Siberian huskies егэ

Тест № 9

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

A New Experience

Mark Basso had never seen real snow before. He lived with his parents in a part of the country where it was always too warm for there to be any snow, even in the coldest winters. So, the family (1)______(plan) for the past few weeks to visit the northern hills of Italy so that Mark could see this strange cold while substance and possibly learn how to ski. They (2)______(book) a hotel in the village of Molveno, near Trento for the first two weeks in January. Mark could hardly wait for the day to arrive. He kept saying,”If only we (3)_____(leave)for Italy tomorrow!”Finally, the day Mark had been looking forward to arrive. There was excitement in the Basso household – laughter and shouting filled the air. They loaded the car and it (4)____(not be) long before they were on their way. When they arrived at their hotel, the sky was grey and it was very cold but no snow covered the ground. Mark felt very disappointed. When he went to bed that night, Mark wondered if he would ever get touch snow or if it (5)____(remain) just an image in photographs. When he (6)_____(wake up)in the morning, he noticed that the light entering the room was different. He looked out of the window. The sky was as great as it had been the day before, but something was different – thousands of fluffy bits of cotton (7)_____(fall) from it. It was finally snowing.

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Jumping Spiders

The jumping spider family is the largest family of spiders and includes more than 5,000 species. Jumping Spiders are small, usually less than 2cm in length, with plump bodies, short legs and large eyes. Many species are brightly-coloured and all can jump between 20 to 80 times the (8)_____(long) of their body. Jumping Spiders are known for their (9)______(curious). If a human hand approaches it, a jumping spider will jump towards the hand instead of running away as most spiders do. In fact, jumping spiders seem to be (10)_____(interest) in everything they come across and when something attracts their attention they usually follow it closed with their big eyes. Jumping Spiders do not catch their prey in webs; they use their excellent eyesight to track it and then they jump on it. Before each jump, they spin a silk(11)_______(safe) line just in case they miss their target. At the end of each leg, jumping spiders have hundreds of tiny hairs. These hairs are split into hundreds more tiny hairs, each one ending with a ‘foot’. These ‘feet’ (12)_____(able) them to climb across almost any type of surface. In fact, jumping spiders can even climb up glass, a trick which most other spiders find (13)______(possible)to do.

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An Amazing Story

It was a strange feeling. People kept coming up to Helen and (14)____ her as if they knew her. Then they would look at her strangely and say, “I’m terribly sorry, for a moment I thought you were somebody else,” and walk (15)_____. It had started happening shortly after she had become a student at the university and it made Helen feel very uncomfortable. Then a friend told her that she had met somebody who looked just like her at a party the (16)_____evening, a girl called Susan Jackson. Helen did not know anybody by that name, but she decided she had to (17)_____out who this person was. It did not take Helen very (18)_____to discover that there was indeed a student at the university called Susan Jackson. Helen quickly (19)_____to meet her. Well, what an amazing meeting! The two girls were in fact twins who had been adopted by different families almost (20)_____ after they had been born. Both girls knew they had been adopted, but neither of them had known they had a twin sister.

14. a)greeting b)contacting c)meeting d)speaking

15. a)away b)over c)by d)up

16. a)earlier b) past c)previous d)last

17. a)bring b)find c)look d)search

18. a)long b)much c)far d)soon

19. a)made b) designed c) fixed d)arranged

20. a)this minute b)briefly c)shortly d)immediately

Тест № 10

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Late Delivery

These days, letters posted in one country can be sent to somebody (1)_____(live)on the other side of the world in less than a week, thanks to air mail. But this is not what happened to a letter (2)______(send)by a Mr Gray in 1937. He suddenly had to leave the country to go to France and so he quickly wrote a letter to his wife to say goodbye and tell her what a wonderful wife she was. He must have posted the letter just before he boarded the ship that would take him to France, but sadly the ship (3)_____(sink) and Mr Gray was never seen again. Mrs Gray finally received the letter last week – more than sixty years after her husband (4)______(write)it. An official explained that the letter had fallen behind a desk and it (5)_____(remain) undiscovered if the Post Office hadn’t decided to replace the old furniture. Today, Mr Gray could have sent his wife an email or a text message instead of a letter. In fact, the use of postal services for business correspondence, as well as for personal letters,(6)______(decline)all the time. In all probability, the number of daily postal deliveries (7)_____(continue) to drop in the future.

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Portuguese Water Dogs

The Portuguese Water Dogs, or ‘Portie’, is a muscular, medium-sized dog that is very sociable and loyal. It is an extremely intelligent dog that is quick to learn and understand (8)_______(instruct). As the name suggests, another (9)_______(character)of these dogs is that they love to swim. In fact, Porties were used by Portuguese fishermen for many centuries to catch fish, carry messages between fishing boats, guard the boats when they were in port and get back anything that fell overboard. Porties were so (10)______(use) on board the fishing ships that the fishermen considered them to be part of the crew and always gave them a share of the fish that had been caught. But technology (11)_______(eventual) replaced Porties. Tge fishermen began to use radios to send messages between ships and machines to pull up nets. By the 1930s, Porties were almost extinct. Luckily, however, a rich man called Vasco Bensaude took an interest in the Portie. He began a breeding programme to try to save the breed. The programme was very (12)_____ (success). Today, although the Portie is still quite a(n) (13)_____(common) breed, it is no longer in danger of disappearing.

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The Report Card

John had never been very good (14)_______sports. He simply wasn’t an athletic kind of person. He knew it, his friends knew it, and his gym teachers at school had known it, too. On his school report for the year 1992, his Physical Education teacher had written: ‘John tries very (15)____in class, but achieves below average results.’ The teacher had obviously thought that it would be a good idea to mention John’s effort, but he only (16)_____in emphasizing his failure. As an adult in his (17)_____thirties, John did everything he could to avoid playing any sort of sport. Whenever his friends were trying to organise a friendly game of football, or his boss needed to find a tennis partner, John would always (18)_____ an excuse. Once, he even faked an injury so that he didn’t have to take (19)______in a basketball game. But it was only when Lohn had to explain to his new girlfriend why he couldn’t play squash with her that he decided that his problem with sports had gone on for long enough. It was (20)_____to change.

