Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Surviving in a Desert
A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _________________.
Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B __________________. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ___________________, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D ________________. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E ______________. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.
Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F ________________. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.
There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.
1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
2. whenever it rains
3. to find water as far as 25 metres away
4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
7. that help them to live in the desert
| Пропуск | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Часть предложения |
Задание 24 на подготовку к ЕГЭ по английскому. В тексте имеются пропуски слов. Для каждого пропуска даны несколько вариантов. Определите, какой вариант верный.
ЗаданиеОтвет
The Archipelago
In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them OUT / OFF / APART / ASIDE by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is OVER / AT / AGAINST / ON odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. DESPITE / IN SPITE / BESIDES / ALTHOUGH their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely RAISES / ATTAINS / AMOUNTS / ACHIEVES to more than a few heated exchanges.
At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason WITH / TO / OF / FOR its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.
Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island RECOLLECTED / REMINDED / RESEMBLED / REMEMBERED an enormous wedding cake.
Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply WENT / RAN / GREW / CAME out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.
The Archipelago
In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them APART by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is AT odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. DESPITE their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely AMOUNTS to more than a few heated exchanges.
At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason FOR its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.
Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island RESEMBLED an enormous wedding cake.
Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply RAN out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.
Раздел 2. Чтение
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.
1. National language
2. Freedom of media
3. Customs and traditions
4. Public transport
5. Geography
6. Leisure and sport
7. Modern history
8. Economic outlook
A. Lithuania is situated on the eastern Baltic coast and borders Latvia in the north, the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation and Poland in the southwest, and Belarus in the southwest and east. The geometrical centre of Europe lies in eastern Lithuania 25km north of its capital Vilnius. The landscape varies between lowland plains and hilly uplands and has a complex network of rivers.
B. Lithuania has historically been the least developed of the Baltic republics, with a smaller industrial base and greater dependence on agriculture. Sugar beet, cereals, potatoes and vegetables are the main crops. Lithuania’s foreign trade has gradually changed during the 1990s, and now the European Union, not Russia, is its main trading partner.
C. Lithuanian is the mother tongue for 80% of the population. After the country joined the European Union in 2004 this language has become one of the EU official languages. Lithuania has a large number of dialects for such a small territory, including High Lithuanian and Low Lithuanian.
D. Lithuania offers different opportunities for a nice vacation. You can explore a range of large sand dunes and pine forests while hiking in the Curonian Spit National Park, take part in some action sports in Nida, a village that makes a true paradise for sailing, windsurfing, paragliding and kiting, or try out more extreme sports, such as hot-air ballooning and gliding.
E. Those who are interested in folklore may enjoy their stay in Lithuania in any season of the year. The Mardi Gras celebrations are held in various Lithuanian cities and small towns at the beginning of February. The Folklore Festival is held in Vilnius’ Old Town during in May. There you can see craft fairs, taste traditional dishes, join song and parties and listen to psalms.
F. Lithuania’s TV market is dominated by commercial channels. The radio market is similarly competitive. Lithuania’s media are free and operate independently of the state, and there are no government-owned newspapers. However, politicians do occasionally attempt to influence editorial policy.
G. In cities and towns there are buses and trolleybuses, which usually run from 05.00 to 23.00, but times do vary between routes. You can’t pay the fare to the driver in cash but you can buy coupons from him. Coupons can be also bought at news kiosks before boarding. Minibuses are less crowded but more expensive.
| Текст | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| Заголовок |
Sand dunes are rarely isolated. They form in large groups known as dune fields, whispering in the desert wind or flowing with the water on a seabed.
Now researchers have discovered that dunes communicate with their neighbors as they move across these landscapes — they can even push their neighbor dunes farther away, according to a paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters on Tuesday. The findings could help experts understand how dune movements affect infrastructure, which could be key in adapting to a changing climate.
It’s well known that sand dunes move around and that smaller dunes move faster than larger ones, said Nathalie Vriend, the paper’s senior author from Cambridge University’s BP Institute for Multiphase Flow. But researchers assumed that a pair of identical dunes would move together at the same speed.
Instead, identical dunes that start close repel each other, moving farther away over time.
«They’re definitely communicating,» Vriend said in an interview with The Washington Post. «If I give my neighbor in front of me a push, it’s something I do. But we’re not talking about humans with brains, we’re talking about sand dunes that communicate — inanimate objects communicating information.»
Here’s what’s happening: When a water or wind flow hits a dune, a disturbance is created — almost like the wake created by a boat — and that disturbance gives the neighboring dune a little push, causing that dune to accelerate.
As the flow continues, that same movement also continues until the downstream dune is far enough away not to be affected by the wake.
«Similar to if you’re far enough from the boat, you wouldn’t feel the wake as much,» Vriend said.
A small amount of sand may be exchanged as the dunes move. But that’s a consequence of the movement, and it’s the energy from the wind or water flow creating the disturbance.
In the lab, Vriend said Karol Bacik, the report’s lead author from Cambridge University’s GK Batchelor Lab, plopped sand heaps into a rotating tank with water. The experiment was meant to mirror what happens in nature, but much faster.
She described field work in the desert in Qatar, where an approximately 16-foot high dune may move at the speed of about 65 feet per year, or a 98-foot high dune moves at 16 feet per year. By comparison, the sand heaps in the lab moved at about 65 feet per hour.
«If you are using satellite images to look at these interactions, it would take a long time to see these interactions happening. That’s why we decided to bring it into the lab and put it in fluid,» she said.
On a warming planet, understanding how sand dunes move could become even more important for understanding their impact on dry climates.
Vriend said climate-fueled desertification and an increased prevalence of sand dunes can harm roads and infrastructure. She recalled reading about creeping sand dunes in Nouakchott, Mauritania, where «parts of the city were engulfed by sand dunes — that’s impacting people directly, destroying their livelihoods.»
«I’m a physicist, a geoscientist, but I’m trying to contribute to these types of big questions,» Vriend said.
KEEP READING
В данной статье вы найдете:
Пример последнего задания (№12-18) раздела Чтение экзамена ЕГЭ
Поэтапный разбор заданий такого типа на примере
Советы для успешного выполнения подобных заданий
Задания №12 -18 (третье в разделе Чтение)
проверяют способность учеников находить заданную информацию в законченном тексте
Здесь 7 утверждений или вопросов с четырьмя вариантами ответов на выбор.
Максимальный результат 7 баллов.
ТЕКСТ ЗАДАНИЯ
ПЛАН ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЗАДАНИЯ
Переведите заголовок текста и попробуйте догадаться, о чем пойдет речь в тексте.
В нашем примере заголовок “Driveless car” переводится как “Автомобили без водителя”
и навевает на мысли о технических новинках, предполагаемых достоинствах и недостатках таких машин.
Внимательно прочитайте каждый вопрос, подчеркните ключевые слова.
Найдите в тексте нужный отрывок, переведите его и выберите вариант ответа из предложенных.
ВНИМАНИЕ
Все утверждения (задания 12-18) следуют в порядке изложения в тексте!
Задание №12
According to the author driveless cars will become cheap enough for most people to buy within the following …
В задании подчеркнуты ключевые слова — вопрос в том, когда такие автомобили станут дешевыми.
В первом абзаце текста в одном и том же предложении мы имеем 7 years и 8 years.
Теперь мы точно знаем где «зарыт»правильный ответ, осталось только внимательно перевести это предложение:
оказывается, что по высокой цене такие авто можно будет приобрести через 7 лет, но понадобится еще 8 лет после этого, чтобы машины стали доступными.
