Сочинение про болезнь на английском

People nowadays are more health-conscious than they used to be. They understand that good health is above wealth.

To be healthy we should avoid different bad habits that can affect our health. In my opinion, smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are the worst ones. It’s common knowledge that smoking and drinking can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking, for example, causes a number of heart and lung diseases, such as pneumonia, emphysema and cancer. Besides, it makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Fortunately, in recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer people smoke nowadays. Some companies don’t employ people who are smokers. Smoking has been banned in most public places because everyone agrees it does harm to our health. I don’t smoke, because I don’t want to have unhealthy skin and teeth and die young.

Smoking and drinking are joined by less dangerous habits, such as skipping meals, eating unhealthy food, or even overeating. Of course, they are not quite as deadly as smoking or drinking alcohol, but they also affect our health.

If we eat too much, we’ll become obese, and obesity leads to serious health problems. A lot of people like drinking coca cola and coffee, and enjoy pizzas and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Fast food makes you fat, that’s why Americans are the fattest people in the world.

In recent years eating habits have undergone a change. People are encouraged to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. High fibre and low fat foods can now be found in all shops and supermarkets. Salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice cream. The fashion for health food is growing all the time.

To my mind, the only way to stay healthy and to keep fit is by going in for sports. Among the benefits of regular exercise are a healthier heart, stronger bones, quicker reaction times and more resistance to various illnesses. Besides, you can eat and drink as much as you want because you are burning it all off.

To be healthy, it is also very important to spend a lot of time in the open air. It is useful to go for a walk before going to bed, or to air the room.

I think it is very important to be fit and healthy, and it is necessary to take care of your health. Being fat, in fact, can cause real problems. It is harder for fat people to get a good job, or even to make friends. If you want to do well, you must be thin. That’s why I go in for sports on a regular basis. I have been doing aerobics for three years and I feel great. I am not enthusiastic about strict dieting, but I try to eat only low-fat food, and fruit and vegetables which are rich in vitamins.

Personally I believe that regularity in life promotes our health. Sleeping eight or nine hours, getting up early, regular meals, a healthy diet and go.

People nowadays are more health-conscious than they used to be. They understand that good health is above wealth.

To be healthy we should avoid different bad habits that can affect our health. In my opinion, smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are the worst ones. It’s common knowledge that smoking and drinking can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking, for example, causes a number of heart and lung diseases, such as pneumonia, emphysema and cancer. Besides, it makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Fortunately, in recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer people smoke nowadays. Some companies don’t employ people who are smokers. Smoking has been banned in most public places because everyone agrees it does harm to our health. I don’t smoke, because I don’t want to have unhealthy skin and teeth and die young.

Smoking and drinking are joined by less dangerous habits, such as skipping meals, eating unhealthy food, or even overeating. Of course, they are not quite as deadly as smoking or drinking alcohol, but they also affect our health.

If we eat too much, we’ll become obese, and obesity leads to serious health problems. A lot of people like drinking coca cola and coffee, and enjoy pizzas and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Fast food makes you fat, that’s why Americans are the fattest people in the world.

In recent years eating habits have undergone a change. People are encouraged to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. High fibre and low fat foods can now be found in all shops and supermarkets. Salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice cream. The fashion for health food is growing all the time.

To my mind, the only way to stay healthy and to keep fit is by going in for sports. Among the benefits of regular exercise are a healthier heart, stronger bones, quicker reaction times and more resistance to various illnesses. Besides, you can eat and drink as much as you want because you are burning it all off.

To be healthy, it is also very important to spend a lot of time in the open air. It is useful to go for a walk before going to bed, or to air the room.

I think it is very important to be fit and healthy, and it is necessary to take care of your health. Being fat, in fact, can cause real problems. It is harder for fat people to get a good job, or even to make friends. If you want to do well, you must be thin. That’s why I go in for sports on a regular basis. I have been doing aerobics for three years and I feel great. I am not enthusiastic about strict dieting, but I try to eat only low-fat food, and fruit and vegetables which are rich in vitamins.

Personally I believe that regularity in life promotes our health. Sleeping eight or nine hours, getting up early, regular meals, a healthy diet and go.

