Russian and american cuisines егэ

Задание №8917.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The author speaks about her losing and gaining weight to show that
1) a lot of Americans need to go on a diet.
2) obesity is a serious problem in the USA.
3) American food is too fattening.
4) she has changed her opinion of American food.

Решение:
The author speaks about her losing and gaining weight to show that she has changed her opinion of American food.
Автор говорит о том, что она теряет и набирает вес, чтобы показать, что она изменила свое мнение об американской кухне.

«… but I merely wanted to use my scenario as an illustration for what I rediscovered about American food when I came home.»

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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий

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Тест с похожими заданиями

Not all foreigners can swallow herring under a fur coat or okroshka, but many Russians also find American food hard to swallow when in the U.S. Would you try deep-fried chewing gum or cucumbers pickled in an energy drink?

1. Cheez Whiz

In case you don’t know what this is, imagine processed cheese that sprays out of a can and you’re not far off. But the big question remains: Is there actually any cheese inside?

“This is an abuse of cheese,” said Aizhan Kazak. “This thing is telling you: Hello, I have a heart attack for you.”

Cheese or no cheese, this probably won’t be catching on in Russia anytime soon.

2. Potato salad

Everyone blames Russian cuisine for weird salads drenched in mayonnaise, but America is also a culprit: They love slathering greens in the white stuff over the Atlantic. Take the U.S. equivalent of the Russian “mimosa” — the potato salad — for example.

“I have never understood that potato salad,” told Yulia Slutskaya. “The combination of potatoes, mayonnaise, and eggs is like a strike on the liver and a carbohydrate bomb. You’d be better off calling it ‘drown in mayonnaise’ salad.”

3. Meatloaf

This is not just a meat quiche. The dish was brought to the U.S. with German immigrants (in Bavaria, meatloaf is called “leberkäse”).

«It’s perfect with potato salad,» notes Yulia. «I think it’s really sickening. Actually, meatloaf looks like somebody ate it already and then returned it to the baking dish…”

4. Pancakes with maple syrup and bacon

Pancakes with sweet syrup are fine, so too are pancakes with bacon. But why combine them? There are a lot of dishes that mix sweet and salty food, like caramelized bacon and donut burgers that many people just can’t get their head around.  

5. Deep-fried butter

Americans fry anything, which surprises many Russians, from sausages to chewing gum — yes, chewing gum!

“It’s like fried butter in fried butter,” stated one Russian.  

“My liver shrinks,” commented another user. 

6. Peanut butter

This is not very popular in Russia. Of course, you can find it in some Russian shops, but not everywhere.

“I really don’t understand how they can eat sandwiches with peanut butter,” wrote one Russian Internet user. “It’s impossible to eat this butter without bread, it’s high in calories, and to eat it with bread is the death of the pancreas!” 

“It falls right to the bottom of the stomach and lies there for a long time,” commented another online user in Russia.  

7. Koolickles

There are a lot of pickled vegetables in Russian cuisine, but there is something that really surprises Russian people. Cucumbers pickled in a sweet liquid, a kind of powder drink. Russians called it “cruel red cucumbers.” 

“They are sweet like a compote!” – wrote a Russian man. 

8. Pickled eggs

Another kind of weird picked food that Russians aren’t fond of is pickled eggs. Russians like to pickle food, but only with the intention to preserving it for winter — but eggs!

“The shape of pickled eggs is not appetizing, it seems like there are floating eyes somewhere among them, like in a horror movie,” wrote one Russian Internet user.  

9. Sloppy Joe

Burgers are popular in Russia, but people complain about the aftermath when cooking them.

“10 dirty T-shirts from 10,” wrote a Russian housewife after she tried this recipe.   

10. Fruit from the mall

America has many food malls, and Russians are always surprised by what’s on offer.   

“At the organic food shop there were 25 kinds of apples, but only one of them smelled like apples. And I had to peel it. The other apples looked like a moulage,” complained another user on a popular Russian forum.  

“Fruit in the U.S. is a pain. It is necessary to search all the shops and you may only find something edible once a month, or a season,” agreed another Russian. “This year I found real peaches that smelled and tasted of peach, not like those that you can hammer nails with. I bought 10 kg at once — and delicious cherries in the same place. I also bought them to make jam.”

If using any of Russia Beyond’s content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.

1. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. Mary’s mother is not interested in Robin Hood.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

B) I A vintage inn is an average countryside pub.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

C) Food prices in a vintage inn are rather high.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

D) Vintage inns offer only traditional British cuisine.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

E) Vintage inns are often close to local sights.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

F) The level of service can vary in different vintage inns.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

G) Mary has a map of vintage inns.

