Sleeping in space егэ

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Sleeping in space travel

Sleeping in outer space travel

Sleeping in space is not easy thing. Some astronauts find it difficult to adapt themselves to weightlessness and in the beginning have to take sleeping pills. Later, however, everything becomes normal and their sleep is just as deep as that of any other healthy person after a hard day’s work.

Physiologically the purpose of sleep is the same both in space and on Earth — to give rest to the brain and feed it with oxygen. In outer space due to weightlessness the blood rushes to the head, the vessels dilate and the process takes place faster. As a rule, sleep is of shorter duration in space. Although the daily routine provides for eight hours sleep, the astronauts fell well rested after six hours.

No beds are needed in spacecraft. The spaceship crew members rest in sleeping bags strapping themselves. Some prefer to sleep on the ceilin, because there is more room although in weightlessness the difference between floor and ceiling is relative.

During early flights in space orbital station Russian astronaut Vitali Sevastyanov noticed that, if your arms are free in sleep, they fold in front of the face by themselves and «float». Therefore, it is best to swaddle oneself like a baby. That is why the space crews are provided with sleeping bags.

When journalists ask astronauts about their dreams, they say they see only «earthly» dreams. Russian astronaut Valentin Lebedev, who was on a 211-day mission, admitted: «As a rule, neither in orbit, nor later on Earth did I see any dreams about space».

Alex Grachov, Sergey Kozin Copyright © 2007 – 2012 Spacefeelings.com. All rights reserved. Copyright/IP Policy.

На этой странице Вы можете выполнить задания по чтению из Демонстрационного варианта ЕГЭ 2015, подготовленного Федеральным государственным бюджетным научным учреждением «Федеральный Институт Педагогических Измерений».

© Демонстрационный вариант ЕГЭ 2015 г. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК, 11 класс. 

Раздел 2 Чтение

Задание 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. When we don’t sleep
2. Not only for humans
3. How dreaming helps
4. When we dream
5. Why dreams can be scary
6. What we feel dreaming
7. How we forget dreams
8. How we remember dreams

A.

Even though our dreams may feel like they last for hours and hours, we hardly spend more than two hours dreaming each night, which means a person spends a total of nearly six years dreaming throughout a lifetime. In general there are four phases of the sleep cycle and all dreaming occurs practically at the final phase. Each of these sleep cycles lasts approximately 60 to 90 minutes and may repeat several times throughout the night.

B.

Anxiety is the most popular emotion experienced in dreams. Many people dream of falling, which is often connected to something in our lives that is going in the wrong direction. In addition, dreams of being chased are very common and are linked to avoidance. Also people report dreams about their teeth falling out, which is related to the words and communication we might have in real life.

C.

Dreaming helps people make sense of the information and events that occur in their lives. Dreams play an important role in processing and remembering information that we absorb daily. Also, they help reduce stress and even solve problems. It’s very possible to work through real-life problems while dreaming at night. In addition, dreams provide a lot of important content and meaning that can be used to inspire and direct our lives during the day.

D.

Nearly 5 to 10% of adults have nightmares. There are several reasons for it, for example when people start taking certain medications or when they withdraw from drugs. Some physical conditions, such as stress or illness, can also be a trigger. However, in some cases adults may have frequent nightmares that are unrelated to their everyday lives, which may signify that they are more creative, sensitive, and emotional than the average person.

E.

There is no person who does not have dreams, but not everybody recalls them. The most vivid dreams happen during the Rapid Eye Movement sleep stage when the brain is extremely active and the eyes move back and forth quickly underneath the eyelids. Although dream recall varies from person to person, some people have little or no recollection of the content, and around 90% of dreams are gone following the first 10 minutes of waking up.

F.

Scientists have found that animals also dream and their subconscious thoughts are connected to real experiences. Animals’ dreams are complex, containing long sequences of events. Animals’ brains share the same series of sleeping states as the brain of human beings. Analyzing animals’ dreams and the content of their dreams may help scientists treat memory disorders and develop new ways for people to learn and retain information more effectively.

G.

Only five minutes after the end of a dream and half of the content is likely to vanish from our memories. It’s not that dreams aren’t important enough to keep in mind, but other things tend to get in the way. Dream researcher L. Strumpell believes that dreams disappear from our memories for a number of factors. For example, we may not recall dream images that lack intensity, association or repetition, which are usually needed for dream recall.

