Сочинение про строительство на английском

Сочинение на тему «Моя будущая профессия – строитель» на английском языке с переводом на русский язык
My future profession as a builder is something I have been passionate about since I was a child. I have always been fascinated by the process of constructing a building from the ground up, and I am determined to make it my career.	Моя будущая профессия строителя – это то, чем я увлекался с детства. Меня всегда завораживал процесс возведения здания с нуля, и я твердо намерен сделать это своей карьерой.
The construction industry is a rapidly growing field, and I am excited to be part of it. I have a strong interest in the technical aspects of building, such as understanding the principles of architecture and engineering. I am also interested in the creative side of the profession, such as designing aesthetically pleasing structures. I believe that my combination of technical and creative skills will make me an excellent builder.	Строительная индустрия – это быстро развивающаяся отрасль, и я очень хочу стать ее частью. У меня большой интерес к техническим аспектам строительства, таким как понимание принципов архитектуры и инженерного дела. Меня также интересует творческая сторона профессии, например, проектирование эстетически привлекательных сооружений. Я считаю, что сочетание технических и творческих навыков сделает меня отличным строителем.
In order to become a successful builder, I plan to pursue a degree in construction management. This degree will give me the knowledge and skills I need to understand the complexities of the construction process. I will also take courses in architecture, engineering, and design to gain a better understanding of the creative aspects of the profession.	Чтобы стать успешным строителем, я планирую получить степень в области управления строительством. Эта степень даст мне знания и навыки, необходимые для понимания сложностей строительного процесса. Я также буду посещать курсы по архитектуре, инженерному делу и дизайну, чтобы лучше понять творческие аспекты профессии.
I am also eager to gain hands-on experience in the field. I plan to volunteer with local construction companies to gain experience in the industry. I am confident that this experience will give me the skills and knowledge I need to become a successful builder.	Я также стремлюсь получить практический опыт в этой области. Я планирую работать волонтером в местных строительных компаниях, чтобы получить опыт работы в этой отрасли. Я уверен, что этот опыт даст мне навыки и знания, необходимые для того, чтобы стать успешным строителем.
My future profession as a builder is something I am passionate about and I am determined to make it my career. I am confident that my combination of technical and creative skills, along with my dedication to the profession, will make me an excellent builder. I am excited to pursue this career and make a positive impact on the construction industry.	Моя будущая профессия строителя – это то, чем я увлечен, и я твердо намерен сделать ее своей карьерой. Я уверен, что сочетание технических и творческих навыков, а также преданность профессии сделают меня отличным строителем. Я очень хочу сделать эту карьеру и оказать положительное влияние на строительную отрасль.

Здесь все сочинения о профессии

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Обновлено: 11.03.2023

My future profession is a builder. I like to build houses. I also like to work in the open air. I like to fold bricks. I like to see big tunnels. I like wearing a hard hat. I love working with friends. Construction is very exciting and amazing. I want to build a residential complex.

Как написать хороший ответ? Как написать хороший ответ?

• Написать правильный и достоверный ответ;
• Отвечать подробно и ясно, чтобы ответ принес наибольшую пользу;
• Писать грамотно, поскольку ответы без грамматических, орфографических и пунктуационных ошибок лучше воспринимаются.

Мореплаватель — имя существительное, употребляется в мужском роде. К нему может быть несколько синонимов.
1. Моряк. Старый моряк смотрел вдаль, думая о предстоящем опасном путешествии;
2. Аргонавт. На аргонавте были старые потертые штаны, а его рубашка пропиталась запахом моря и соли;
3. Мореход. Опытный мореход знал, что на этом месте погибло уже много кораблей, ведь под водой скрывались острые скалы;
4. Морской волк. Старый морской волк был рад, ведь ему предстояло отчалить в долгое плавание.

When I was younger, my father always told me, that a real man had to grow a tree, to bring up a child and to build a house. Today I understand what exactly these words mean and for my future I would like to have a worthy profession. There are many good and well-paid professions and I want to become a builder.

For this job you don’t need any particular education. Of course you have to go to college or university if you want to have promotion in future. But in general it’s only a question of practice.

In my family there are few relatives who had chosen this job. They finished college and started to build. They say it was not easy, because it’s basically the physical labor. At the end of the day you will be tired. But at the end of the month you will be happy with your salary. They also have built beautiful houses for their families and they look pretty happy now. This is not the only reason of my choice. I really like to build and even to project some constructions.

I am a strong person physically and I can work with my hands. My marks at school are not so good and I am not so smart like many of my classmate. But I know my strong sides as well. I am active, strong, friendly and responsible. All these qualities will help me to become a good builder.

Maybe in future I will change my mind and find better job. Maybe I will decide to have high education and promotion later on. But now I feel my vocation is to build nice and beautiful houses and to make families happy.

I think in the life it’s so much important to do what makes you happy. It’s also good to get money for the job that you like, but not to work every day to have money. Life is short and we have to take every opportunity.

Моя будущая профессия — строитель

Когда я был совсем юным, мой папа часто мне говорил, что настоящий мужчина должен посадить дерево, воспитать ребёнка и построить дом. Сегодня я понимаю, что означают эти слова и в будущем я очень хотел бы иметь достойную профессию. В мире есть много хороших и высокооплачиваемых профессий, поэтому, я решил стать строителем.

Для этой работы вам не потребуется какого-то определенного образования. Конечно, вам нужно будет пойти в колледж или университет, если в будущем хотите иметь повышение по работе. Но вообще, это больше вопрос практики.

В моей семье есть несколько родных, которые стали строителями. Они окончили колледж и начали строить. Они говорят, что это было нелегко, потому что это огромный физический труд. В конце дня ты будешь безумно уставшим. Ну а в конце месяца останешься доволен своим гонораром. Они также построили красивые дома для своих семей и теперь кажутся довольно счастливыми. Но это не единственная причина моего выбора. Я действительно люблю строить и проектировать разные конструкции.

Я физически очень сильный парень, могу и люблю работать руками. Мои отметки в школе не самые лучшие и я не такой умный, как многие мои одноклассники. Но также я знаю и свои сильные стороны: я активный, сильный, дружелюбный и ответственный. Все эти качества помогут мне стать хорошим строителем.

Может, в будущем я изменю своё решение и найду работу получше. Может, даже я захочу получить высшее образование и повышение в должности. Но сейчас я чувствую, что это мое призвание- строить красивые дома и делать счастливыми другие семьи.

Я думаю, что в жизни крайне важно делать то, что делает тебя счастливым. Ведь здорово получать деньги за любимую работу, а не работать каждый день, чтобы добыть денег. Жизнь очень коротка и мы должны воспользоваться каждой возможностью.

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Мари Умняшка

Лучший ответ:

Таня Масян

My future jobI am going to be an engineer. I think engineer is a very interesting job. He talks with new people every day. A good engineer should be accurate, careful, concentrated and serious. He should work with computers, have creative idea. An engineer should speak a foreign language.
I think this profession is for me.
Перевод с английскогоМоя будущая профессия
Я собираюсь стать инженером. Я думаю, инженер — это очень интересная работа. Каждый день он разговаривает с новыми людьми. Хороший инженер должен быть точным, осторожным, концентрированным и серьезным. Он должен работать с компьютерами, иметь творческие идеи. Инженер должен разговаривать на иностранном языке.
Я думаю, эта профессия для меня.

Вы можете из нескольких рисунков создать анимацию (или целый мультфильм!). Для этого нарисуйте несколько последовательных кадров и нажмите кнопку Просмотр анимации.

Методическая разработка открытого урока «Моя будущая профессия — строитель» включает план проведения урока английского языка по указанной теме и презентацию, основанную на лексическом материале по разделам: «Строительные материалы», «Части здания», «Строительные профессии», «Процесс возведения здания», а так же упражнения по грамматической теме «Преобразование прямой речи в косвенную».

Вложение	Размер
plan.doc	66 КБ
1stroiteli.pptx	1.69 МБ
2stroiteli.pptx	2.55 МБ

Предварительный просмотр:

Тип урока: Урок закрепления новых знаний.

Вид урока: Практическое занятие.

1. Закрепить лексический минимум по теме на репродуктивном уровне.
2. Практиковать в диалогической речи по образцу.
3. Совершенствовать звуко-произносительные навыки.

1. Развивать работоспособность на уроке, умение переключаться на различные виды деятельности.
2. Развивать фонематический слух и внимание.
3. Развивать память, логическое мышление, воображение через использование видеофрагментов, заданий на логику.

1. Создавать благоприятную эмоциональную атмосферу, способствующую развитию индивидуальных и творческих способностей учащихся.

1. Актуализация опорных знаний и умений. Фонетическая зарядка.

• Фонетическая отработка базовой лексики.

