Сочинение на тему искусственный интеллект на английском - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence possessed by the machines under which they can perform various functions with human help. With the help of A.I, machines will be able to learn, solve problems, plan things, think, etc. Artificial Intelligence, for example, is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. In the field of technology, Artificial Intelligence is evolving rapidly day by day and it is believed that in the near future, artificial intelligence is going to change human life very drastically and will most probably end all the crises of the world by sorting out the major problems.

Our life in this modern age depends largely on computers. It is almost impossible to think about life without computers. We need computers in everything that we use in our daily lives. So it becomes very important to make computers intelligent so that our lives become easy. Artificial Intelligence is the theory and development of computers, which imitates the human intelligence and senses, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. Artificial Intelligence has brought a revolution in the world of technology.

Artificial Intelligence Applications

AI is widely used in the field of healthcare. Companies are attempting to develop technologies that will allow for rapid diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence would be able to operate on patients without the need for human oversight. Surgical procedures based on technology are already being performed.

Artificial Intelligence would save a lot of our time. The use of robots would decrease human labour. For example, in industries robots are used which have saved a lot of human effort and time.

In the field of education, AI has the potential to be very effective. It can bring innovative ways of teaching students with the help of which students will be able to learn the concepts better.

Artificial intelligence is the future of innovative technology as we can use it in many fields. For example, it can be used in the Military sector, Industrial sector, Automobiles, etc. In the coming years, we will be able to see more applications of AI as this technology is evolving day by day.

Marketing: Artificial Intelligence provides a deep knowledge of consumers and potential clients to the marketers by enabling them to deliver information at the right time. Through AI solutions, the marketers can refine their campaigns and strategies.
Agriculture: AI technology can be used to detect diseases in plants, pests, and poor plant nutrition. With the help of AI, farmers can analyze the weather conditions, temperature, water usage, and condition of the soil.
Banking: Fraudulent activities can be detected through AI solutions. AI bots, digital payment advisers can create a high quality of service.
Health Care: Artificial Intelligence can surpass human cognition in the analysis, diagnosis, and complication of complicated medical data.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence may seem to be a new technology but if we do a bit of research, we will find that it has roots deep in the past. In Greek Mythology, it is said that the concepts of AI were used.

The model of Artificial neurons was first brought forward in 1943 by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits. After seven years, in 1950, a research paper related to AI was published by Alan Turing which was titled ‘Computer Machinery and Intelligence. The term Artificial Intelligence was first coined in 1956 by John McCarthy, who is known as the father of Artificial Intelligence.

To conclude, we can say that Artificial Intelligence will be the future of the world. As per the experts, we won’t be able to separate ourselves from this technology as it would become an integral part of our lives shortly. AI would change the way we live in this world. This technology would prove to be revolutionary because it will change our lives for good.

Branches of Artificial Intelligence:

Knowledge Engineering
Robotics
Machines Learning
Natural Language Processing

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is categorized in two types based on capabilities and functionalities.

Artificial Intelligence Type-1
Artificial Intelligence Type-2

Artificial Intelligence Type-1

Narrow AI (weak AI): This is designed to perform a specific task with intelligence. It is termed as weak AI because it cannot perform beyond its limitations. It is trained to do a specific task. Some examples of Narrow AI are facial recognition (Siri in Apple phones), speech, and image recognition. IBM’s Watson supercomputer, self-driving cars, playing chess, and solving equations are also some of the examples of weak AI.
General AI (AGI or strong AI): This system can perform nearly every cognitive task as efficiently as humans can do. The main characteristic of general AI is to make a system that can think like a human on its own. This is a long-term goal of many researchers to create such machines.
Super AI: Super AI is a type of intelligence of systems in which machines can surpass human intelligence and can perform any cognitive task better than humans. The main features of strong AI would be the ability to think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan and communicate on its own. The creation of strong AI might be the biggest revolution in human history.

Artificial Intelligence Type-2

Reactive Machines: These machines are the basic types of AI. Such AI systems focus only on current situations and react as per the best possible action. They do not store memories for future actions. IBM’s deep blue system and Google’s Alpha go are the examples of reactive machines.
Limited Memory: These machines can store data or past memories for a short period of time. Examples are self-driving cars. They can store information to navigate the road, speed, and distance of nearby cars.
Theory of Mind: These systems understand emotions, beliefs, and requirements like humans. These kinds of machines are still not invented and it’s a long-term goal for the researchers to create one.
Self-Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of artificial intelligence. These machines can outsmart the humans. If these machines are invented then it can bring a revolution in human society.

Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence will bring a huge revolution in the history of mankind. Human civilization will flourish by amplifying human intelligence with artificial intelligence, as long as we manage to keep the technology beneficial.