14. a) for b) at c) to d) on

15. a) trongly b) well c) heavily d) hard

16. a) achieved b) succeeded c) managed d) ended

17. a) beginning b) young c) early d) opening

18. a) make up b) fine out c) puy up d) think over

19. a) position b) role c) place d) part

20. a) time b) moment c) season d) point

Tест № 11

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Feeling Afraid

It was almost the end of term and Ann and Kate (1)______( sit) on Kate’s bed talking about what they were going to do during the summer break. ‘I’m so jealous you (2)______(go) to France, Kate!’ Ann said. ‘Well, why don’t you ask your parents if you can come to?’ replied Kate. “I can’t. last night, my parents told me that we (3)_______( spend) the summer in Brazil,’ said Ann. ‘Brazil?’ exclaimed Kate. ‘Ann, are you crazy? Why would you want to come to France with me when you have the opportunity to go to Brazil?’ ‘Because you can catch a boat to France, but you have to fly to Brazil,’ said Ann quietly. ‘You (4)______(not forget) that I’m scared of flying, have you?’ ‘Are you? Really? I don’t remember you (5)______(tell) me that,’ said Kate. ‘Yes, really scared. I get terrified even thinking about it,’ Ann replied. ‘Oh, Ann, don’t be afraid. Flying is really safe. And it’s a lot of fun, too.’ I wish I really (6)_____(believe)that,’ sighed Ann. ‘Look,’said Kate, squeezing her friend’s hand reassuringly. ‘I think that you (7)____(be)so busy watching films, listening to music and enjoying all the other on-board entertainment that you’ll soon forget that you’re even in the air. Just try to enjoy yourself!’’OK, I will try, Kate. Thanks for the encouragement!’

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Siberian Huskies

Three thousand years ago, the Chukchi people of northeastern Siberia depended on Siberian Huskies for their (8)______(survive). These cheerful dogs pulled sleds and herded reindeer in a very (9)______(challenge) environment. In the 1900s, fur traders took huskies to North America. They gained (10)____(globe) recognition when they rushed urgent medicine to sick Alaskans in 1925. Consequently, they became well known for their speed and endurance. However, it is the huskies’ gentle and sociable character that makes them (11)______(excel)family pets. If you are looking for a guard dog, however, then this breed is not for you, as huskies tend to like everyone. Also, if huskies are left alone, they can became bored and (12)______(behave). They show their boredom by howling like a wolf!it is better to get a husky when it is a puppy so that you can train it and show it who is boss. This will (13)______(sure) that your husky becomes a wonderful pet.

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Harrods

Harrods is a world-famous department store in Knightsbridge, London. Known for its quality merchandise and excellent customer service, Harrods is one of London’s biggest tourist (14)_____. Harrods, which was (15)_____by Charles Henry Harrod in 1835, started out as a tiny grocery and tea shop in London’s East Currently, Harrods comprises over 330 departments on seven floors and has a staff of about 5,000 people. Harrods’ motto is ‘All things for people, everywhere’. And it is true that you can buy almost anything you need at Harrods. (16)______you want to get a haircut, buy a pet dog, find a wedding dress, buy some property in London, or simply choose a new coat, Harrods can help. What’s more, If you want to (17)______a break from your shopping, don’t worry because the shop has twenty-nine restaurants! So when in London, don’t forget to take a (18)_______at this famous department store. You can’t (19)____it – at night, Harrods is illuminated by about 11,500 lightbulbs, 300 of which are changed every day by the shop’s electrical engineers.

14. a) features b) attractions c) stops d) places

15. a) composed b) produced c) establised d) manufactured

16. a) situation b) post c) area d) location

17. a) whether b) including c) depending d) while

18. a) give b) take c) do d) make

19. a) view b) sight c) look d ) glance

20. a) lose b) miss c) leave d) pass

Test № 12

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

The Parking Ticket

Mary enjoyed driving around town, even during rush-hour. The only thing she disliked (1)_____(be) parking her car. The other drivers were always so impatient, beeping their horns while she (2)______(try) to reverse into a space. On one occasion, she’d simply given up and driven away. There were several multi-storey car parks in the town but they were very expensive. “maybe I (3)______(find)a space quickly today,” she thought as she drove slowly around the side-streets. Suddenly, Mary spotted a gap between two cars. She waited until the car behind her (4)______(pass) and then quickly drove into the space. After a pleasant afternoon wandering around the shops, Mary made her way back to her car. But then, just before she reached it, she saw something flapping under the windscreen wiper. “Oh no!’ she said to herself, ‘I (5)_______(give) a parking ticket!” But as Mary got closer, she realized that it wasn/t a ticket after all. A local resyaurant was promoting its new menu and someone (6)______(leave) one under the windscreen wipers of all the cars parked in the area. She sighed with relief. It was only after Mary had finished loading her shopping into the boot that she noticed the big yellow clamp (7)_____(fix) on the wheel of the car. ‘Oh no!” she said to herself. She would have to pay eighty pounds to get it removed!

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. He was the son of a doctor who worked in a hospital for the poor. The young Dostoevsky went to military school and held (8)_____(govern) posts until he resigned to become an author. He became one of the most important and influential writers that has ever lived. Fyodor Dostoevsky admired the works of the English writer Charles Dickens who wrote about difficult times during the (9)______(industry) Revolution in the late 18^th and early 19^th centuries. Fyodor Dostoevsky also wrote novels about social issues. One of Dostoevsky’s most significant works is Crime and Punishment. The main character in the novel is Raskolnikov, a poor, (10)_____(employ) university drop-out. The novel tells the story of how Raskolnikov plans to murder a(n)(11)_____(greed) moneylender to solve his financial problems. Another major work is The Brothers Karamasov, which was Dostoevsky’s final novel and (12)______(possible) even his best. The novel focuses on a murder again but this time Dostoevsky examines other characters’ (13)______(react) to the crime. Fyodor Dostoevsky died in 1881 and is buried in Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg.

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Chasing a Dream

Cameron just knew that this was going to be a day that he would always remember. He had been riding horses since he was about six years old and had (14)_____ many competitions over the years. Today was different, though, because it was the day he and his favourite horse, Rock, were taking (15)______in the Grand Championships at Kettling Stables. Cameron quickly ate the huge breakfast that his mother had prepared for him and (16)_____out of the house and down to the stable where Rock was waiting for him. After loading him into the horse trailer, Cameron and his dad (17)____off on the ten mile drive to Kettling’s. (18)_____the way, his dad offered Cameron words of encouragement and quietly reminded him of all the important things that they had discussed as they had practiced together in the busy days, weeks and months leading up to these championships. Cameron’s dad, too, had (19)____of becoming a professional rider, but a terrible fall from a horse years ago, when he had badly broken his left leg in three places, had put an end to his hopes. A part of Cameron wanted to win the trophy just to see the proud (20)_____on his dad’s face. Of course, another part of him wanted to be victorious for more selfish reasons; he had worked incredibly hard and he deserved to succeed.