1. Организация деятельности учащихся по применению знаний в стандартных и измененных ситуациях.

• Задание на исключение лишнего понятия.
• Выполнение упражнения на логику.
• Работа по образцу на основе конструкций на завершение.

• Просмотр видеофрагментов и запись дополнительной лексики.
• Фонетическая отработка лексики.
• Игровой момент.

1. Контроль домашнего задания.

• Перевод текста с просмотром видеофрагмента.
• Диалог по образцу (учебный разговор в режиме T→Cl, T→P 1 , P 2 ).
• Перевод из прямой речи в косвенную.

1. Информация о домашнем задании. (Лексика письменно).

My Future Profession (Building/Construction)

A building profession is one of the most important and necessary in any country of the world. It used to be so since ancient times, when people built caves, made of mud, leaves and stones.

During the last 100 years many new methods of building have been discovered. Nowadays the building is completed in concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, plastics, foamed glass and bricks.

Almost everyone saw the construction of a building and fоllowed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement. Then the foundation walls bellow ground level are constructed. After this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of a building must be carefully designed and proportioned.

The architect must decide what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders will be and how they will be placed and arranged. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems. The water supply and sewerage systems are called plumbing.

An estimate must be calculated after which the builders’ work can be started. Among the building professions you can come across a carpenter, a bricklayer (mason), a plumber, an electrician, a house painter, a concrete layer, a slater, a roofer, a welder, a fitter, a glazier and many more.

Ребят срочно нужно описать професию папы он строитель на английском помоги те.

Профессия строителя является очень древней.

Благодаря историческим архитектурным постройкам мы можем многое узнать о быте и культуре предков.

До наших дней дошло немало сооружений, возраст которых измеряется тысячелетиями.

Свой опыт мастера строительного дела передавали из поколения в поколение.

Каждый год в нашей стране повсеместно возводится большое количество различных построек.

Это и жилые комплексы, и коттеджные поселки, учреждения, промышленные предприятия и т.

Д. Поэтому востребованность профессии строителя очевидна.

Описание профессии строителя

Builder’s profession is very ancient.

Due to historical architectural

buildings we can learn much about the life and culture of their

To have survived many structures whose age is measured in

Your experience master in civil engineering passed from

generation to generation.

Every year in our country everywhere

erected a large number of different buildings.

complexes, housing estates, institutions, industrial enterprises, etc.

Therefore, the demand of Builder’s profession is obvious.

the profession of the Builder.

Ребят плиз помогите, нужно описать свою воображаемую комнату на английском?

Ребят плиз помогите, нужно описать свою воображаемую комнату на английском.

Помогите описать мою маму по английски с переводом срочно?

Помогите описать мою маму по английски с переводом срочно.

Нужно на английском описать время года ЛЕТО помогите пожалуйста не много но ?

Нужно на английском описать время года ЛЕТО помогите пожалуйста не много но .

Ребят напишите по англискому »моя будущая професия» пожалустаа?

Ребят напишите по англискому »моя будущая професия» пожалустаа.

Сочинение на тему професия моего папы?

Сочинение на тему професия моего папы.

Нужно по английскому описать гостиную?

Нужно по английскому описать гостиную.

Помогите составить сочинение на английском о моей будущей професии — врача?

Помогите составить сочинение на английском о моей будущей професии — врача.

Составить текст про семью на английском языке и его перевод, можно как читается?

Составить текст про семью на английском языке и его перевод, можно как читается.

Мама , папа, я Денис и мой младший братик.

Папа строитель, мама с братиком дома, а я учась в школе во 2 классе.

Можно где — то 7 — 10 предложений.

Описать професию мечты по картинке на английском 7 предложений?

Описать професию мечты по картинке на английском 7 предложений.

Помогите пожалуйста составить предложения на английском описать внешность членов семьи мамы папы брата?

Помогите пожалуйста составить предложения на английском описать внешность членов семьи мамы папы брата.

На этой странице сайта вы найдете ответы на вопрос Ребят срочно нужно описать професию папы он строитель на английском помоги те?, относящийся к категории Английский язык. Сложность вопроса соответствует базовым знаниям учеников 5 — 9 классов. Для получения дополнительной информации найдите другие вопросы, относящимися к данной тематике, с помощью поисковой системы. Или сформулируйте новый вопрос: нажмите кнопку вверху страницы, и задайте нужный запрос с помощью ключевых слов, отвечающих вашим критериям. Общайтесь с посетителями страницы, обсуждайте тему. Возможно, их ответы помогут найти нужную информацию.

A thing in the kitchen that helps to cook our food a cooker. Я думаю помочь на кухне приготовить еду на плите.

A cooker(плита) Вариант A.

Тут вообще нет ошибок.

Hello я незнаю воатсоту.

1Robbers were sole 2. 6 million pounds 2 It was many years ago. It was on 8th August 1963 / 3it was happened on railway between Glasgow and London / 4Robbers stoppet train by using red light and without using any guns ordered train diver got them t..

1. shortage 2. Destruction 3. Wildlife 4. Influence 5. Spread 6. Rare 7. Graceful.

Зачеркнутые : 1. Saturday 3. Tuesdays 4. Thusday 5. Feburary 6. Janoary.

Джессика хороший ученик? Давайте проверять.

Джессика хорошая ученица? Давай проверим.

Hello! I want to tell you about my working day. Usually I get up at 7 o’clock because I need a lot to do before school. It’s not so hard to get up early if I go to bed before 12 am. I usually make my bed because I like my room to be neat and cozy..

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Государственное
бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Нижегородской
области

«Краснобаковский
лесной колледж»

Сборник
текстов

по
английскому языку

по
специальности 250109

«Садово-парковое
и ландшафтное строительство»

Разработала: преподаватель

английского языка

высшей категории

Воронина М.В.

2015

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов
специальности «Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство» по дисциплине
«Английский язык». Материал представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной
лексики будущих специалистов. В пособие включены такие темы как «Ландшафтный
дизайн», «Ландшафтная растительность», «Экология»» и др.

Разработала:
Воронина М.В., преподаватель английского языка ГБПОУ НО КБЛК

Содержание

Раздел I. Ландшафтный дизайн	4
1. Ландшафтный дизайн	4
2. Дизайн сегодня	5
3. Ландшафтный дизайнер	6
4. Диалог с дизайнером	7
5. Ландшафтное освещение	7
6. Садовые водоёмы	8
7. Разновидности газонов	9
8. Уход и обслуживание газонов	12
9. Садовые изгороди	13
10. Садовые конструкции	14
11. Садовые дорожки	15
12. Зимний сад	17
13. Теплица, её функции	18
14. Ландшафтный дизайн на участке	19
15. Ландшафтное проектирование	20
Раздел II. Ландшафтная растительность	22
1. Деревья и кустарники	22
2. Классификация цветочных культур	25
3. Циклы роста цветов	25
4. Как построить цветник у деревьев	29
5. Как построить клумбу	32
6. Озеленение	33
Раздел III. Экология	35
1. Водные ресурсы	35
2. Лесные пожары	37
3. Защита окружающей среды	38
4. Вредители насаждений	40
Интернет-источники	43

Раздел I. Ландшафтный дизайн

Landscape design

Landscape design is an independent profession
and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining
nature and culture. In contemporary practice landscape design bridges between
landscape architecture and garden design.

Landscape designs focuses on both the
integrated master landscape planning of a property and the specific garden
design of landscape elements and plants within it. The practical, aesthetic,
horticultural, and environmental sustainability components merit Landscape design
inclusion. It is often divided into hardscape design and softscape design.

   

Softscape comprises the animate, horticultural
elements of landscape design, i.e. plants. Softscape elements are complemented
by hardscape design elements, such as stone walls, tile patios and brick
walkways. Hardscape, or «hardscaping» consists of the inanimate
elements of landscaping, especially any masonry work or woodwork. For instance,
stone walls, concrete or brick patios, tile paths, wooden decks and wooden
arbors would all be considered part of the hardscape. But anything used in
landscaping that is not part of the softscape can be considered a hardscape
element, including home accents such as water fountains and even pink
flamingoes.

Ideally,
a well-designed landscape incorporates a balance between hardscaping and
softscaping.

Hardscape elements:

• Can
  be thought of as «hard,» yet movable, parts of the landscape,
  like gravel, paving and stones, etc.
• They
  are inanimate objects.
• Solid
  and unchanging.
• Other
  examples of hardscape include walkways, retaining walls, pavers for
  paths or patios, outdoor kitchens, water features, gazebos, decks and
  driveways.
• Can
  be natural, like stone, or man-made, like an outdoor structure or a
  planter.
• Hardscape
  materials have different effects on the environment. Pavement, which is
  hardscaping, prevents water from soaking into the soil, thus increasing
  runoff, which can carry contaminants into streams. Porous
  materials allow water to soak into the soil.
• A
  shrub is not hardscape.