Diphtheria

Vocabulary:

1. contagious-заразный

2. to effect-поражать

3. whitish-беловатый

4. patch-налет

5. to spread-распространять

6. windpipe-дыхательное горло

7. complication-осложнение

8. emergency-неотложная помощь

9. convalescence-выздоровление

10. to proceed-продолжать

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease which mainly effects the throat. The symptoms are sore throat, fever, headache. There is difficulty in swallowing. There is a whitish patch in the throat and if it spreads to the windpipe, there is difficulty in breathing. The child looks ill and toxic. The disease can lead to many complications of nerves, heart and kidneys, and sometimes an emergency operation (trecheostomy) may have to be done if the windpipe gets blocked with the membrane and the child has difficulty in breathing. The child will have to be hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital for 3 — 4 weeks, and then convalescence proceeds at home for a few weeks more. This disease can be

prevented by immunizing the child.

Hepatitis

Vocabulary:

1. jaundice-желтуха

2. to cut down-исключить

3. sewage-сточные воды

4. resistant-стойкий

This is quite a common disease and every now and then one hears of someone who has jaundice. The disease is acquired by drinking, or eating anything contaminated by the hepatitis virus, which is passed in the infected person’s stool.

The presence of hepatitis is a pointer to the inadequate arrangements of safe water supply and sewage disposal in a locality. The virus is very resistant and even boiling does not destroy it.

There is fever, loss of appetite, vomiting and pain in the upper abdomen. Loss of appetite and a feeling of being ill is out of proportion of the fever. Even the smell or sight of food may make the person sick. In 4-5 days the urine becomes dark in colour, and later the eyes and skin become yellow. Gradually, the appetite returns and the fever comes down.

The child should remain in bed as long as he has fever and feels ill. Once his appetite returns he can play about in the house, but should not go to nursery school till jaundice has disappeared and he feels quite well.

In the acute stage, the child should be encouraged to drink sweet drinks such as orange juice. Sugarcane juice is excellent. Sugar is good for recovery of the liver.

As the appetite returns, ordinary household food can be given, but you should cut down on butter, oil, fried food.

German measles

 (Rubella)

Vocabulary:

1. pregnancy беременность

2. permissible-допустимо

3. congenital-врожденные

4. fever-лихорадка

5. disease-болезнь

6. pain-боль

This is a mild disease with low-grade fever, some pain behind ears due to enlargement of glands, and a mild pinkish rush, which only lasts for a day or two. The whole illness lasts 2 — 3 days and needs no treatment at all. If, however, a pregnant mother gets German measles during the first 3 months of her pregnancy, there is great danger of the baby being born with some congenital malformation. Under doctor`s advice it is permissible to have an abortion induced for such an eventuality. Fortunately, most mother would have already had the infection in their childhood.

One attack of German measles usually gives a lifelong immunity, although, rarely, a second attack may occur. A vaccine has now been developed to prevent German measles.

Mumps

Vocabulary:

1.mumps-свинка, эпидемический партии

2.attack-поражать

3.parotid-околоушной

4.gland-железа

5.angle-угол

6.jaw-челюсть

7.to occur-иметь место, встречать

8.acquiring-приобретение

9.gap-интервал,промежуток

10.testicle-яичко(анат.)

11.ovaries-яичник(анат.)

12.moderate-умеренный,средний

13.puberty-половая зрелость.

 Mumps is a communicable virus disease, that usually attacks one both parotid glands located near the angle for the jaw. It commonly occurs between 5 and 15 years of age. The incubation period, i.e.., the period between acquiring the infection and the first symptoms, is usually three weeks. One attack gives immunity. There is pain on opening the mouth or chewing, a moderate degree of fever , loss of appetite , headache and body pain. Both sides of the face may swell at the same time or there may be a gap of a few days between one side and the other. The swelling lasts about 6-7 days. Mumps may affect testicles in boys and ovaries in girls, resulting in sterility. This is rare before puberty, and so it is best if children acquire the disease at a younger age. Treatment consists of bed-rest during fever, mouth-washes to keep the mouth clean and aspirin for and pain. Mumps can be prevented by immunizing the child with mumps vaccine.

Whooping cough

Vocabulary:

1.cough-кашель

2.to prolong-продлевать

3.complication-осложнение

4.immunity-иммунитет

5.disease-болезнь

A newborn baby has no immunity to this disease at all and so he must be kept protected from children who have any kind of

cough. Whooping cough seems like an ordinary cough for the first few days but gradually the bouts become more and more prolonged and the child coughs continuously. His face becomes red and he very often vomits. At the end of the bout of cough when he takes a deep breath a croaky sound is heard which is called the whoop and which gives the disease its name. The disease is a prolonged one and the cough may last 2-3 months. It can lead to lung complication also.