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Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the machine intelligence which is displayed by the machines, which is different than the natural intelligence of the humans and other animals have. Moreover, AI is the research that is in the computer science AI and focuses on the intelligent agents that help the environment and the industries so that they could work faster and grow, the companies maximize its chance of success through AI. AI has benefited computer science because it is the artificial psychology that made the machines to focus on the philosophical arguments, however, it is the field of computer science so AI is given the mind and the ethics artificially so that there could be a creation of the artificial or the human-like intelligence.

I will prove you that artificial intelligence is the computer knowledge that has human traits, however, these computers and robots help the environment to grow, and they respond rationally to help human beings.

Also study: Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence

AI is an academic discipline that was first started in 1956, it is the new approach that helping the companies to get success and renewed the traditional problems. Moreover, there is focus on the reasoning, knowledge, and planning, by the AI so that through the natural language processing there could better performance and perception. Computational intelligence helping the companies to grow so that there could be the focus on the traditional symbolic and increase them in the probability and economics.

Perspectives of AI

The companies and the industries have some goal in order to focus on the artificial intelligence. AI is based on the machine mimics that have the functions like human minds, this intelligence help or making the industries so that they can increasingly capable to perform things in effective ways. There are tasks that are performed by the AI or the tasks that are performed by the robots, these tasks are considered a phenomenon that is given to the robots and they have to focus on the routine technology so that there could be the greater understanding of human speech (Milne & H.Witten, 2013).

AI can be Dangerous

AI is also considered as strategic game systems as AI is installed in the autonomous cars and in machines so that task performance could be efficient and fast, there is focus on the content delivery networks by the AI and it helps the human being in order to interpret complex data so that there could be benefits. If AI progress there can be the danger to humanity because on the technology industry. AI work or perform tasks faster than the human being (Itamar Arel & Karnowski, 2010).

AI also helping the companies so that they can grow from challenging problems, the field of computer science has the major goal of artificial intelligence so that there could be a creation of the technology in an intelligent manner. The scientists are helping the AI so that there could be known on the issues and sub-problems and there could be the relevant and applicable, emphasizes planning. AI is getting the progress through the logical deductions and through the focus on the more efficient problem. AI is considering the algorithms as a high priority because it does the intuitive judgments and helps the organizations to think in the better way.

Figure 1: Robots take over soon

Source: https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/robots-artificial-intelligence-jobs-automation/

AI Planning

For the AI planning, the companies or the IT departments have the concerned hierarchical control system, where there are the set of devices, which help to govern the software so that there could be effective planning and scheduling. AI planning is done so that the companies could able to set goals according to the requirements and there could be the effect of effective production and system, companies are making predictions and there is focus on the classical planning problems to reach the benefits and to focus on the companies reasons that are under uncertainty (Calvanese, Giacomo, Lembo, Lenzerini, & Rosati, 2013).

The planning is made after the predictions, cooperation, and competition; in the planning, there are efficient evolutionary algorithms so that the concept of AI research could be benefited and there could be effective in the computer algorithms. Computer algorithm operates the AI so that there could be the improvement in the functions automatically and there could be the numerical regression. The planning has the good responses and there are the strategies for operating. Plannings are done in order to improve the terms and the decision theory (DRUM, 2013).

There are mathematical analysis and the learning algorithms focused on the planning, however, the developmental robotics is focused so that there could be effective in the learning approaches. AI planning is done to make the AI syntactic structure as it has the powerful natural language and there is focus on the processor speeds to make the robots more effectual.

AI Investments

Companies and investors in artificial intelligence because the world and IT as a whole focused on the fascinating controversies so that there could be a positive impact of robots in the future. Human being is focused on the AI because they know robots can give them benefits and make task performance easy for them so there are the companies, who are performing better so that there could be effective in the intelligence explosion. However, there are pseudo-controversies in the world and the investors helping the companies so that they focus more on IA and can perform better in the field of AI (Modgil & Prakken, 2013).

Following graph summarizes about the countries and companies, which are focused and paying attention towards the Artificial Intelligence so that there could be growth in the dominating the current market. It is indicated that in the Machine Learning there are about 263 companies, which are investing and in the Natural Language Processing there are about 154 companies, which are investing in the Artificial Intelligence categories.

Figure 2: Investments in AI

Source: https://venturescannerinsights.wordpress.com/tag/artificial-intelligence-startup-list/

AI can Take Over Jobs

AI or intelligent robots are super-efficient because they are performing better than the human being, there are various natural resources massive recycling for the robots. AI is helping the scarcity of ordinary human beings, there are surprising reactions of the engineers as there is a rise of machine intelligence. However, Artificial Intelligence is known as the benefits that are there to the human being, the real artificial intelligence nowadays, getting the place of humans as they have the power of the human brain (Harris, 2010).

It is analyzed by the companies that AI is performing better than human because they have better approaches and intelligence than human. Moreover, the artificial intelligence has the power of a human brain because technologies are focused on the real progress. A research has suggested that AI or robots are beating the world champion as they have the high intelligence. Robots are translating human languages and they are now able to recognize human voices, they are now in the human competition. Consequently, there are companies who have AI better than human beings, as IBM’s Watson supercomputer have the AI, two best human or champions. Other companies like Google are already using the cars there are driverless cars of 300,000 miles (Ibm.com, 2017).

