Сочинение про абхазию на английском языке

1801 — 1804: Various Georgian areas (Kartli and Kakhetia-1801, Mingrelia-1803, Imeretia and Guria-1804) came directly under Russian Rule (voluntarily seeking protection from Ottoman Turks and Iran). 1810: Tzar Alexander the First, issued a Charter to the ruling Prince of Abkhazia acknowledging Abkhazia as an autonomous principality under the protection of Russia. 1864: After prolonged fighting across the entire region of the Caucasus, Abkhazia was the last Caucasian principality to be forcibly annexed to the Russian Empire. Russian oppression was so severe that over the next few decades more than half of the Abkhazian population fled to Turkey and the Middle East. 1917 — 1918: Abkhazia joined the Republic of the North Caucasus. The Mensheviks took over the government of Georgia and annexed Abkhazia by a mixture of political manoeuvring and the application of ‘fire and sword’ by General Mazniashvili’s troops.

Soviet Abkhazia

March 1921: The Bolsheviks overthrew the Mensheviks in Georgia. The Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic was established independently of Georgia and headed by Nestor Lakoba. 1922: Abkhazia was a signatory to the formation of the USSR acting as a sovereign Abkhazian Republic. 1925: Abkhazia adopted its first Constitution under which it was united by a Special Treaty of Alliance with Georgia. 1931: Stalin (Georgian) and Beria (Mingrelian) reduced Abkhazia to the status of an autonomous Republic within Georgia. 1937 — 1953: Forced mass immigration into Abkhazia was carried out from Western Georgia (Mingrelia) by Stalin and Beria. In Abkhazia, as well as other regions of the USSR, mass oppression was carried out, thousands of intellectuals were persecuted. Before the enforced georgianisation of the 20th century, Abkhazia had a highly diverse demography with many Turks, Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, among others. Abkhazia celebrated its diversity, and the strict homogenization under Georgian rule greatly contrasted with the traditionally tolerant Abkhazian culture. During the period of enforced georgianisation (1937-1953), the Abkhaz were deprived of the right to teach their children in their native language; all Abkhaz schools and institutions were closed from the school-year 1945-46. The Abkhaz were only compelled to study in Georgian schools. The Abkhaz script (originally based on Cyrillic and then on Latin) was altered, against the will of the Abkhaz people, to one based on Georgian characters in 1938. Despite the reintroduction of schooling in Abkhaz and a reformed, Cyrillic-based script following the deaths of Stalin and Beria in 1953, in 1978 Abkhazian intellectuals signed a letter of protest to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR complaining about the status of Abkhazia and blamed the Georgian leaders for pursuing a «Beriaite» policy aimed at the «Georgianization» of the Republic. Major demonstrations at Lykhny (a sacred place in Abkhazian tradition) followed. The Abkhazian campaign, to be incorporated in the Russian Federation, was rejected by Russia and Georgia. Instead, concessions were made to the Abkhaz, including the opening of the Abkhazian State University and TV broadcasting for 15 minutes twice a week in the Abkhaz language. During that year (1978), Moscow allocated millions of roubles to help Abkhazia. The Abkhazian government never received the money. The sum was dispersed to constrain the Abkhazian people’s protest at existing conditions.

Post Soviet Period

1988 — 1989: Leaders of the National Movement in Georgia demanded the abolition of the «Autonomies within Georgia together with secession from the USSR. 1988 — 1990: The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic unilaterally adopted a number of measures which essentially effected the secession of Georgia from the USSR, abrogating in the process all legal acts that united Georgia and Abkhazia under Soviet jurisdiction. 1990: On the eve of the signing of the new Soviet Union Treaty, Abkhazia, like all of the other autonomous republics, declared its sovereignty. On the next day, Georgia declared the abrogation of the Abkhazian Declaration of Sovereignty. Georgia abrogated the autonomy of Ossetia, leading to armed conflict between South Ossetia and Georgia. 1992: Abkhazia declares the sovereignty of its own territory and proposes a federative treaty to Georgia to fill the «legal vacuum» that resulted from Georgia’s unilateral abrogation of all Soviet legal documents. On August 14th, exactly 20 days after being accepted by the United Nations, Georgian troops entered the territory of Abkhazia without any notification to the Abkhazian government and launched a land and air attack on the southeast part of Abkhazia and its capital city. Bloody fighting continued for 14 months. 1993: On September 30th, Abkhazian forces — backed by the Confederation of the Peoples of the North Caucasus Organization, finally ousted the Georgian troops from the territory of Abkhazia. 1994: In April, a joint Declaration of the Political Settlement was signed by the parties to the conflict — the UN, Russia and OSCE, in the presence of the UN Secretary General. The Declaration outlined principles for the peaceful settlement of the conflict on the basis of equality between the parties. In May, negotiations under the auspices of the UN sanctioned the deployment of the CIS peace-keeping troops to separate the parties to the conflict.