Softscape elements:

• «Soft»
  horticultural (living, growing) components of the landscape. These
  might include flowers, trees, shrubs, groundcovers, etc.
• Change
  and evolve constantly, as they grow and adapt to climate and other
  conditions.
• Are
  softer to the touch, quite literally. Think about touching the leaves of a
  tree or perennial, or blades of grass. They are soft,
  not hard. 
• A
  brick wall is not softscape.

Landscape designers often collaborate with
related disciplines such as architecture and geography, soils and civil
engineering, surveying, landscape contracting, botany, and artisan specialties.
There can be significant overlap of talents and skills, depending on the
education, licensing, and experience of the professional. Both landscape
designers and landscape architects practice landscape design.

 

Landscape design today

Nowadays many city-dwellers aim to buy
out-of-town realty as a place of permanent residency or a place to go on
weekends. The man has always been drawn by nature. Due to this fact landscape
design and landscape gardening become more and more popular.

That is landscape design what helps to
solve the whole complex of problems and create atmosphere of comfort around
you. The owner of the land lot should take an active part in landscape
designing.

Landscape design project jointly worked
out by specialists and the client creates feeling of comfort and closeness to
nature.

Technique of landscape design is
determined first of all by natural constituent. Climate influences the choice
of plants. Relief determines architectural designing decisions of the land lot.

Landscape is formed due to multiplicity of
nature and difference in relief structure. Investigation of geomorphological
basis of the land lot and estimation of its change possibilities is an
obligatory stage of landscape engineering.

That is why a detailed landscape analysis
of the land lot should be held at the state of creation of the project. The
Analysis includes detailed investigation of all landscape constituents located
on the elaborated territory and bordering territory.

In course of the analysis flora of the
elaborated land lot is investigated. Landscape engineering should be held after
all necessary investigations have been completed.

Landscape designing is an entire set of
arrangements which include accomplishment, gardening. Natural materials such as
stone, plants, ponds and modern technical achievements such as illumination and
pouring and drainage system are used.

The project for the land lot should be
elaborated according to the law of nature but the space — according to the law
of architecture.

Three principle rules of colour harmony
are used in landscape designing. These rules will help you to create a plant
composition.

o    Any
colour against the contrasting background seems more saturated, composition of
contrasting colours will make the picture more saturated.

o    Some
colours, if combined with each other, look less saturated, the closer colours
are within the colour circle the less saturated their composition is.

o    The
stronger the difference in brightness and saturation the stronger the contrast
is.

For example, against red background orange
looks yellow, yellow becomes more green and green seems more blue. Against the
bright green background red and blue colours obtain violet tint, yellow becomes
closer to orange.

To turn a land lot overgrown with wild
plants into a cozy garden designed in a definite style in accordance with taste
and preference of its owner that is the aim of landscape design. There are many
variants of landscape design. Choice of variant depends on different factors
such as nature of the ground, region traditions, taste and financial
possibilities of the client. There is no and there cannot be two identical land
lots. Each one is an exclusive masterpiece created in accordance with taste of
the client.

A
landscape designer

 A landscape
designer help to come up with a plan for the outdoor spaces. Such a plan
include design treatments for plant materials as well as hardscapes and structures.
Landscape designers have knowledge of both horticulture and landscape
construction materials, thus equipping them to generate creative ideas for a
yard and plan the layout of plants and features.

 

Many
landscape designers manage a landscaping project from design to completion.
They also work with local contractors. Designers typically have a vast
knowledge of resources in the area. Clarify with your designer that they are
indeed willing to manage the construction for you. Some larger, more
established design companies may handle design and construction in house.
Design/Build companies like this employ their own construction crews.

There
are no certification or education requirements to become a landscape designer.
However, many designers do hold degrees or certificates. This means that you
will need to do your research on any designer you are considering. Ask to see
landscape plan samples and photos of their previous designs. You may even ask
for references to call.

Dialogue
with professional landscape designer, Paul Corsetti

Q. What’s your impression of online programs geared to
someone who wants to become a landscape designer but who isn’t able to attend
school full-time?

A. I think that as long as the program being taught is
based on solid knowledge of landscape design, it is a great start for the
theory of design. A good program should be hands-on to teach students by doing
actual projects, rather than to read and research how others did their work.

Q. What kinds of skills should someone looking to become
a landscape designer particularly focus on honing while «working their way
up,» be it in school or on related jobs?

A. I’d recommend focusing on acquiring a wide range of
abilities. Learning your plants and how to work with difficult soils is crucial
if you want to become a landscape designer. One needs to recognize what type of
soil you are designing gardens for. If no thought is put there, you may have a
failed garden and a bad reputation in a few years. When working in the
construction end of things, a landscape designer should make notes on material
quantities, installation practices and any difficulties encountered. A
landscape designer may have a wild imagination and excellent creativity, but
when you design boulders to be placed in a yard where they have to be craned in
over the house, the client will ask some serious financial questions!

Another thought is to make notes of how long it takes
to do certain jobs. I often get asked how long the construction time frame
would be to realize my designs. A good landscape designer should almost think
like a contractor when designing… knowing how a construction job will function
and knowing when to spot that a contractor is at his limit of labor skills,
which might hinder your project. Is your design too difficult to construct or
did you find the wrong contractor? That should be a question you can easily
answer as a landscape designer. When the landscape designer looks for ways to
make a job go smoother for the contractor, easier on a client’s budget and
still achieve a fantastic looking landscape, that landscape designer will get
more referrals for future work. When the design is difficult and the landscape
designer becomes even more difficult, your phone may not ring so often.

Landscape lighting

While
many of us are working hard and putting in long hours on the job, we often
don’t get a chance to see our homes until after dark. Soft lighting in a dark
outdoor environment is nothing short of magic. It provides a warm, inviting
ambiance that beckons us outdoors. It creates mood, romance, and drama. It adds
interest and intrigue to any setting. A growing number of homeowners are
capturing this magic in their gardens through «nightscaping,» one of
the hottest trends in outdoor home improvement today.

Lighting
can be one of the most important aspects of landscape and hardscape design, yet
it is often overlooked or underdone. Proper outdoor lighting design allows you
to highlight focal points and hide eyes ores. It can also be used to enhance
safety and security,
to accent special trees or plantings, and to create a festive atmosphere for
outdoor entertaining.

Landscape
lights also serve a number of needs, from letting you walk safely down a
flagstone path at night, to giving you a place to spend time with your family
after school and work. Outdoor lights even deter burglars and reduce crime. Yet
for homeowners, choosing which areas to light can be a challenge. Here,
landscape professionals share their expert tips for lighting different areas of
the landscape. If you’re planning for lighting in your landscape, this section
will give you a better understanding of what to expect when landscape lights
are installed, where the best places are to put lights, how to create effects
with lights, and much more.

Landscape
lighting is more than just shining some direct light at a walkway or up a tree.
Not only are there techniques and methods for creating ambiance with lights,
but some contractors even prefer to accent the architecture of the home rather
than the trees or walkways or patio areas.

Garden
reservoir and pond

Garden reservoir
and pond – these artificial garden constructions have existed since ancient
times. Today no one plot of land can manage without Garden pond or
reservoir. Every garden pond or reservoir is a dominant of a well-planned
landscape design. The area near the garden pond or reservoir is to be separated
from another territory.

Garden pond or
reservoir is to be constructed and situated on the expose area, defended from
strong winds. Straight sunlight can be fallen down into a garden pond
or reservoir not more than 6 hours a day. Construction of your garden pond or
reservoir is to situate in a slight shade. There is no reason for constructing
a garden pond or reservoir under the trees crown: leaves will fall down
into garden pond or reservoir and roots can destroy the bottom of the
construction.

It is more
preferable form of the construction of garden pond or reservoir is round.
Because rubbish is often gathered in the corners of square water garden
constructions.

Cascade, stream,
decorated with rocks are well fitted for the garden pond or reservoir. The
area around garden pond or reservoir can be decorated with Iris,
Hemerocallis, Astilbe and other landscape plants.

Rocks in a garden
near garden constructions have attracted attention of people since ancient
times. There is a philosophical doctrine about garden rocks. Japanese confirm
that the viewing of rocks in a garden gets an opportunity to get to know
oneself, to avoid of fuss, to reduce stress.

What is the secret
of the attracting people for rocks in a garden? Probably, just now a person
needs getting in contact with nature more than recently. Genetic memory of
people instinctively is stretching out towards rocks in a garden, at which
nature worked for millions of years. This fact explains the significance of
rocks in a garden for a person.