AI Safety

Artificial intelligence is focused so that there could be the safety of the departments, however, AI is resulting in the potential impacts and helping the individual so that there could be developed in the IT projects. Moreover, safety is there from the robots and the people are being protected. If there are the problem of accidents and if there are harmful behaviors to the human beings, then safety could be there and then there could be the protection of the human.

Robot or AI providing the benefits to the human, however, if they are poorly designed in the real-world then accidents could happen because there are accident risks. The robots need to avoid the side effects and they need to be planned in the better way so that accidents could be avoided and there could be safe from the reward hacking. The robots’ behavior needs to be analyzed during the performance so that there could be the effective learning process and there could be benefits or more effectiveness (Whitby, 2012).

It is hard to imagine that how robots are performing because AI could also go opposite and there could negative behavior, consequently, AI misunderstanding can be there, if it is not interpreted and implement properly. AI safety, need to be focused so that robots can be saved from the complexity and challenge. AI needs to considered effectively so that human can be saved from issues and incidents, because if AI can take over people or human then there could also be safety issues (Devedzic, 2004).

Study Reveals

A study reported or reveals about the AI in 2017 that it is the year of artificial intelligence because companies and every department is spending on artificial intelligence. However, in 2015 most of the companies gave the spending review that how companies can boost production and how they can draw the attention of the marketers in the innovative companies. The study told about the specific sectors in the UK that the companies are getting much money through the AI and they are focused on the introduction of robotics (Hovy, Navigli, & Ponzetto, 2013).

Artificial intelligence is growing and benefiting the engineering department in the market by 45%, it means that this department in future will the maximum benefits. There are benefits to the administration of about 40%. Consequently, there are benefits to the customer service department of about 31%. The major benefits are also there to the finance and marketing department. It means that the companies are spending good amount and investing in the robots, the future of robots are bright and there are benefits of the admin heavy or face automation etc. In this way, there are maximum benefits to the companies and their productivity is boosted because the companies are giving maximum jobs so that there could be the generation of the additional jobs and companies can gain the competitive advantage.

There world’s most innovative are using applications or the software for the IA, however, companies are benefiting from the rich ecosystem as the investors, developers, or other clients are supported by the AI. AI is now is the fast-growing area that helping the companies to make better technology and to do better research for the commercial investment and for the maximum benefits. Moreover, major global digital companies are getting and providing the maximum benefits to the country stakeholders.

Figure 3: Survey for AI

Source: https://creativepool.com/magazine/technology/which-uk-industries-will-benefit-the-most-from-artificial-intelligence-in-2017.14218

Future of AI

Regarding focused on the future of AI, it is said that there is modeling and the growth in the Artificial Intelligence and the increase is seen in the period over the next ten years. However, there are various companies that are trying to change people’s opinions as people of the modern world are thinking that AI is good or bad, thus there could be the growth and decay in this field. Consequently, there are various factors contributing to increasing the performance of the companies in the AI field as that people could use AI in the better way and can gain the advantages (Zhou, Zhang, Huang, & Yu-FengLi, 2012).

Companies are showing completion in the next 25 years so that there could be growth aspects in the different variables. However, regarding predicting the future, the companies need to do change the variables so that the robot can be made according to the technology and there could be the increase in the technology. There can be positive or negative growth in the IT or robotic technology because people perceptions can be changed over time. It is anticipated that AI can take the position if human because AI can perform better than people and if there could be the increase in the AI then people livelihood can be suffered because maximum jobs or benefits will be given to the robots or AI.

Figure 4: Thinking of people towards AI

Source: https://www.shodor.org/~asyed/projects/AIproj.html

Conclusion

While concluding, it can be analyzed that AI has benefited computer science because it is the artificial psychology that made the machines to focus on the philosophical arguments. It is proved that artificial intelligence is the computer knowledge that has human traits, however, these computers and robots help the environment to grow, and they respond rationally to help human beings. Companies are getting benefits as have some goal in order to focus on the artificial intelligence, however, tasks that are performed by the AI can be effective or dangerous. AI perform tasks faster than human being and major goal of artificial intelligence so that there could be a creation of the technology in an intelligent manner.

AI planning is done so that the companies could able to set goals according to the requirements and there could be the effect of effective production and system. For the planning, there is mathematical analysis and the learning algorithms focused on the planning, however, the developmental robotics. AI or intelligent robots are super-efficient because they are performing better than the human being, there are various natural resources massive recycling for the robots. Consequently, there are companies who have AI better than human beings and thus, safety should be focused from the robots, as they can be helpful in the problem of accidents or there can be the harmful behaviors. There world’s most innovative companies are using applications or the software for the IA so that there could be the improvement in the field, There can be positive or negative growth in the IT or robotic technology because people perceptions can be changed over time. The future of robots or AI are bright.