Recent history of Abkhazia

After Georgia annulled all Soviet legislation, Abkhazia, as a temporary measure,re-enacted its 1925 constitution, and a new constitution was acclaimed by popular referendum on November 26 1994, restating Abkhazia’s national sovereignty, which was not recognized by Georgia or any other state, as were the elections in November 1996; the Constitution was amended in 1999, at which point Abkhazia finally declared its formal independence Later, a regime of economic sanctions was imposed on Abkhazia by Russia, Georgia and the CIS states. This had a severe impact on the economic growth and development of Abkhazia. Until 26th August 2008, when Russia (followed by Nicaragua) recognised both Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, Abkhazia continued to as as a de facto sovereign state, constantly making its case for international recognition, having finally declared its full independence from Georgia in 1999.

Politics and Issues in Abkhazia’s Relations with Georgia

After the end of the conflict in 1993, Georgia made several military attempts to take Abkhazia back (e.g. in 1998 and 2001). The introduction of troops (masquerading as police) of the Georgian Army in the upper part of the Kodor Gorge of Abkhazia effectively put an end to the already fragile peace process. Until the troops fled from the Gorge after bombing and prior to a land-attack on 12th August 2008, Georgia continued to claim that part of Abkhazia to be part of Georgia by relocating there the so-called “Government in exile” (The Georgian-recognized Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia never had any actual jurisdiction over, or relevance in, Abkhazia). Georgia and the international community (apart from Russia and Nicaragua) refuse to recognize the Sukhum-based government, despite the fact that it exercises sovereign rule over its territory and people, whilst Georgia has been unable to do so since the end of the war on 30th September 1993. Abkhazia demands reparations from Georgia for destruction during the 1992-93 war as well as for the economic damage suffered due to the sanctions placed on Abkhazia by the CIS states. Within Georgia, there are high numbers of internally displaced people (IDPs, or refugees) from the war, mainly Mingrelians who fled in fear of what the post-war chaos would mean for those who supported the Georgian invasion. Georgian President Saakashvili (like his predecessor, Eduard Shevardnadze) often uses the IDPs as a bargaining chip for humanitarian assistance from the world-community. Abkhazia argues that the return of ethnic Abkhazians in Turkey, descendants of those who were expelled by the Russians or who left Abkhazian voluntarily at the end of the 19th-century Caucasian War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, should also be allowed. Abkhazia demands for recognition as a sovereign state both by Georgia and by the international community have been substantially strengthened by Russia’s recognition of 26th August 2008.

Current Abkhazian Politics

In 2004 presidential elections were held, which caused much controversy when the candidate backed by outgoing president Vladislav Ardzinba and by Russia — Raul Khadjimba — was defeated by Sergey Bagapsh. The tense situation in the republic led to the cancellation of the election results by the Supreme Court. After that, adeal was struck between former rivals to run jointly: Bagapsh as a presidential candidate and Khajimba as a vice presidential candidate. They received more than 90% of the votes in the new election.

Sochi Olympics

About 20 kilometres to the north of the Abkhazian-Russian border (along the River Psou) is the resort-city known as Sochi. Sochi achieved international recognition when it won the bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics. Abkhazia offered support for development projects in preparation for the Sochi Olympics. Given the proximity of such a huge investment project and Abkhazia’s capacity of construction materials, the Winter Olympics will become a significant boost for the Abkhaz economy, especially in the wake of Russia’s recognition and moves to reopen Sukhum’s airport, which boasts the largest runway of any airport in the Caucasus, and which has lain idle since the 1992-93 war. Georgians are outraged. It remains uncertain what role the Sochi games will play for Abkhazia.

Population

According to the 2003 census, there are 215,972 people living in Abkhazia, of which approximately 50% are ethnic Abkhazians, 21% ‘Georgian’ (mostly Mingrelians or Svans), 20% Armenians, 11% Russians, and less than 1% Greeks. Georgia contests the results of the census, and several international sources have claimed the number is too high, putting the population size closer to 175,000. There is also a large Abkhazian Diaspora of over half a million, based in Turkey but with populations in Syria and Jordan.

Languages

Abkhazians speak Abkhaz, though Russian is also common and shares co-official status, — whilst Mingrelian and Georgian are widely spoken in the Gal district, where most of the returned ‘Georgian’ refugees live. Written Abkhaz, based on the Cyrillic alphabet, first appeared in 1862.

Religion

The majority of Abkhazians within Abkhazia are Orthodox Christians, comprising approximately 75% of the population. Although officially a canonical territory of the Georgian Orthodox Church, the affairs of Orthodox Christians are run by the Eparchy of Abkhazia under Russian Orthodox influence. Another 10% of Abkhazians are Sunni Muslims, and there are small numbers of Jews, Lutherans, Catholics and followers of new religions.