14. a) passed b) admitted c) entered d ) joined

15. a) part b) role c) place d ) position

16. a)wandered b) hiked c) crawled d) rushed

17. a) made b) set c) went d) left

18. a) on b) by c) over d) in

19. a) considered b) wished c) dreamt d ) imagined

20. a) sight b) look c) appearance d ) glance

Тест № 13

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Counting Sheep

For several weeks now, I (1)______(be) unable to sleep. There is nothing worrying me in particular – my job is going fine and I think of myself as a generally happy, relaxed type of person. Recently, a friend of mine told me about an article he (2)_____(read) in a magazine. According to the article, insomnia is a very common problem which (3)______(affect) nearly everyone at some time in their life. So far, medical research hasn’t managed to find an effective cure for this condition although hopes are high that one (4)____(find) soon. Because of the lack of progress in research, sometimes experts recommend the traditional remedy of counting sheep. Like most people, I’d always considered that to be a joke. But, apparently, (5)______(have)something to take your mind off sleep 9 or the lack of it) is the best thing you can do. Tonight, then, I (6)_______(go)to try counting sheep. So hopefully, I (7)_____(get) my first good night’s sleep in weeks!

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Zorbing

Zorbing is an extreme sport and like several other extreme sports, such as bungee-jumping and jet boating, it was (14)_____ in New Zealand. A ‘zorb’ is a giant plastic ball with another smaller ball inside; the space between the two balls is (15)_____ with air. The participant climbs inside the smaller ball and is then pushed down a hill! The inflated ball is 3.2 metres in diameter and it rotates once every 10 metres, so as it goes down a hill that is 100 metres long, the zorb fully rotated only 10 times. Depending (16)______ how steep the slope is, a zorb can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres an hour. You would probably expect the participants of zorbing to get out of the zorb (17)_____in bruises. Fortunately, however, the cushion of air between the two balls protects them. Many say they have the (18)_____ of being weightless like astronauts in space while zorbing. The zorb was originally designed for water but it was soon decided that it worked better on (19)_____. However, for those who would like to try ‘walking on water’, there is also hydro-zorbing. Zorbs have been adapted for snow, too, and NASA is considering developing a vehicle similar to a zorb to (20)______the surface of Mars.

14. a) manufactured b) discovered c) invented d ) made

15. a) filled b) poured c) put d ) crowded

16. a) on b) in c) to d) from

17. a) wrapped b) washed c) filled d) covered

18. a) reaction b) feeling c) idea d) opinion

19. a) soil b) earth c) dreamt d ) land

20. a) explore b) discover c) find d ) inquire

Тест № 14

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Night Train to Panama

It was a beautiful tropical evening and the ocean breeze (1)_______(blow) gently as I passed the town clock on my way to the train station. I could see the train (2)_____(come) down the track. As the engine slowly passed, I heard someone yell, “Hey, you! (3)______(like) you to come and ride up here with me?” I looked up at the engine, and the driver gestured me to climb up beside him. I was very excited as I (4)_____(not be) inside the cab of a train before. After we had pulled out of the station, the driver even taught me how to control the speed of the train. It (5)______( not be) as difficult as I had thought. We shared the driving as we drove through the darkness with the jungle on our left and the Panama Canal on our right. I had to pinch myself to make sure that I (6)______(not dream). I just wish that my camera (7)___ (work) because I know that none of my friends will believe me when I tell them about my incredible experience – that I actually drove the night train to Panama.

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Cockney Rhyming Slang

Cockney rhyming slang is a (8)____(collect) of phrases used by people from East London, England, based on words that rhyme with the words someone wants to say. Some people believe that Londoners began to use cockney rhyming slang during the 16^th century, but nobody knows for certain. This (9)_____( usual) way of speaking is often heard among the market traders of East London. Many say that they used to use this secret language among themselves so that their (10)_____(custom) were unable to understand what they were saying, others say that it was a way of keeping people together as the Cockneys had a strong sense of (11)______(commune) and wanted to exclude strangers. Today, many of the most common (12)_____(express) in cockneys rhyme slang are now used in normal everyday English. The saying ‘use your loaf’, which means ‘think’, comes from the rhyming slang ‘loaf of bread’, which rhymes with ‘head’. Some experts claim that cockneys rhyming slang used as (13)______(frequent)any more, but one thing is certain; just like any language, it is always changing and evolving.

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The Watchman

It was William’s first evening on the job, in October of 1862, and it was just getting (14)_____ . the lamplighter was busy lighting the street lamps with the wick at the end of his long pole. William’s task was clear; patrol the small cobbled streets of Whitechapel and make (15)_____the area was safe. Due to a shortage of watchmen, he was alone. However, he felt satisfied that he had received enough (16)_____ to do his job well. He wore a blue tailcoat and a top hat and (17)____ a lamp in one hand. “What was there to worry (18)_____?”he asked himself. “A drunkard sleeping at the side of the road?” Or if he witnessed a fight between two men, he could quickly separate them with his wooden baton. Indeed, it seemed that his first night was going to be a very quiet one. Suddenly, however, when he had only one hour (19)____blew out his lamp and ran after the man. Before long, he heard a second set of footsteps running in front of the man; those of a woman. Then, it all happened so quickly; the moment he turned the corner, the lady’s scream, the swing of his baton and (20)____a wanted criminal lying on the road.

14. a) dusk b) late c) dark d )night

15. a) positive b) sure c) clear d) settled

16. a) training b) exercise c) lessons d) learning

17. a) brought b) carried c) took d) moved

18. a) for b) from c) about d) at

19. a) extra b) over c) still d ) left

20. a) finally b) at last c) after all d ) latest

Тест № 15

Грамматика и лексика.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Trip to London

It was Saturday afternoon and Ann (1)______(sit) in her bedroom talking on her mobile phone to her best friend Kelly. “ Look, we (2)____(talk) about going to London for a weekend break for months now,” said Ann. “I know!” laughed Kelly. “So when (3)______(go) we?””Well, what about the weekend after next?” asked Ann. “Are you free? I (4)_______(hear) on the radio this morning that there’s a big jazz festival in London then.” “Oh, I can’t that weekend,” Kelly replied. I’ve promised my grandmother that I’ll spend that Saturday with her and I really don’t want to cancel because we (5)_____(not see) each other for ages.””Never mind. What about the weekend after that?” said Ann. “My older brother and one of his friends (6)____(drive) down to London that weekend. We could get a lift with them.’” Sound great,” said Kelly excitedly, ‘but are you sure your brother and his friend (7)____(not mind) us going with them/” ‘Well, even if they do, my mum will make sure they don’t have any say in the matter!” laughed Ann. “So, it’s settled then. Now all we need to do is book a hotel.”