References;

Calvanese, D., Giacomo, G. D., Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M., & Rosati, R. (2013). Data complexity of query answering in description logics. Artificial Intelligence, 195(1), 335-360.
Devedzic, V. (2004). Education and the Semantic Web. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 14(1), 39-65.
DRUM, K. (2013, May). Welcome, Robot Overlords. Please Don’t Fire Us? Retrieved from https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/robots-artificial-intelligence-jobs-automation/
Harris, M. C. (2010). Artificial Intelligence. Marshall Cavendish.
Hovy, E., Navigli, R., & Ponzetto, S. P. (2013). Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far. Artificial Intelligence, 194(1), 2-27.
Ibm.com. (2017). The quest for AI creativity. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/watson/advantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ai-creativity.html
Itamar Arel, D. C., & Karnowski, T. P. (2010). Deep Machine Learning—A New Frontier in Artificial Intelligence Research. IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE, 1(1), 13-18.
Milne, D., & H.Witten, I. (2013). An open-source toolkit for mining Wikipedia. Artificial Intelligence, 149(1), 222-239.
Modgil, S., & Prakken, H. (2013). A general account of argumentation with preferences. Artificial Intelligence, 195(1), 361-397.
Whitby, B. (2012). Artificial Intelligence: A Beginner’s Guide. Oneworld Publications.
Zhou, Z.-H., Zhang, M.-L., Huang, S.-J., & Yu-FengLi. (2012). Multi-instance multi-label learning. Artificial Intelligence, 176(1), 2291-2320.

Источник

Here’s my full essay for the question below.

Some people believe that developments in the field of artificial intelligence will have a positive impact on our lives in the near future. Others, by contrast, are worried that we are not prepared for a world in which computers are more intelligent than humans. Discuss both of these views and give your own opinion.

People seem to be either excited or worried about the future impact of artificial intelligence. Personally I can understand the two opposing points of view; I am both fascinated by developments in artificial intelligence and apprehensive about its possible negative effects.

On the one hand, the increasing intelligence of technology should bring some obvious benefits. Machines are clearly able to do many jobs better than humans can, especially in areas that require high levels of accuracy or calculations using large amounts of data. For example, robots are being developed that can carry out surgical procedures with greater precision than a human doctor, and we already have cars that use sensors and cameras to drive themselves. Such technologies can improve safety by reducing the likelihood of human errors. It is easy to imagine how these developments, and many others, will steadily improve our quality of life.

On the other hand, I share the concerns of people who believe that artificial intelligence may harm us if we are not careful. In the short term, it is likely that we will see a rise in unemployment as workers in various industries are replaced by machines or software programs. For example, self-driving vehicles are expected to cause redundancies in driving jobs, such as lorry drivers, taxi drivers and bus drivers. In the medium term, if intelligent technologies gradually take jobs away from humans, we may find that people become deskilled and lose their sense of purpose in life. A longer term fear is that computers become so intelligent that they begin to make decisions without human oversight and without regard for our well-being.

In conclusion, while intelligent machines will no doubt improve our lives in many ways, the potential risks of such technologies should not be ignored.

(295 words, band 9)

The comments to this entry are closed.

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Обновлено: 11.03.2023

В будущем я думаю все будет иначе. Быстрые машины, модернизированные дома, новая техника, роботы, которых будет связывать не искусственный интеллект, а интеллект на основе биотехнологий и самое главное — умные и добрые люди, которые будут заботиться о других.
Модернизация Спорта; например футбол будет совсем на другом уровне. Offside будет вычислять компьютер, так как судью иногда ошибаются, и это серьезно влияет на результат матча.
Я многое жду от будущего, думаю что все измениться в лучшую сторону.

In the future I think all will be differently. The Fast cars, the modernized houses, the new technics, robots which will be connected not by artificial intelligence, and intelligence on the basis of biotechnologies and the most important thing — clever and kind people who will care of others.
Sports modernization; for example football will be absolutely at other level. Offside will calculate the computer as the judge sometimes are mistaken, and it seriously influences result of a match.
I much wait from the future, I think that all to change to the best.

В первую очередь надо ставить местоимение, потом глагол а потом все остальное:

I think In the futureall will be differently. Fast cars, the modernized houses, the new technics, robots which will connected not by artificial intelligence, and intelligence on the basis of biotechnologies and the most important thing — clever and kind people who will take care of others.
The Modernization of the Sport; for instance football will be quite be on the other level. Offside will calculate the computer, since judge sometimes mistaken, and this seriously influences upon result of the match.
I wait from the future much, I think that all will change to the best side.