7+8=15 лет.
Ответ 2.
Задание №12 — Ответ 2
Задание №13
Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the text?
- a driverless car operator won’t be resposible for accidents
- the age required to operate a driverless car is likely to rise
- driverless cars may increase the number of road accidents
- the driverless car will voice-activated
Исходя из здравого смысла, наверное сразу из правильных можно исключить вариант 3, так как, вряд ли полностью автоматические автомобили увеличат количество аварий на дорогах.
Далее ищем ответ в районе второго абзаца.
Информации об активации авто голосом (вариант 4) и возрасте (вариант 2) здесь отсутствует.
Чтобы убедиться в правильности варианта 1 внимательно смотрим на первое предложение второго абзаца, в котором есть фраза — the shifting of accident liability to manufactures — перенос ответственности за аварии на производителя.
А это значит, что операторы такого автомобиля (действительно их вряд ли можно назвать водителями) не будут нести ответственности за аварии.
Задание №13 — Ответ 1
Задание №14
To operate a driverless car, their owners will be required to…
- set the destination on the GPS
- have experience in programming
- obtain a collision insurance
- have a special license
Опять же из личного опыта можно исключить варианты 2 (о знаниях программирования для управления таким автомобилем)
и 4 (о наличии каких то специальных прав, так как оператор по сути управлять автомобилем не будет).
В третьем абзаце нет информации о страховках (ответ 4), а вот GPS — навигация как раз встречается (ответ 1).
Задание №14 — Ответ 1
Задание №15
Which of the following, according to the author, will a driverless car have?
- gas and brake pedals
- a steering wheel
- video displays
- a turn signal arm
Что же это будет за машина без водителя, если в ней будут педали тормоза и газа (ответ 1), руль (ответ 2) и рычаги сигнала поворота (ответ 4).
Здесь вообще не глядя в текст можно догадаться о правильном ответе, но, все таки, давайте взглянем на первое предложение пятого параграфа
— each passenger will have a personal video display informing about a current location —
у каждого пассажира будет свой дисплей, показывающий текущее местоположение.
Задание №15 — Ответ 3
Задание №16
The author claims that with the introduction of driverless cars…
- personal vehicle ownership will increase
- the number of vehicles on the roads will diminish
- people will rent vehicles insted of buying them
- vehicle owners will spend more money on insurance
Здесь работаем с шестым абзацем.
Вариант 1 исключается прямо противоположной фразой текста personal vehicle ownership may dramatically diminish,
ну а раз личных автомобилей станет значительно меньше,
вероятно, количество арендуемых автомобилей увеличится — ответ 3.
Задание №16 — Ответ 3
Задание №17
According to the author, driverless cars will be…
- as important socially as the Internet
- enthusiastically accepted by the people
- operated without transitional delays
- used by people with caution at first
Вряд ли такие авто будут восприняты людьми без опасений (ответ 2),
и вряд ли они будут функционировать без задержек (ответ 3),
скорее всего, сначала люди воспримут такую новинку с большой осторожностью — и это ответ 4.
Вариант 1 исключаем первым предложением абзаца номер 7 —
там речь идет о сравнении финансового и коммуникационного влияния (а не социального) интернета и авто без водителя.
Задание №17 — Ответ 4
Задание №18
The attitude of the author towards the driverless cars may be described as…
- optimistic
- negative
- indifferent
- unsure
На мой взгляд, здесь все очевидно.
Мнение автора сугубо оптимистичное,
тем более, что в паре последних абзацев он даже говорит о перспективе машин, передвигающихся по воздуху.
Задание №18 — Ответ 1
ВЫВОДЫ:
Общие знания об окружающем мире могут дать прозрачные намеки на ряд правильных ответов, НО верный ответ нужно искать В ТЕКСТЕ!
Все утверждения (вопросы 12-18) следуют в порядке изложения в тексте, и если вы не можете найти ответа на вопрос, например, 13, то его следует пропустить и, вернувшись к нему в конце, искать необходимую информацию между абзацами, в которых Вы нашли ответы на вопросы 12 и 14.
ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ДРУГИХ РАЗДЕЛАХ ЕГЭ
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Раздел 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ
Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
2
Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.
A Mary’s new job takes up a lot of time and energy.
B Mary has no time to go to parties.
C Peter felt his salary in the company was too low.
D Peter left his job because he had no promotion prospects.
E Peter sent out his resume to nearly twenty companies.
F Peter wouldn’t mind working in another city.
G Mary advises Peter to speak to people with the same problems.
Утверждение
Соответствие диалогу
Вы услышите рассказ писателя о своём увлечении музыкой. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
3
The narrator says that his musical career
1) changed its direction at the age of 11.
2) started roughly 30 years ago.
3) began after he had sung a song with his father.
Ответ: .
4
When the narrator was almost 40,
1) he was already performing in public.
2) he had learned to sing the parts of ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’.
3) he felt a desire to start playing music.
Ответ: .
5
When the narrator got a mandolin, he
1) didn’t feel surprised.
2) felt a bit nervous.
3) felt relieved.
Ответ: .
6
The narrator enjoyed playing the mandolin because
1) he was able to master difficult chords.
2) he was composing music.
3) he was able to relax after his everyday work.
Ответ: .
7
The narrator went to the jam camp because
1) he wanted to perform in public.
2) he would like to speak to Dr. Banjo.
3) he was offered the easiest way to improve his skills.
Ответ: .
8
In the camp the narrator learned that
1) to play songs he should know forty basic chords.
2) to grow as a musician he should possess certain qualities and abilities.
3) he could become a perfect mandolin player if he practises a lot.
Ответ: .
9
When the narrator came back home last week, he was pleased because
1) Ruth had started taking music lessons.
2) his friends and relatives showed their interest in music.
3) Los Angeles was a different place.
Ответ: .
Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ
10
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Use Silence
2. Gestures and Posture
3. Audience Awareness
4. Sensible Dress
5. Distinct and Audible Speech
6. Consider Context
7. Speaking Through Eyes
8. Strategic Listening
A. The first thing that a good speaker does is looks at the audience and takes a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey.
B. Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.
C. Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.
D. Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person’s mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.
E. If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs.
F. Don’t be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need ‘white space’ and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.
G. The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person’s physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.
11
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.
Ever wonder A ____________? There’s actually quite a bit of science going on behind the scenes, with several components working together to bring you that digital-quality signal.
Your channel selection begins with the programming sources themselves. Companies like Showtime, HBO or Cinemax create their programming. Channel providers then purchase rights to this programming B ____________. Once a provider has their programming in place, they turn their attention to the broadcast centre to compress and convert the programming for satellite broadcast.
Your Dish Network Programming originally arrives as a digital stream of video, which is then compressed and converted through an encoder, typically using the MPEG2 format. This format reduces the overall size of the video, C ____________.
Once encoded, the video is then encrypted D ____________. After the video has been encrypted, it is sent to the provider’s satellite, strategically positioned in the sky.
The satellite itself uses a dish similar to your own satellite dish, to receive the video and send it back down to Earth. When the satellite sends the signal back down to Earth, it is picked up by your satellite dish, a small round antenna that receives the satellite’s broadcast and sends the video on to your satellite TV receiver.
The satellite TV receiver is that little black box that sits inside your home and allows you to choose E ____________. The receiver actually performs several important functions in the satellite viewing process, including the decryption of the signal itself. If you remember, the satellite signal was scrambled by the provider to protect it from un-paying consumers. Your receiver ‘de-scrambles’ that signal and converts the signal into a format F ____________. Together these amazing components create a vividly clear digital picture for over 200 satellite channels.