Ответ:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

© Демонстрационный вариант ЕГЭ 2015 г. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК, 11 класс.

Задание 11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Promoting language learning

The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____________________ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries. The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____________________. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects,

C_____________________. Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support

under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D_____________________. There are national information centres in each country, E_____________________. The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and

subtitling of European films for F _____________________. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
2. which includes language teaching and learning
3. cinemas and television in other EU countries
4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
5. funding a number of educational programmes
6. and encouraging people to learn new languages
7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ:

A	B	C	D	E	F

© Демонстрационный вариант ЕГЭ 2015 г. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК, 11 класс.

Задания 12 – 18  

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems

Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worth can kill you.

According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water decreases.

Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth. It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.

I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s much more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is the successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention of the matrix.

You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone, computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space. When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core. The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.

There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes could be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could push them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.

In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water, such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an electric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.

Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX has already started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America and Russia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.

Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.

We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in orbit.

We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

12. What problem is raised in the article?

1) Cooperation in space.

2) Threats of climate change.

3) Danger of drinking salt water.

4) Lack of water supplies on Earth.

Ответ:

13. According to the author, the information published in the US Geological Survey is

meant to …

1) assure the nation that there is still enough of usable water.

2) help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

3) demonstrate the quality of water the nation uses.

4) warn the public about the dangers of water pollution.

Ответ:

14. The author thinks that outer space …

1) is dangerous because of asteroids.

2) is a source of important supplies.

3) is not studied properly.

4) should be colonized.

Ответ:

15. According to the author, the space water sources may be used for …

1)fuel production.

2) water supplies for spaceships.

3) moon exploration.

4) the production of electricity.

Ответ:

16. The Google and Microsoft (paragraph 9) are mentioned to …

1) explain how Planetary Resources Inc. became famous.

2) prove that asteroids can be commercially attractive.

3) show that space research is important for computer science.

4) prove that asteroids can interfere with the Internet.

Ответ:

17. The expression “put the gears in motion” in “…it is wise to put the gears in

motion now” (paragraph 9) means …

1) to explore.

2) to begin.

3) to move.

4) to invest.

Ответ:

18. What idea is stressed in the last two paragraphs?

1) There is room for further achievements in space exploration.

2) Asteroids are unique objects for scientific research.

3) Only smart administration can manage space programs.

4) International Space Station is the heaviest object in space.

Ответ:

По окончании выполнения заданий 10–18 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 10 и 11 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.

Проверьте себя по ключам.

Key answers: Task 10           4635827

Key answers: Task 11           524173

Key answers:

12   4

13   2

14   2

15   1

16   2

17   2

18   1

© 2015 Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере образования и науки Российской Федерации

Sleeping in space is an important part of space medicine and mission planning, with impacts on the health, capabilities and morale of astronauts.

Human spaceflight often requires astronaut crews to endure long periods without rest. Studies have shown that lack of sleep can cause fatigue that leads to errors while performing critical tasks.^[1][2][3] Also, individuals who are fatigued often cannot determine the degree of their impairment.^[4]
Astronauts and ground crews frequently suffer from the effects of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disruption. Fatigue due to sleep loss, sleep shifting and work overload could cause performance errors that put space flight participants at risk of compromising mission objectives as well as the health and safety of those on board.

Overview[edit]

Sleeping in space requires that astronauts sleep in a crew cabin, a small room about the size of a shower stall. They lie in a sleeping bag which is strapped to the wall.^[5] Astronauts have reported having nightmares and dreams, and snoring while sleeping in space.^[6]

Sleeping and crew accommodations need to be well ventilated; otherwise, astronauts can wake up oxygen-deprived and gasping for air, because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide had formed around their heads.^[7] Brain cells are extremely sensitive to a lack of oxygen and brain cells can start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears; the result is that brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or even death.^[8] A decrease of oxygen to the brain can cause dementia and brain damage, as well as a host of other symptoms.^[9]

In the early 21st century, crew on the ISS were said to average about six hours of sleep per day.^[10]

On the ground[edit]

Chronic sleep loss can impact performance similarly to total sleep loss and recent studies have shown that cognitive impairment after 17 hours of wakefulness is similar to impairment from an elevated blood alcohol level.