When I think about the future changes on our planet, I feel rather optimistic. As the technology rapidly progresses, many new things might come to use. For example, the space telescopes will soon send photographs of distant planets to Earth. The skyscrapers will become like separate cities, having all the necessary facilities in one building. People will be able to participate in space flights. Online romances will become more common. Robots will perform most household duties. They will also replace lots of professions. All these changes sound realistic, but nobody thinks about nature. Scientific and technologic advances can easily lead to natural collapses. The growing number of factories, their waste into the World Ocean and atmosphere are rather harmful. This means, while people will be enjoying life in smart houses and flats, animals will be dying out. The air will become so polluted that we’ll have to stay in our houses all the time and do everything from there. As I see it, life in the future will remind a real vacuum. People will work from their homes. They will buy fruit and vegetables grown only at the greenhouses. They will communicate with their relatives and friends via skype or other similar programs. If people continue leading such life, they will end up being lonely. On the other hand, I know that a growing number of people move to the countryside and create their own communities there. They build houses, that save energy. They try to use all natural resources reasonably. Hopefully, they will make life better on our planet.

Analysts agree that artificial intelligence is an integral part of the fourth industrial revolution. Already, those processes that can be automated are performed by robots.

But while such an approach enhances business efficiency and removes the human factor, I also think that AI is still very expensive in implementation and the limitations of our economy will have negative consequences if more and more jobs go to non-living beings.

One of the biggest drawbacks of robotics is that the ubiquitous transition to AI will lead to incredibly severe structural unemployment.

Knowing the economic theory, it can be said that the wages that workers of a particular production receive come to the market of goods and services, thereby presenting a demand for the results of their labor.

Remove this factor and the payback of new technologies can stretch for hundreds of years due to the low living standards of citizens. Then the apparent progress will turn into a large-scale decline.

In addition, A related criticism is that robotics is a flashy luxury. Not every entrepreneur, especially representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, is decisive enough to purchase such devices, which for many years will bring him/her losses due to high costs, also risking losing competitors with a traditional organization of labor. Therefore, the idea that all the work will be done by AI is still by far exaggerated at least for now.

Despite these downsides, humanity cannot deny that robotics has made various spheres of life safer and more comfortable. The unnecessary collection of information of traffic density, accidents, weather data allows AI to control the switching of traffic lights, significantly speeding up the movement of cars. In addition, driver assistance functions are gradually being introduced, for example, the system, if necessary, calls a tow truck.

There are also huge benefits to using AI, surprisingly, for agriculture. Nowadays, the involvement of harvesting robots, drones providing reliable delivery of hazardous chemicals, and bots recognizing and eliminating weeds have become a real breakthrough. Many samples are already very affordable and make a real contribution to the fight against hunger in certain regions.

Clearly, AI introduces numerous benefits if used pointwise in a specific company or industry. Nevertheless, our world is not yet ready to accept the consequences of this innovation. However, cheaper materials, maintenance, and government provision of alternative jobs can multiply pluses and decrease drawbacks.

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Artificial Intelligence: AI is an American science fiction drama that was released in 2001. Steven Spielberg directed this film that was based, in part, on the short story by Brian Aldiss called Supertoys Last All Summer Long . In the film, the main character, David, is played by Haley Joel Osment. David is an 11-year-old boy… or is he?

Although no year is given for the setting, it seems to be in the near future. David is a mecha that is a realistic robot created by Professor Allen Hobby, played by William Hurt in the movie. David is the first robot to have genuine feelings, especially for his “mother” who adopted him as a substitute for her real son who is suffering from a terrible disease.

The real son is being held in suspended animation while the parents wait for a cure. Later, the son is cured and David’s life changes forever. The movie made over 78 million domestically and over 150 million internationally. It raises the question, can robots feel?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It’s certainly the most controversial. Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but there’s no consensus on whether a robot can ever be intelligent.

Like the term «robot» itself, artificial intelligence is hard to define. Computer scientists prefer a looser definition, calling AI the study of how to make computers to do things. According to the technical dictionary − artificial intelligence is a field of study that explores how computers can be used for tasks that require the human characteristics of intelligence, imagination and intuition. Ultimate AI would be a recreation of the human thought process − a man-made machine with our intellectual abilities. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas. But today’s AI machines can only replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability.

In early days of artificial intelligence, scientists thought that the computer would experience something like an electronic childhood, in which it would gobble up the world’s libraries and then begin generating new wisdom. Few people talk like this today because the problem of simulating intelligence is far more complex.

Today the term artificial intelligence encompasses several subsets of interests.

Problem solving. This area of AI includes a spectrum of activities from playing games to planning military strategy. The basic idea of AI problem-solving is very simple, though its execution is complicated. The computer can only solve problems it’s programmed to solve − it doesn’t have any generalized analytical ability. Existing chess computers are one example of this sort of machine.

Natural language. It is associated with artificial intelligence because humans can make the best use of AI if they can communicate with the computer in natural language. Furthermore, understanding natural language is a skill thought to require intelligence. In one of infamous example, the computer was supposed to demonstrate its prowess by translating a phrase from English to Russian and back. Despite the computer’s best efforts “The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak” came back “The vodka is good, but the meat is spoiled”. One of the most frustrating tasks for AI scientists is providing the computer with the sense of context that humans have.