1) Тrue 2) False 3) Not stated

Утверждение

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

Соответствие диалогу

1. Вы услышите репортаж дважды. В заданиях 3-9 обведите цифру 1,2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3. Viral marketing is used to promote

 1) only chocolate, health products and football teams..

2) things that potential buyers need badly.

3) all types of goods, products and other things.

4. What is TRUE about Viral marketing and advertising?

 1) It is inexpensive compared to traditional advertising.

2) It is always more successful than “hard sell” advertising.

3) It randomly contacts huge numbers of people.

5. What is NOT TRUE about Viral advertising and marketing?

 1) It forces people to buy unnecessary things.

2) It only works on teenagers or people with hobbies.

3) It is the practice of placing messages on Internet sites.

6.It is called an epidemic when

 1) huge numbers of people buy what they really need.

2) lots of people become internet friends.

3) huge numbers of people pass on a sales message.

7. Many believe that viral marketing is wrong because

1) it steals peoples secrets.

2) hired people pretend to be members of a chat group.

3) it puts innocent comments on the internet.

8. Astroturfing is about

 1) sharing and discussing political opinions.

2) spontaneous “word of mouth” opinion sharing.

3) falsely creating public opinion.

9. The writer believes the best way to get an opinion is to

 1) be cautious about astroturfing techniques.

2) hear it in real conversations.

3) avoid fake messages.

Раздел 2. Чтение

10.Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Controversies and developments

2. Difficult to find the difference

3. Good for various spheres of life

4. Keeping viewers glued to a TV set

5. Unusual commercials

6 . Time is money

7 . Fairer chances for business

8. The appearance of TV advertising

1. For about seventy years TV has been used as a vehicle for advertising in some countries . Since the late 1940s, television commercials have become far and away the most effective and most popular method of selling products of all sorts. The radio advertising industry was well-established when television made its debut in the 1940s, and television was developed as a commercial medium, based upon the successful format of the radio.

1. In the earliest days of television, it was often difficult to understand whether you watch actual television programmes or commercials. Many of the earliest television shows were sponsored by single companies, who inserted their names and products into the shows as much as possible. For example, Texaco employees appeared during the show to perform while the Texaco musical logo would play in the background.

1. Another important milestone came in the 1960s with the introduction of very short commercial breaks during a TV show. Now it was possible for several companies to use a popular programme as an advertising platform together. It was one of the most efficient ways of marketing, and companies like Tide and Crest took it as an opportunity to expand their ad campaigns.

1. In the 1970s, the broadcast of television advertisements which promoted cigarettes was banned by the administration. This resulted in a conflict between the government and television networks, as for them these ads constituted a significant portion of the total revenue. The period between the 1970s and the 1990s was marked by the increase of the time of commercial breaks from 9 to 19 minutes or the debut of celebrities advertising brand products.

1. Today the vast majority of television commercials consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes. Commercials of this sort have been used to sell literally every product imaginable over the years, from household products to goods and services, to political campaigns. It is considered impossible for a politician to wage a successful election campaign without airing a good television commercial.

1. The brief commercial «breaks» that interrupt shows regularly are the primary reason for the existence of modern-day television networks. The programming is intended to capture the attention of the audience so that they will not want to change the channel; instead, they will (hopefully) watch the commercials while waiting for the next segment of the show. Entire industries exist that focus solely on the task of keeping the viewing audience interested enough to sit through commercials.

1. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial aim during popular TV events. The ratings systems determine how successful television shows are, so that they can decide what rates to charge advertisers for their commercial airtime. For example, a single thirty-second TV spot in prime time may cost up to $2 million.

Текст

А

B

C

D

E

F

G

Заголовок

11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

People have always looked for adventure. Now, however, a new extreme sport seems to appear every week. What are the latest ways people have found to give themselves the ultimate thrill?

One way is horse boarding. All you need is a skateboard, a horse and two people. The rider of the horse makes the horse run and the person on the skateboard is pulled along. A ________ Well, it isn’t. First of all, a horse can go from standing still to fifty kilometres an hour very quickly, so the increase in speed in very sudden. Secondly, horses are animals. Boats, motorbikes and other machines can be controlled, but horses are much more difficult. B ________ They may stop suddenly, change direction or even decide to jump over something.

If you’re not keen on working with animals, there are other new ideas. How about zorbing? C ________ The sport began back in 2000, but it has recently become more popular. A zorb is a giant plastic ball. You get in and roll down a hill. Zorbing was invented in New Zealand. D ________ Life must be dull in that country to make people come up with all these strange ways of getting excitement in their lives. If zorbing sounds too safe, here’s another idea. Volcano boarding. All you need is a specially made board and protective clothes.  E ________ That’s where you can find the Cerro Negro mountain, a live volcano which is perfect for this sport. It’s only 700 metres high, but the surface is covered in loose pieces of lava and rock. This is perfect for reaching speeds of up to eighty kilometres an hour.F ________ That’s why you should make sure you’re wearing a helmet and thick clothes

1.       Oh, and a plane ticket to Nicaragua.

2 .      It sounds easy, doesn’t it?