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Easter Food

In many countries, different (8)_____(tradition) foods are associated with Easter. In England, for example, many bakers make a type of small cake with a white cross on the top called a ‘hot cross bun’ on Good Friday. These buns taste like sweet bread and are (9)_____(absolute) delicious! Pancakes are also eaten in England the day before the Easter fast begins. This provides a good (10)______(opportune) to use up all uneaten eggs, fat and flour. Which some people don’t eat again until after Easter. Eggs are also associated with Easter in many countries because they symbolize new life. The (11)_____(decorate) of eggs dates back to 1290, when the English king, Edward I, ordered 450 eggs to be covered in gold and given as presents. Chocolate Easter eggs first appeared in Germany in the 1800s. nowadays, chocolate eggs are often wrapped in (12)____(colour) foil paper and given to children a gifts at Easter. The most (13)______(fame) Easter eggs were made by Faberge, a jeweler for the Czr of Russia, in the 19^th century the eggs were covered in gold and precious stones. Nowadays, just one of these small eggs is worth millions of pounds.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст с пропусками, обозначенных номерами 14-20, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответ.

The Creature

It was evening, and I had been fishing all afternoon. I hadn’t had much (14)_____, however, so I decided to go home and try again the next day. My truck was parked close by so it didn’t take me long to load up my (15)____, but I had to make two trips. I made it to my truck with the first load. Then, as I turned to get the (16)_____of my things, I saw it. I could not believe my eyes. There was a large, hairy creature sitting (17)______the pond I had just been fishing in. it appeared to be drinking from the pond. It also seemed to be unaware that it was being watched or perhaps it knew, but didn’t (18)____. When the creature had finished drinking, it made a strange noise, stood up and walked away from the pond and out of (19)_____. I stood there for what seemed like hours. I could not make sense of what I had just seen. After all, I didn’t believed (20)_____such things! I suppose it might have been some kind of bear, but all the same, I am never going to fish in that pond again.

14. a) chance b) luck c) opportunity d ) possibility

15. a) equipment b) luggage c) appliances d) instruments

16. a) addition b) rest c) second d) others

17. a) down b) to c) by d) over

18. a) interest b) trouble c) concern d) care

19. a) appearance b) sight c) look d ) scene

20. a) to b) about c) in d ) of

Test 9: had been planning, 2- had booked, 3- were leaving, 4- wasn’t, 5- would remain, 6- woke up, 7- were falling 8- length, 9- curiosity, 10- interested, 11- safety, 12- enable, 13- impossible, 14- greeting 15- away, 16- previous, 17- find, 18- long, 19- arranged, 20- immediately.

Test 10: living, 2- sent, 3- sank/had sunk, 4- wrote/had written, 5- would have remained, 6- is declining, 7- will continue, 8- instructions, 9- characteristic, 10- useful, 11- eventually, 12- successful, 13- uncommon, 14- at, 15- hard, 16- succeeded, 17- early, 18- make up, 19- part, 20- time.

Test 11: were sitting, 2- are going, 3- are/will be/would be spending, 4- haven’t forgotten, 5- telling, 6- believed, 7- will be, 8- survival, 9- challenging, 10- global, 11- excellent, 12- misbehave 13- ensure, 14- attractions, 15- established 16- location, 17- whether, 18- take, 19- look 20- miss.

Test 12: was, 2- was trying, 3- will find, 4- had passed, 5- have been given, 6- had left, 7-fixed, 8- government, 9- industrial, 10- unemployed 11- greedy, 12- possibly 13- reaction, 14- entered, 15- part, 16- rushed, 17- set, 18- on, 19- dreamt, 20-look

Test 13: have been, 2- had read, 3- affects, 4- will be found, 5- having, 6- am going, 7- will get, 8- continuous, 9- amazing, 10- conversation 11- adventurous, 12- beautiful, 13- memorable, 14- invented, 15- filled, 16-on, 17-covered, 18-feeling, 19-land, 20- explore

Test 14: was blowing, 2-coming, 3- would you like, 4-hadn’t been, 5- wasn’t, 6- wasn’t dreaming, 7- had been working, 8- collections, 9- usual 10- customers, 11-community, 12-expressions 13-frequently, 14- dark, 15- sure 16-training, 17- carried, 18- about, 19- left, 20-finally.

Test 15: 1)-was sitting, 2)- have been talking, 3-are we going, 4- heard, 5-haven’t seen, 6- are driving,7- won’t mind 8- traditional, 9-absolutely, 10- opportunity, 11- decoration, 12- colourful, 13- famous, 14- luck, 15- equipment, 16- rest, 17- by, 18- care, 19- sight, 20- in.

A. Russia consists of several continental zones. For example, in the north winters are long and harsh, in some places there is lots of snow fall and temperatures fall below –40 degrees Celsius. These winters are normal, not only in the northern regions of the country but even in the Far East. Summers in these areas don’t even see three warm months out of the year.

B. Choose the incredible New Year tours to cold Lapland, which are the perfect combination of comfort and adventure. They are ideal for those who may be new to husky sledding or winter holidays. You will enjoy the beauty of Lapland as you drive your own dog sled team through landscapes including huge mountains, mysterious forests, deserted tundra and frozen lakes.

C. You may not know this, but Finland has a very interesting diversity of local dishes. Fish and meat are important ingredients in some areas, and oats, berries, and milk are common in other regions. An iconic Finnish dish visitors should try, especially in the summer, is “grillimakkara”, which are large grilled sausages eaten with mustard. They are delicious.

D. The New Year is one of the most important holidays on the Russian calendar. New Year in Russia is a time for being together with family and friends, for gift giving, decorating the New Year tree, and watching and setting off fireworks. Midnight is, by tradition, marked by listening to the Russian Federation President’s greeting and Kremlin bells chime.

E. The Siberian Husky is a beautiful dog with a thick coat that comes in a multitude of colours and markings. Their blue or multi-coloured eyes add to the appeal of this breed, which originated in Siberia. It is easy to see why many people are enchanted by the Husky, but be aware that this athletic, intelligent dog can be independent and challenging for first-time dog owners.

The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working sled dog breed. The breed belongs to the Spitz genetic family. It is recognizable by its thickly furred double coat, erect triangular ears, and distinctive markings, and is smaller than the similar-looking Alaskan Malamute.