Fuzzy logic. This is a type of artificial intelligence that allows machines to “think” more like humans, providing a method of precisely measuring vague concepts. Fuzzy logic was invented more than 25 years ago and had been used successfully in electronically controlled devices ranging from vacuum cleaners and automobile transmissions to subway system and rocket-docking system. It also helps guide self-guidance system in robots.

Expert systems. An expert system is a software package used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic. For example, a computer can be an expert on where to drill oil wells, or what stock purchase looks promising or how to cook soufflés. Therefore, these AI systems present programs that mimic the decision-making and problem-solving thought processes of human expert on some particular topic.

Robotics. This field involves endowing computer-controlled machines with electronic capabilities for vision, speech, and touch. Scientists hypothesize on how and why we learn and think, and they experiment with their ideas using robots. Some scientists focus on humanoid robots because they feel that being able to experience the world like a human is essential to developing human-like intelligence. It also makes it easier for people to interact with the robots, which potentially makes it easier for the robot to learn.

Although considerable progress has been made in these sophisticated fields of study, a hard band of scientists are continuing to explore AI, focusing on how computers to learn.

Find the answers to the questions.

1. What do you think artificial intelligence means?

2. Can robots be intelligent?

3. What false opinion was spread among some scientists in early days of AI?

3. What subsets of interests does AI encompass?

4. What is the main idea of AI problem-solving?

5. What is meant by fuzzy logic?

6. What is an expert system?

7. How does an expert system work?

8. Where might you find an expert system at home, at work?

9. What role does natural language play in a process of creating AI?

10. Give some successful and infamous examples.

11. What role will robots and AI play in our everyday life?

Complete the sentences.

1. Everybody agrees that . .

2. According to the technical dictionary . .

3. In early days of artificial intelligence . .

4. Few people talk like this today . .

5. . several subsets of interests.

6. . as an expert on a particular topic

7. . with the sense of context that humans have.

8. . which potentially makes it easier for the robot to learn.

Match the following English words with their definitions.

1.	robot	a.	is a branch of computer science concerned with teaching computers to think.
2.	an expert system	b.	is an approach to computing based on «degrees of truth» rather than the usual «true or false» (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.
3.	artificial intelligence	c.	is a computer program that simulates the judgment and behaviour of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field.
4.	robotics	d.	computers whose chips are designed to mimic the human brains
5.	neutral networks	e.	traditionally recognize objects by their shapes or else “see” a dominant colour.
6.	vision robots	f.	is a computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings.
7.	fuzzy logic	g.	is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots.

True or false statements.

1. Artificial intelligence is only used in playing chess.

2. AI software can rely on vocabulary and rules of grammar for language translation.

3. In early days of AI, scientists thought that it would be useful just to stuff facts into computer; however facts are useless without the ability to interpret and learn form them.

4. Robots are distinct from ordinary computers in their physical nature — normal computers don’t have a physical body attached to them.

5. Robots have to look or act like humans but they don’t need to be flexible to perform different tasks.

6. Already, there are prototype medical robots designed to ask patients about their symptoms and to provide counsel, simulating comforting emotions — a role traditionally occupied by a human doctor.

7. Robots and artificial intelligence are two of the most exciting scientific fields today.

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Artificial Intelligence Applications

Artificial Intelligence would save a lot of our time. The use of robots would decrease human labour. For example, in industries robots are used which have saved a lot of human effort and time.

In the field of education, AI has the potential to be very effective. It can bring innovative ways of teaching students with the help of which students will be able to learn the concepts better.

Marketing: Artificial Intelligence provides a deep knowledge of consumers and potential clients to the marketers by enabling them to deliver information at the right time. Through AI solutions, the marketers can refine their campaigns and strategies.
Agriculture: AI technology can be used to detect diseases in plants, pests, and poor plant nutrition. With the help of AI, farmers can analyze the weather conditions, temperature, water usage, and condition of the soil.
Banking: Fraudulent activities can be detected through AI solutions. AI bots, digital payment advisers can create a high quality of service.
Health Care: Artificial Intelligence can surpass human cognition in the analysis, diagnosis, and complication of complicated medical data.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Branches of Artificial Intelligence:

Knowledge Engineering
Robotics
Machines Learning
Natural Language Processing

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is categorized in two types based on capabilities and functionalities.

Artificial Intelligence Type-1
Artificial Intelligence Type-2

Artificial Intelligence Type-1

Narrow AI (weak AI): This is designed to perform a specific task with intelligence. It is termed as weak AI because it cannot perform beyond its limitations. It is trained to do a specific task. Some examples of Narrow AI are facial recognition (Siri in Apple phones), speech, and image recognition. IBM’s Watson supercomputer, self-driving cars, playing chess, and solving equations are also some of the examples of weak AI.
General AI (AGI or strong AI): This system can perform nearly every cognitive task as efficiently as humans can do. The main characteristic of general AI is to make a system that can think like a human on its own. This is a long-term goal of many researchers to create such machines.
Super AI: Super AI is a type of intelligence of systems in which machines can surpass human intelligence and can perform any cognitive task better than humans. The main features of strong AI would be the ability to think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan and communicate on its own. The creation of strong AI might be the biggest revolution in human history.