Culture

The majority of Abkhazians live in the rural areas, mostly in large family homes where they grow and process their own food. Horses have an important place in Abkhazian culture. Equine sports and equestrian activities are popular with Abkhazians and often play a central role in festivals. Song, music, and dance are also important to Abkhazian culture. There are joyous songs for weddings, ritual songs, cult songs, lullabies, healing songs, and work songs. There are special songs for the gathering of the lineage, for the ill, and songs celebrating the exploits of heroes. All of the arts are represented in Abkhazia. There are drama and dance companies, art museums, music schools, and theatres for the performing arts. Poetry and literature are also held in high regard. It has recently been acknowledged that there is a disproportionately high occurrence of nonagenarians and centenarians in certain areas in the Caucasus, including Abkhazia. These long-lifers are known for continuing their active lifestyles, continuing to work the fields, dance, sing, and walk for miles long past their ninth decade.

Economy

Abkhazia is mostly rural and boasts a variety of abundant agricultural natural resources, primarily citrus fruit, tobacco, tea, and timber. It also has some energy resources with coal mines and hydro-electric plants. Abkhazia’s economy is heavily reliant on Russia, using the rouble as its currency, and relying mostly on Russia as export market, a trading partner and investor. Turkey is another big economic partner for Abkhazia. Economic and travel sanctions were imosed on Abkhazia in 1996 by the CIS countries after its declaration of sovereignty and the removal of Georgian troops from the country. The economic blockade following years of military conflict devastated the Abkhazian economy. No foreign direct investment was able to breach the blockades, and international trade is highly restricted. Lifting of the embargo by Russia opened new horizons for the country’s economic growth. Tourism to Abkhazia is on the rise, with the number of tourists reaching almost 2 million visitors in 2007 and the expectation that this number will continue to grow in coming years. Fishing and construction industries are increasing their volume annually.

Nature & Environment

Despite the years of isolation, Abkhazia managed to preserve its unique and virgin natural parks and resources. Abkhazia is rich in fresh water and may become one of its biggest exporters. The fast growing tourism industry is challenging Abkhazia’s environment. Years of isolation, however, deprived Abkhazia of its access to international know-how on environmental protection standards.

Famous People

Rusudan “Rusa” Goletiani, Chess Woman Grand Master

Gennady Pasko, impressionist painter

Levars Butba, abstractionist painter (died 2007)

Akhra Tsveiba, football player

Vladislav Ardzinba, first president of Abkhazia

Nugzar Ashuba, speaker of the Parliament of Abkhazia

Bagrat Shinkuba, writer, poet, historian, linguist, and politician (died in 2004)

Sergei Bagapsh, current president of Abkhazia

Fazil Iskander, well-known writer

Murat Yagan, Canada-based philosopher

Places of great symbolic importance

Lake Ritsa

New Athos (Novi Afon)

New Athos Monastery

Pitsunda Cathedral

Sukhum

Gegsky waterfall

Mokva Church

Ilor Church

Bedia Church

Main national holidays

New Year (December 31-January 1) – Celebrates the end of the year.

Old New Year (January 13-14) – Celebrates the end of the year according to the Julian, or Old Style Calendar, which was followed prior to the Soviet era. It remains primarily a family occasion.

Azhirnihua (January 14) – Day of the world’s creation, renovation.

International Women’s Day (March

Paskha/Easter (set by Orthodox Christian calendar)

Victory Day (May 9)

Saint Simon’s Day (May 23)

Memorial Day of May 31 – Memorial day for the victims of the Caucasian War and forcible deportation of the Mountainous Caucasian Peoples.

Motherland’s Defenders’ Memorial Day (August 14)

Recognition Day (26th August)

Liberation Day (September 30) – Since 1993, this holiday has been held to commemorate the driving out of Georgian forces from Abkhazia. There is a parade of the Abkhazian military forces, as well as dancing and music festivals.

Abkhaz Army Day (October 11)

Kurbannihua (Fall, set by moon) – International religious Muslim holiday. Lykhnashta (Fall, after harvest) – Every year Abkhazians gather in the village of Lykhny where there are horse races, equestrian games, and outdoor exhibits and markets with produce, crafts and other products from across Abkhazia.

Constitution Day (November 26)

Abkhazians also celebrate religious holidays, with many families observing both Orthodox Christian and Muslim festivals, as well as pagan traditions.

Organisation

Abkhazia is represented at UNPO by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia.

Government Executive power:

President: Sergei Bagapsh (since 12 February 2005) President of the Republic is the head of State and elected for a term of 5 years. Any Abkhaz national who is citizen of Abkhazia aged from 35 — 65 could be elected as the President of the Republic of Abkhazia. The election is based on universal, equal and direct suffrage. The President cannot serve for more than two terms in a period;;

Vice-president: Raul Khajimba;

Prime Minister: Alexander Ankvab. The Prime Minister is the Head of government; Cabinet: Ministers are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.