3.       That’s the same place bungee jumping comes from.

4.       This is not actually very new.

5.        That’s why these special rules for the sport have been introduced.

6.        They don’t always do what we expect.

7.       It is very hard, though, if you fall off.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1,2,3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

The Introduction to a New Biography of Gannibal by the Author

Alexander Pushkin was not only Russia’s greatest poet, but he was also the great-grandson of an African slave. The slave, whose godfather was Peter the Great, claimed to have royal blood of his own. Certainly his Russian descendants believed that he was an African prince. His descendants have included members as well as close friends of the English royal family. So the legend goes on.
Pushkin told the story of his black ancestor in «The Negro of Peter the Great», but this biography tells a different version. The main difference is between fact and fiction. The Russian poet hoped to discover a biographical truth by sticking to the facts, only to discover that facts are slippery and not always true. His biography turned into a novel. Even then, it was left unfinished after six and a half chapters. The scrawled manuscript comes to an end with a line of dialogue — «Sit down, you scoundrel, let’s talk!» — and a line of dots. Pushkin could be speaking to himself. In any case, it’s now time to stand up and carry on with the story. I have tried to join up the dots.
This is a book, then, about a missing link between the storyteller and his subject, an African prince, between the various branches of a family and its roots, between Pushkin and Africa, Africa and Europe, Europe and Russia, black and white. It is the story of a remarkable life and it poses the question: how is such a life to be explained?
My own explanation began in 2001, while I was living in Russia and working there as a journalist. The first draft was written during the war in Afghanistan, on the road to Kabul, but it describes my journey to the frontline of a different war in Africa between the armies of Ethiopia and Eritrea. According to legend, Pushkin’s ancestor was born there, on the northern bank of the River Mareb, where I was arrested for taking photographs and compass readings, on suspicion of being a spy. Understandably my captors didn’t believe that I was only a journalist researching the life of Russia’s greatest writer. At the military camp, where I was held for a number of hours, the commandant looked me up and down when I asked, in my best posh English accent, «I say, my good man, can you tell me, basically, what is going on here?» «Basically,» he replied, with distaste, «you are in prison!» The incident taught me something. Journalists, like biographers, are meant to respect facts, and by retracing Gannibal’s footsteps, I hoped to find a true story.
Some of those journeys lie behind the book, and are used whenever it is helpful to show that the past often retains a physical presence for the biographer — in landscapes, buildings, portraits, and above all in the trace of handwriting on original letters or journals. But my own journeys are not the point of the book. It is Gannibal’s story. I am only following him.
Descriptions of Africa and the slave trade result from my journeys, but this is not a book about a «stolen legacy», nor certainly about the intellectual wars that have been part of black history in recent years. Biographers, like novelists, should tell stories. I have tried to do this. I should, however, point out from the outset that Gannibal was not the only black face to be seen in the center of fashionable St Petersburg at that time. Negro slaves were a common sight in the grand salons of Millionaires’ Street and they appeared in a variety of roles, such as pets, pages, footmen, mascots, mistresses, favourites and adopted children. At the Winter Palace, so-called court Arabs, usually Ethiopians dressed in turbans and baggy trousers stood guard like stage extras in the marble wings.
A12. The slave’s Russian descendants believe that the slave
1) had Russian royal blood in him.
2) was Peter the Great’s godfather.
3) belonged to the royal family in his native land.
4) was a close friend of the English royal family.A13. According to the narrator, the biography of Pushkin’s ancestor turned into a novel because Pushkin
1) didn’t like the true biographical facts he had discovered.
2) found it impossible to stick to the facts that were doubtful.
3) could not do without describing fictional events.
4) found the true facts of the slave’s biography uninspiring.A14. The narrator’s objective in writing the book was to
1) write a new version of the novel «The Negro of Peter the Great».
2) continue the story from where it was left unfinished.
3) interpret the storyteller’s attitude to his ancestor.
4) prove that Pushkin’s ancestor was an African prince.A15. The narrator says that his research for the book
1) brought him to Russia to work as a journalist.
2) made him go to the war in Afghanistan.
3) led him to take part in the war in Africa.
4) brought him to a river bank in Africa.A16. The lesson that the narrator learnt from his arrest was
1) not to use a camera and compass at the frontline.
2) to avoid speaking to people in his best posh English accent.
3) not to distort information about real events.
4) never to tell people about his research.A17. The narrator says that his journeys
1) helped him find some traces of the past.
2) extended his sympathy to a «stolen legacy».
3) deepened his understanding of the concept of intellectual wars.
4) turned out to be the main contents of his book.A18. The narrator points out that at the time of Gannibal
1) negro slaves played a variety of roles in the theatre.
2) black slaves were like stage extras in royal processions.
3) many Africans made a brilliant career at the court.
4) Africans were not a novelty in the capital of Russia.