- which channel you want to watch
- including a power source and a computer system
- so that the broadcast can only be viewed by paying subscribers
- so that they can broadcast the shows via satellite
- how your satellite TV system works
- making it possible for a satellite to broadcast hundreds of channels at the same time
- that your television can handle
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Jonte faced playtime with mixed feelings. When the bell rang, the others would rush into the open air, laughing and chattering. He felt left out. Yet these were also times he enjoyed. He could daydream about how things might have been.
Sometimes, though, he would watch the play not directly, that would have been impossible but on the big screen in one of the classrooms. Cheering on his friends made him feel part of the action. Even through the screens, however, watching for long often made his eyes hurt. Sunlight reflected strongly off the silvery turf, and even more from the trees around the ground. Players in motion trailed flashes of light which left black spots in his vision.
It was during a tense game that the summons came through. The shelter Principal, no less, wanted him at once in his office. Jonte uttered a mild swearword, though realising that he had already been watching too long — his head was aching. He made his way to the admin sector, signalled his arrival and went in. The Principal was behind his desk directly opposite the door. He was a small man, with metallic black hair cut short, silver-grey hands in constant fidgety motion and an expression of perpetual irritation. He waved in the direction of a chair placed in front of the desk.
But to Jonte’s surprise, there were several other people in the office. It was difficult at first to see them all clearly: not only had the effects of watching the match still to wear off, but the lighting was poor. Perhaps the Principal had only remembered at the last minute to close the heavy shutters and switch on a lamp.
As his vision returned, Jonte’s surprise grew. The six men and two women, who sat in a half circle to one side, judging by their job tags, were senior… very senior. Four were from the administration. The two women and the other two men seemed to be scientists from different research bodies.
Jonte was used to the fact that other people were inscrutable. He would have been able to tell from gazing in a mirror into his own eyes, with their blue irises surrounding dark pupils, how he was feeling, even if he hadn’t known yet. But other people’s eyes were silver discs, giving away nothing. He could sometimes see from the rest of their faces whether they were happy or sad, smiling or frowning; but their skin reflected the light, so that he could never be quite sure. From the way they were sitting, he thought, the visitors seemed anxious.
‘Jonte’, the Principal said, ‘these people have a favour to ask, and I hope you can help them. Please sit down.’ Jonte’s surprise grew. What possible favour could these people want from someone like him? ‘I’ll help if I can’, he said.
‘You know,’ the Principal went on, ‘that you have had to grow up here because going outside would be dangerous. Your body wouldn’t be able to withstand the radiation, even at night-time. Ordinary people are born with protection; but in your case…’
‘So you see’, one of the women interjected quickly, ‘you are really a very interesting young man. We want you to let us get to know you better.’
‘The people here,’ the Principal resumed, ‘are from the government’s science and research council. They would like to take you to one of their centres in the south, where the facilities are supposed to be better than we can provide. ’
‘But I’m quite happy here,’ Jonte felt he should say. ‘My friends…’
‘… and in any case,’ the Principal insisted a trifle sourly, ‘you wouldn’t be able to stay much longer. The shelter is being closed down.’
Jonte took this in. ‘So when do I have to go?’ he asked.
‘If you can pack your things together quickly,’ one of the men replied, ‘we should like to move you this evening … say in an hour. Is that all right?’
An hour! The suddenness of it all puzzled Jonte. His condition had been known from the moment he had been born when his parents so he had been told had handed him over for special care. But it also excited him. Apart from a short journey when he had been much younger to a medical centre, he could not remember ever having left the shelter. He didn’t really have much to pack anyway.
(Adapted from ‘Fear No More’ by George Anthony)
12
When his friends rushed into the open air during playtime, Jonte felt
1) embarrased.
2) annoyed.
3) lonely.
4) bored.
Ответ: .
13
When the summons came through, Jonte was
1) glad that he was able to have a rest.
2) annoyed that he had to stop watching the game.
3) eager to know what had happened.
4) in a hurry.
Ответ: .
14
The people in the Principal’s office were all
1) of high rank.
2) very old.
3) researchers.
4) from the administration.
Ответ: .
15
In paragraph 6 the word ‘inscrutable’ means
1) not wishing to talk.
2) unhappy.
3) pretending to be kind.
4) showing no emotion or reaction.
Ответ: .
16
Jonte had to grow up in the shelter because
1) he was an orphan.
2) the world outside the shelter was dangerous.
3) his body was unable to withstand high temperature.
4) he would not manage to survive in the open air.
Ответ: .
17
The people offered to take Jonte to one of their centres because
1) Jonte was not quite happy here.
2) it was well equipped.
3) the Principal didn’t want Jonte to stay in the shelter.
4) the shelter could not provide good education for Jonte.
Ответ: .
18
Jonte was surprised because
1) he had not known about his condition.
2) he had never left the shelter before.
3) he had to leave the shelter urgently.
4) he didn’t have much to pack.
Ответ: .
Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.
Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.
Choosing a Career
19
Jane had always wanted to be a nurse and help in need. Her father, however, thought that nursing was not a suitable profession for her.
PERSON
20
When she left school, she a job as a doctor’s receptionist.
OFFER
21
Jane to take the job, so she decided to talk to her friend Ann about what she should do.
NOT WANT
22
When Jane came to Ann’s house, Ann met her in the garden. ‘Hello, Jane! You look so unhappy! What (you) about?’
THINK
23
While Jane’s her problem, Ann’s mother shouted to the girls to come over.
EXPLAIN
24
She said that Jane’s father an accident and he was in hospital.
HAVE
25
When they arrived at the hospital, Jane was amazed to see her father on the bed in a very good mood. ‘Oh, Jane, the nurses here are really wonderful. And I think …’ Jane smiled. She knew what her father was going to tell her.
SIT
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is one of the most written-about cities on earth. Built on ancient volcanoes and first established because of its secure and
26
position, the capital of Scotland has become a crossroads.
DEFENCE
27
everyone who comes to Scotland today spends some time in this city.
PRACTICAL
28
Edinburgh is the second most popular tourist destination in Great Britain and it’s not hard to see why. Its midsummer festival is one of the biggest in the world.
NATION
29
Edinburgh is a delight to explore on foot: most of its are contained within a compact central area.
ATTRACT
30
With streets steeped in history and a thriving scene, Edinburgh offers the perfect balance between traditional and contemporary things.
CULTURE
31
The area around the city has many towns and scenic villages, which are also great for exploring.
HISTORY
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Archipelago
In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them 32____ by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is 33____ odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. 34____ their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely 35____ to more than a few heated exchanges.
At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason 36____ its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.
Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island 37____ an enormous wedding cake.
Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply 38____ out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.
32
1) out
2) off
3) apart
4) aside
Ответ: .
33
1) over
2) at
3) against
4) on
Ответ: .
34
1) Despite
2) In spite
3) Besides
4) Although
Ответ: .
35
1) raises
2) attains
3) amounts
4) achieves
Ответ: .
36
1) with
2) to
3) of
4) for
Ответ: .
37
1) recollected
2) reminded
3) resembled
4) remembered
Ответ: .
38
1) went
2) ran
3) grew
4) came
Ответ: .
Ваш результат: пока 0.
Далее вы можете набрать еще 40 баллов. Автоматически это проверить нельзя, поэтому сделайте реалистичный прогноз о том, сколько бы вы смогли набрать баллов, и получите ваш итоговый результат ЕГЭ.