Landscape design
is not only for outdoor territories, but for interior too. Interior
landscape design for home and office create really comfortable atmosphere of
your environment.

Lawns

There is an element that
combines small front gardens as well as large country estates and town
districts. You can find it in regular front parks and in irregular natural
gardens. This element is a lawn. It is impossible to locate only trees and
flowerbeds. There should be a connecting link between all these elements. Moreover,
a lawn fulfils this function at the same time being a main surfacing of a free
space. However, it would not be deserved to consider a lawn as a subsidiary
element. It can be a very beautiful object of landscaping. It can gladden your
eye with its emerald greenery from early spring till late autumn. It can also
be a playground if you chose a certain mix of herbs. At last a lawn can be used
as a strengthening element when arranging a slope which can be planted practically
only with grass.

Grassy
lawn
is a most widespread lawn. It represents a lot sown with herbs, which form a
dense turf. Changing a composition of herbs, you can adapt your lawn for shadow
or sunny lots, for damp or dry soil. You can even made it steady to trampling.
In any case, a grassy lawn needs regular cutting, adding fertilizers, and
working up with herbicides or weeding in order to protect it from not cereals.
The grassy lawns can be divided into following kinds depending on composition
of used herbs and the degree of well grimness.

    

A classical
(top-quality) lawn has a decorative function. Its features are an
emerald greenery and flat surfacing that does not bear any trampling. Low
narrow-leaved (angustifoliate) cereals are used for arranging such lawns. For
example, different kinds of spear grass (agrostis), poi, festuca can format a
classical lawn. The soil should be rich fed with fertilizers and properly
smoothed out because even tiny knolls and holes will be well seen at the surfacing
of such a lawn. The lawn needs low and regular mowing, at least once a week.
Being cut properly and groomed well a classical lawn looks wonderful. It is
usually arranged in front of the estate and in the main areas where you can
admire it but not to trample.

A first-quality (ordinary) lawn allows not only
to admire it but also to trample. Of course, it cannot bear any comparison with
a groomed classical lawn by its appearance but it is less capricious and
simpler in arranging and maintenance. The composition of herbs for a
first-quality lawn should contain raygrass (lolium perrene) and other
broad-leaved cereals. But it is worth noticing that the composition should also
include 10-30% narrow-leaved cereals, otherwise lolium can form knolls. An
ordinary lawn needs rear mowing (twice a month), except the periods of fast
grass growing such as spring and early summer. In those periods the lawn should
be mowed more often. Wild growing herbs do not seen on a first-quality lawn.

A second-quality lawn is usually
located on the large areas, in towns. It is formed with the same cereals as a
top-quality lawn, however, the preparation of the soil can be less proper and
the maintenance can be less often. We should notice here that any classical or
top-quality lawn can turn into a second-quality one due to many reasons and
vice versa. You can always improve a second-quality lawn after realizing the
reasons of its worsening.

A rolling lawn is not another kind of a lawn but
a new way of arranging it. You can form a classical as well as a top-quality
lawn by this way. The turf for such a lawn is grown at the special fields. Then
the turf is cut down and rolled in. In this state, it is transported to the
location and rolled out there onto the beforehand prepared and smoothed out
soil. So it is possible to get a lawn with ready turf right away by this way.
The rolling lawn is very handy on slopes, where it needs much time for grass to
implant and on the trampled soil and on the poor polluted soil in towns.
However, a rolling lawn needs also proper maintenance during first months. The
quality of this lawn depends on the fact when it is cut, where and how it was
stored, how well it was watered after rolling out and how well the soil was
prepared for the lawn. Nowadays the firms — producers of the rolling lawns use
the methods of implanting the turf on the new soil rather successfully. This
way of arranging lawns may have many perspectives.

       

A
meadow lawn
is rather popular in
Russia. A meadow is a lot covered by cereals as well as not cereals, including
wild growing herbs, with rather tough stems. A meadow, like any lawn, cannot
bear much trampling, but unlike a lawn, it can be mowed only once a month. Moreover,
a meadow does not need weeding at all. Being located at the right place a
meadow lawn can look more natural and nicer than a grassy one. In this case,
you should choose the seeds for the lawn more properly. For example, fast
growing herbs will not do here. And you should remember that it is not worth
doing to arrange a meadow lawn on the rich soil in order to prevent it from
turning into a thicket of high grass looking more like a waste plot of land.

A
moresque lawn
looks like a meadow one. A moresque lawn is a lot sown with low narrow-leaved
(angustifoliate) herbs and wild flowers. It is not so easy to arrange such a
lawn. There is always the risk that it will have a wild and bad-groomed
appearance. But if you have a lot with poor soil that is not suitable for
growing up something else you can make a try and turn it into a blooming
meadow. All that you need is to prepare the soil, choose a proper mixture of
herbs and uproot perennial weeds. Though it seems quite easy to arrange the
moresque lawn, you should remember that it is difficult enough to groom the
lawn like that. It needs manual weeding because the herbicides can damage the
main herbs. You can mow this lawn not very often but you should have special
necessities. As a rule, without proper care the moresque lawn turns into an
unattractive place with weeds already in a year.

The most popular
flowers and bulbous plants for the moresque lawn are the following: crocuses,
violets, cornflowers, buttercups, meadow camomiles. Festuca and spear grass
(agrostis) should prevail over the other herbs in mixture. As to the mixture of
flower seeds it should contain not only perennials but also the most popular
annuals. In the whole mass the flower seeds should make from 5% up to 10%.

It is worth
mentioning a soil-covering lawn that looks very original and unusual. It is
formed not from cereals but from soil-covering plants. Being arranged properly
it looks nice enough especially during the periods of blooming the plants such
as camomile, thyme and veronica. But of course, there are some bad points in
the lawns like those. The surface of a soil-covering lawn is not so flat as
that one of the grassy lawn. And in the autumn the leaves of plants in the
soil-covering lawn become brown. Arranging such lawns it is very important to
uproot all the weeds because in the future using herbicides you run the risk to
do harm the plants, which form the soil-covering lawn. Though it is possible to
sow the lawn with camomile and thyme, you will have to plant out seedlings of
the other plants for such lawns. But the strong point of the soil-covering lawn
is the fact that you need not to mow it. The care just includes removing
inflorescences that have stopped blooming.

A soil-covering
lawn can be also formed from soil-covering shrubs such as juniper, cornel,
heather and others. The choice of those plants is enormous. They can be planted
in the areas where nobody walks. They can cover densely the places of the
garden where the grass grows poorly or where it is difficult to mow the grass,
for example under the trees or in the slopes. Only the young plants need proper
care. Then being rooted they will need weeding and trimming from time to time.

In order to
increase the steadiness of the lawn to trampling you can use a lawn lattice. It
is also used for strengthening slopes. A plastic lawn lattice has a green color
and a lawn grass is sprouted in its cells. This lattice looks like an ordinary
lawn but it is possible not only to trample the lattice but also to drive and
arrange the parking on it. A concrete lawn lattice is irreplaceable on the
steep slopes where there are no other methods to root the plants.

So, you have to
know the main kinds of lawns. You are welcome to come to us and we will be glad
to help in choosing the more appropriate lawn for your garden. We can also
renew the spoiled or neglected lawn or adjust regular care of your formed lawn
in order you can get pleasure from admiring it.

Lawn
care and maintenance

Planting
and seeding

Early autumn,
spring, and early summer are the primary seasons to seed, lay sod (turf), plant
‘liners’, or ‘sprig’ new lawns, when the soil is warmer and air cooler. Seeding
is the least expensive, but may take longer for the lawn to be established.
Aerating just before planting/seeding may promote deeper root growth and
thicker turf.

Sodding
(American English), or turfing (British English), provides an almost instant
lawn, and can be undertaken in most temperate climates in any season, but is
more expensive and more vulnerable to drought until established. Hydroseeding
is a quick, less expensive method of planting large, sloped or hillside
landscapes. Some grasses and sedges are available and planted from ‘liner’ and
4-inch (100 mm) containers, from ‘flats’, ‘plugs’ or ‘sprigs’, and are
planted apart to grow together.

Fertilizers
and chemicals

Various organic
and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant or
time-release applications. Pesticides, which includes biological and chemical
herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are available. Consideration for their
effects on the lawn and garden ecosystem and via runoff and dispersion on the
surrounding environment, can constrain their use.  

Sustainable
gardening uses organic horticulture methods, such as organic fertilizers,
biological pest control, beneficial insects, and companion planting, among
other methods, to sustain an attractive lawn in a safe garden. An example of an
organic herbicide is corn gluten meal, which releases an ‘organic dipeptide’
into the soil to inhibit root formation of germinating weed seeds. An example
of an organic alternative to insecticide use is applying beneficial nematodes
to combat soil-dwelling grubs, such as the larvae of chafer beetles. The
Integrated Pest Management approach is a coordinated low impact approach.