Artificial Intelligence Type-2

Reactive Machines: These machines are the basic types of AI. Such AI systems focus only on current situations and react as per the best possible action. They do not store memories for future actions. IBM’s deep blue system and Google’s Alpha go are the examples of reactive machines.
Limited Memory: These machines can store data or past memories for a short period of time. Examples are self-driving cars. They can store information to navigate the road, speed, and distance of nearby cars.
Theory of Mind: These systems understand emotions, beliefs, and requirements like humans. These kinds of machines are still not invented and it’s a long-term goal for the researchers to create one.
Self-Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of artificial intelligence. These machines can outsmart the humans. If these machines are invented then it can bring a revolution in human society.

Conclusion

Introduction

Also study: Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence

Perspectives of AI

AI can be Dangerous

Figure 1: Robots take over soon

Source: https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/robots-artificial-intelligence-jobs-automation/

AI Planning

AI Investments

Figure 2: Investments in AI

Source: https://venturescannerinsights.wordpress.com/tag/artificial-intelligence-startup-list/

AI can Take Over Jobs

AI Safety

Study Reveals

Figure 3: Survey for AI

Source: https://creativepool.com/magazine/technology/which-uk-industries-will-benefit-the-most-from-artificial-intelligence-in-2017.14218

Future of AI

Figure 4: Thinking of people towards AI

Source: https://www.shodor.org/~asyed/projects/AIproj.html

Conclusion

References;

Calvanese, D., Giacomo, G. D., Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M., & Rosati, R. (2013). Data complexity of query answering in description logics. Artificial Intelligence, 195(1), 335-360.
Devedzic, V. (2004). Education and the Semantic Web. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 14(1), 39-65.
DRUM, K. (2013, May). Welcome, Robot Overlords. Please Don’t Fire Us? Retrieved from https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/robots-artificial-intelligence-jobs-automation/
Harris, M. C. (2010). Artificial Intelligence. Marshall Cavendish.
Hovy, E., Navigli, R., & Ponzetto, S. P. (2013). Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far. Artificial Intelligence, 194(1), 2-27.
Ibm.com. (2017). The quest for AI creativity. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/watson/advantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ai-creativity.html
Itamar Arel, D. C., & Karnowski, T. P. (2010). Deep Machine Learning—A New Frontier in Artificial Intelligence Research. IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE, 1(1), 13-18.
Milne, D., & H.Witten, I. (2013). An open-source toolkit for mining Wikipedia. Artificial Intelligence, 149(1), 222-239.
Modgil, S., & Prakken, H. (2013). A general account of argumentation with preferences. Artificial Intelligence, 195(1), 361-397.
Whitby, B. (2012). Artificial Intelligence: A Beginner’s Guide. Oneworld Publications.
Zhou, Z.-H., Zhang, M.-L., Huang, S.-J., & Yu-FengLi. (2012). Multi-instance multi-label learning. Artificial Intelligence, 176(1), 2291-2320.

АНТИХАЙП! ПГУПС

2017

В УЧАСТИИ ПРИНИМАЛ ГУГЛ ТРАНСЛЭЙТ

Оглавление

В УЧАСТИИ ПРИНИМАЛ ГУГЛ
ТРАНСЛЭЙТ……………………………..	2
Artificial Intelligence …………………….	3
Virus …………………………………………	6
Hackers. …………………………………… 9

Artificial Intelligence

Искусственный интеллект

Оригинал:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a term that could indicate the ability of an artifact to perform the same kinds of functions that characterize human thought. The possibility of developing some such artifact has intrigued human beings since ancient times. With the growth of modern science, the search for AI has taken two major directions: psychological and physiological research into the nature of human thought, and the technological development of increasingly sophisticated computing systems. In the later sense, the term AI has been applied to computer systems and programs capable of performing tasks more complex than straightforward programming. The most important fields of research area are into information processing, pattern recognition, gameplaying computers, and applied fields such as medical diagnosis. Current research in information processing deals with programs that enable a computer to understand written or spoken information and to produce summaries and answer specific questions. Essential to such programs is the ability of the

system to generate grammatically correct sentences and to establish linkages between words, ideas, and associations with other ideas. Research has shown that whereas the logic of language structure, its syntax submits to programming, the problem of meaning, or semantics, lies far deeper, in the direction of true AI.