Если возник вопрос по ответу, в котором вы ошиблись, можете задать его в комментариях.
Раздел 4. ПИСЬМО
Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.
You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Mark who writes:
…Guess what! All my friends are going to ‘Waterland’ next week and I can’t swim! What shall I do? If I go with my friends, they will be teasing me all the time. I have wanted to learn to swim for a long time but I feel embarrassed to start learning at my age. What would you advise me to do? Is it difficult to learn how to swim? How many lessons will I need?
Well, I’d better go now as my mum’s calling me for dinner.
Write back to Mark.
In your letter
— answer his questions
— ask 3 questions about his favourite sports
Write 100 — 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
За это задание вы можете получить 6 баллов максимум.
Comment on the following statement.
Lots of teens believe that it’s important to look nice. However, adults often think that young people pay too much attention to their appearance and fashion.
Write 200 — 250 words.
— make an introduction (state the problem)
— express your personal opinion and give 2—3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1—2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position
За это задание вы можете получить 14 баллов максимум.
Раздел 5. ГОВОРЕНИЕ
— За 1,5 минуты нужно подготовиться и в следующие 1,5 минуты выразительно прочитать текст вслух — 1 балл.
— Составление 5 вопросов на основе ключевых слов. На подготовку отводится 1,5 минуты, затем каждый вопрос надо сформулировать в течение 20 секунд — 5 баллов.
— 3 фотографии. Нужно выбрать 1 и описать ее по предложенному тут же в задании плану за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.
— 2 картинки. Нужно сравнить их, описать сходства и различия, объяснить, почему выбранная тематика близка выпускнику, за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.
Установите соответствие тем 1 — 8 текстам A — G. Занесите свои ответы в соответствующее поле справа. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании одна тема лишняя.
1. Women doing men’s jobs
2. Holidays — the best time to visit
3. Ideal to grow a man
4. A costume for a mythic sea creature
5. The best profession for a lady
6. A festival to a season
7. Words for all times
8. Best clothes for burial
A. Mary is a professional dress-maker specializing in exotic costumes. She devotes many hours to crafting mermaid tails and hand-made tops. Her professional mermaid costume includes a tail and a top. A tail is made of the finest silicone that bends naturally with movement and looks beautifully on film and in print. Out of the depths of the water her costume shines with hundreds ot pearls, crystals, and gemstones.
B. Today’s well-educated person uses about 18,000 words. Shakespeare, whose plays written for a small theatre are now performed in more countries than ever before, used over 34,000 different words, thousands of which he made up. For example: accessible, roadway, schoolboy, and watchdog. Many of his phrases have fallen into everyday use in our language today, including, “A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!’’ by Richard III.
C. The Celtic division of the year was into two parts. The winter half was considered the beginning of the year, and the summer half the second part. There were two further subdivisions. so the year was finally divided into the standard four seasons. At each of these four stages, a Fire Festival was celebrated. It involved religious ceremonies, music, storytelling, and poetry. These great festivals were regarded to be the best time.
D. As symbols of respect and courage, knights turned out to be an intriguing mix of all the things that made males the best, as their education included the most effective sorts of exercises for the brain and the human body. Knight tournaments were a good way for the knights to try out the actual travails of fighting and never having to go through the pain and troubles of having to look after themselves, and of their kingdoms.
E. Were there any women pirates in Renaissance England? They were in the minority, but they were never the less there and very able. Lady Mary was a daughter of a pirate and married to a pirate. When her husband died, she recruited her castle staff and went to sea herself. Her luck ran out when she captured a German captain, who was a friend of Queen Elizabeth. So Lady Mary quit piracy … and started selling stolen goods.
F. Russia is an amazing holiday destination. It should be visited during the festival season, as it reveals the rich cultural tradition and fascinating customs of its people. While the festivals come from the Christian legacy Russia shares with Europe and America, the manner of celebration is unique. Enthusiastic travelers suggest planning a Russian holiday during the festival time and to be sure that the memories will last a lifetime!
G. Normally very fine textiles are found in graves. Obviously, the quality of clothing worn in the Middle Ages would reduce with lower ranks, but even the slaves did not wear cloth as rough as people thought in the past and some still do today. Slaves would probably wear their master’s clothes, which may have been very thin in places and not decorated. They would usually receive the underclothes to be worn as overclothes.
 |
||
|
Установите соответствие между текстами A—G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. TEST 05 |
1. See a snake crawling down С
2. Natural wonder F
3. Created to protect G
4. Mysterious rocks B
5. Lost city A
6. The really cool place D
7. Go there now
8. Ancient sculptures E
A. Eight thousand feet above sea level, this five-century-old pre-Columbian site was once home to the Incas. Until American historian Hiram Bingham publicized his findings of the area in a book called «Across South America,» the mountain-top ruins were widely unknown to anyone living outside of the Urubamba Valley. Since Spanish colonialists had no idea of Machu Picchu’s existence, Incan architecture and design of the buildings were preserved.
Исторические места и архитектура инков. Lost city
B. Does the arrangement of the 25-ton sandstone blocks at Stonehenge suggest some sort of spiritual prediction? No one really knows. Theories about the nearly 5,000-year- old circular stone structure vary. The most intriguing time to visit Stonehenge is at sunset when a yellow-orange glow can be seen through the magnificent towers’ arches making some people believe that it was originally a place of healing, while others think it was used for ancestor worship.
Stone hedge — место для излечения или поклонения предкам. Mysterious rocks
C. The 1,500-year-old pyramids, located near the town of Merida, may be less popular than their equivalents in Egypt, but they are just as remarkable. Although there are many structures there like the Temple of the Warriors or the Wall of Skulls, the main attraction is El Castillo, the 78-foot, 91-step central pyramid. The absolute best time to travel to El Castillo is at sunset when shadows give the illusion that a large serpent is sliding down the pyramid.
Пирамида El Castillo очень красивая при заходе солнца. See a snake crawling down
D. The Earth’s southernmost point, Antarctica, is the driest and coldest of the seven continents. For a place that is 98 per cent covered in one-mile-deep ice, it is hard to imagine why anyone would want to visit it at all. But there is a strange beauty about Antarctica that is incomparable to anywhere else on the planet. Anyway, while Antarctica has no permanent residents, there are often up to 5,000 researchers working there at a time.
Антарктика – очень красивое место, там работают ученые. The really cool place
E. It is believed that hundreds of years ago the natives of Easter Island carved massive heads out of stone to honor their ancestors. Today, there are 887 «moai,» as the statues are called, which create a mysterious, yet intriguing landscape on this Polynesian island, which is a four-and-a-half hour flight from Lima, Peru. The tallest statue on the island, named Paro, is 33 feet high and weighs 82 tons.
Статуи голов на Easter Island. Ancient sculptures
F. North America’s Red Canyon is 277 river miles long, eighteen miles wide, and one mile deep, and if it doesn’t make your mouth drop with surprise, then you might not be human! Most tourists go there by car and there are plenty of spots along the way to pull the car over and have a look from the top. You can also go down into the canyon’s depths and experience the very heart of the canyon by going rafting on the Colorado River, and even spend the night at a hotel below the rim.
Red Canyon – очень красивое место. Natural wonder
G. Thousands of miles long, the Great Wall of China is the largest cultural object humans have ever built. It majestically snakes through China, winds around rising and falling hills, twists through an enormous countryside, and stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Lake in the west. However, the wall was constructed more than 2,000 years ago not to amaze people, but in an attempt to keep out invading tribes from the north.