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст . Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова,

напечатанные заглавными буквами и обозначенные номерами 19-25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19-25.

Research into the Common Cold

It pays to catch a cold in Cardiff if you 19_______BE a student in the city. The Welsh capital is home to the Common Cold Centre, which claims to be the 20_______WORLD only organization dedicated to researching and testing treatments for colds and influenza. 21___________BASE at the University of Cardiff, the center has a ready source of test subjects for its regular clinical trials: the university’s 22,000 students. Most of 22__________THEY are grateful for any source of income and together they catch 80,000 colds a year. Some of 23___________BIG drug and health care companies in the world pay Cardiff’s students to take part in the research. Researchers recently 24___________CARRY out a study to establish if exposure to cold temperatures really does cause a cold, a common belief that has been difficult to prove. The results of the study appeared to confirm this belief: 25___________STAY warm may help to prevent people from catching cold.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами и обозначенных номерами 26-31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26-31.

St Ives

When the British travel in their country for a holiday, what’s their favourite destination? This topic could lead to a 26__________LENGTH discussion, but one place that often wins awards is St Ives. St Ives is a town in Cornwall, the most south-westerly county in England. It lies on the Celtic Sea at the tip of the Cornish peninsula, and its white-sand beaches and year-round pleasant weather make it seem 27___________TROPICS in comparison to the rest of Britain. The town has a rich past, and some notable buildings date back centuries. A fisherman’s tavern known as the Sloop Inn is believed to have been built in 1312 and has displayed the 28_________PAINT of local artists for many years. Although mostly regarded as a resort town now, St Ives was 29_____________ HISTORY a fishing port, one of the largest in the area. Billions of fish have been exported from the town over the years. Dozens of artists make St Ives their home. They gain much 30____________ INSTIRE from looking out to the open seas or at the lovely landscaped hills on the inland side. The work that the artists of St Ives do is so 31___________ IMPRESS that a Tate gallery has been founded in the town and documentaries have been made to showcase the artists’ lives.

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32–38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32–38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

How the USA Constitution Began

The USA Constitution was written by fifty-five men who met 32___ Philadelphia Convention in 1787. In four months they wrote the Constitution which has lasted over 200 years!

Many of these men had been leaders during the American Revolution. Most were leaders in their states. Some were rich, but most were not. There were no native Americans 33______ the delegates. There were no women. There were no black men or slaves. Poor farmers were not present 34_____. George Washington, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin were the three important delegates to the Convention. George Washington 35____ from Virginia. Then he had retired to his plantation and would have liked to 36____ there. However, his friends 37____him he should attend the convention.

They said his support was necessary to get a new constitution accepted by the people. 38____ Washington thought a stronger national government was necessary, he came to Philadelphia.

32 1) at 2) in 3) with 4) on

1. 1) from 2) among 3) of 4) between

34 1) neither 2) also 3) either 4) yet

35 1) ran 2) arrived 3) went 4) came

36 1) remain 2) continue 3) stay 4) keep

37 1)said 2) told 3) talked 4) spoke

38 1) while 2) then 3) since 4) as

Раздел 4. Письмо

39. You have received a letter from your English pen friend Jane who writes:

…So you see that I enjoy films based on true historic facts. What kinds of films do you like watching? Do you prefer watching films in the cinema or at home ? Why ? Do you agree that it is better to read a book before watching the film based on it ? Why or why not?…

By the way, my sister have started her swimming lessons recently.

Write a letter to Jane and answer her questions

Ask 3 questions about her sister
Write about 100—140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
You have 20 minutes to do the task.

40. Comment on the following statement

Most teachers believe that all subjects at school are equally useful.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement? Write 200–250 words. Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Ответы

1. 2 4 7 5 1 3

2. 3 2 1 3 1 2 1

3) – 3

4) – 1

5) -2

6) -3

7) -2

-3

9) -2

10) A B C D E F G

8 2 7 1 3 4 6

11) A B C D E F

2 6 4 3 1 7

12) 3

13) 2

14) 2

15) 4

16) 3

17) 1

18) 4

19) are

20) world’s

21) based

22) them

23) the biggest

24) carried

25) staying

26) lengthy

27) tropical

28) paintings

29) historically

30) inspiration

31) impressive

32) 1

33) 2

34) 3

35) 4

36) 1

37) 2

38) 3

National Food in the USA, Russia and Greece

Contents

• The aim of the work, actuality etc
• Introduction
• History of cooking
• National dishes
• Conclusion

The aim of my project is to identify tree absolutely different types of cuisines.