Перевод

Искусственный интеллект (искусственный интеллект) — это термин, который может указывать на способность артефакта выполнять те же функции, которые характеризуют человеческую мысль. Возможность развития какого-то такого артефакта заинтриговала людей с древних времен. С ростом современной науки, поиск! 2 основных направления: психологическое и физиологическое исследование природы человеческой мысли и технологическое развитие все более сложных вычислительных систем. В более позднем смысле термин ИИ был применен к компьютерным системам и программам, способным выполнять задачи более сложные, чем простое программирование. Наиболее важными областями исследований являются обработка информации, распознавание

образов, игровые компьютеры и прикладные области, такие как медицинская диагностика. Текущие исследования в области обработки информации связаны с программами, позволяющими компьютеру понимать письменную или устную информацию и составлять резюме и отвечать на конкретные вопросы. Важное значение для таких программ имеет способность системы генерировать грамматически правильные предложения и устанавливать связи между словами, идеями и ассоциациями с другими идеями. Исследования показали, что в то время как логика языковой структуры, ее синтаксис подчиняется программированию, проблема смысла, или семантики, лежит гораздо глубже, в направлении истинного ИИ.

Virus

Вирус

Оригинал

Virus, self -duplicating computer program that interferes with a computer’s hardware or operating system (the basic software that runs the computer) Viruses are designed to duplicate or replicate them selves and to avoid detection. Like any other computer program, a virus must be executed for it to functionthat is, it must be located in the computer’s memory, and the computer must then follow the virus’s instructions. These instructions are called the payload of the virus. The payload may disrupt or change data files, display an irrelevant or unwanted message, or cause the operating system to malfunction.

Computer viruses activate the instructionsor executable code that run programs are opened. Once a virus is active, it may replicate by various means and tries to infect the computer’s files or the operating system. For example, it may copy parts of itself to floppy disk, to the computer’s hard drive, into legitimate computer programs, or it may attach itself to e-mail message and spread across computer networks by infecting other shared drives. Infection is much more frequent in PCS

than in professional mainframe system because programs on PCS are exchanged primarily by means of floppy disks, e-mail, or over unregulated computer network.

Перевод:

Вирус, самовоспроизводящаяся компьютерная программа, которая мешает аппаратному обеспечению или операционной системе компьютера (базовому программному обеспечению, которое работает на компьютере) вирусы дублируются или делают репликации самостоятельно во избежание обнаружения. Как и любая другая компьютерная программа, вирус должен функционировать — то есть он должен находиться в памяти компьютера, а затем компьютер должен следовать инструкциям вируса. Эти инструкции называются полезной нагрузкой вируса. Полезная нагрузка может нарушить или изменить файлы данных, отобразить неактуальное или нежелательное сообщение или привести к сбою операционной системы.

Компьютерные вирусы активируют инструкции

или	открывают	исполняемый	код,
		7

запускающий программы. После того, как вирус активен, он может реплицировать с помощью различных средств и пытаться заразить файлы компьютера или операционной системы. Например, он может скопировать части себя на дискету, на части жесткого диска компьютера, в легальные компьютерные программы, или он может прикрепляться к электронной почте и распространяются через компьютерные сети, заражая другие общие диски. Инфекция гораздо чаще в ПК, чем в профессиональной мэйнфрейм-системе, потому что программы на ПК обмениваются в основном с помощью дискет, электронной почты или по нерегулируемой компьютерной сети.

Hackers.

Хакеры.

Оригинал:

A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer Software and computer hardware, computer programming, administration, and security related items. The term usually bears strong connotations, which may be either good or bad depending on cultural context. In computer programming a hacker is a software designer and programmer who builds elegant, beautiful programs and systems, i.g. a highly skilled programmer.

The positive usage of her is one who knows a (sometimes specified) set of programming interfaces well enough to program rapidly and expertly. This type of hacker is well -respected (although the term Still carries some of the meaning of hack) and is capable of developing prams without adequate planning or where pre-planning is difficult or impossible to achieve. At their best, hackers can be very productive. The technical downside of hacker productivity is often in maintainability, documentation, and completion. Very talented hackers may become bored with a project once they have figured out all of the hard parts, and be unwilling to finish off the details. This attitude Can Cause friction in environments where other

programmers are expected to pick up half-finished work. In other cases, where a hacker is willing to maintain their own code, a company may be unable to find anyone else who is capable or willing to dig through code to maintain the program if the original programmer moves on to a new job.

In computer security, a hacker is one who specializes in work with the access control mechanisms for computer and network systems. This includes individuals who work toward maintaining and improving the integrity of such mechanisms. However, the most common usage of n this respect refers to someone who exploits systems or against unauthorized access by men of clever tactics and detailed knowledge, while taking advantage of any carelessness or on the part of system operators. This use of hacker as intruder (frequent in the media) severally has a Sons negative connotation, discouraged within the computer community. In this case may Consider cracker as a night term to be.

In other technical fields hacker is one who creates novel hardware modifications. At the most basic end of this Spectrum are those who make frequent changes to the hardware in their using standard components, or make semi cosmetic modifications to the appearance of machine. This type of Hacker modifies his/her computer for

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