The child loses weight because of repeated vomiting. Fortunately it can prevented by immunizing the child with triple antigen injections. A child with whooping cough should be kept separate from other children for the first 3-4 weeks. The disease is more severe in babies under I year of age and every effort must be made to isolate at least.

Chickenpox

Vocabulary:

1.slight-слабый

2.listlessness-вялость

3.blisters-пузырьки

4.to scratch-царапать

5.chickenpox-ветрянка

The illness begins with fever, slight headache and listlessness. Within a day or two spots appear on the chest or back, which soon look like small blisters. Such new »crops» keep appearing for 2-3 days and older ones get scabbed over. There is a lot of itching and the child may scratch some of the blisters. Chickenpox is usually a mild disease and there is no particular treatment, except to keep the skin clean and use some smoothening lotion for itching. The itching can also be relieved by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda 2-3 times a day. Antihistamine syrup to relieve itching should only be given under medical advice.

As in the case of measles, there is no point keeping the other children in the family away, as they have been exposed to the disease already and it is just as well for them to get it over with.

Poliomyelitis

Vocabulary:

1.stiff-окостеневший

2.general discomfort-общее недомогание

3.susceptible-восприимчивый

4.onset-начало

5.to subside-стихать,убывать,спадать.

The main symptoms of the disease are: slight fever, general discomfort, headache, stiff neck, stiff back. It may result in paralysis of any part of body. The cause of poliomyelitis is a virus. The incubation period of the disease is 7—21 days. The most susceptible patients are the children from 9 months to 5 years. The child should be isolated from onset of the disease till fever subsides. We can prevent poliomyelitis with oral polio vaccine.

Typhoid

Vocabulary:

1.malaise-недомогание, дискомфорт

2.disposal-удаление, устранение

3.to substitute-заменять, замещать, заменитель, заместитель

4.typhoid-брюшной тиф

5.headache-головная боль

The main symptoms of the disease are fever, headache, malaise. The cause of typhoid is a bacillus. The incubation period is 7-21 days. The most susceptible patients are children and young adults. To treat the disease you should follow proper disposal of stools and urine and to give chloramphenicol or substitute for 3-4 weeks. We can prevent typhoid with typhoid vaccine.

Tonsillitis

Vocabulary:

1.fever-лихорадка

2.cough-кашель

3.streptococcus-стрептококк

4. to substitute- заменять, замещать, заменитель, заместитель

5.disease-болезнь

The main symptoms of tonsillitis are fever, cough, sore throat. The cause of the disease is a streptococcus. The incubation period is 2-5 days. The patients of all ages are susceptible to the disease. To treat the patient with tonsillitis we should give penicillin or substitute injections for 10 days. There are no any ways of prevention of  tonsillitis.

Tetanus

Vocabulary:

1.tetanus-столбняк

2.separate-отдельно

3.disease-болезнь

4.patient-пациент

5.bacillus-бацилла, палочка

The main symptoms of tetanus are stiffness of jaw, spasms and convulsions, difficulty in swallowing. The cause of the disease is a bacillus. The incubation period is from 5 days to 2 weeks. The disease is not communicable from person to person. The patients of all the ages are susceptible to the disease. The patient with tetanus should be hospitalized and the wound should be cleaned immediately. A doctor must use tetanus toxoid separate or in DPT to treat the patient.

childhood diseases

childhood diseases

Детские болезни — группа заболеваний, встречающихся преимущественно или исключительно в детском возрасте и связанных с особенностями развития детского организма. Интенсивный рост и развитие ребёнка обусловливают анатомо-физиологические особенности его организма и своеобразие патологии. Даже заболевания, встречающиеся преимущественно у взрослых, имеют у детей своеобразное течение, которое также зависит от возраста ребёнка.

Childhood diseases — a group of diseases that occur predominantly or exclusively in childhood and associated with the peculiarities of the child’s body. The rapid growth and development of the child determine the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism and the originality of pathology. Even diseases that occur primarily in adults, have children sort of flow, which also depends on the age of the child.