The objectives are the following:

• to review the history of cooking in three countries;
• to compare the American, Greek and Russian cuisine;
• to study the wide range of dishes;
• to analyze recipes of different dishes;
• to identify the origin of some meals;
• to find the reasons of differences.

Field of research: differences in cooking in three countries (Russia, USA, Greece).

Actuality : nobody will deny, that food is one of the most important aspects of our life.

Introduction

“ If you eat you never die”

Tony Romano

Food

• is the basic fuel of our life
• keeps us warm
• gives us energy
• helps kids to grow healthy
• has great influence on our health, our body and even on our habits.

History of American food

Non-alcoholic hot beverages during American Colonial times:

• coffee
• tea
• chocolate

History of American food

Beverages in the 19th century in America

Non-alcoholic (cold):

Alcoholic:

• cold coffee
• ice tea
• lemonade
• milk
• lemonade
• cider
• raspberry
• vinegar
• harvest drink
• carbonated water
• mineral water

• distilled spirits
• wines
• brandies
• punch
• egg nog
• sack posset
• shrub
• beer
• mead
• champagne.

Non-alcoholic (hot):

• coffee & coffee substitutes
• cream coffee
• chocolate
• cocoa and tea

History of American food

Breakfasts

Colonists:

• corn muffins*
• grits*

Immigrants brought:

• kuchen*
• potato pancakes
• doughnuts*

19th century food:

• corn flakes*
• granola
• pop tarts*
• rozen bagels*

* m uffin — сдоба

* g rits — овсяная крупа

* kuchen — кекс

* doughnuts — пончик

* flakes — хлопья

* tarts — пирог, фруктовое пирожное

* bagel — баранка

History of American food

Indigenous root vegetables that were part of the diet included :

• camas bulb
• arrowhead
• bitter root
• biscuit root
• bread root * bulb — луковица

*arrowhead — стрелолист

*root — корень

* b itter – горький

*turnip — репа, капуста

* tubers — клубень

• prairie turnip
• sedge tubers
• whitestar potatoes
• sweet potato
• white potato

History of Greek food

Cooking has its roots from ancient Greece. Most popular products in ancient Greece were:

• porridge
• bread made from barley
• cheese
• fish
• vegetables
• eggs
• fruit

History of Greek food

The foods of ancient Greece were similar to foods we eat today, but did not include many that have become important parts of modern Greek cooking. For example, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and bananas. Lemons, oranges, eggplant, and rice also arrived later.

History of Russian food

The variety of the russian cuisine is related tot the fact, that Russia is a multinational and multicultural state, with a long and reach history and traditions. The Russian cuisine is based on simple common Slavic cooking tradition diversified through the ages with the aristocrat’s inclination for the West European culinary.

National American dishes

A traditional Southern American meal is deep fried chicken, field peas, mashed potatoes, cornbread, sweet tea and a dessert that could be a pie (sweet potato, pecan and peach are traditional southern pies), or a cobbler (peach, blackberry or mixed berry are traditional cobblers).

National Greek dishes

Cheese, wine, honey and olive oil — four of Greece’s best known contributions to culinary culture

Greek meal usually begins with a Greek salad.

Musak is the Greek national dish. At least this dish is part of the menu in every restaurant and tavern.

Greek olive oil is simply the best.

Bread was at one time the staple food of Greece and is still eaten at every meal

National Russian dishes

Beverages: kvas, sbiten, med, mors, voditsa

Exotic soups: uha, schi, borshch, and solyanka, which is made of assorted meats.

Delicacies as the smoked back of sturgeon, stellate sturgeon with horse-radish, pickled salmon, red and black caviar and pickled mushrooms.

Kasha is a native Russian dish.

Conclusion

Often the differences among cultures in the foods people eat are related to the differences in geography and local resources. People who live near water (seas, lakes, and rivers) tend to eat more fish and crustaceans. People who live in colder climates tend to eat heavier, fatty foods. However, with the development of a global economy, food boundaries and differences are beginning to dissipate: McDonalds is now on every continent except Antarctica, and tofu and yoghurt are served all over the world.

Resources

Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink , John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999

Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America , Andrew F. Smith, Volume 1 «Breakfast Foods,» The Art of Russian Cuisine , Anne Volokh [Collier Books:New York] 1983

Food in History , Reay Tannahill [Crown:New York] 1988

A History of Eating Habits in Colonial America , Sally Smith Booth.

http://www.greecefoods.com//

http://www.eliasmamalakis.gr/home.asp/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cuisine/

http://www.greek-recipe.com/static/template/index.html/

http://ru-ru.facebook.com/pages/Greek-Food/

http://food-and-drink.good-food.org/

http://www.foodtimeline.org/index.html

http://greekfood.about.com/

http://www.ruscuisine.com/

http://www.russiantranslation.ru/russia/russiancuisine.htm

Thank you for the attention!