Предназначение Great Wall of China See a snake crawling down
| № текста | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
| тема | 5 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 3 |
ВСЕ ТЕСТЫ
Джалолова Светлана Анатольевна, учитель английского языка Высшей квалификационной категории. Победитель конкурсного отбора на соискание Гранта Москвы в сфере образования 2010г. Старший эксперт ГИА ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Победитель Всероссийской Олимпиады учителей английского языка «Профи-край» 2015 год. Почетная грамота Министерства образования РФ 2014 г., Грамота победителя конкурса лучших учителей РФ 2007г., Диплом победителя конкурса на соискание Гранта Москвы 2010 г.. Стаж работы — 23 года.
Недашковская Наталья Михайловна, Учитель английского языка Высшей квалификационной категории. Победитель ПНПО 2007 г. Победитель конкурсного отбора на соискание Гранта Москвы в сфере образования 2010г. Эксперт ГИА ОГЭ по английскому языку. Проводила педагогическую экспертизу учебных изданий при РАО 2015-2016. Почетная грамота Министерства образования РФ 2013 г., Грамота победителя конкурса лучших учителей РФ 2007г., Диплом победителя конкурса на соискание Гранта Москвы 2010 г. Стаж работы — 35 лет.
Подвигина Марина Михайловна, Учитель английского языка Высшей квалификационной категории. Победитель ПНПО 2008 г. Победитель конкурсного отбора на соискание Гранта Москвы в сфере образования 2010г. Старший эксперт ГИА ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Проводила педагогическую экспертизу учебных изданий при РАО 2015-2016. Почетная грамота Министерства образования РФ 2015 г., Грамота победителя конкурса лучших учителей РФ 2008г., Диплом победителя конкурса на соискание Гранта Москвы 2010 г. Стаж работы — 23 года.
Трофимова Елена Анатольевна, Учитель английского языка Высшей квалификационной категории. Старший эксперт ГИА ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Почетная грамота Министерства образования РФ 2013 г. Стаж работы — 15 лет.
Читайте также:
ЕГЭ по английскому языку: раздел «Аудирование»
ЕГЭ по английскому языку: раздел «Грамматика»
ЕГЭ по английскому языку: раздел «Письмо»
ЕГЭ по английскому языку: устная часть
Раздел 2 «Чтение» включает в себя 3 задания
Задания данного раздела проверяют понимание основного содержания текста, понимание структурно-смысловых связей в тексте, полное и точное понимание информации в тексте. Рекомендуемое время выполнения данного раздела — 30 минут. Максимальный результат — 20 баллов.
1. Задание под номером 10, за которое дается максимальное количество баллов — 7, сформулировано следующим образом:
Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
Даются 8 заголовков и 7 текстов. Под установлением соответствий подразумевается подбор подходящих заголовков к каждому тексту. Это задание проверяет умение понимать основную идею (содержание) каждого текста, отделять главное от второстепенного, игнорировать избыточную информацию и незнакомые слова, не мешающие пониманию основного содержания.
Для успешного выполнения задания предлагаем вам следующим алгоритм действия:
- Прочитайте заголовки (темы или краткие утверждения) и определите: что в них общего и чем они отличаются друг от друга: проблемой, отношением к проблеме и т.д.
- В процессе ознакомления с заголовками целесообразно подчеркнуть в них ключевые слова или сделать другие пометки.
- Глядя на заголовки, попытайтесь предугадать основное содержание текста, подобрать слова/словосочетания, которые необходимы для раскрытия данной темы/ проблемы/ ситуации.
- Просмотрите каждый текст, игнорируя незнакомые слова и выражения, с тем, чтобы понять его основную идею.
- По мере прочтения каждого текста отмечайте все возможные варианты ответа рядом с текстом, помечая заголовок в списке как использованный. (Не забывайте, что на бланках КИМ разрешается делать любые пометки.)
- При возникших затруднениях с определением соответствия текста заголовку (теме, краткому утверждению), прочтите текст еще раз и попытайтесь сформулировать его основную идею самостоятельно, затем выберите наиболее близкий вариант по содержанию из оставшихся и отметьте его.
- Если текст кажется совсем непонятным, отложите его. Подобрав заголовки к другим текстам и действуя методом исключения, у вас останется два заголовка и один текст — шансов даже просто угадать уже гораздо больше.
- Вернитесь к тем текстам, где изначально были выбраны несколько возможных соответствий.
- Продумайте и обоснуйте самому себе выбор того или иного соответствия с опорой на текст.
- Проверьте правильность других выбранных соответствий. Убедитесь, что вы не использовали одну и ту же букву дважды.
- Удостоверьтесь, что оставшийся заголовок не подходит ни к одному тексту.
- Запишите окончательный вариант ответа в таблицу после задания.
Давайте проверим, насколько наша тактика работает на примере. Даны следующие заголовки для соотнесения с текстами:
|
1. A shop that inspired writers |
5. Birth of a popular sport |
|
2. Country’s brave defenders |
6. Textile business links |
|
3. A truly international place |
7. A nice-sounding building |
|
4. Governesses of rich children |
8. The initial steps of commerce |
Выделяем ключевые слова в каждом из них:
|
1. A shop that inspired writers |
5. Birth of a popular sport |
|
2. Country’s brave defenders |
6. Textile business links |
|
3. A truly international place |
7. A nice-sounding building |
|
4. Governesses of rich children |
8. The initial steps of commerce |
Читаем тексты и определяем основную мысль каждого из них. Выделяем ключевые слова и выражения в заголовках. Соотносим заголовки с текстами, находя синонимичные слова и фразы в тексте и заголовках:
A. Moscow has always been a multicultural city. If we look back at its history, we will see that there were several foreign communities living in Moscow on a permanent basis. We all know about German people inhabiting the banks of the Yauza river, where little Peter, the future tsar of all Russia, ran around, made friends and got his first ideas of learning about ships and fleets. But what do we know about the British community of Moscow? Did it even exist?
(Ответ 3: — multicultural city — 3. A truly international place)
B. The first ties between Russia and Britain were formed in the middle of the 16th century in the time of Ivan the Terrible. It was then that some wealthy British merchants founded the Muscovy Company which held a monopoly on trade between Britain and Russia until 1698. The building of its Moscow headquarters was granted to the company by the tsar in 1556 and can be still visited at 4, Varvarka Street, known to us now as The Old English Court.
(Ответ 8: — first ties — 8. The initial steps of commerce. Возможен также вариант 4 — 4.Textile business links. Оставляем оба до конца работы с текстом.)
С. Beginning from the time of Peter the Great, several talented British military men moved to Russia. Many of them served as army generals and navy admirals, defending Russian borders in different wars and battles. Among the most famous ones were Field Marshall James Bruce, Field Marshall Barclay de Tolly and Admiral Thomas Mackenzie, all of them of Scottish origin.
(Ответ 2 — defending Russian borders in different wars and battles — 2.Country’s brave defenders)
D. In the 18th century, British industrialists made themselves known in Russia. One of the most outstanding figures was Robert McGill, who lived in Moscow and served as an intermediary between Lancashire mill engineers and the Russian cotton industry, and built over 150 mills (cotton factories) in Russia. Robert McGill had a house in Spiridonovka Street and together with his wife Jane was a prominent member of the British community in Moscow.