Быстрое нарастание массы тела ребёнка в грудном возрасте и интенсивный обмен веществ определяют значительную потребность ребёнка в пище (на 1 кг массы тела ребёнка по калорийности в 2—2,5 раза больше, чем взрослому). Т. о., нагрузка на функционально-несовершенную пищеварительную систему ребёнка резко повышена, что обусловливает частое развитие у детей этого возраста желудочно-кишечных заболеваний (диспепсия), а также заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, вызываемых бактериями и вирусами (дизентерия, вирусные поносы), и хронические расстройства питания (Дистрофия детская), особенно при нарушении его режима.

The rapid growth of the child’s body weight in infancy and intense metabolism determine the significant need baby food (1 kg body weight of the child caloric 2-2.5 times more than an adult). Thus., The load on functional child imperfect digestive system sharply increased, resulting in frequent development of children of this age gastrointestinal diseases (dyspepsia) and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by bacteria and viruses (dysentery, viral diarrhea), and chronic eating disorder (dystrophy children), especially in case of violation of his regime.

Неправильное вскармливание, недостаточное пользование воздухом и солнцем могут привести к развитию Рахита. В связи с большой потребностью ребёнка в кислороде повышена функциональная нагрузка на его органы дыхания (число дыханий в минуту и количество пропускаемого воздуха относительно больше, чем у взрослого), нежность и ранимость слизистых оболочек органов дыхания обусловливают их частые заболевания. В этом возрасте нередки воспаления лёгких бактериального и вирусного происхождения. В раннем детском и дошкольном возрастах повышается заболеваемость острыми детскими инфекциями: Корью, Коклюшем, ветряной оспой ,скарлатиной дифтерией, а также Туберкулёзом. Это объясняется снижением титра антител, полученных ребёнком от матери, а также возрастающим контактом детей со сверстниками и окружающими.

Improper feeding, lack of use of the air and the sun can lead to the development of rickets. Due to the great need of the child for oxygen increased functional load on his respiratory system (the number of breaths per minute and the amount of air flow capacity is relatively larger than that of an adult), tenderness and vulnerability of the mucous membranes of the respiratory system are responsible for their frequent diseases. At this age, frequent pneumonia of bacterial and viral origin. In early childhood and pre-school age increases the incidence of acute childhood infections: Measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever diphtheria, and tuberculosis. This is due to lower titer antibodies derived from the mother the child, as well as increasing the contact of children with their peers and others.

Scarlet fever (скарлатина)

Одним из важных и отличающих признаков скарлатины от других заболеваний являются полосы Пастьи — это красные полоски, которые локализуются в складках кожных покровов, особенно в области шеи, коленях, на локтях и в районе подмышек. При осмотре ротовой полости можно обнаружить гиперемированную слизистую оболочку, гнойные налеты на миндалинах и лаковый малиновый язык с увеличенными сосочками. Это состояние ротовой полости врачи именуют как «пылающий зев».

Из-за интоксикации организма у ребенка может быть тошнота и рвота. На 5 сутки состояние больного становится лучше, температура начинает постепенно падать, сыпь становиться бледной и исчезает на 7 — 8 сутки. Кожа начинает шелушиться, это заметно на внутренней стороне ладошек. Осложнения: лимфаденит (поражаются лимфатические узлы); отит (воспаление среднего уха); гломерулонефрит (болезнь почек); пневмония (воспаление легких); синусит (воспалительное заболевание пазух носа); ревматизм (заболевание суставов и мышц).

One of the most important and distinguishing signs of scarlet fever from other diseases are strip paste — this red stripes, which are located in the folds of the skin, especially in the neck, knees, elbows and armpits area. On examination of the oral cavity can be detected erythematous mucosa, purulent raids on the tonsils and tongue crimson lacquer with enlarged nipples. This state of the oral cavity, doctors refer to as «blazing shed.»

Due to the toxicity of the body of the child may be nausea and vomiting. On day 5, the patient’s condition is getting better, the temperature begins to fall gradually, the rash becomes pale and disappears for 7 — 8 hours. The skin starts to peel off, it shows the inside of the palms. Complications: lymphadenitis (affects the lymph nodes); otitis media (middle ear infection); glomerulonephritis (kidney disease); pneumonia (pneumonia); sinusitis (sinus inflammatory disease); rheumatic fever (a disease of the joints and muscles).