Lawn
& Garden hedge

A green grass of a
lawn supplies with comfort, regulates humidity of an air and moisture of a
soil, absorbs noise and dust. A lawn is an imported element of a landscape
design.

Designers
make different lawn according to the using and conditions:

— decorative
lawn – the most beautiful lawn, but it is not hard wear against trampling;

— sport
– lawn grass mixture for sports fields and areas with hard wear and traffic
consist of wear tolerant and fine leaved species which gives the best carpet of
strong grass when carefully established and maintained;

— sun
and shade lawn grass;

— universal
lawn grass;

Designers
can establish for a customer ready lawn grass or lawn laying, that cultivates
in the open air and then is drugged out with the layer of earth about 5
centimeters.

 A
lawn grass need much care of and service.

 Garden Hedge looks
nicely on a plot.  Garden hedge provides a garden with defense from
glances of foreign people, from cold wind and  a favorable micro-climate
appears. Garden hedge with a lawn is a perfect background for landscape plants,
flower bed plants and other greenery, garden constructions, garden and water
features. Garden hedge can show limits between different areas that your
landscape design foresees.

 There
are straight, broken up, mixed, flexible by form garden hedge. There are the
trimmed and grown by its nature garden hedge.

 Sometimes
garden hedge are used as a defense from penetration to the garden.  This
is   the thorny garden hedge. The garden hedge outside is usually
higher than that one inside because of the garden hedge inside the plot has got
only decorative importance.

 Before
planting a garden hedge, one is to find out direction of sunlight. Whether a
hedge make a deep shade for another landscape plants or not?

The
growing of a garden hedge is a very hardworking process, but it is cheaper
then to build a fence of wood, stone or brick. Much patience are required for
growing up a garden hedge – 3 –7 years depending on the  landscape plants:
quickly-grown or slow-grown.

 The
mixed garden hedge of birches and fir-trees looks like a Russian forest.
The mixed garden hedge of trees and bushes grown by nature is simple in garden
service and care of, but occupies extensive area. The mixed and grown by nature
garden hedge are a dwelling for birds, insects, little animals that is very
important for ecology in a garden and provides your landscape design with
emotions. The mixed garden hedge of high deciduous and lower evergreens
(conifer) provides a garden and garden constructions with shade in summer and
sunlight in winter. The garden hedge of conifers looks effectively all the
year.

Landscape
& Garden constructions

Garden
constructions are driveway, paths, walks, walling, garden pavilion, gazebo,
pergola, screened porch and arch, and at last different items of rocks in the
garden.

Driveway, paths,
walks — designers are carrying out paving by stone for driveway, using a
sand or gravel for garden paths and walks. This garden constructions is the
first step in the maintenance of a landscape design.

Walling – whether
it to be for privacy, shelter, to create a barrier or simply to frame an area,
walls can play an important part in landscape design. This garden construction
is built not often.

 Pavilion, gazebo –
is a not big building for the rest near a reservoir in a garden with excellent
panorama of a landscape design. As a rule pavilions have dot a simple garden
construction. This garden construction is to be carried out according to the
project . In the project of a  garden construction of the pavilion 
is to have got some decorative elements. Lianas planted near a pavilion attach
a particular romance to this garden construction.

                              Pergola
– here we use the term “pergola” to mean any kind of garden constructions formed
from rows of upright wooden pillars supporting horizontal beam such as covered
walkways. Pergola is an attractive element of landscape design.

 Arch and
porch – a decorative screened arch or porch covered with climbing roses and honeysuckle
vines attract beetles and butterflies. In landscape design one can use arch and
porch of different materials: wood, stone, metal. Pergola, a decorative
screened porch covered with climbing roses and honeysuckle vines
attract   butterflies.

Paths, walks &
driveways

What’s
more appealing than a winding path that draws your family and friends further
into your world?  Paths and Walkways, as design elements, direct traffic
expressively.  Who you are, your home and your family are at the essence of the
path you create with your Selfscapes designer.

Having
a path or walkway can lead to any part of a homeowners yard. Whether it be a
firepit, pond, waterfall or garden; all of which can be created with Selfscape
designers. Selfscape can create a design for any family.  

Create
a path in the garden is hard work, but certainly within the reach of the lovers
of DIY.As soon as it rains, the paths and the paths of the garden covered with
gravel, sand or grass easily become muddy and not very viable. One way to avoid
this is to create a path paved with stones (natural or artificial) which not
only enable us to walk in a more clean and safe but also, if made ​​with
expertise, to enhance the environment of the garden itself .

Of
course, you can also find slabs of agglomerated material at a good price, we
invite you to visit the special page dedicated to materials for external paving
. In this article we will try to adopt the most economical solution in absolute
but not without aesthetic value if done properly. In commerce there are molds
made ​​of plastic material which present the joints that allow to realize
different shapes by pouring into a casting of concrete.

If you want to save even more money you can make
yourself formwork with strips of wood and a few nails, nothing could be
simpler.

You have to first lubricate the molds with oil serving
us of an old rag, this will ensure that the concrete can transform themselves
without difficulty once dry, when we’re going to remove the mold.

As I said, thanks to the cuts applied on the strips
can be made ​​different ways, once we have decided what form do not realize we
have to pour the concrete but not before they had made ​​an indentation in the
ground where we want to slide the driveway. Normally slabs of flooring are
flush with the ground, and to do this, it is necessary to dig the ground to a
depth equal to twice the thickness of the sheets themselves.

Part of the excavated material should be kept to put
it back inside the joints between the slabs which can be more or less broad,
depending on your taste, and where you can then sow the grass. Inside the
excavation should be settled out of the sand to a thickness equal to that of
the plates and smoothed with a trowel to make it suitable to the laying of the
plates themselves and also acting as the background absorption of rainwater.

We realize, therefore, the plates throwing the
concrete, prepared as described in this article. Compress well the concrete
with the trowel, especially in the corners, in such a way that there are no
voids. Always with the trowel lisciamo well the surface of the slab, possibly
by spraying a little water to facilitate the work.

The sheets can be made directly on the driveway or
elsewhere and then transported to the site of the excavation. The slabs of
concrete can be deformed after just over an hour hitting leggeremente the mold
with a hammer. Do not walk on the sheet before 4 or 5 days and if the driveway
will be necessary to reinforce the network with plates of iron during the
pouring of the concrete.

 

Winter
garden

The origin of the winter garden dates back to the 17^th
to 19^th centuries where European nobility would construct large
conservatories that would house tropical and subtropical plants and would act
as an extension of their living space. Many of these would be attached to their
main palaces. Earlier versions would be constructed of masonry with large
windows and a glass roof, usually in the Classical or Gothic styles.  

While in the 19^th century many of these
conservatories were made out of iron and curvilinear glass. Winter gardens were
not just restricted to private residence, many were built for the greater
public. The first large public winter garden was built in 1842-46 in Regent’s Park
in London and was used for evening occasions, large flower shows and social
gatherings.  Other winter gardens, such as The Crystal Palace by
Sir Joseph Paxton in 1851, were soon built and used for a variety of purposes.

The
modern winter garden is usually a garden planted either to produce food, or at
least to remain visibly planted and slowly develop, throughout the winter, or
else a garden whose plants will serve as living decoration all winter. One
basic premise, in temperate or colder regions, to the winter garden is that the
plants may indeed become dormant when snow covers the ground, but will grow
each time the sun heats at least part of the plant to above freezing (snow or
not), especially in regions where snow cover and below-freezing temperatures
are not constant for months at a time.

Greenhouse

A greenhouse is a nurturing environment for plants
that is set apart from the rest of the world. It is a space where in various
conditions like heat, light and moisture can be controlled to a greater degree
than is possible in any outdoor setting. Surely this degree of control has been
a crucial factor in the increasing popularity of greenhouses. They can also be
appealing structures in their own right, contributing to the beauty and harmony
of our backyard environments.

How a garden
greenhouse works

Many people that are new to growing plants don’t fully
understand how a garden greenhouse works. What happens is during the day the
sun emits rays of short wave infrared light. The short wave infrared light is
able to pass through glass. After hitting a surface the waves turn into thermal
energy. This energy is a long wave infrared light that can’t escape. The final
touch to the garden greenhouse is the garden greenhouse gases. These gases
simply act as a blanket for the garden greenhouse.

What
to use your greenhouse nursery for

Many people build a greenhouse nursery just for their
love of gardening. They are able to enjoy flowers and plants all year round.
The greenhouse nursery is a great place to grow fresh herbs and vegetables for
canning and cooking all year, even in the colder months.