Siberian Husky
Black and white Siberian Husky
Other names	Chukcha[1]
Common nicknames	Husky Sibe
Origin	Siberia[2]
Traits Height males 21–23.5 inches (53–60 cm) females 20–22 inches (51–56 cm) [3] Weight males 45–60 pounds (20–27 kg) females 35–50 pounds (16–23 kg) Coat Thick double coat Color All colors from black to pure white, and including many differing colors and markings Litter size 4–8 puppies Life span 12–14 years[4]
Kennel club standards Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

Siberian Huskies originated in Northeast Asia where they are bred by the Chukchi people of Siberia for sled pulling, and companionship.^[2] It is an active, energetic, resilient breed, whose ancestors lived in the extremely cold and harsh environment of the Siberian Arctic. William Goosak, a Russian fur trader, introduced them to Nome, Alaska, during the Nome Gold Rush, initially as sled dogs to work the mining fields and for expeditions through otherwise impassable terrain.^[2] Today, the Siberian Husky is typically kept as a house pet, though they are still frequently used as sled dogs by competitive and recreational mushers.^[5]

Lineage

The Siberian Husky was originally developed by the Chukchi people of the Chukchi Peninsula in eastern Siberia.^[6] They were brought to Nome, Alaska in 1908 to serve as working sled dogs, and were eventually developed and used for sled dog racing.^[7][8] In 2015, a DNA study indicated that the Siberian Husky, the Alaskan Malamute and the Alaskan husky share a close genetic relationship between each other and were related to Chukotka sled dogs from Siberia. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog. In North America, the Siberian Husky and the Malamute both had maintained their Siberian lineage and had contributed significantly to the Alaskan husky, which was developed through crossing with European breeds.^[8] Siberian Huskies show a genetic affinity with historical East Siberian dogs and ancient Lake Baikal dogs, and can be traced to a lineage which is over 9,500 years old.^[9]

Several Arctic dog breeds, including the Siberian, show a significant genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. These breeds are associated with high latitudes – the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog, also associated with arctic human populations and to a lesser extent, the Shar-Pei and Finnish Spitz. There is data to indicate admixture of between 1–3% between the Taymyr wolf population and the ancestral dog population of these four high-latitude breeds. This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment. It also indicates the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.^[10]

Description

Coat

Sable female Siberian Husky

A Siberian Husky has a double coat that is thicker than that of most other dog breeds.^[11] It has two layers: a dense, finely wavy undercoat and a longer topcoat of thicker, straight guard hairs.^[12] It protects the dogs effectively against harsh Arctic winters, and also reflects heat in the summer. It is able to withstand temperatures as low as −50 to −60 °C (−58 to −76 °F). The undercoat is often absent during shedding. Their thick coats require weekly grooming.^[11] An excessively long coat, sometimes referred to as a «wooly» or «woolie» coat, is considered a fault by the breed’s standard as it lacks the thicker protection of the standard coat’s guard hairs, obscures the dog’s clear-cut outline, causes quicker overheating during serious harness work, and becomes easily matted and encrusted with snow and ice. ^[13]

Siberian Huskies come in a variety of colors and patterns, often with white paws and legs, facial markings, and tail tip. Example coat colors are black and white, copper-red and white, grey and white, pure white, and the rare «agouti» coat, though many individuals have blondish or piebald spotting. Some other individuals also have the «saddle back» pattern, in which black-tipped guard hairs are restricted to the saddle area while the head, haunches and shoulders are either light red or white. Striking masks, spectacles, and other facial markings occur in wide variety. All coat colors from black to pure white are allowed.^{[12][14][15][16]} Merle coat patterns are not permitted by the American Kennel Club (AKC) and The Kennel Club (KC).^[12][17] This pattern is often associated with health issues and impure breeding.^[18]

Eyes

The American Kennel Club describes the Siberian Husky’s eyes as «an almond shape, moderately spaced and set slightly obliquely.» The AKC breed standard is that eyes may be brown, blue or black; one of each or particoloured are acceptable (complete is heterochromia). These eye-color combinations are considered acceptable by the American Kennel Club. The parti-color does not affect the vision of the dog.^[19]

Nose

Show-quality dogs are preferred to have neither pointed nor square noses. The nose is black in gray dogs, tan in black dogs, liver in copper-colored dogs, and may be light tan in white dogs. In some instances, Siberian Huskies can exhibit what is called «snow nose» or «winter nose.» This condition is called hypopigmentation in animals. «Snow nose» is acceptable in the show ring.^[11][20]

Tail

Siberian Husky tails are heavily furred; these dogs will often curl up with their tails over their faces and noses in order to provide additional warmth. When curled up to sleep the Siberian Husky will cover its nose for warmth, often referred to as the «Siberian Swirl». The tail should be expressive, held low when the dog is relaxed, and curved upward in a «sickle» shape when excited or interested in something.^[11]

Size

The breed standard indicates that the males of the breed are ideally between 20 and 24 inches (51 and 61 cm) tall at the withers and weighing between 45 and 60 pounds (20 and 27 kg).^[21] Females are smaller, growing to between 19 to 23 inches (48 to 58 cm) tall at the withers and weighing between 35 to 50 pounds (16 to 23 kg).^[11] The people of Nome referred to Siberian Huskies as «Siberian Rats» due to their size of 40–50 lb (18–23 kg), versus the Alaskan Malamute’s size of 75–85 lb (34–39 kg).^[22]

Behavior

The Husky usually howls instead of barking.^[23] They have been described as escape artists, which can include digging under, chewing through, or even jumping over fences.^[4][24][25]

Because the Siberian Husky had been raised in a family setting by the Chukchi and not left to fend for themselves, they could be trusted with children.^[26] The ASPCA classifies the breed as good with children. It also states they exhibit high energy indoors, have special exercise needs, and may be destructive «without proper care».^[4]

Siberian Huskies have a high prey drive due to the Chukchi allowing them to roam free in the summer. The dogs hunted in packs and preyed on wild cats, birds, and squirrels, but with training can be trusted with other small animals. They would only return to the Chukchi villages when the snow returned and food became scarce. Their hunting instincts can still be found in the breed today, noted by their typically high prey-drive.^[27]

A 6 ft (1.83 m) fence is recommended for this breed as a pet, although some have been known to overcome fences as high as 8 ft (2.44 m).^[25] Electric pet fencing may not be effective.^[25] They need the frequent companionship of people and other dogs, and their need to feel as part of a pack is very strong.^[28]

The character of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle.^[29] The Husky cannot be used as a guard dog; Siberian Huskies typically have no aggression towards humans. In addition, the breed often shows independence, which is a disadvantage for service dogs.^[30] Attempting to teach Siberian Huskies aggressive behavior can lead to mental problems in the dog. It can be dangerous for the owner. ^[31] The dog is intelligent, but can be stubborn because of its independence, impulsivity and inattention.^[32] To achieve obedience it is highly beneficial to start training at an early age.