Parliament comprises a Unicameral People’s Assembly or Azhwlar Reilazara (35 seats; members elected by universal, equal and direct suffrage to serve five-year terms); Speaker of Parliament: Nugzar Ashuba Elections: last held March of 2007 (next to be held in March of 2012);

Judicial power:

The Supreme Court of Abkhazia is the highest judicial body.

City Court

Arbitrary Court

Military Court.

The President of the Republic is the Head of the Council of Justice.

Political parties and leaders:

1. Social-Political Movement ‘Aidgilara’ –Kvarchia Valeri;

2. Movement of Mothers of Abkhazia for Peace and Social Justice – Kichba Guli;

3. Social-political Movement ‘Kavlat’ – Kondjaria Garik;

4. Congress of Russian Communities of Compatriots of Russia in Abkhazia – Nikitchenko Gennady;

5. Communist Party of Abkhazia – Shamba Lev;

6. People’s Party of Abkhazia – Lakoba Yakub;

7. Republican Social-Political Movement ‘Aitaira’ (Revival) – Damenia Oleg;

8. Republican Organization of the Social-Political Movement ‘Amtsakhara’ – Nachach-Ogli Vladimir;

9. Republican Party ‘Apsny’ – ;

10. Republican Social-Political Movement ‘United Abkhazia’ – Mikvabia Artur;

11. Social-Democrat Party of Abkhazia – Alamia Gennady;

12. Republican Social-Political Movement ‘Ayaira’ – ;

13. Party of the Economic Development of Abkhazia ‘ERA’ – Beslan Butba;

14. Social movement of war veterans ‘ARUA’ – Vladimir Arshba;

Political opposition:

National Unity Forum (composition of several parties)

Interesting/relevant sources to find more information

Offical Site of the President of the Republic of Abkhazia: http://www.abkhaziagov.org

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia: http://www.mfaabkhazia.org

BBC Regions and territories: Abkhazia: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm

The Republic of Abkhazia: http://www.abkhazia.org

Abkhazia — Land of the Seven Stars: http://www.kapba.de

Abkhaz Web Portal: http://www.abkhaz.org

Sukhum Radio SOMA: http://www.radiosoma.com

Apsny Press: http://www.apsnypress.info

Apsny Online: http://www.apsny.ru

Statistics

Capital: Sukhum (Aqua in Abkhaz)

Area: 8,600 km²

Population: 220,000

Currency: Russian rouble

Language: Abkhaz, Russian.

Religion: Orthodox Christianity, Islam

Main ethnic groups: Abkhaz, Armenians, Mingrelians, Svans, Georgians, Greeks, Russians, Ukrainians.

ABKHAZIA WELCOMES YOU

Abkhazia is located in the north-western part of the Caucasus. Washed from the south-west of the Black Sea. It has a common border with Georgia in the south, Russia to the north. The capital of Abkhazia — an ancient city of Sukhumi.
Tourism in Abkhazia developed quite extensively. Here you can relax for relatively little money. The vast beaches of the country mostly pebble, sea bathing season is warm and calm. Tourists will certainly have to taste vacation in Abkhazia, because only here in front of the guests are local land offers spectacular views of the rushing mountain river, the tops of the Greater Caucasus and stormy subtropical vegetation.

Перевод, если вдруг нужен:
Абхазия расположена в северо-западной части Кавказа. Омывается с юго-западной части Черным морем. Она имеет общую границу с Грузией на юге, с Россией на севере. Столица Абхазии — древний город Сухуми.Туризм в Абхазии развивался достаточно интенсивно. Здесь можно отдохнуть за сравнительно небольшие деньги. Огромные пляжи страны в основном галечные. Туристам, безусловно, придется по вкусу отдых в Абхазии, потому что только здесь перед гостями открывается прекрасный вид на потоки горных рек, вершины Большого Кавказа и бурную субтропическую растительность.

Другие языки

Оцени ответ

ABKHAZIA [Abkhazia] , autonomous republic (1990 est. pop. 539,000), 3,300 sq mi (8,547 sq km), in Georgia, between the Black Sea and the Greater Caucasus. Sukhumi (the capital) and Gagra are the chief cities. Despite some perpetually snowcapped peaks, the region is mainly one of subtropical agriculture. Tobacco is the leading crop; there are also tea and citrus plantations, vineyards, and fruit orchards. Industries include sawmilling, canning, metalworking, and the manufacture of leather goods. Abkhazia is famous for its health resorts. The population is made up of Abkhazians (an Orthodox Christian and Muslim people of the North Caucasian linguistic family), Georgians, Russians, and Armenians.

Originally colonized in the 6th cent. BC by the Greeks, the region later came under Roman and Byzantine rule. In the 8th cent. a leader of the Abkhaz tribe formed an independent kingdom that became part of Georgia in the 10th cent. In 1578 the Turks conquered the area and gradually converted it to Islam. By a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, Russia acquired Sukhumi in 1810 and declared a protectorate over all Abkhazia, which was formally annexed in 1864.