Совсем недавно на сайте ФИПИ появился открытый вариант ЕГЭ английский 2021. Это прекрасная возможность оценить уровень сложности предстоящего экзамена и, конечно же, дополнительная практика. А она ой как нужна, ведь экзамен уже не за горами, поэтому мы решили посвятить нашу новую статью детальному разбору ключевых разделов открытого варианта ЕГЭ. Не будем вас больше томить и приступим. 

Читайте, берите на заметку и делитесь со своими друзьями. Поехали!

Грамматика и лексика

Абсолютно точно открытый вариант ЕГЭ английский 2021 порадовал, особенно в части грамматика и лексика, ведь задания 19-25 оказались на редкость простыми. Задания по словообразованию 26-31 и лексике 32-38 тоже сложными не назовешь, если знать алгоритм их выполнения. О нем мы рассказывали в одной из наших статей. Так что если вы еще ее не читали, то советуем обязательно прочесть. 

Задания 19-25: детальный разбор и ответы

19. Сначала посмотрим на структуру предложения.

Many people think snakes enjoy __________________ to music. (listen)

В нем уже есть и подлежащее snakes, и сказуемое enjoy. Это говорит о том, что здесь не нужна личная форма глагола.

Что такое личная форма? Это такая форма, которая используется в качестве сказуемого и связана с выполняющим действие субъектом или, проще говоря, это спрягаемая форма глагола.

В данном предложении нужна неличная форма глагола. К неличным формам глагола относятся герундий (V-ing), Past Participle (V3) и инфинитив.

Чтобы понять, какая из неличных форм потребуется, вернемся к сказуемому в предложении, то есть к глаголу enjoy. По правилу после него ставится герундий (V-ing), поэтому получается listening.

Ответ: listening.

20. Работая с глаголами, первое, на что следует обращать внимание — это маркеры, которые указывают на определенное время. Давайте посмотрим, есть ли в предложении таковой.

People __________________ this myth for a long time. (believe)

Да, в конце предложения видим for a long time. Такой временной маркер характерен для Present Perfect Continuous или Past Perfect Continuous. Но поскольку повествование ведется в настоящем, что видно из предыдущих предложений, то рассматриваем только первый из предложенных вариантов. Но есть еще одно НО. Глагол believe является исключением и не употребляется в аспекте Continuous, поэтому мы выберем просто Present Perfect, где также есть этот маркер for a long time. 

При выборе между Present Perfect (PP) и Present Perfect Continuous (PPC) руководствуемся следующим правилом:

если глагол показывает процесс, то выбираем PPC, а если это глагол относится к глаголам состояния (stative verbs), то выбираем PP. 

Получаем have believed.

Ответ: have believed

21. Начнем с того, что посмотрим на структуру предложения.

In fact, snakes __________________ music or sounds and react only to your movements. (not hear)

Есть подлежащее во множественном числе — snakes и есть одно из однородных сказуемых после союза and – react. Форма этого глагола подсказывает нам и линейку времен — это Present и аспект — это Simple. Остается вспомнить, как строить отрицательные предложения в Present Simple. Это делается следующим образом: do + not + инфинитив. Получается do not hear.

Ответ: do not hear

22. Если на полях видите количественное числительное, то нужно образовать порядковое.

She was the__________________ woman to become the professor of
mathematics. (one)

Получается first.

Ответ: first

23. Переведем предложение и заодно посмотрим, есть ли маркеры.

However, few people know that Sofia __________________ interested in mathematics at a very early age. (get)

Однако немногие знают, что София начала интересоваться математикой с ранних лет.

Видим, что событие в придаточном предложении происходило в прошлом и есть даже временной указатель at a very early age, поэтому ставим глагол get в Past Simple, для которого как раз важно, когда конкретно произошло событие. Глагол get имеет форму got.

Ответ: got

24. Повествование о детстве Софии Ковалевской продолжается, значит и линейка времен по-прежнему Past, аспект Simple. Число глагола будет единственным.

There __________________ enough wallpaper for her room and her parents put some sheets of paper instead. (not be)

При работе с оборотом there is число глагола определяется по слову, стоящему после него. В данном предложении — это неисчисляемое существительное wallpaper, которое в английском языке употребляется с глаголом в единственном числе. Получается was not.

Ответ: was not

25. Если видите указательное местоимение this или that, нужно поставить их во мн.ч. This – these, that – those.