Your greenhouse nursery can bring you tons of joy and
keep you busy with your favourite hobby even when there is frost on the ground.
You can construct the greenhouse nursery with a simple knowledge of tools and
construction. You will be given a full guide on step by step instruction to
creating your beautiful greenhouse nursery.

Benefits
of a backyard greenhouse

A backyard greenhouse will trap the sun’s rays and
create a warm humid atmosphere. They can help you grow plants that may
otherwise be difficult to grow in your area’s climate.

Landscape design
on the plot

Landscape design
is a result of human’s activity on a plot of land for creating beautiful
views.  

Landscape design
is a method of providing inside territories with artistic value.

Landscape design
has some styles.  

Landscape style is
a style of landscape design based on natural views without geometric figures,
with flexible forms of garden constructions: paths and walks, walling,
pavilion, pergola, arch, — with flexible forms of garden water features: garden
reservoirs, ponds, — with flexible forms of groups of landscape plants: trees,
bushes, flowers in flower bed.

Designers use a
landscape plants from a nursery that makes the process of greenery very quick
and simple. These elements are well based on the background of garden hedge and
lawn.

Elements of
landscape design:

—   stony
slope with garden pond or reservoir;

—   area
for the rest with garden pavilion or other constructions between trees;

—   wall
of stone with flowers or other rocks in a garden;

—   garden
water features: spring, stream and pond or reservoir with  garden rocks on
the banks and bushes, flowers between them.

   
Landscape project is an artistic passport of a plot. There are usually some
zones in the landscape design of the garden without clear limits, which are in
regard with illumination of sunlight.

   
It’s important to project out beautiful views and isolate poor details, to take
into account the wishes of the plot’s owner and opportunity of 
maintenance of the landscape project. One can have got not many  landscape
plants: trees, bushes, flowers or elements of landscape design in the garden:
flower-bed, pavilion, garden reservoir or pond, garden rocks but everything is
to be in harmony with each other.  

   
We work as with the empty territories which have been taken away under a
landscape, and with old gardens, with forest plots. Usually, landscape design
of forest plots does not suffice an ornament, beauty, bright colors. The eye of
the person has a rest, but it is few emotions loading from this landscape. The
decollate, densely overgrown park or forest has be cleared of low-value
underbrush and defunct trees. It considerably improves the isolation of laid
out a lawn. Landscape design is altered only on areas free from trees. On a
solar glade it is possible to arrange a flower bed, under trees to plant the
long-term flowers well growing in a shade, some bulbous, low bushes. Flowers
and bushes are necessary for distributing on flowering time. And all season
different plants will serially blossom, and landscape design of the plot will
be attractive.

Master
plan drawings

All
beautiful landscapes begin with a plan. But not all plans produce beautiful
landscapes. So the question is: What differentiates good landscaping plans from
bad ones? Good plans incorporate the fundamental principles of art and
landscape design. They also follow a step-by-step design process
that requires a great deal of input from the clients and therefore ensures
that the finished design meets their expectations and fulfills their
needs/desires.

The Process

Interview
and site analysis
—
Your designer will walk through your property with you to identify and document
any likes or dislikes you may have about the site in its current state and get
a general idea of what you want to accomplish. He/she will present various
options and try to determine what style of landscape design suits your tastes.
During this meeting, you also will be asked for the completed questionnaire
which was sent to you in advance of the meeting. The information in the
questionnaire gives us detailed input about your needs and desires
regarding the landscape. The designer will then take measurements and
photographs of the site, record information about the layout of the property,
changes in the terrain, drainage conditions, etc. Using this information, a
conceptual plan will be drafted. 

Conceptual
plan —
The designer will next meet with you to review the conceptual plan.
It will provide an overview of the project and will give details about such
things as the location and general content of planting beds, the placement and
nature of hardscape and/or water features, and the creation or remaking of
functional areas within the landscape. During this meeting, you should check
the conceptual plan against the questionnaire that you completed during the
site analysis to determine if all of your needs and desires are being addressed. 

Master plan
—
Upon approval of the conceptual plan, the designer will then prepare a scaled
master plan which will not only show the layout of planting beds and other
features within the landscape, but also give a comprehensive listing of
plants in the design, and provide specifications on hardscape features. In
some cases, you may be provided with image designs of your landscape showing
before and after photos of how the new landscaping will look, in addition to
being provided with a two-dimensional master plan. In other cases, the design
might also be detailed in 3D designs.

The Benefits

A
cohesive design — It’s a fact that every beautiful
landscape begins with a plan. If you try to construct a landscape without
having an overall design, you’ll end up with a piecemeal look. Our designers
are trained in the principles of landscape design and experienced in the
application of them. We know plants, we know construction techniques, and we
know how to put the two together to create beautiful, functional, long-lasting,
and low-maintenance landscapes that are tailored to meet the needs and desires
of our clients.

An
informative design — What good is nice landscaping if
you don’t know how to maintain it? At Botanica Atlanta, we don’t just
give you a drawing and a list of plants. We give you detailed information about
each plant in the design and a comprehensive maintenance schedule so that you
or your landscaping crew can keep your property looking good as the plants
mature.

A
fulfilled design — The best designs are no good if they are not
properly implemented. Our crews have the experience to expertly do all of the
work in your landscaping installation project from start to finish, including
planting, irrigation, hardscaping, lighting, and more.

Раздел
II.
Ландшафтные растительность

Trees and bushes

 Trees and bushes
are the main elements of landscaping any personal plot no matter whatever size
it has. Any picture will look only better being decorated with a good frame.
And that is the case in the decorative picture of nature. Trees and bushes are
the frame against which background the landscaper creates his artistic sketch. Grouping
the plants in different combinations, the designer can produce unusual and
wonderful pictures, which will give true aesthetic pleasure those who watch all
this.

When choosing trees
and bushes we should take into account climatic conditions, principles of
location and decorative features of plants. Many factors influence the growth
and development of decorative plants and their usage in the «green
building». But the most important ecological factors are the temperature
of the air and the soil, food and water regime, lighting and the composition of
the air. Being the product of the definite environment, the plants in their
turn influence it greatly. Some important factors of environment may be
regulated and corrected by conducting appropriate agrotechnical measures.

The loamy and
sandy-loam soils are considered the best in gardening. They have a good
structure and enough reserve of the nutrient matters. When choosing trees and
bushes for your garden try to take into account not only the purpose of the
territory being planted but also the requirements of the plants to the growth
conditions. You should have clear view of the planting material you are dealing
with. For example you’d better plant the more valuable and nicely blossoming
samples somewhere near the house. At the same time, the more hardy local plants
will do better in the open areas exposed to strong cold winds.

Planting trees and
bushes around the buildings on the territory is carried out according to the
definite plan. It is usually done solitarily or by groups of different sizes.
They can be dense or loose in structure, harmonious or contrasting in forms and
colours. You should be well aware about the appearance of your trees and bushes
in the grown-up state as far back as on the stage of landscape projecting. It
will allow you to define right intervals between plants and will lead to the
demonstration of the highest decorativeness. In negligible planting, the
light-requiring samples often drop out and the trees become thin and bare from
below.

The trees and
bushes that are growing easily usually have very scenic look. In the greening territory,
the crowns of the plants create interesting typical forms and the moments of
picturesqueness with special vivid effect.

 The density of the
crown also gives specific vividness to the green plants. The trees with
powerful crowns — oak, chestnut, ash, elm and white poplar — have rather dense
crowns. The plants with thin branches — birch, willow and rowan — have delicate
crowns. The leaf-bearing trees have oval, round, conical, columned, spherical,
original picturesque and weeping forms of the crown.

The plants with the
conical form of the crown usually used for creating the contrasts and upsetting
the monotony of the horizontal lines.

The trees with
weeping crown have graceful thin branches falling down like a cascade. Those plants look especially
nicely on the banks of reservoirs. Many leaf-bearing samples have weeping crown
form. The decorative forms of birch, European beech, elm, yellow acacia, rowan
and mulberry have this distinctive feature.

The oval and
spherical forms are characterized by perfectly right round, oval and ovoid
crown outlines. The most beautiful samples among leaf-bearing trees with
spherical crown form are sharp-leaved maple, horse chestnut and white acacia.

The pillow-shaped
and outstretched forms can be regarded as dwarf samples. They grow in width
mostly and hardly give any increase in height. As an example, we can call red
elder and box-tree.

But the whole look
of the decorative plants depends not only on the form of crown but also on the
attire, which leaves fruits and flowers create.

The plant colouring
gives the specific look to the garden area and effective vividness to any
planting. In order to use this feature of colouring properly you should know
peculiarities of various plants’ coloration and features of different colours
in all details.