Abkhazia became an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union in 1921 and was made part of Georgia in 1930. In 1991 the region became an autonomous republic inside independent Georgia. Georgia itself was soon torn apart by bitter fighting between government forces and a guerrilla movement seeking an independent Abkhazian state. More than 3,000 people were killed in the fighting, and some 250,000 people, mostly ethnic Georgians, fled. In 1994 a cease-fire was negotiated, with Russian troops serving as peacekeepers, but the ultimate disposition of Abkhazia remained unresolved and fighting broke out again in 1998 and in 2001. In a 1999 referendum regarded as illegal by Georgia, voters approved declaring the region a sovereign state. The area is heavily dependent on Russia, and most of the residents now hold Russian passports.

After a presidential election in Oct., 2004, that apparently ended in a slim victory for opposition candidate Sergei Bagapsh, allegations of fraud from the Russian-supported runner-up, Prime Minister Raul Khajimba, resulted in a call for a new election, and a governmental impasse ensued. The issue was resolved when Bagapsh, who was widely believed to have won despite fraud on Khajimba’s side, agreed to a new election (Jan., 2005) in which Khajimba was his running mate. Russia’s failed attempt to manipulate a presidential victory for Khajimba, despite Bagapsh’s own pro-Moscow leanings, was generally seen as a significant blunder.

Abkhazia is located in the north-western part of the Caucasus. Washed from the south-west of the Black Sea. It has a common border with Georgia in the south, Russia to the north. The capital of Abkhazia — an ancient city of Sukhumi.

Tourism in Abkhazia developed quite extensively. Here you can relax for relatively little money. The vast beaches of the country mostly pebble, sea bathing season is warm and calm. Tourists will certainly have to taste vacation in Abkhazia, because only here in front of the guests are local land offers spectacular views of the rushing mountain river, the tops of the Greater Caucasus and stormy subtropical vegetation.

Перевод, если вдруг нужен:

Абхазия расположена в северо-западной части Кавказа. Омывается с юго-западной части Черным морем. Она имеет общую границу с Грузией на юге, с Россией на севере. Столица Абхазии — древний город Сухуми. Туризм в Абхазии развивался достаточно интенсивно. Здесь можно отдохнуть за сравнительно небольшие деньги. Огромные пляжи страны в основном галечные. Туристам, безусловно, придется по вкусу отдых в Абхазии, потому что только здесь перед гостями открывается прекрасный вид на потоки горных рек, вершины Большого Кавказа и бурную субтропическую растительность.

Обновлено: 11.03.2023

Абхазия является неотъемлемой частью Грузии и не является субъектом международного права.

Abkhazia is an integral part of Georgia and is not a subject of international law.

Словарь картинок

Подобные фразы

Примеры

Президент Республики Абхазия С.В.Багапш и президент Республики Южная Осетия Э.Д.Кокойты 6 декабря сделали официальные заявления о том, что они не будут применять силу или угрозу силой против Грузии в соответствии с нормами международного права.

The President of the Republic of Abkhazia, Sergei Bagapsh, and the President of the Republic of South Ossetia, Eduard Kokoity, on December 6 made official statements that they would not use force or threat of force against Georgia in accordance with the norms of international law.

Он приводит краткий обзор недавних исторических событий в стране и замечает, что до сих пор не определен статус Абхазии и района Цхинвали, что в Грузии проживают около 94 различных этнических групп и национальностей, и что в стране исповедуется несколько религий, важнейшая из которых, православная автокефальная церковь, пользуется, согласно Конституции, особым статусом.

He briefly reviewed the country’s recent history, noting that the status of Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region had yet to be defined, that some 94 different ethnic groups or nationalities lived in Georgia and that several religions were practised, the most important of which, the Georgian Orthodox Autocephalous Church, enjoyed a special status under the Constitution.

Операция по поддержанию мира оказалась неэффективной, поскольку миротворцы, задача которых заключалась в сохранении режима прекращения огня и в создании условий для безопасного возвращения 300 тыс. внутренне перемещенных лиц и беженцев, изгнанных из Абхазии в результате этнических чисток, были переброшены из соседней страны.

The peacekeeping operation had been ineffective because the peacekeepers, whose mandate was to maintain the ceasefire and create conditions for the safe return of 300,000 internally displaced persons and refugees ethnically cleansed from the territory of Abkhazia, had been deployed from a neighbouring country.

Г-н Смирнов (Российская Федерация) говорит, что делегация страны, которую он представляет, считает политически нецелесообразным включение предложенного пункта в повестку дня Генеральной Ассамблеи, поскольку этот шаг не способствует ни рационализации деятельности Ассамблеи, ни текущим усилиям по урегулированию конфликтов в Абхазии и Южной Осетии, Приднестровье и Нагорном Карабахе мирными средствами с использованием существующих механизмов, включая операции по миростроительству и поддержанию мира, осуществляемые Организацией Объединенных Наций и другими организациями

Mr. Smirnov (Russian Federation) said that his delegation considered inclusion of the proposed item in the agenda of the General Assembly politically inappropriate, because it would serve neither the aim of revitalizing its activities nor the ongoing efforts to address the conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorny Karabakh by peaceful means and through existing mechanisms which included peacebuilding and peacekeeping operations undertaken by the United Nations and other organizations

На этот раз поводом избрано направление в Абхазию подразделения Железнодорожных войск Российской Федерации, оснащенного необходимой техникой (спецпоезд с системой комплексного обеспечения жизнедеятельности железной дороги) для восстановления железнодорожного полотна на участке Сухуми-Очамчира.