Treatment

На данный момент лечить скарлатину у ребенка можно на дому, за исключением тяжелых форм болезни. Заболевшему малышу необходимо обеспечить постельный режим в течении 8-10 дней. Также нужно обеспечить доступ свежего воздуха. Лечить это заболевание у детей начинают с применения антибактериальной терапии чаще всего для детей используют антибиотики пенициллинового ряда. Также назначают Азитромицин, принимать его необходимо один раз в сутки по 5-10 мг/кг на протяжении 3-5 дней.

Treatment At the moment, treat scarlet fever in a child can be at home, except for the severe forms of the disease. A sick child is necessary to ensure bed rest for 8-10 days. You also need to provide fresh air. To treat this disease in children begins with the use of antibiotic therapy is most often used for children’s antibiotics penicillin. Azithromycin is also administered, it must be taken once daily at 5-10 mg / kg for 3-5 days.

Сhickenpox (ветрянка)

Первые признаки и симптомы ветрянки: слабость; головная боль; тошнота; резкий скачок температуры до 39-40 градусов. Эти признаки возникают за 1-2 дня до появления сыпи на теле ребенка. У него может пропадать аппетит, наблюдается плохое настроение. Иногда этот период отсутствует, и родители просто замечают высыпания на коже.

Как выглядят высыпания . Сначала на коже, там, куда внедрился вирус, появляются пятна размером не более 0,6 см. Находятся на одном уровне с кожей, границы четкие. Затем на месте пятна появляется пузырек с жидкостью, концентрация вируса в которой крайне высока. Когда пузырек разрывается, на его месте образуется корочка. Сдирание корочки приводит к образованию рубцов и шрамов.

The first signs and symptoms of chickenpox: weakness; headache; nausea; a sharp jump in temperature to 39-40 degrees. These symptoms occur 1-2 days before the rash appears on the body of the child. He can disappear appetite, bad mood there. Sometimes this period is absent, and the parents just notice a rash on the skin.

How to look like a rash: First, on the skin, in places where the virus has taken root, spots appear no larger than 0.6 cm are flush with the skin, clear boundaries.. Then spot appears in place the vial with the liquid in which the concentration of the virus is extremely high. When the bubble bursts, in its place is formed crust. Peeling crust leads to the formation of scars.

Treatment

Обычно врач рекомендует проводить лечение ветрянки в домашних условиях со строгим соблюдением карантина и порядка лечебных мероприятий. Если отмечается высокая температура, тяжелое состояние в первые дни болезни – необходим строгий постельный режим.

Схема лечения ветряной оспы: е ежедневный прием ванн и обработка везикул зеленкой. Прием ванн необходим для предотвращения развития инфекции. Кроме того, это помогает снять зуд, главное, не использовать никаких моющих средств и мочалок. Полоскание рта водным раствором Фурацилина после еды. При проявлениях конъюнктивита в глаза закладывается мазь Ацикловир. В качестве жаропонижающего используется Парацетамол, Нурофен. При сильном зуде используются антигистаминные препараты: Лоратидин, Тавегил, Супрастин, Фенкарол. В качестве противовирусного препарата врач может выписать ректальные свечи Виферон. Антибиотики назначаются только в крайнем случае: при присоединении инфекции, при возникновении осложнений (менингит, энцефалит и т. д.).

Usually the doctor recommends treatment of chickenpox in home quarantine with strict observance of the order and therapeutic measures. If you have a high fever, a serious condition in the first days of illness — requires strict bed rest.

  The treatment regimen of varicella : daily intake of baths and treatment vesicles Zelenko. Admission bath is needed to prevent the development of infection. In addition, it helps to relieve itching, most importantly, do not use any detergent and sponges. Rinsing the mouth with an aqueous solution furatsilina after eating. When manifestations of conjunctivitis in the eyes laid ointment acyclovir. As an antipyretic use Paracetamol, Nurofen. If a strong itch used antihistamines: loratidine, Tavegil, Suprastin, Fenkarol. As an antiviral drug doctor may prescribe rectal suppositories Viferon. Antibiotics are assigned only in extreme cases: when the infection accession, in the event of complications (meningitis, encephalitis, etc…).

Rickets (рахит)

Согласно

метаболическим

сбоям в организме,

формируются и

определенные

признаки

рахита у детей.

Чему способствуют:

1)  Недостаток кальция

вызывает

кальцийпеническую

According to metabolic disruptions in the body, are formed and some signs of rickets in children. What can help:

форму рахитизма,

1) Lack of calcium causes rickets form, with the characteristic deformities of bone structures caused by the process of osteomalacia.