Siberian Huskies were ranked 77th out of 138 compared breeds for their intelligence by canine psychologist Stanley Coren.^[33] However, the rankings in Coren’s published work utilized only one of three defined forms of dog intelligence, «Working and Obedience Intelligence», which focused on trainability—a dog’s ability to follow direction and commands in a direct context, specifically by trial judges in a controlled course setting. The Siberian Husky’s work as a sled dog, with minimal active direction from a driver, and a driver’s reliance on the dogs to make their own decisions in poor conditions, utilizes the other two forms, «Instinctive Intelligence» and «Adaptive Intelligence», to a much greater extent.^[34]

Health

A 1999 ASPCA publication shows the average life span of the Siberian Husky is 12 to 14 years.^[4] Health issues in the breed are mainly genetic, such as seizures and defects of the eye (juvenile cataracts, corneal dystrophy, canine glaucoma and progressive retinal atrophy) and congenital laryngeal paralysis.^[35] Hip dysplasia is not often found in this breed; however, as with many medium or larger-sized canines, it can occur.^[36] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals currently has the Siberian Husky ranked 155th out of a possible 160 breeds at risk for hip dysplasia, with only two percent of tested Siberian Huskies showing dysplasia.^[37]

Siberian Huskies used for sled racing may also be prone to other ailments, such as gastric disease,^[38] bronchitis or bronchopulmonary ailments («ski asthma»),^[39] and gastric erosions or ulcerations.^[40]

Modern Siberian Huskies registered in the US are almost entirely the descendants of the 1930 Siberia imports and of Leonhard Seppala’s dogs, particularly Togo.^[41] The limited number of registered foundational dogs has led to some discussion about their vulnerability to the founder effect.^[42]

History

Chuchki man feeding Chukotka sled dogs, 1901

Prehistoric (prior to 1890s)

The Chukotka Sled Dog is considered the progenitor to the Siberian Husky. Developed by the Chukchi people of Russia, Chukotka sled dog teams have been used since prehistoric times to pulls sleds in harsh conditions, such as hunting sea mammals on oceanic pack ice.^[43][44]

Origination of Name and Split from Chukotka Sled Dogs (1890s–1930s)

From the 1890s to the 1930s, Chukotka sled dogs were actively imported into Alaska, to transport gold miners to the Yukon, first as part of the Klondike Gold Rush,^[43] then later the «All-Alaska Sweepstakes,»^[12] a 408-mile (657-km) distance dog sled race from Nome, to Candle, and back. At this time, «Esquimaux» or «Eskimo» was a common pejorative term for native Arctic inhabitants with many dialectal permutations including Uskee, Uskimay and Huskemaw. Thus dogs used by Arctic people were the dogs of the Huskies, the Huskie’s dogs, and eventually simply the husky dogs.^[45][46] Canadian and American settlers, not well versed on Russian geography, would distinguish the Chukotka imports by referring to them as Siberian huskies as Chukotka is part of Siberia.^[43]

Leonhard Seppala’s winning Siberian team for the 1916 All-Alaska Sweepstakes race.

Smaller, faster and more enduring than the 100- to 120-pound (45- to 54-kg) freighting dogs then in general use, they immediately dominated the Sweepstakes race. Leonhard Seppala, the foremost breeder of Siberian sled dogs of the time, participated in competitions from 1909 to the mid-1920s with a number of championships to his name.^[47]

On February 3, 1925, Gunnar Kaasen was the final musher in the 1925 serum run to Nome to deliver diphtheria serum from Nenana, over 600 miles to Nome. This was a group effort by several sled dog teams and mushers, with the longest (264 miles or 422 km) and most dangerous segment of the run covered by Leonhard Seppala and his sled team lead dog Togo. The event is depicted in the 2019 film Togo. A measure of this is also depicted in the 1995 animated film Balto; the name of Gunnar Kaasen’s lead dog in his sled team was Balto, although unlike the real dog, Balto the character was portrayed as a wolf-dog in the film. In honor of this lead dog, a bronze statue was erected at Central Park in New York City. The plaque upon it is inscribed,

Dedicated to the indomitable spirit of the sled dogs that relayed antitoxin six hundred miles over rough ice, across treacherous waters, through Arctic blizzards from Nenana to the relief of stricken Nome in the winter of 1925. Endurance · Fidelity · Intelligence^[47]

Siberian huskies gained mass popularity with the story of the «Great Race of Mercy,» the 1925 serum run to Nome, featuring Balto and Togo. Although Balto is considered the more famous, being the dog that delivered the serum to Nome after running the final 53-mile leg, it was Togo who made the longest run of the relay, guiding his musher Leonhard Seppala on a 261-mile journey that included crossing the deadly Norton Sound to Golovin,^[48] and who ultimately became a foundation dog for the Siberian Husky breed, through his progeny Toto, Molinka, Kingeak, Ammoro, Sepp III, and Togo II.^[49]

In 1930, exportation of the dogs from Siberia was halted.^[28] The same year saw recognition of the Siberian Husky by the American Kennel Club.^[12] Nine years later, the breed was first registered in Canada. The United Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1938 as the «Arctic Husky,» changing the name to Siberian Husky in 1991.^[50] Seppala owned a kennel in Alaska before moving to New England, where he became partners with Elizabeth Ricker. The two co-owned the Poland Springs kennel and began to race and exhibit their dogs all over the Northeast. The kennel was sold to Canadian Harry Wheeler in 1931, following Seppala’s return to Alaska^[7]

The breed’s foundation stock per records and studbooks consists of:

Kree Vanka (Male, 1930 Siberia Import)

Tserko (Male, 1930 Siberia Import),

Tosca (Female, Harry x Kolyma)

Duke (Male, also known as Chapman’s Duke, reportedly Ici x Wanda)

Tanta of Alyeska (Female, Tuck x Toto)

Sigrid III of Foxstand (Female, Chenuk x Molinka)

Smokey of Seppala (Male, Kingeak x Pearl)

Sepp III (Male, Togo x Dolly)

Smoky (Male, unknown parentage)

Dushka (Female, Bonzo x Nanuk)

Kabloona (Female, Ivan x Duchess)

Rollinsford Nina of Marilyn (Female, Kotlik x Nera of Marilyn)^[51][7]

As the breed was beginning to come to prominence, in 1933 Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd brought about 50 Siberian Huskies with him on an expedition in which he hoped to journey around the 16,000-mile coast of Antarctica. Many of the dogs were bred and trained at Chinook Kennels in New Hampshire, owned by Eva Seeley. Called Operation Highjump, the historic trek proved the worth of the Siberian Husky due to its compact size and great speed.^[47] Siberian Huskies also served in the United States Army’s Arctic Search and Rescue Unit of the Air Transport Command during World War II.^[52] Their popularity was sustained into the 21st century. They were ranked 16th among American Kennel Club registrants in 2012,^[53] rising to 14th place in 2013.^[54]

1940s-present

Huskies were extensively used as sled dogs by the British Antarctic Survey in Antarctica between 1945 and 1994. A bronze monument to all of BAS’s dog teams sits outside its Cambridge headquarters.^{[citation needed]}

In 1960, the US Army undertook a project to construct an under the ice facility for defense and space research, Camp Century, part of Project Iceworm involved a 150+ crew who also brought with them an unofficial mascot, a Siberian Husky named Mukluk.^[55]