(Ответ 6 — intermediary between Lancashire mill engineers and the Russian cotton industry — Textile business links, т.е. вариант уходит из текста В, поскольку в том тексте нет информации о текстиле, а в этом говорится о хлопке)
E. If you talk to Moscow concert musicians who were active between the 1960s and the 1990s, they will tell you of the fantastic acoustics of the “Melodiya” recording studio at 8, Voznesensky Lane, which they lovingly called ‘kirche’, mistakenly thinking it was a German church. This building, designed in the English neo-gothic architectural style, was in fact built in 1885 by Robert McGill and is St. Andrew’s Anglican Church, which was used as a recording studio in Soviet times.
(Ответ 7 — fantastic acoustics — 7. A nice-sounding building)
F. Another spectacular example of British architecture in Moscow is the old building of TsUM next to the Bolshoy and Maly theatres. Built in the early 1900s, it was back then the biggest department store in Moscow. It was owned by Scottish merchants Andrew Muir and Archie Mirrielees. Mayakovsky mentions Muir&Mirrielees in several of his poems, while Chekhov named his dogs after its two owners.
(Ответ 1 — department store — 1. A shop that inspired writers)
G. In 1887, two other cotton industrialists from Lancashire, Clement and Harry Charnock, moved to work at a cotton factory in Orekhovo-Zuevo, near Moscow. They were both great football fans and decided to introduce this game to the workers of the factory. This resulted in the first professional football team in Russia which after the Revolution became the core of Moscow Dynamo team.
(Ответ 5 — the first professional football team — 5. Birth of a popular sport)
Лишний заголовок — 7. Governesses of rich children. Действительно, нет ни одного текста с информацией о гувернантках и богатых детях.
Заносим варианты в таблицу:
|
Текст |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
|
Заголовок |
3 |
8 |
2 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
5 |
Перейти в каталог продукции по английскому языку
2. Задание под номером 11 повышенного уровня, за которое дается максимальное количество баллов — 6, сформулировано следующим образом:
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Предлагается текст (газетная или журнальная статья) с шестью пропусками, обозначенными буквами (A-F), и семь фрагментов предложений для заполнения пропусков, обозначенных цифрами (1-7). Один фрагмент предложения — лишний. Надо установить соответствие между частью текста и пропущенным фрагментом предложения. Это задание проверяет понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста.
Для правильного выполнения задания следует:
1. Просмотреть весь текст (без выделенных фрагментов), определить его тему и основное содержание, не обращая внимания на незнакомые слова и выражения.
Surviving in a Desert
A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _________________. Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B __________________. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ___________________, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D ________________. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E ______________. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again. Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F ________________. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert. There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.
2. Обратить внимание на пропуски в тексте и попытаться предугадать пропущенную информацию. Например, в приведенном выше тексте, пропусках А и В вероятно изъяты придаточные определительные предложения, начинающиеся со слова which.
3. Прочитать выделенные фрагменты и определить структурные особенности начала фрагмента (с точки зрения использования грамматических и лексических норм сочетаемости), если таковые имеются.
1) which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
2) whenever it rains
3) to find water as far as 25 metres away
4) which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
5) to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
6) even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
7) that help them to live in the desert
Например, информация пункта 6 обычно занимает место в начале предложения и выделяется запятой, в тексте этому требованию соответствует пропуск С. Фрагменты пунктов 1 и 4 грамматически подходят к буквам А и В.
4. Читать текст последовательно, обращая особое внимание не только на пунктуацию, но и на последнее слово или выражение перед каждым пропуском. Если это слово или выражение требует определенного согласования или управления (использование герундия, инфинитива, предлога, союза и т.д.), надо искать соответствующее начало в выделенном фрагменте. Например, глагол help, предшествующий пропуску F, используется с инфинитивом, с которого начинаются фрагменты 3 и 5.
5. Если одна и та же грамматическая структура используется в начале нескольких выделенных фрагментов, необходимо учитывать смысловое содержание предложения с пропуском, а также предыдущих и последующих предложений. В случае с пропуском F речь идет о пустынных зайцах, следовательно, пункт 5 больше подходит, так как в нем присутствует информация о теле, что больше подходит к животным.
6. По ходу чтения отмечать все возможные варианты соответствий, указывая нужные буквы рядом с цифрой пропуска или нужные цифры рядом с буквами, обозначающими выделенные фрагменты,
7. Делать нужные исправления по ходу чтения, исключая уже использованные варианты.
8. Если остаются пропуски с двумя вариантами соответствий, следует обратить внимание на грамматические и лексические нормы сочетаемости и содержание текста.
9. Проверить правильность других выбранных соответствий.
10. Прочитать полученный текст с точки зрения смысла, логики и грамматики.
11. Записать окончательный вариант ответа в таблицу после задания.
12. Определить, насколько лишний фрагмент не подходит ко всем пропускам.
Проверим правильность нашей тактики на тексте. Внимательно читаем все предложение в тексте, где содержится первый пропуск. Определяем, что не хватает придаточного предложения, начинающегося со слова which. Из вариантов 1 и 4 выбираем 4 пропуск, так как предыдущая информация посвящена количеству дождя.
It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _4 ( which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually).
Пропуск В также сочетается с придаточным определительным предложением, но здесь речь идет о песке, т.е. подходит вариант 1
Most deserts are covered with sand, B _1 (which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes).
Как мы уже отмечали ранее, пропуску С соответствует пункт 6 по месту в предложении и наличию запятой. Проверяем по смыслу, подходит.
This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C _6 (even though the desert environment is very dry and hot, some living things are able to do well in this setting).
В пропуске D также должно быть определительное придаточное предложение, отсутствие запятой дает нам возможность выбрать пункт 7, так как по правилу ограничительных и распространительных определительных предложений that используется только в ограничительных предложений, не выделяемых запятой.
Many plants have changed and developed in ways D _7 (that help them to live in the desert).
В предложении с пропуском Е отсутствует информация либо об образе действия, либо о цели, либо о причине, т.е. подходит пункт 2.
Some plants are able to grow very quickly E _2 (whenever it rains).
Для пропуска F, как говорилось выше, соответствует пункт 5 по смыслу и с точки зрения грамматических связей.
The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_5 (to better distribute their body heat and stay cool).
Прочитываем восполненный текст, проверяем смысловые, логические и грамматические связи и заносим ответы в таблицу.
Ответ:
Перейти в каталог продукции по английскому языку
3. Задание под номерами 12-18, за которое дается максимальное количество баллов — 7 (по 1 баллу за каждый правильный ответ), сформулировано следующим образом:
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
В третьем задании (А12-А18) части раздела чтения предлагаются семь тестовых заданий с четырьмя вариантами ответов (1-4), из которых только один является правильным. Как правило, это либо начало предложения, к которому предлагается четыре возможных варианта окончания, либо вопрос, к которому дается четыре варианта ответа. Это задание проверяет умение полностью понять содержание прочитанного, умение определять логические связи в предложении и между частями текста; умение делать выводы из прочитанного («читать между строк»), а также умение догадаться о значение слова (выражения) по контексту.
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, рекомендуется:
- Быстро прочитать весь текст, не углубляясь в подробности для понимания общего содержания и основных событий рассказа.
- При выполнении каждого задания внимательно перечитывайте только ту часть, где должен быть ответ. Выполняйте задание последовательно. Помните, что последовательность тестовых вопросов связана с последовательностью развития сюжета текста.
- Прочитайте первый вопрос, подчеркните ключевые слова и найдите тот фрагмент текста, где должен быть ответ. Этим фрагментом может быть одно слово, выражение, целое предложение или абзац.
- Выберите правильный ответ, обязательно найдя и подчеркнув то место в тексте, которое подтверждает ответ.