с характеристикой

Expressed increased neuromuscular irritation, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), disturbances in heart rhythm, sleep disorder and digestive functions. It features fast current and a rapid decrease in the level of the cation ( «Ca» ionized) in red blood cells and its serum.

деформаций

2) Fosforodefitsitnaya shape becomes even more marked deficiency of phosphorus compounds in serum and red blood cells.

костных структур

It appears lethargic mobility of children, their motor retardation, hypotonia, dystrophic changes in bones caused by the processes of the rapid proliferation of osteoid (osteoid hyperplasia)

Обусловленных

3) The pathology with mild calcium and phosphorus deficiency manifested mild with low bone deformities, minor or no symptoms of neuromuscular disorders.

процессом остеомаляции.

Выраженным усилением нервно-мышечного раздражения, гипергидрозом (повышенная потливость), нарушениями в сердечном ритме, расстройством сна и пищеварительных функций. Отличается быстрым течением и стремительным снижением уровня катиона («Са» ионизированный) в красных клетках крови и ее сыворотке.

2)  Фосфородефицитная форма проявляется с еще большей выраженностью недостаточности фосфорных соединений в сыворотке и красных клетках крови.

Проявляется вялой подвижностью малышей, их двигательной заторможенностью, мышечной гипотонией, дистрофическими изменениями костей скелета, обусловленными процессами быстрого разрастания остеоидных тканей (остеоидная гиперплазия)

3)  Патология с легкой фосфорно-кальциевой недостаточностью проявляется легким течением с небольшими костными деформациями, незначительными или полностью отсутствующими признаками нервно-мышечных нарушений.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of rickets in a child include:

К общим симптомам рахита у ребенка относят:

• microsomes (stunting);
• osteomalacia bone parietal region (craniotabes);
• signs of an elongated skull (dolihokefaliya);
• deformation of the ribs in the form of a «bird’s breast»;
• transverse recess in the deformed chest;
• kifozny spine;
• varus and valgus curvature of the limbs;
• «beads on the edges» (bony growths);
• thickening of the long bones «in the form of bracelets»;
• Education Seal on the phalanges in the form of pearl strands »

• микросомию (задержка роста);
• остеомаляции костей теменной области (краниотабес);
• признаки удлиненного черепа (долихокефалия);
• деформацию ребер в виде «птичьей груди»;
• поперечное углубление в деформированной груди;
• кифозный позвоночник;
• варусное и вальгусное искривление конечностей;
• «четки на ребрах» (костные наросты);
• утолщение на длинных костях «в виде браслетов»;
• образования уплотнений на фалангах в виде жемчужных нитей»

Treatment

При первых же симптомах рахита у детей и в лечении, и в профилактике, рациональное питание имеет важное значение. Так как именно с едой малыши получают необходимые макро и микроэлементы для роста и развития. Необходимо учитывать некоторые особенности:

When the first symptoms of rickets in children and in the treatment and prevention, good nutrition is important. Since it is with food kids get the necessary macro and trace minerals for growth and development. It is necessary to take into account some special features:

• При лечении рахита у ребенка прикорм вводится раньше на месяц, полтора, чем здоровым малышам. Он должен быть тщательно перетертым. С пяти месяцев можно включать куриный желток, печень кролика, делать суфле из почек, мяса и мозга. Фруктовым пюре не злоупотреблять.
• Каши готовятся на овощных отварах и даются один раз в день.
• Полезны овощные пюре из кабачков, моркови, капусты и зеленого горошка.
• Фруктовые пюре – из яблок, морковно-тыквенное вводятся постепенно начиная с половинки чайной ложечки, доводя к 6-ти месяцам до 100/150 гр. в день за четыре приема.
• Младенцам, находящимися на искусственном или смешанном вскармливании с явно выраженной симптоматикой рахитизма в рацион добавляют от 10 до 15 капелек лимонного сока. «С» витамин рахитичным детям необходим для лучшего усвоения калия-фосфорных элементов желудком и для регуляции функций паращитовидной железы.
• С жирами необходимо быть осторожными, их излишек затрудняет процесс усваивания минеральных солей.