Due to their high popularity combining with their high physical and mental needs, Siberians are abandoned or surrendered to shelters at high rates by new owners who do not research them fully and find themselves unable to care for them. Many decide on the breed for their looks and mythos in pop culture, and purchase pups from backyard breeders or puppy mills who do not have breeder-return contracts that responsible breeders will, designed to keep the breed out of shelters.^[56]

Sled dogs that were bred and kept by the Chukchi tribes of Siberia were thought to have gone extinct, but Benedict Allen, writing for Geographical magazine in 2006 after visiting the region, reported their survival. His description of the breeding practiced by the Chukchi mentions selection for obedience, endurance, amiable disposition, and sizing that enabled families to support them without undue difficulty.^[44]

Traditional use and other activities

Originally, huskies were used as sled dogs in the polar regions. One can differentiate huskies from other dog types by their fast pulling-style. Modern racing huskies (also known as Alaskan huskies) represent an ever-changing crossbreed of the fastest dogs. Humans use huskies in sled-dog racing. Various companies]have marketed tourist treks with dog sledges for adventure travelers in snow regions.^[57] Huskies are also kept as pets, and groups work to find new pet homes for retired racing and adventure-trekking dogs.^[58]

Many huskies, especially Siberian Huskies, are considered “working dogs” and often are high energy. Exercise is extremely important for the physical and mental health of these kinds of dogs and it can also prompt a strong bond between the owner and dog.^[59] Since many owners now have huskies as pets in settings that are not ideal for sledding, other activities have been found that are good for the dog and fun for the owner.

• Rally Obedience: Owners guide their dogs through a course of difficult exercises side by side. There are typically 10 to 20 signs per course and involve different commands or tricks.^[60]
• Agility Training: A fast-paced obstacle course that deals with speed and concentration. Dogs race the clock to complete the course correctly.^[61]
• Skijoring is an alternative to sled pulling. The owner would be on skis while the dog would pull via a rope connected between the two.^[62]
• Dog hiking is an wonderful alternative for owners who live near or are able to travel to a trail.^[63] The owner travels with their dogs along trails in the wilderness. This activity allows the owner and dog to gain exercise without using the huskies’ strong sense of pulling. Some companies make hiking equipment especially for dogs in which they may carry their own gear, including water, food, and bowls for each.
• Carting, also known as dryland mushing or sulky driving, is an urban alternative to dog sledding. Here, the dog can pull a cart that contains either supplies or an individual. This is also an acceptable way to use a dog’s natural incline to pull in an effective way.^[64] These carts can be bought or handmade by the individual.
• Bikejoring is an activity where the owner bikes along with their dog while they are attached to their bike through a harness which keeps both the dog and owner safe. The dog or team of dogs can be attached to a towline to also pull the biker.^[65]

In popular culture

• A bronze statue of Balto that has been displayed in New York City’s Central Park since 1925 is one of the park’s enduringly popular features.^[66][67]
• The Twilight Saga, which features werewolves and the television series Game of Thrones spurred a huge uptick in demand for Siberian Huskies as pets, followed by a steep increase of their numbers at public shelters. Even though the animal actors were not Siberian Huskies, people were acquiring Siberian Huskies because they looked similar to the fictional direwolf characters depicted in the show.^[68] Two of the show’s stars pleaded with the public to stop acquiring the dogs without first researching the breed.^[69]
• Characters in film and television: The film Eight Below features six Siberian Huskies whose names are Max, Maya, Truman, Old Jack, Dewey and Shorty. In the horror television series Z Nation, a character adopts a Siberian Husky after its owner freezes to death outside his base, and the other dog turned into a zombie. The T.V. show Parks and Recreation uses a Siberian Husky as «spirit dog» for April Ludgate.Sled huskies were also featured in Iron Will, and Snow Dogs, Togo, and in the animated film Balto.
• The phrase three dog night, meaning it is so cold you would need three dogs in bed with you to keep warm, originated with the Chukchi people of Siberia, who kept the Siberian husky landrace dog that became the modern purebred breed called the Siberian Husky.^[70]
• The World War II Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 was called «Operation Husky».^[71]
• In the 2008 Disney film Snow Buddies, a black and white blue-eyed male Siberian Husky puppy named Shasta (voiced by Dylan Sprouse) is the protagonist.
• The animated series Road Rovers features Exile, a Siberian Husky; the show Krypto the Superdog features Tusky Husky.
• Everest in the animated series PAW Patrol is a Siberian Husky. Another such character from this series is Gasket from the Ruff-Ruff Pack.
• Several purebred Siberian Huskies portrayed Diefenbaker, the «half-wolf» companion to RCMP Constable Benton Fraser, in the CBS/Alliance Atlantis TV series Due South.^[72]
• Siberian Huskies are the mascots of the athletic teams of several schools and colleges, including St. Cloud State University (St. Cloud State Huskies, Blizzard), Northern Illinois University (Northern Illinois Huskies, Victor),^[73] the University of Connecticut (Connecticut Huskies, Jonathan), Northeastern University (Northeastern Huskies, Paws), the Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech Huskies, Blizzard), University of Washington (Washington Huskies, Harry), Houston Baptist University (Houston Baptist Huskies, Kiza the Husky), and Saint Mary’s University (Saint Mary’s Huskies).

See also

• Dogs portal
• List of dog breeds

References

External links

• Siberian Husky at Curlie

1. Ancient sled dog of the native Northern peoples

Husky is an umbrella term for several breeds of sled dogs that inhabit the Arctic region. Siberian huskies were bred by the Chukchi people of the North-East of Siberia – in Chukotka and on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. (These “coastal” Chukchi were even called dog herders, as opposed to reindeer herder Chukchi who lived deeper in the continent).

The Siberian husky is believed to be one of the most ancient dog breeds; scientists claim that it was alive back in the first millennium BC.

For centuries, huskies have been the main means of transportation for the native peoples of Chukotka, who engaged in fishing and hunting. Not just the Chukchi people, but also Yukaghirs, Kereks and Eskimo, for example. It’s believed that the word ‘husky’ is a distorted pronunciation of the word ‘eski’, which means ‘Eskimo’.

The Russians who explored Chukotka and the Far East in the 17th-18th centuries appreciated the abilities of these Siberian dogs. They used huskies as their main transport (horses were not adapted to such cold conditions) and also hired local mushers – experienced dog sled drivers.

2. They cover great distances and don’t get cold

Thick fur, compact constitution, powerful, strong back and great health. These dogs have everything to cope with the harsh climate conditions of the Far North. They’re not just successfully surviving, but also possess unique physical abilities – they can tirelessly cover great distances and then continue on with just a short break.