- Не пытайтесь найти точно такие же слова и выражения, которые содержатся в вопросе, в самом тексте. Вам нужно найти синонимичные способы выражения одной и той же мысли.
- Если не получается определить правильный ответ, действуйте методом исключения.
- Если не можете осознанно выбрать ни один из предложенных вариантов, не понимаете сути вопроса, выбирайте ответ интуитивно, не оставляйте задание без ответа.
- Таким же образом работайте со всеми остальными вопросами.
Например, дан текст:
Doctor Who
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction TV series that follows the adventures of a time-traveling alien, called the Doctor, and his human companion, as they travel through time and space in a spaceship, called the TARDIS (Time and Relative Dimension in Space), and courageously save the world time and time again. Doctor Who first aired on BBC on 23 November, 1963 and was one of the first science-fiction stories to appear on screen: 3 years before Star Trek and 14 years before the Star Wars franchise. In 1989, due to falling popularity, the show was suspended. But 16 years later, in 2005, it was brought back to the screen with a whole new cast of actors and has been ongoing ever since. It is considered to be the longest running sci-fi show in the world, having celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2013. But how has Doctor Who managed to survive for this long? What sets it apart from other amazing shows that are now over? What makes Doctor Who really unique, is that it does not have to rely on any particular actor to continue. When the Doctor is close to death, he is able to start a biological process within himself, called regeneration, that changes every single cell in his body, while still leaving his mind intact. Essentially, he becomes a different person: new looks, new personality, new everything. But one thing that never changes is his genius, and his sense of humor. This means, that every four years or so, when the actors playing the Doctor decide to move on to different projects and leave the show, the producers can find a new actor to take on the iconic role. So far twelve actors have played the Doctor. Another reason the show has been running for so long is that there is no main storyline, it is very much episodic, each episode telling a story of a separate adventure. So as long as the writers of the show keep coming up with new planets for the Doctor and his companion to visit, and new alien villains for them to defeat, the show can continue forever. Doctor Who has an unbelievably huge fan base all over the world, so big in fact, that the 50th anniversary episode aired in 94 countries simultaneously, earning it a Guinness World Record. There is also a large amount of music, inspired by Doctor Who, and since the series’s renewal, a music genre called Trock (Time Lord Rock) has appeared. The most famous Trock band is Chameleon Circuit. They produce music exclusively about Doctor Who, and so far have released two albums. Soon after Doctor Who’s appearance in 1963, novels surrounding the series started to appear. The first ever novelization came out on 12 November, 1964, almost exactly a year after the first episode came out. Since then over 150 novelizations and 200 spin-off books have been published, including some written by Neil Gaiman. Doctor Who has been an important part of popular culture for over half a century now. The show is limitless, filled with possibility: you can go to Victorian London, or to Pompeii, or to the 51st century. It can be any genre: comedy, horror, fantasy, drama, sometimes all of them at the same time. It’s clever, and funny, and sad, and makes you think. The plots are well written, and sometimes you feel like you’re twisting your brain into a knot, trying to figure out the paradoxes. But most importantly it’s kind-hearted and beautiful. No doubt Doctor Who will remain a fan-favorite for many years to come.
12. The first Star Wars movie came out in
1) 1963
2) 1966
3) 1977
4) 1989.
Обращаем внимание, что вопрос не о сериале “Doctor Who”, а о фильме “Star Wars”, находим во 2 абзаце информацию, производим необходимые расчеты и получаем год — 1977, т.е. правильный ответ — 3.
13. Which of the following is NOT the reason why Doctor Who has been around for so long?
1) It is easy to change the actors playing the main character
2) The TV series is extremely popular all over the world
3) Separate episodes and seasons are not connected by plot
4) The writers of Doctor Who keep writing new stories.
Первые три пункта представлены в тексте как причины долгой жизни сериала, последний, четвертый, вариант является не причиной, а следствием, результатом. Т.е. выбираем правильный ответ — 4.
14. Which of the following words does NOT apply to the Doctor as a character?
1) clever
2) human
3) funny
4) brave
При описании персонажа находим в тексте характеристики: genius, sense of humor, которые синонимичны словам 1) clever, 3) funny. А то, что главный герой борется со злодеями, свидетельствует о том, что он смелый — 4) brave. Остается правильный ответ — 2) human.
15. Which word is closest in meaning to the word ‘iconic’ at the end of the third paragraph?
1) difficult
2) famous
3) religious
4) desirable
Слово ‘iconic’ имеет смысл культовый, иконный. В соответствии с общим смыслом абзаца, речь не идет о религиозном смысле слова, остается культовый, или знаменитый, поэтому ответ — 2) famous.
16. Which of the following statements is true?
1) Trock is a music genre that first appeared in the middle of the 1960s
2) Chameleon Circuit rock group writes music for the Doctor Who TV series
3) Both albums of Chameleon Circuit are centered around Doctor Who
4) The music genre that is used in the Doctor Who TV series is called Trock.
В тексте дана информация о группе “Chameleon Circuit”.
They produce music exclusively about Doctor Who, and so far have released two albums.
Правильный ответ — 3.
Проверяем, почему не подходят остальные варианты. В первом — неправильная дата. Во втором сказано, что музыка пишется ДЛЯ сериала, а в тексте говорится о том, что она пишется О главном герое. В четвертом пункте говорится, что в сериале используется жанр музыки Trock, а, согласно тексту, этот жанр возник под влиянием самого сериала, то есть нарушена причинно-следственная связь.
17. In the 6th paragraph the author implies that
1) the Doctor Who TV series inspired writers to create novels about the Doctor
2) every Doctor Who episode later gets published in the format of a book
3) Neil Gaiman has written some episodes for the Doctor Who TV series
4) Doctor Who is based on more than 150 books by different authors.
Слова surrounding, spin-off имеющие значение сопутствующий, дополнительный, побочный, а также даты говорят о книгах, появившихся после сериала, поэтому правильный ответ – 1.
Ответ 2 не подходит, поскольку в тексте нет информации о том, что каждая серия потом описывается в книге. Ответ 3 не подходит, так как из текста следует, что он не писал сценарий для сериала, а его книги были написаны по мотивам сериала. Ответ 4 неверен, так как цифра 150 относится к количеству книг, написанных по мотивам сериала. Это, так называемые, distractors (отвлекающие факторы).
18. Which choice is closest in meaning to the phrase ‘you feel like you are twisting your brain into a knot’ in the last paragraph?
1) You are trying very hard to solve a problem
2) You come to a dead-end while solving a problem
3) You give your brain some good training
4) You are using intuition rather than your brain.
Правильный ответ — 1, так как во втором пункте “come to a dead-end” имеет отрицательную коннотацию — зайти в тупик, третий говорит о тренировке ума, а не о решении проблемы, четвертый пункт ставит во главу угла интуицию, а не мыслительную деятельность.
1) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Choosing a Career
Jane had always wanted to be a nurse and help ___ (PERSON) in need. Her father, however, thought that nursing was not a suitable profession for her.
2) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
When she left school, she ___ (OFFER) a job as a doctor’s receptionist.
3) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Jane ___ (NOT WANT) to take the job, so she decided to talk to her friend Ann about what she should do. When Jane came to Ann’s house, Ann met her in the garden. ‘Hello,
4) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Jane! You look so unhappy! What ___ (THINK) (you) about?’
5) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
While Jane ___ (EXPLAIN) her problem, Ann’s mother shouted to the girls to come over.
6) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
She said that Jane’s father ___ (HAVE) an accident and he was in hospital.
7) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
When they arrived at the hospital, Jane was amazed to see her father ___ (SIT) on the bed in a very good mood. ‘Oh, Jane, the nurses here are really wonderful. And I think…’ Jane smiled. She knew what her father was going to tell her.
Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is one of the most written about cities on earth. Built on ancient volcanoes and first established because of its secure and ___ (DEFENCE) position, the capital of Scotland has become a crossroads.
9) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
___ (PRACTICAL) everyone who comes to Scotland today spends some time in this city.
10) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Edinburgh is the second most popular tourist destination in Great Britain and it’s not hard to see why. Its midsummer ___ (NATION) festival is one of the biggest in the world.
11) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Edinburgh is a delight to explore on foot: most of its ___ (ATTRACT) are contained within a compact central area.
12) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
With streets steeped in history and a thriving ___ (CULTURE) scene, Edinburgh offers the perfect balance between traditional and contemporary things.
13) Вставьте слово, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The area around the city has many ___ (HISTORY) towns and scenic villages, which are also great for exploring.
14) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Archipelago
In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physically they look alike, you can tell them ___ by their styles of dress and their distinctive dialects.
1) out
2) off
3) apart
4) aside
15) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is ___ odds with the environment.
1) over
2) at
3) against
4) on
16) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are irrigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. ___ their differences, the islanders coexist peacefully.
1) Despite
2) In spite
3) Besides
4) Although
17) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely ___ to more than a few heated exchanges.
1) raises
2) attains
3) amounts
4) achieves
18) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason ___ its abandonment as it has good soil and plenty of freshwater.
1) with
2) to
3) of
4) for
19) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second circle of battlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island ___ an enor- mous wedding cake.
1) recollected
2) reminded
3) resembled
4) remembered
20) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply ___ out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked themselves in.
1) went
2) ran
3) grew
4) came
A
One of the main problems posed by sand dunes is their encroachment on human habitats. Sand dunes move by different means, all of them aided by the wind. Sand dunes threaten buildings and crops in Africa, the Middle East, and China. Preventing sand dunes from overwhelming cities and agricultural areas has become a priority for the United Nations Environment Program. On the other hand, dune habitats provide niches for highly specialized plants and animals, including numerous rare and endangered species.
B
Sand is usually composed of hard minerals such as quartz that cannot be broken down into silt or clay. Yellow, brown and reddish shades of sand indicate their presence of iron compounds. Red sand is composed of quartz coated by a layer of iron oxide. White sands are nearly pure gypsum. Sand with a high percentage of silicate can be used in glassmaking. Sandstone is created by sand, mixed with lime, chalk or some other material that acts as a binding agent, that is deposited in layers at the bottom of a sea or other area and pressed together into rock by the great pressure of sediments that are deposited on top of it over thousands or millions of years.
C
The most common dune form on Earth and on Mars is crescentic. Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans or transverse dunes. Some types of crescentic dunes move more quickly over desert surfaces than any other type of dune. A group of dunes moved more than 100 metres per year between 1954 and 1959 the China’s Ningxia Province, and similar speeds have been recorded in the Western Desert of Egypt. The largest crescentic dunes on Earth, with mean crest-to-crest widths of more than 3 kilometres, are in China’s Taklamakan Desert.
D
Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on there or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth. Straight or slightly sinuous sand ridges typically much longer than they are wide are known as linear dunes. They may be more than 160 kilometres (99 mi) long. Some linear dunes merge to form Y-shaped compound dunes. Many forms in bidirectional wind regimes. The long axes of these dunes extend in the resultant direction of sand movement. Linear loess hills known as pahas are superficially similar.
E
Once sand begins to pile up, ripples and dunes can form. Wind continues to move sand up to the top of the pile until the pile is so steep that it collapses under its own weight. The collapsing sand comes to rest when it reaches just the right steepness to keep the dune stable. This angle, usually about 30-34°, is called the angle of repose. Every pile of loose particles has a unique angle of repose, depending upon the properties of the material it’s made of, such as the grain size and roundness. Ripples grow into dunes with the increase of wind and sand input.
F
The repeating cycle of sand inching up the windward side to the dune crest, then slipping down the dune’s slip face allows the dune to inch forward, migrating in the direction the wind blows. As you might guess, all of this climbing then slipping leaves its mark on the internal structure of the dune. The image on the right shows fossil sand dune structure preserved in the Merced Formation at Fort Funston, Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The sloping lines or laminations you see are the preserved slip faces of a migrating sand dune. This structure is called cross-bedding and can be the result of either wind or water currents. The larger the cross-bedded structure, however, the more likely it is to be formed by wind, rather than water.
G
Sand dunes can “sing” at a level up to 115 decibels and generate sounds in different notes. The dunes at Sand Mountain n Nevada usually sing in a low C but can also sing in B and C sharp. The La Mar de Dunas in Chile hum in F while those at the Ghord Lahmar in Morocco howl in G sharp. The sounds are produced by avalanches of sand generated by blowing winds. For a while, it was thought that the avalanches caused the entire dune to resonate like a flute or violin but if that were true then different size dunes would produce different notes. In the mid 2000s, American, French and Moroccan scientists visiting sand dunes in Morocco, Chile, China and Oman published a paper in the Physical Review Letters that determined the sounds were produced by collisions between grains of sand that caused the motions of the grains to become synchronized, causing the outer layer of a dune to vibrate like the cone of a loudspeaker, producing sound. The tone of the sounds depended primarily on the size of the grains.
H
Scientists performed a computer simulation on patterns and dynamics of desert dunes in laboratory. Dune patterns observed in deserts were reproduced. From the initial random state, stars and linear dunes are produced, depending on the variability of the wind direction. The efficiency in sand transport is calculated through the course of development. Scientists found that the sand transport is the most efficient in the linear transverse dune. The efficiency in sand transport always increased through the evolution, and the way it increases was stepwise. They also found that the shadow zone, the region where the sand wastes the chance to move, shrinks through the course of evolution, which greatly helps them build a model to simulate a sand move.
Questions 1-8
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i potential threat to buildings and crops despite of benefit.
ii the cycle of sand moving forward with wind
iii protection method in various countries.
iv scientists simulate sand move and build model in lab
v sand composition explanation
vi singing sand dunes
vii other types of sand dunes
viii the personal opinion on related issues.
ix reasons why sand dunes form
x the most common sand type
1 Paragraph A
Answer: i
2 Paragraph B
Answer: v
3 Paragraph C
Answer: x
4 Paragraph D
Answer: vii
5 Paragraph E
Answer: ix
6 Paragraph F
Answer: ii
7 Paragraph G
Answer: vi
8 Paragraph H
Answer: iv
Questions 9-10
Answer the questions 9-10 and choose correct letter A, B, C or D.
9. What is the main composition of white sand made of according to the passage?
A Quartz
B Gypsum
C Lime
D Iron
Answer: B
10. Which one is not mentioned as a sand type in this passage?
A Linear
B Crescentic
C Overlap
D Star
Answer: C
Questions 11-14
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J below.
Write the correct letter, A-J in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Crescentic is an ordinary 11
Answer: B on both Earth and Mars, apart from which, there are also other types of sand dunes. Different color of the sand reflects different components, some of them are rich in 12
Answer: G that can not be easily broken into clay. Sand dunes can “sing” at a level up to 115 decibels and generate sounds in different notes. Sand dunes can be able to 13
Answer: H at a certain level of sound intensity, and the different size of grains creates different 14
Answer: D of the sounds.
A quartz B shape C pressure
D tone E protection F category
G minerals H sing I lab
J direction