• 1. In the treatment of rickets in the child solid foods introduced earlier in the month and a half than healthy babies. It must be carefully grinded. With five months can include chicken yolk, rabbit liver, the kidneys do souffle, meat and marrow. Fruit purees are not abused.
• 2. Porridge prepared in vegetable broth, and given once daily.
• 3. Useful vegetable puree of squash, carrot, cabbage and green peas.
• 4. Fruit puree — apple, carrot and pumpkin are introduced gradually starting with half a teaspoon, bringing to 6 months up to 100/150 g. per day for four stages.
• 5. Infants, located on an artificial or mixed feeding with a pronounced symptoms rickets added to the diet from 10 to 15 drops of lemon juice. «C» vitamin rickety children need for better absorption of phosphorus-potassium elements of the stomach and for the regulation of parathyroid function.
• 6. fats need to be careful of overly complicates the process of assimilation of mineral salts.

Measles (корь)

Заболевание является детской инфекцией, но заразиться ею могут и взрослые. Особую опасность корь представляет для беременных женщин, у которых она протекает с тяжёлыми осложнениями и может закончиться выкидышем или преждевременными родами. Вирус кори передаётся ребенку через плаценту. Возбудителем кори является вирус, поэтому заражение передаётся во время контакта при разговоре, кашле, чихании. Может передаваться также через посуду и детские игрушки. Восприимчивость к заболеванию довольно высокая. Больной является заразным за 5 дней до появления сыпи и ещё 5 дней от начала высыпания. Инкубационный период составляет 1–2 недели.

The disease is a childhood infection, but it may become infected as adults. Measles is a special danger for pregnant women, with whom she proceeds with severe complications and can result in miscarriage or premature birth. Measles virus is passed to the baby through the placenta. Measles is caused by a virus, so infection is transmitted during contact when talking, coughing, sneezing. It may also be transmitted through utensils and children’s toys. The susceptibility to the disease is quite high. The patient is contagious for 5 days before the rash appears and another 5 days from the start of the rash. The incubation period is 1-2 weeks.

Symptoms

The very first sign of measles is a rise in temperature up to 39,0 ° C. The temperature is kept for 5-7 days. At the same time there are other symptoms: catarrhal symptoms, manifested by dry cough, runny nose, tear. On examination of the throat is marked swelling and redness of the mucous membranes. The cough becomes barking. Hoarseness associated with swelling of the vocal cords. A few days after the spots on the inside of the cheek rash appears on the face, neck and behind the ears. Spots in the value of the mouth with poppy grain are the hallmark of measles. The next day the rash covers the front surface of the trunk and upper limbs. In the following days, the rash spreads to the feet. Since the 4-th day of the disease the rash fades, first on the face and head, then on the trunk and extremities.

Самым первым признаком кори является подъем температуры до 39,0 °C. Температура держится 5-7 дней. Одновременно появляются другие симптомы: Катаральные явления, проявляющиеся сухим кашлем, насморком, слезоточивостью. При осмотре горла отмечается отечность и покраснение слизистых. Кашель становится лающим. Осиплость голоса, связанная с отечностью голосовых связок. Через несколько дней вслед за пятнышками на внутренней стороне щёк появляется сыпь на лице, шее и за ушами. Пятнышки во рту величиной с маковое зёрнышко являются отличительным признаком кори. На следующие сутки высыпание охватывает переднюю поверхность туловища и верхние конечности. В последующие дни сыпь распространяется на ноги. Начиная с 4-того дня заболевания сыпь бледнеет сначала на лице и голове, затем на туловище и конечностях.

Treatment

В легких случаях заболевания лечить детей можно на дому. Заболевшему ребенку нужен покой и тишина, приглушенное освещение. При конъюнктивите яркий свет действует раздражающе на глаза. полезно обильное питьё; частое полоскание горла приносит большую пользу; приём антигистаминных препаратов; при конъюнктивите применение глазных капель Интерферона после промывания глаз теплой кипячёной водой; очищение носа ватными тампонами с тёплым вазелиновым маслом.

In mild cases, you can treat children at home. Sick child need peace and quiet, subdued lighting. When conjunctivitis bright light irritates eyes. Drink plenty of useful; Frequent gargling of great benefit; appointment of antihistamines; conjunctivitis the use of eye drops after Interferon eyewash warm boiled water; nasal cleansing with a cotton swab with warm liquid paraffin.

features of childhood infectious diseases

отличительные особенности детских инфекционных заболеваний