The yellow colour
is one of the brightest ones and it is closer to the white color than other
ones. It is well stood out against any background especially a dark one. The
spatial distance does not influence it a lot. The decorative plants with yellow
leaves and flowers look as though they shone or sparkled in the darkness.
Though they lose that feature when the sun is shining. When there are plants
with yellow colour in the decorative colouring composition it excites warmth
and cheerfulness, helps the decorative group with such colour come out ahead
optically and be light dominant spot in the whole composition.

The red colours are
the most distinguished in any composition of green planting. They possess the
strongest tone influence. These colours always stand out against any
composition of colours no matter what color and how many colours that
composition has. Using the red colour will give the scenery effectiveness and
vividness but you should use that colour carefully because underlined
predominance of the red in the colouring composition may influence ungracefully
and repulsively.

The violet colour
relates to the cold colours. The plants with prevailing violet colour are found
rather rarely. The violet colour goes well enough with yellow, orange and green
colours.

The plants with
white colour have neutral influence. This colour harmonizes with any colour and
especially with cold colours as though refreshing them. Presence of the white
in the composition intensifies the other colours. One more feature of the
plants with white color is their ability to create the effect of the light spot
in the darkness. This feature may be used when you wish to create special night
effects in the green planting.

The green colour is
the main shade of the garden area. It is the color of the lawns, trees and
bushes. The green is the main colour of nature and plays a great role in
creating any colouring composition. Among all colours in nature, the green has
the most number of nuances.

 The flowers and
fruits of decorative plants having been painted in different bright colours
play a crucial role in the colouring dynamic of green planting. For the plants
that are blossoming in spring the most typical flowering takes place before
leaf blooming.

The best seasons
for planting trees and bushes are spring and autumn. The period of spring
planting begins right after the soil thawed out and stops at the beginning of
leaf blooming, in autumn — at the beginning of leaf fall. Most trees and bushes
are planted with open root system into beforehand prepared holes. The plants
with closed root system (with soil clod in tough or soft containers) can be
planted in any season but they require proper care.

You should be
careful about the roots before planting in order they do not get dry. So do not
stay the plants bared in the sun, in the wind or in the frost. But if it
happened then put them into the water for nearly 24 hours. The trees and bushes
are usually planted as deep into the ground as they grew in the nursery. Before
planting, you’d better remove injured roots.

When planting the
hole should be filled with fertile soil mixed with peat, humus or compost. It
is better not to fertilize planted trees until they settle in the environment.
But what you should really do is to water them richly and to realize the
regular soil loosening trying to retain moisture. Some trees and bushes should
be tied to the peg. If necessary you can conduct plant cutting which is usually
done before planting or right away after it. The sprouts are shortened by
one-third of the whole length.

The appearance of
trees and bushes depends greatly on the after-planting care for them during
many years. The care means watering, fertilizing, removing finished blossoming
flowers and inflorescences and maintaining the crown in a good state what can
be done by cutting and thinning out.

When visiting shops,
gardening centers and nurseries you usually come around large variety of
plants. Their assortment is huge but the nicer the plants the more difficult to
decide what will be more suitable for your garden. So before you make a choice
try to find out enough true information about the trees and bushes.

Classifying  flowering plants

You should be familiar with the plants you intend to
plant. Your knowledge in classifying and naming plants would give you the right
choice to select which one is suited to your place, soil, temperature, and
other requirements your plants needs in their growing period.

Different flower plants varies in their growth
patterns. This is critical in your decision making before you endeavor in
flower gardening.

Therefore, don’t  be in a haste to enter into
flowering gardening unless you’re sure you have already the knowledge to enter
into.

Classification
of flowers based on their growth cycle.

Annuals

Flowers in this classification lives only in one
growing season, completing its life cycle (seed, flowering, fruiting, and
death) in that period.

This group includes many weeds, vegetables, and wild
flowers.

The
duration of a cycle is varied, it may be a few weeks to several months,
depending on the species. These flowers are produced for use in the landscape
including some vegetables.

Some popular flowers includes, Geranium (Geranium
spp.), Zinnia (Zinnia elegans), Marigold (Tagetes spp.), and
Pansy (Viola tricolor).

 This class of
plants is again divided by the cultivator into two classes, — the Hardy, and
the Half-hardy or tender kinds.

 Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial
heat at any period of their growth, every stage of their development, from
germination to ripening of the seed, being-passed in the open ground.

They are
the most easily cultivated of all plants; the number of their varieties is
large, and their flowers, when properly grown, are frequently of most
attractive beauty and elegance. It is only to be regretted that they are not
generally cultivated to that extent to which their merit justly entitles them.
The seed may be sown from, the first of April to the middle of June, along the
border, in little patches four or six inches square, or in drills, on the spot
where they are wanted to blossom; and in doing so, care should be taken to have
the different varieties arranged in such a manner as to produce a pleasing
effect when they are in bloom.

 Half-hardy Annuals are those species that flower and
ripen their seeds in the open air, but need the assistance of artificial heat
in the earlier stages of their growth. They should be sown in a hot-bed, or in
pots in a green-house, if one is available, or in a sunny window. Keep them
well shaded, which will prevent absorption by the rays of the sun, and the
consequent necessity of frequent watering, which bakes the soil, and does much
mischief to seeds of slow growth. Toward the middle or end of May, many of the
seedlings will be ready for transplanting to borders; but previous to this exposure,
it will be necessary to harden them, preparatory to removal, by gradually admitting
air to the frame both day and night.

Biennials

This plant completes its life cycle in two growing
seasons. The first season, it produces only the basal leaves, grows its stem,
produces flowers and fruits, and dies in the second season.

The plant usually requires some special environmental
condition or treatment such as exposure to a cold temperature (Vernalization)
to be induced to reproductive phase.

Although annuals and biennials rarely become woody in
temperate regions, these plants may sometimes produce secondary growth in their
stems and roots.

Perennials

They are
herbaceous or woody and grows year-round through the adverse weather condition
of their non-growing periods (winter, summer, winter, and fall) and then flower
and fruit a variable number of years of vegetative growth beyond the
second year.

Perennials survive the unfavorable season as dormant
underground structures (e.g. roots, rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers).

Examples are bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), daylilies
(Lilium spp.), and Irises (Iris spp.).

Identifying two main groups of perennials

1.
Herbaceous Perennials

 Herbaceous perennials are those with more or less
soft, succulent stems.

In temperate climates the tops die after a season of
vegetative growth, sometimes dying down because of drought, sometimes killed by
frost or freezing, sometimes dying simply  after effect of flowering,
fruiting, and producing seeds.

Their
crowns, however, and often their roots, remain alive and produce new stems
and tops another season upon the appearance of conditions favorable for growth.
In other words, their tops are annual, though their below — ground parts are
perennials.

Examples of this group are; Asparagus, rhubarb,
Oriental puppy (Papaver orientale), bleeding heart (Dicentra
spectabilis), and many varieties of Phlox.

In tropic and subtropics climate the tops of
herbaceous perennials may likewise die down, due to natural causes leading to a
period of rest following flowering and seeding, or they may remain alive for
long periods.

Most of the so-called «bulbous plants»,
using the term in its broad sense, are to be classed as herbaceous perennials.

2.
Woody Perennials

Though the stems of many herbaceous perennials and
likewise of many annuals and biennials, become somewhat woody and those of many
woody perennials are rather soft, there is seldom any great difficulty in
distinguishing between them. The difference, however, is in hardness, in
toughness of the woody fiber, rather than in the size or age that the plant
attain.

In the case of trees, shrubs, or vines that survive
for a number of years there is never a question as to how they should be
classified.

Some plants, however, growing as woody perennials in
their growing habitat, take on the characteristics of herbaceous perennials
when grown where their tops freeze to the ground in the winter but where the
temperature is not enough to destroy their roots.

Plant
growth forms

One way in classifying plants is its stands in
relation to the ground. Some of the types of growth forms of flowering plants
are as follows:

1. 
Erect

An erect stem has no support, it stands upright at 90-degree angle
to the ground level. These plants have strong stems and stiff branches which
can withstand strong wind and other adverse condition.

2.
Decumbent

Plants under this form are extremely inclined, with
the tips raised.

3.
Creeping or repent

These plants crawls on the ground, produces
adventitious roots at specific points on the stem. Stems that grow horizontally
in this fashion are called stolons.

4.
Climbing

These are vines that needs support to stand its own.
If there is no support their tendency is to creep on the ground. There are
three general modes of climbing; Twiners, are climbing plants that simply wrap
their stingy stems around a support, another modes is the climber which
develops its cylindrical structures called tendrils that are used to coil
around the support on physical contact, and the other mode of climbing is by
adventitious roots formed on aerial parts of the plants.