It has been suggested that work overload and circadian desynchronization may cause performance impairment. Those who perform shift work suffer from increased fatigue because the timing of their sleep/wake schedule is out of sync with natural daylight (see Shift work syndrome). They are more prone to auto and industrial accidents as well as a decreased quality of work and productivity on the job.^[11]

Ground crews at NASA are also affected by slam shifting (sleep shifting) while supporting critical International Space Station operations during overnight shifts.

In space[edit]

During the Apollo program, it was discovered that adequate sleep in the small volumes available in the command module and Lunar Module was most easily achieved if (1) there was minimum disruption to the pre-flight circadian rhythm of the crew members; (2) all crew members in the spacecraft slept at the same time; (3) crew members were able to doff their suits before sleeping; (4) work schedules were organized – and revised as needed – to provide an undisturbed (radio quiet) 6-8 hour rest period during each 24-hour period; (5) in zero-gravity, loose restraints were provided to keep the crewmen from drifting; (6) on the lunar surface, a hammock or other form of bed was provided; (7) there was an adequate combination of cabin temperature and sleepwear for comfort; (8) the crew could dim instrument lights and either cover their eyes or exclude sunlight from the cabin; and (9) equipment such as pumps were adequately muffled.^[12]

NASA management currently^[when?] has limits in place to restrict the number of hours in which astronauts are to complete tasks and events. This is known as the «Fitness for Duty Standards». Space crews’ current nominal number of work hours is 6.5 hours per day, and weekly work time should not exceed 48 hours. NASA defines critical workload overload for a space flight crew as 10-hour work days for 3 days per work week, or more than 60 hours per week (NASA STD-3001, Vol. 1^[13]). Astronauts have reported that periods of high-intensity workload can result in mental and physical fatigue.^[14] Studies from the medical and aviation industries have shown that increased and intense workloads combined with disturbed sleep and fatigue can lead to significant health issues and performance errors.^[15]

Research suggests that astronauts’ quality and quantity of sleep while in space is markedly reduced than while on Earth. The use of sleep-inducing medication could be indicative of poor sleep due to disturbances.
A study in 1997 showed that sleep structure as well as the restorative component of sleep may be disrupted while in space. These disturbances could increase the occurrence of performance errors.^[11]

Current space flight data shows that accuracy, response time and recall tasks are all affected by sleep loss, work overload, fatigue and circadian desynchronization.

Factors that contribute to sleep loss and fatigue[edit]

The most common factors that can affect the length and quality of sleep while in space include:^[11]

• noise
• physical discomfort
• voids
• disturbances caused by other crew members
• temperature

An evidence gathering effort is currently underway to evaluate the impact of these individual, physiological and environmental factors on sleep and fatigue. The effects of work-rest schedules, environmental conditions and flight rules and requirements on sleep, fatigue and performance are also being evaluated.^[11]

Factors that contribute to circadian desynchronization[edit]

Exposure to light is the largest contributor to circadian desynchronization on board the ISS. Since the ISS orbits the Earth every 1.5 hours, the flight crew experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day. Slam shifting (sleep shifting) is also a considerable external factor that causes circadian desynchronization in the current space flight environment.^[11]

Other factors that may cause circadian desynchronization in space:^[16]

• shift work
• extended work hours
• timeline changes
• slam shifting (sleep shifting)
• prolonged light of lunar day
• Mars sol on Earth
• Mars sol on Mars
• abnormal environmental cues (i.e.: unnatural light exposure)

Sleep loss, genetics, and space[edit]

Both acute and chronic partial sleep loss occur frequently in space flight due to operational demands and for physiological reasons not yet entirely understood. Some astronauts are affected more than others. Earth-based research has demonstrated that sleep loss poses risks to astronaut performance, and that there are large, highly reliable individual differences in the magnitude of cognitive performance, fatigue and sleepiness, and sleep homeostatic vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation and to chronic sleep restriction in healthy adults. The stable, trait-like (phenotypic) inter-individual differences observed in response to sleep loss point to an underlying genetic component. Indeed, data suggest that common genetic variations (polymorphisms) involved in sleep-wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may serve as markers for prediction of inter-individual differences in sleep homeostatic and neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep restriction in healthy adults. Identification of genetic predictors of differential vulnerability to sleep restriction will help identify astronauts most in need of fatigue countermeasures in space flight and inform medical standards for obtaining adequate sleep in space.^[17]