This time, the pretext chosen is the dispatch to Abkhazia of a Russian railway troop unit, outfitted with the necessary equipment (a special train with a system for full-scale railway conditioning) to repair the Sukhumi-Ochamchira section of the railway track.

В группе по вопросам безопасности была проанализирована текущая обстановка на границах Абхазии и Южной Осетии с Грузией, а также в принципиальном плане обсуждены перспективы обеспечения стабильности в закавказском регионе.

Members of the Group on Security Issues analysed the current situation on the borders between Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Georgia and discussed in basic terms the prospects for ensuring stability in the South Caucasus region.

Любые попытки оправдать данное решение якобы достигнутым прогрессом в деле возвращения внутренне перемещенных лиц аморальны, когда в результате фактически осуществленной властями Абхазии этнической чистки (что было подтверждено на саммитах ОБСЕ в Будапеште в 1994 году, Лиссабоне в 1996 году и Стамбуле в 1999 году) сотни тысяч людей до сих пор лишены права вернуться в свои дома, а их имущество незаконно продается, в основном гражданам Российской Федерации.

Any attempt to justify this decision by an alleged progress in the process of return of internally displaced persons goes beyond the scope of morals, given the fact that as a result of ethnic cleansing conducted by Abkhazia’s de facto authorities — as recognized by OSCE summits in Budapest (1994), Lisbon (1996) and Istanbul (1999) — hundreds of thousands of people are still deprived of the right to return to their homes and their property is disposed illegally, mainly to citizens of the Russian Federation.

К сожалению, того же нельзя сказать о так называемых операциях по поддержанию мира в Абхазии, Грузия, проводимых Содружеством Независимых Государств (СНГ).

Unfortunately the same could not be said of the so-called Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation in Abkhazia, Georgia.

МНМУФГ также установила, что выдача российских паспортов грузинским гражданам в Абхазии и Цхинвали является незаконной.

The IIFFMCG also found that the granting of Russian passports to Georgian citizens in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali was illegal.

В соответствии с Уголовно-процессуальным кодексом уголовное производство в Грузии ведется на грузинском, а в Абхазии- на грузинском и абхазском языках

Pursuant to the Code of Criminal Procedure, criminal proceedings in Georgia are conducted in Georgian; in Abkhazia, they are conducted in Georgian and Abkhaz

Имею честь препроводить заявление министерства иностранных дел Грузии от 12 марта 2007 года, касающееся бомбардировки сел в Верхней Абхазии, Грузия, 11 марта 2007 года (см. приложение).

I have the honour to transmit the statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 12 March 2007 regarding the shelling of villages in Upper Abkhazia, Georgia, on 11 March 2007 (see annex).

Международные гуманитарные учреждения и неправительственные организации продолжали осуществлять свои программы по удовлетворению неотложных продовольственных и медицинских потребностей наиболее уязвимых слоев населения Абхазии, Грузия, и проводить мероприятия по разминированию и незначительные восстановительные работы

International humanitarian agencies and non-governmental organizations continued their programmes to alleviate the acute food and medical needs of the most vulnerable population in Abkhazia, Georgia, and to conduct demining and small-scale rehabilitation activities

In statements made at all levels, its representatives maintain that Abkhazia is an independent state, whereas the Georgians rooted out from the region through ethnic cleansing and genocide are “merely aggressors”.

Кроме того, несколько семей, которые на сезонной основе прежде ежегодно совершали поездки между Галом и Зугдиди, возвратились в Галский район, однако точных данных о численности возвратившихся в этот район или в какой-либо другой район Абхазии не имеется.

Moreover, a number of families who were previously commuting between Gali and Zugdidi on a seasonal basis moved back to Gali, but no precise data quantifying such individual returns to the Gali region or other parts of Abkhazia are available.

Однако массовая миграция населения (в основном в города), вызванная конфликтами в Абхазии и Южной Осетии, изменила вектор этого процесса; городское население в сравнении с сельским стало расти.

However, mass migration (principally towards towns) as a result of the conflicts in Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia has altered the direction of this process: the urban population has begun to grow by comparison with the rural population.

The United States Agency for International Development began funding two projects in Abkhazia, Georgia, an HIV/AIDS prevention programme, implemented by Save the Children, and a youth development programme implemented by Catholic Relief Services.

