbon Fiber

Wood

Other types of antenna supports and structures

Poles

Buildings

Disguised cell-sites

Mast radiators

Telescopic, pump-up and tiltover towers

Balloons and kites

Drones

Other special structures

Design features

Economic and aesthetic considerations

Masts for HF/shortwave antennas

Access for riggers

Aircraft warning features

Light pollution and nuisance lighting

Wind-induced oscillations

Hazard to birds

Catastrophic collapses

See also

References

Further reading

External links