__________________ sheets turned out to be notes of lectures of a famous Russian mathematician.

Ответ: these

Задания 26-31: детальный разбор и ответы

26. Если на полях стоит certain, то обычно требуется наречие certainly со значением «несомненно, безусловно».

Capilano Suspension Bridge is __________________ one of them. (certain)

Ответ: certainly

27. Начнем с того, что посмотрим, где находится пропуск.

It is a __________________ bridge in Canada, located near Vancouver. (beauty)

Он — между неопределенным артиклем «a» и существительным «bridge». В этом случае нужно прилагательное, а именно beautiful.

Ответ: beautiful

28. Смотрим на место пропуска и что до него.

Going over this bridge is quite an adventure for __________________. (tour)

Перед ним стоит предлог, следовательно нужно существительное. А так как мы не видим неопределенного артикля после предлога, то скорее всего нам нужно будет существительное во множественном числе. Реже это может быть неисчисляемое существительное в единственном числе.

Остается вспомнить, какие существительные можно образовать от слова tour. Это tourism и tourist. Подставив оба варианта в пропуск, видим, что подходит tourist, но как мы говорили выше, оно должно быть во мн.ч. — tourists.

Going over this bridge is quite an adventure for tourism/tourists. — Пройти по мосту — это самое настоящее приключение для туризма/для туристов.

Ответ: tourists

29. От существительного wind можно образовать только прилагательное windy. Именно это и будет правильным ответом.

If the weather is __________________, the bridge sways from side to side. (wind)

Ответ: windy.

30. Как обычно смотрим на место пропуска и на слово после него. Это поможет определить необходимую часть речи.

People come here for the fresh and clean air, the scent of pine needles and __________________ attractions on the other side of the bridge. (vary)

Пропуск перед существительным, значит нужно прилагательное. От глагола vary – это various.

Ответ: various

31. Так как пропуск — это последнее слово в предложении, следовательно смотрим, что перед ним.

There is a park there with all sorts of entertainment and great boutiques for enthusiastic __________________.

Там стоит прилагательное, значит после него должно быть существительное. Поскольку артикля перед прилагательным нет, то нам нужно либо существительное во мн.ч. — shoppers, либо неисчисляемое существительное shopping.

Чтобы понять, какое из них будет правильным, посмотрим на прилагательное перед пропуском. Это enthusiastic — восторженный, увлеченный. Такое прилагательное, исходя из его перевода, может употребляться исключительно с одушевленным существительным, поэтому выбираем shoppers.

Переведем последнее словосочетание, чтобы все-таки убедиться в правильности выбранного слова.

…great boutiques for enthusiastic shoppers – великолепные магазины для страстных шопоголиков

Ответ: shoppers

Задания 32-38: детальный разбор и ответы

32. Среди предложенных глаголов есть только один, после которого предложение строится таким образом и имеет управление of.

It was a masterpiece, and he could see that it 32 ______ William of Lily and Emily.

Ответ:

• reviewed
• reminded
• recorded
• remembered

Более подробно о разнице между remind и remember мы рассказываем здесь. А если вы уже ее знаете, то вам не помешает практика. Специально для этого мы приготовили для вас тест.

Ответ: reminded

33. Приступим к следующему заданию и посмотрим на предложенные варианты ответов.

Lincoln had told William he needed to speak to him privately, and they had 33 ______ to meet here.

Ответ:

• arranged
• managed
• coordinated
• established

Начнем с глагола coordinated. Обычно говорят coordinate smth with smb — согласовать что-то с кем-то. К данному контексту он не подойдет

Теперь посмотрим на established.

establish smth — учреждать что-то, устанавливать

Также не подходит.

На заметку: если среди вариантов ответа предлагают managed, то он обычно и является правильным.

Чтобы это проверить, достаточно взглянуть на слова после пропуска, где мы видим to + инфинитив. Глагол managed как раз требует после себя инфинитива с частицей to:

managed to do smth — удалось что-то сделать

Но все же стоит проанализировать и остальные глаголы. Возможно, составители дадут еще один или несколько глаголов, которые так же как и managed требуют инфинитива с частицей to.

Среди предложенных вариантов есть и еще один arranged, который как и managed, может употребляться с to+инфинитивом. 

arranged to do smth — договориться что-то сделать

Остается подставить в контекст, чтобы посмотреть, что подойдет по смыслу.

Lincoln had told William he needed to speak to him privately, and they had 33 ______ to meet here. — Линкольн сказала Уильяму, что ему нужно поговорить с ним с глазу на глаз, и поэтому они договорились встретиться здесь/им удалось встретиться здесь.

По контексту видим, что ранее эти герои не встречались, поэтому выбираем вариант arranged.

Ответ: arranged

34. Посмотрим на следующее предложение с пропуском и варианты ответа.