Computer-based simulation information[edit]

Biomathematical models are being developed to instantiate the biological dynamics of sleep need and circadian timing. These models could predict astronaut performance relative to fatigue and circadian desynchronization.^[16]

See also[edit]

• Mir#Sleeping in space
• Effects of sleep deprivation in space
• Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
• Shift work sleep disorder
• Skylab 4
• Sleep deprivation

References[edit]

 This article incorporates public domain material from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration document: «Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions» (PDF). (NASA SP-2009-3405)

Sources[edit]

• http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/living-sleeping.asp
• http://science.howstuffworks.com/sleep-in-space.htm
• http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/what-its-like-for-astronauts-to-sleep-in-space/273146/
• NASA.gov
• NASA.gov

Further reading[edit]

• Griffith, Candice; Mahadevan, Sankaran (May 2006). «Sleep Deprivation Effect on Human Performance: A Meta-Analysis Approach» (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2012.
• Maddox, W. Todd; Glass, Brian D.; Wolosin, Sasha M.; Savarie, Zachary R.; Bowen, Christopher; Matthews, Michael D.; Schnyer, David M. (2009). «The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Information-Integration Categorization Performance». Sleep. 32 (11): 1439–48. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.11.1439. PMC 2768950. PMID 19928383.
• «Sleep and Performance Research Center». Washington State University Spokane. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

External links[edit]

• NASA — Sleeping in Space
• The Atlantic — What It’s Like for Astronauts to Sleep in Space — February 2013

Задание 10

1. First in everything                                                                                          5. Influenced by an accident
2. A historic moment                                                                                          6. Astronauts’ pastimes
3. Completely different from Earth                                                                 7. Various names
4. How to become an astronaut                                                                       8. Astronauts’ meals

A. Astronauts spend most of their time doing science experiments that can only be done in outer space. Even though they work long hours, astronauts do get breaks. They may use their breaks to play games with their crewmates, read, watch movies, or talk to their families on Earth. One of the favourite ways for astronauts to spend their breaks is by just sitting and looking out the window. Seeing the Earth from a distance is a very rare treat that most people don’t get to see.

B. The very first astronauts who went up into space ate some interesting things. A lot of their food was ground up and put in tubes that looked like toothpaste. Today though, astronauts have food choices that are pretty much the same ones we have. Eating in space is a bit tricky because there is no gravity. Food packages have to be attached to trays. Salt and pepper actually come in a liquid form because if you shook salt and pepper in space, it would all just float away in the air.

C. Sleeping on the space station is a lot different than sleeping down on Earth. Astronauts have only tiny rooms to sleep in and often sleep in small compartments or in sleeping bags. The biggest difference between sleeping on Earth and sleeping in space is gravity. Without gravity, there isn’t really any up or down so sometimes astronauts sleep standing up. Also, astronauts often strap their sleeping bags to the walls so that they don’t float away.

D. People who want to work in space have to go through lots of training. Most astronauts study things like engineering, math, science, or computer technology. Many astronauts have also had military training. Besides, astronauts need to be in good physical shape and must be good at working with others. Men and women who meet the requirements enter a competitive application process and, if selected, then train for several years before taking off into space.

E. The term “astronaut” derives from the Greek words astron, meaning “star”, and nautes, meaning “sailor”. Although the word “astronaut” is often widely used to talk about someone who works on a spacecraft, it is sometimes used to describe someone who works for the United States’ space program. Astronauts from other countries are sometimes called differently; for example, in Russia they are cosmonauts and in China they are taikonauts.

F. After Mr. Armstrong took his famous first steps on the moon, he was joined several minutes later by his fellow astronaut, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, while the third man on their mission, Michael Collins, orbited their spacecraft around the moon and prepared the team for their victorious return to Earth. Upon taking his first steps onto the moon, Armstrong said the famous words “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

G. The third of four children, Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934, in a small village a hundred miles from Moscow. As a teenager, Gagarin saw a Russian Yak fighter plane make an emergency landing near his home. Years later, when offered a chance to join a flying club, he eagerly accepted, making his first solo flight in 1955. Only a few years later, he submitted his request to be considered a cosmonaut.

Текст	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Заголовок

Аудирование Чтение Языковой материал Письмо Говорение