Исходя из вышеизложенного, парламент Грузии считает дальнейшее продолжение миротворческой операции, проводимой Вооруженными силами Российской Федерации в Абхазии и бывшей Юго-Осетинской автономной области, нецелесообразным и постановляет:

Proceeding from the aforementioned, the Parliament of Georgia considers further continuation of the peacekeeping operation by the armed forces of the Russian Federation in Abhkazia and the former Autonomous District of South Ossetia as inexpedient and resolves:

Руководство самопровозглашенных «республик»- Абхазии и Южной Осетии- в своих сепаратистских устремлениях апеллирует именно к праву на самоопределение

In their separatist aspirations, the leaders of the self-proclaimed “republics” of Abkhazia and South Ossetia invoke the right of self-determination, yet it is obvious that such claims are totally unfounded

The peoples of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia haves long ago earned the right to peaceful life and security assurances.

Речь, наверное, должна идти о том, что в районах Грузии, прилегающих к Южной Осетии и Абхазии, должен быть установлен и строго соблюдаться особый режим, который не допускал бы осуществления провокаций.

This must surely involve establishing, and strictly complying with, a special regime in the areas abutting South Ossetia and Abkhazia which would prevent provocations.

Подчеркивая, что демократия может поддерживать связи и способствовать появлению общих интересов, оратор призывает провести законные демократические выборы, в которых могут участвовать те, кто считает Абхазию своей родиной.

Stressing that democracy could build bonds and promote shared best interests, she called for legitimate democratic elections in which all who called Abkhazia their home could participate.

В ходе этих мероприятий помощь получили в общей сложности более 1000 семей в Абхазии, в основном в Гальском районе.

Overall, these activities reached out to more than 1,000 households in Abkhazia, primarily in the Gali district.

Правительство Республики Молдова заявляет, что и в дальнейшем будет определять свое отношение к развитию событий вокруг Южной Осетии и Абхазии исключительно на основе положений Хельсинкского заключительного акта, Устава Организации Объединенных Наций и всей совокупности действующих принципов международного права.

The Moldovan Government states that it will further determine its attitude towards the situation in South Ossetia and Abkhazia only in line with the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of the United Nations and all the current principles of international law.

В ходе разговора затрагивалась тематика Женевских дискуссий по безопасности и стабильности в Закавказье в контексте только что завершившейся поездки сопредседателей дискуссий от ЕС, ОБСЕ и ООН в Грузию, Абхазию и Южную Осетию.

During their conversation they touched upon themes relating to the Geneva Discussions on Security and Stability in Transcaucasia in the context of the just concluded trip of the discussions’ co-chairs – representing the EU, OSCE and UN – to Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

ABKHAZIA [Abkhazia] , autonomous republic (1990 est. pop. 539,000), 3,300 sq mi (8,547 sq km), in Georgia, between the Black Sea and the Greater Caucasus. Sukhumi (the capital) and Gagra are the chief cities. Despite some perpetually snowcapped peaks, the region is mainly one of subtropical agriculture. Tobacco is the leading crop; there are also tea and citrus plantations, vineyards, and fruit orchards. Industries include sawmilling, canning, metalworking, and the manufacture of leather goods. Abkhazia is famous for its health resorts. The population is made up of Abkhazians (an Orthodox Christian and Muslim people of the North Caucasian linguistic family), Georgians, Russians, and Armenians.

Originally colonized in the 6th cent. BC by the Greeks, the region later came under Roman and Byzantine rule. In the 8th cent. a leader of the Abkhaz tribe formed an independent kingdom that became part of Georgia in the 10th cent. In 1578 the Turks conquered the area and gradually converted it to Islam. By a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, Russia acquired Sukhumi in 1810 and declared a protectorate over all Abkhazia, which was formally annexed in 1864.

Abkhazia became an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union in 1921 and was made part of Georgia in 1930. In 1991 the region became an autonomous republic inside independent Georgia. Georgia itself was soon torn apart by bitter fighting between government forces and a guerrilla movement seeking an independent Abkhazian state. More than 3,000 people were killed in the fighting, and some 250,000 people, mostly ethnic Georgians, fled. In 1994 a cease-fire was negotiated, with Russian troops serving as peacekeepers, but the ultimate disposition of Abkhazia remained unresolved and fighting broke out again in 1998 and in 2001. In a 1999 referendum regarded as illegal by Georgia, voters approved declaring the region a sovereign state. The area is heavily dependent on Russia, and most of the residents now hold Russian passports.

After a presidential election in Oct., 2004, that apparently ended in a slim victory for opposition candidate Sergei Bagapsh, allegations of fraud from the Russian-supported runner-up, Prime Minister Raul Khajimba, resulted in a call for a new election, and a governmental impasse ensued. The issue was resolved when Bagapsh, who was widely believed to have won despite fraud on Khajimba’s side, agreed to a new election (Jan., 2005) in which Khajimba was his running mate. Russia’s failed attempt to manipulate a presidential victory for Khajimba, despite Bagapsh’s own pro-Moscow leanings, was generally seen as a significant blunder.