Suddenly William entered the room and apologized for 34 ______ him waiting.

Ответ:

• holding
• keeping
• fixing
• carrying

Здесь проверяется знание выражения keep waiting. Оно переводится как «заставлять ждать».

Ответ: keep

35. Нам предстоит выбрать один глагол из синонимичного ряда. Чтобы это сделать правильно, посмотрим на слова после пропуска.

«You 35 ______ rather serious, even sad,» William said.

Ответ:

• watch
• glance
• see
• look

Там словосочетание rather serious «довольно серьезный». Возникает вопрос: после какого глагола может стоять прилагательное? Ведь мы знаем, что обычно наречие характеризует глагол. Ответ прост — это глагол look в значении «выглядеть». Он является исключением и, как и глагол be, требует после себя прилагательного.

Ответ: look

36. Перейдем к следующему заданию.

In 36 ______, he tried several times with no success. 

Ответ:

• fact
• time
• place
• point

В данном задании проверяется знание вводной фразы in fact «в действительности».

Ответ: fact

37. Снова составители хотят подловить нас на устойчивом выражении get in touch with «связаться с кем-либо». Единственно, в предложении глагол стоит в Past Simple.

That’s why he finally got 37 ______ touch with me. 

Ответ:

• by
• at
• on
• in

Ответ: in

38. При выполнении этого задания важна лексическая сочетаемость: a car accident – ДТП.

He said that there was a terrible car 38 ______ sometime last night.

Ответ:

• incident
• occasion
• accident
• event

Ответ: accident

Множество тематических тестовых заданий из раздела 32-38 вы можете найти в нашей рубрике «Задания 32-38». А еще больше подобных разборов ищите в нашей новой рубрике «ФИПИ ответы».

Следите за обновлениями и совершенствуйте свой английский вместе с ABC.

It often seems to foreigners that British food …

1)  hasn’t been cooked long enough.

2)  often tastes too hot and spicy.

3)  doesn’t include raw vegetables.

4)  is lacking in variety of dishes.

British food

Foreigners often laugh at the British. They say, “In Britain you get hot chips with everything!” But even the British don’t eat chips with their meals. To prove that, we decided to let you read an extract from a letter written by Pete Phrase, the chief cook at Daphne’s in London, to his foreign friends.

“…I am always both amused and annoyed when I hear foreign people criticise British food. “It’s unimaginative,” they say. “It’s boring, it’s tasteless with totally overcooked vegetables.” I have a theory about British cooking, and I was interested to read that several famous cookery writers agree with me. My theory is this. Our basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that we haven’t had to invent sauces and complex recipes to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh peas or new potatoes just boiled (not overboiled) and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream or yoghurt and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?

If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say “fish and chips” and then stop. It is disappointing, but true, that there is no tradition in Britain of eating in restaurants, because our food doesn’t lend itself to such preparation. British cooking is found in the home, where it is possible to time the dishes to perfection. So it is difficult to find a good English restaurant with reasonable prices.

It is for these reasons that we haven’t exported our dishes, but we have imported a surprising variety of cuisines from all over the world. In most cities in Britain you’ll also find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you’ll also find Indonesian, Lebanese, German, Spanish, Mexican, Greek… Cynics will say that this is because we have no “cuisine” ourselves, but, well, you know what I think!”

Traditional British food is usually described as plain, conservative and unvaried. There are many popular jokes about it. “The British Empire was created as a by-product of generations of desperate Englishmen roaming the world in search of a decent meal,” remarks American journalist Bill Marsano.

Indeed, classic British dishes are not too dainty, but they are nourishing, natural and tasty, a lot of attention here is paid to the food quality. Residents of Great Britain prefer local food to imported products, so nearly all fish, milk and meat products are produced within the country and vegetables are grown by local farmers.

Meals during a day in Britain traditionally include breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper. Dinner is always the most substantial meal during the day. For dinner the British often have soup and then the main course, such as meat, poultry or fishwith vegetables or mashed potatoes. It is followed by a dessert, for example, the ost ubiquitous apple pie. Meat dishes are presented in British cuisine in a large variety. Probably, the most delicious of them is succulent roast beef, which is grilled and served with vegetables, roast potatoes or Yorkshire pudding. Apart from beef, the British cook steaks of pork, lamb and sometimes turkey or chicken.

Supper in Britain is the last meal of the day, and usually it consists of something light, for example, a bowl of cream soup, naturally, often skipped.

As for drinks, it’s impossible to imagine British cuisine without tea. Contrary to popular belief, tea is not always served with milk. The British drink tea with and without sugar, with lemon, cinnamon, honey and so on. But tea and milk is a classic combination, not a favourite of mine, though.”