They don’t get cold and they can sleep on the snow; they also don’t need much food at all. The Chukchi people fed huskies with frozen or dried fish.

Those who want to get this dog to live with them at home, ie. indoors, should know about this trait of this dog. It’s genetically used to running – so you have to take them on long walks. Besides, modern dog breeders warn: huskies are prone to running away because they love freedom. But they are obedient and easy to train.

Since these dogs have always been around people almost as a part of their families, they love socializing and, as it is believed, have a cheerful character.

Siberian huskies almost never bark, but they can howl, especially when they’re sad. Dog breeders even recommend people not to keep these dogs alone. If you have two of them, they’ll be much happier (and there will be less possibility of them thrashing your apartment or chewing up your sofa).

3. Breed recognized first by North Americans

During the North American “gold rush”, dogs from Siberia were imported to Alaska (the local native peoples were related to the native peoples of the Russian Far East). Later, these dogs were also actively used for races. It’s believed that the modern Siberian husky was professionally bred at the beginning of the 20th century and, from sled dogs, they turned into race dogs, not losing their ancient skill set, but also learning to reach high speeds.

In 1930, the “Siberian husky” breed was registered in the United States by an American dog breeding club and, in 1960, Siberian husky appeared under the number 270 in the International Canine Federation classification (with the U.S. stated as the country of origin).

By the way, a husky can have almost any color, but the most common ones are black-and-white and gray-and-white. Females weigh up to 23 kilograms, while males weigh up to 28 kilograms. On average, huskies live for 12-15 years.

4. Saved thousands of people

The history of the Siberian husky has a unique episode – when the physical traits of these dogs helped save many people from a diphtheria epidemic. In Winter 1925, the remote town of Nome in Alaska, isolated from the outside world, passed a message about an outbreak of diphtheria among Native American children.

The town needed a serum for the disease, but severe cold and a blizzard cut off the railway and other transport. Then a Norwegian musher named Leonhard Seppala organized an entire relay expedition to the town. They needed to cover 1,085 kilometers through an intense and cold blizzard as fast as possible to deliver the lifesaving serum.

The sled of Seppala ran day and night and once even found itself on an ice floe. Without a break, it covered 418 kilometers, after which the dogs literally dropped, powerless. Overall, 20 mushers and 150 dogs participated in the relay that went down in history as the “Great Race of Mercy”. Lead dogs Togo and Balto were especially distinguished after the relay. In the end, the vaccine was delivered in just five days and the epidemic was successfully stopped.

5. The most athletic dogs

Winter dog sled riding with huskies became a popular attraction in Russia. Some take pity on the dogs who need to pull a sled for long periods of time. However, the huskies themselves don’t feel unhappy at all. That’s their purpose and their way of life since ancient times. Nine or more huskies on average were used to pull a sled with owners and their load, including their haul.

By the way, Norwegian traveler and explorer Roald Amundsen reached the north magnetic pole on a husky sled and conquered the so-called North-West Passage. In 30 days, he covered more than 1,300 kilometers on a dog sled (with 65 kilometers in 10 hours as a record day).

Apart from entertaining dog sled riding, there are sport dog sled races known from the 19th century. Sportsmen also take part in many-day-long dog races.

Lately, such sports as skijoring (when several dogs pull a person on skis), carting (when dogs pull a dogcart), bikejoring (a bike race with dogs) and also canicross (when a dog on a line pulls a runner) are gaining popularity in Russia.

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Официальный демонстрационный вариант и описание ВПР 2021 и 2022. При ознакомлении с образцом проверочной работы следует иметь в виду, что задания, включённые в образец, не отражают всех умений и вопросов содержания, которые будут проверяться в рамках всероссийской проверочной работы

Полный перечень элементов содержания и умений, которые могут проверяться в работе, приведены в кодификаторе элементов содержания и требований к уровню подготовки выпускников для разработки всероссийской проверочной работы. Назначение образца проверочной работы заключается в том, чтобы дать представление о структуре всероссийской проверочной работы, количестве и форме заданий, уровне их сложности.

Официальная демоверсия: Скачать в PDF
Описание проверочной работы: Скачать в PDF
Смотреть работу онлайн:

Интересные задания из данной работы:

A. Who has a headache?
1) Tracy
2) Jack
3) Both

B. Who finds a lot of fun in the National Museum of American Art?
1)Tracy
2) Jack
3) Neither

C. Who prefers still life paintings?
1)Tracy
2) Jack
3) Neither

D. Who is interested in fashion?
1)Tracy
2) Jack
3) Both

E. Who is hungry?
1)Tracy
2) Jack
3) Neither

2. Выпадающий список
1. Celebrations
2. Food
3. Travelling
4. Geography
5. Animal facts
6. Weather

A. Russia consists of several continental zones. For example, in the north winters are long and harsh, in some places there is lots of snow fall and temperatures fall below –40 degrees Celsius. These winters are normal, not only in the northern regions of the country but even in the Far East. Summers in these areas don’t even see three warm months out of the year.

B. Choose the incredible New Year tours to cold Lapland, which are the perfect combination of comfort and adventure. They are ideal for those who may be new to husky sledding or winter holidays. You will enjoy the beauty of Lapland as you drive your own dog sled team through landscapes including huge mountains, mysterious forests, deserted tundra and frozen lakes.

C. You may not know this, but Finland has a very interesting diversity of local dishes. Fish and meat are important ingredients in some areas, and oats, berries, and milk are common in other regions. An iconic Finnish dish visitors should try, especially in the summer, is “grillimakkara”, which are large grilled sausages eaten with mustard. They are delicious.

D. The New Year is one of the most important holidays on the Russian calendar. New Year in Russia is a time for being together with family and friends, for gift giving, decorating the New Year tree, and watching and setting off fireworks. Midnight is, by tradition, marked by listening to the Russian Federation President’s greeting and Kremlin bells chime.

E. The Siberian Husky is a beautiful dog with a thick coat that comes in a multitude of colours and markings. Their blue or multi-coloured eyes add to the appeal of this breed, which originated in Siberia. It is easy to see why many people are enchanted by the Husky, but be aware that this athletic, intelligent dog can be independent and challenging for first-time dog owners.

3. Abraham Lincoln
Of all the presidents in the history of the United States, Abraham Lincoln is probably the one that Americans remember with the deepest affection. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one room cabin. He proved that an ordinary man could become the president of the country. He __________________ “honest Abe”.
CALL
As a child he had to help his father with the heavy daily tasks of a farmer but he always __________________ time to read. He was really a selfmade man.
FIND
Lincoln __________________rich. NOT BE In fact, he was very poor when he was courting Mary Todd as a young man. He proposed after a year and __________________ family did not approve.
SHE
He married Mary Todd much __________________. LATE In 1834 he __________________ into the House of Representatives. ELECT

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