Нужно перевести небольшое сочинение на англ язык.
Как я провела это лето!

Это лето я провела незабываемо. первые несколько недель отдыха я провела со своими друзьями. А позже Мне удалось побывать сразу на двух чудесных курортах. В Гагре и Ялте! В начале июля я со своей сестрой и подругами отправилась в Абхазию. Там мы провели незабываемые 10 дней. Каждый день валялись на пляже,гуляли по городу, ездили на экскурсии. Там я убедилась,что Абхазия — это действительно страна души!
Приехав из Гагры, я несколько недель пробыла в лисках со своими друзьями. А в конце августа вместе с родителями уехала в ялту к своим родственникам. Ялта для меня вторая родина,поскольку там я провела большую часть своего детства. и было очень приятно окунуться в эту жизнь снова.
Эти летние каникулы я точно не забуду никогда. Я увидела очень много интересного — красивейшую природу Абхазии и Крыма, великолепные архитектурные сооружения,такие как Ласточкино гнездо, воронцовский дворец. и наконец-то осуществилась моя заветная мечта прыгнуть с парашютом. я буду еще очень долго вспоминать эти каникулы с радостной улыбкой на лице.

This summer was unfogettable. The First some week i spent with my friends. Also I was successful to go to Ялта and Гагры. IN The first numbers of July I . my sister and my friends went to Abhasia and we spent 10 unfogettable days there. Every day I went to the beach and had sunbathes,wander around the town and went to sightseeing. Then I understood, that Abhazia was the most intersting town I had ever seen in my life.
Having gone from Gagra I had a good time with my friends in? some days. In the end of August i and my parents went to Alta to my relatives . Alta is my second homeland for me because of spending my childhood there. It was nice to remember that days again. I think I Shall never foget thise summer. I saw many interesting things- beatiful nature of Abhazia and K, beatiful archtecture sach as LG. VPalace and at last my dream came true- I jumped with parachut. I will remember this time for a long time.

Абхазия — Абхазская Автономная Республика, Грузия. Название по наименованию коренного населения абхазы. Географические названия мира: Топонимический словарь. М: АСТ. Поспелов Е.М. 2001. Абхазия … Географическая энциклопедия

Абхазия — Абхазия. Храм в селе Лыхны. АБХАЗИЯ (Абхазская Автономная Республика) (самоназвание Апсны “Страна души”), в Грузии. Площадь 8,6 тыс. км2. Население 533,8 тыс. человек, городское 48%; абхазы (17,8%), грузины (45,7%), армяне (14,6%), русские… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

АБХАЗИЯ — (Абхазская Автономная Республика) (самоназвание Апсны Страна души ), в Грузии. Площадь 8,6 тыс. км2. Население 533,8 тыс. человек, городское 48%; абхазы (17,8%), грузины (45,7%), армяне (14,6%), русские (14,3%) и др. Столица Сухуми. 5 районов, 7… … Современная энциклопедия

абхазия — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • страна (281) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Абхазия — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Абхазия (значения). Республика Абхазия абх. Аҧсны Аҳәынҭқарра … Википедия

Абхазия — Республика Абхазия, в Грузии, в северо западной части Закавказья. 8,6 тыс. км2. Население 516,6 тыс. человек (1993), городского 48%; абхазы (93,3 тыс. человек, 1989), грузины, армяне, русские. 5 районов, 7 городов, 4 поселка городского типа… … Энциклопедический словарь

Абхазия — (Апхазети, груз.) занимает местность, лежащую между восточным берегом Черного моря и Кавказским хребтом, в Кутаисской губернии России. В 1810 г. владетельный хан Абхазии из рода Шервашидзе, Сефир бей, добровольно принял подданство России и… … Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона

Абхазия — Abkhazie Abkhazie Аҧсны (ab) აფხაზეთი (ka) Абхазия (ru) … Wikipédia en Français

АБХАЗИЯ — автономная республика в составе Грузинской ССР в годы советской власти. В настоящее время вопрос о статусе А. и перспективах ее пребывания в составе Грузии является предметом крупных разногласий между А. и Грузией. Попытки со стороны Грузии… … Энциклопедический словарь конституционного права

АБХАЗИЯ — (Абхазская Автономная Республика) (самоназвание Апсны Страна души ), в Грузии. Площадь 8,6 тыс. км2. Население 533,8 тыс. человек, городское 48%; абхазы (17,8%), грузины (45,7%), армяне (14,6%), русские (14,3%) и др. Столица Сухуми. 5 районов, 7… … Энциклопедия Кольера

Абхазия — республика; расположена на побережье Черного моря, южнее Главного Кавказского хребта. После распада СССР и образования независимого грузинского государства абхазское руководство провозгласило самостоятельный путь развития, произошли боевые… … Топонимический словарь Кавказа

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