Other
operational
plant classifications

Flowering plants
may be used in a variety of other ways, both indoors and outdoors. They are
classified according to the following uses:

1.
Bedding plants

These are annual plants raised for planting outdoors
in flower beds. Started from seed indoors in the off-season and transplanted
later in the growing season.

Examples includes Petunia (Petunia spp.), Zinnia
(Zinnia elegans), Pansy (Viola tricolor), and Marigold (Tagetes
spp.).

2. 
Hanging plants

These are hanging basket plants either annual or
perennial, flowering or foliage, raised in decorative containers and hung by
equally elegant ropes from the ceiling in the patio, in the doorway area, or
from decorative plant poles.

Examples are Geranium (Geranium spp.), and
Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum).

3. 
House plants

These plants are adapted to indoor conditions. They
are grown in containers, usually slow growing, and may be flowering or foliage
plants.

Examples are Sansevieria (Sansevieria spp.)
Indian Rubber plant (Ficus elastica), Philodendron (Philodendron
spp.), Medicine plant (Aloe vera), and Pothos (Scindapus aureus).

 

How to create tree flower beds

When you are planting a garden around your tree,
protect your tree by following some simple guidelines about applying topsoil
and avoiding the tree roots when planting. Then select plants that are
compatible with your geographical region and the specific shade requirements of
your garden plot. Lastly, learn how to plant your bed and maintain the plants
with regular watering and care.

Method 1 of 3: Protecting your tree

Leave the base around the trunk of the
tree free of any soil or mulch. Do your planting starting at least 12
inches from the tree’s trunk, and go out from there. Make sure that where the
trunk becomes wider and the roots are exposed that the bark remains uncovered.
Do not create a raised flower bed around the tree base. The bark on the exposed
roots of a tree needs oxygen, and if the roots are covered they will rot over
time.

Trim the
low branches of your tree. You want to allow as much light as you
can to reach the flowers and plants below your tree. So get out a pair of
trimming shears and trim any low, thin branches. Remember, however, that living
branches should be on at least ⅔ of the plant’s height, so never trim more than
⅓ of the living branches of your tree.

• You
  can get pruning shears at a hardware store.
• Only
  remove branches that are less than 5 cm in diameter.
• Trim
  thin V-shaped branches. Avoid trimming healthy U-shaped branches.
• Find
  a bud on the branch outside of the collar of the branch. The collar is
  where the branch meets the base of the tree and it is slightly swollen
  out. Cut at a slight angle of about an ¼ inch above the bud.

Try
not to damage the trunk or roots when planting. Do not use your tools
or shovel to move or cut any of the major roots of the tree. If you find a root
that is bigger than 1 and ½ to 2 inches in diameter, move your hole a couple
inches away to prevent cutting at the root accidentally. If you are planting
between two major roots, make a hole just big enough to plant the plant or
flower in. If you find roots while you are digging the bed, do not plant there,
fill the soil back in, and find a new spot to plant.

Use
a hand shovel instead of a larger shovel to avoid damaging the roots of your
tree.

If
you cut into mats of smaller tree roots while you are digging don’t worry —
they will regrow without much trouble.

If
you cut into the tree you make it more susceptible to disease and insect
problems.

Know what kind of tree you are planting
under.
Depending on the kind of tree you are planting under, you should be more
careful about how many plants you plant. You may want to plant under a tree
that is better suited for gardening at its base. If you do have a tree that is
more sensitive, consider starting small and choose a few small plants rather
than creating a dense garden at the base of the tree. If you have a tree that
is sensitive, create a plan for your garden that will span a few years, so your
tree can gradually acclimate to the new planting.

• Be
  cautious when planting under these trees because they are sensitive about
  having their roots disturbed:
• Beeches
• Black
  oak
• Buckeyes
• Cherries
  and plums
• Dogwoods
• Hemlocks
• Larches
• Lindens
• Magnolias
• Pines
• Red
  oaks
• Scarlet
  oaks
• Sugar
  maples

Method 2 of 3: Choosing the plants

Grow plants that are sun or shade
compatible with your planting area. You first need to know how much
sun exposure your bed receives. Observe your garden over the course of a day,
and consider how your shade and sunlight levels will change in the different
seasons. When buying plants, the descriptions will indicate how much sun they
will need.

o   Full sun means
that during the middle of the day in the growing season the area will get six
or more hours of direct sunlight. If this is the case for your bed, you will
have a wide range of plants you can choose from.

o   Partial sun means
that the area receives direct sunlight from the sunrise until noon. The reason
this is not full sun is because the sun in the morning is not as strong as sun
in the middle of the day.

o   Partial shade is
when your spot receives sunlight from 3 p.m. until the end of the day. Partial
shade also applies to areas that have dappled or filtered sunshine for the full
day.

o   Full shade
would mean that the area is on the north side of a building or that the tree
coverage is very dense and that even dappled sunshine does not show through.
Although your options will be fewer, you can still find suitable, attractive
plants for your bed.

Pay attention to the mature size of the
plant.
Make sure that when the plant is full size that it will fit well under the tree
and in the space you have. Buy small and low growing plants for your bed.
Plants that will get tall may start to block sunlight for any smaller plants in
the bed or encroach on the lower branches of tree.

Choose the flowers to plant under your
tree.
Planting flowers under your tree can make for a very attractive bed. Consider
planting in a cluster of 3-5 different kinds of flowers or shrubs to create a
more textured or flourishing look. Consider the zone where you are planting as
well. When you buy plants, make sure they are suited for your region. For
example, if you live in the desert, there are many flowers that are difficult
to successfully grow in the summer because of the heat.

Choose a shrub to plant under your tree. These
plants are easy to maintain and can add great variety to your bed. You will
want to make sure that whatever shrub you buy is low growing. Once again,
consider the sunlight and region where you live when you are selecting your
plants. Shrubs are great for growing under trees because they can thrive with
less light and/or moisture.

Method 3
of 3: Planting and after-care

Know when to plant. You
should plant any flower other than a pansy after the last frost of the spring.
Pansies are heartier and can withstand the cold. Other flowers will die if you
plant them and a frost comes. Find the average last frost date from the
previous year. Search online at plantmap.com for the last frost in your area.
You can also use the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) to
obtain data on the last frost date in your location.

Certain plants will thrive best if they are planted
during a specific time or at certain temperatures, so pay attention to the care
instructions for your plant. For example, irises grow best if you plant them in
the late summer or early fall instead of in the spring. You can go to
www.garden.org to read more about how to care for your specific plant.

Note when you are buying your plants that annuals will
grow just one season and perennials will last at least two seasons.

Set a
perimeter for your bed. You don’t need to create a border;
however, you should know where the perimeter of your bed is to know where to
plant. Take a shovel and mark off the diameter of the bed. Remember that you
should start planting a foot out from the trunk of the tree, so 24 inches may
be a good place to make a perimeter.

Cultivate the soil in your bed. Using
your hand shovel, loosen the ground in your bed, and remove any weeds or debris
under the tree. Add an inch or two of topsoil to the loosened ground. You can
buy a premixed bag blended for perennial plants or annual plants from a
hardware store.

Dig a hole a little deeper and wider than
the container of your plant. Use your hands or your hand shovel to
make a hole for your plant. Remember to dig a few inches away from the roots of
the tree and a foot away from the base of the trunk.

Take the plant carefully out of its
container.
If it is a small pack with several flowers, push up from the bottom and lift
the plant out from the roots. Untangle any roots that are stuck to the bottom
of the container. If it is a potted plant, place your hand over the surface of
the soil, and turn the plant over into the palm of your hand.

Loosen the roots of the plant. Take the
outside of the root ball, and gently untangle some of the roots at the edge of
the root ball. You do not want the roots to remain a dense mass, and untangling
them a bit will allow the roots to plant more easily into the new soil.

Place the plant in the hole, and cover it
with soil.
Gently put the plant into the new soil, and take your new topsoil and cover the
flower roots. Then press down on the soil around the base of the flower with
your hands. Now your plant is almost set- repeat the above steps to plant the
rest of your shrubs and flowers before you water.

Hold the plant by the roots rather than by the stems
at all times.

Leave your plants room to grow, and weed
your flower bed regularly. When you are planting, do not plant the
flowers or shrubs too close together. Find out how big the plants are going to
grow, and consider how densely you want the area to be populated with plants. Leave
at least 2-3 inches of space between each plant. In addition, you should
maintain your flower bed by weeding regularly. Use your hands and pluck out any
unwanted plants that are growing around your flowers and plants by the root. If
weeds are left unattended they can choke your flowers and take their nutrients.

Make a schedule on your calendar for when you should
be weeding your flower bed to help keep you on track with your weeding.

Water the area where you have planted your
flowers thoroughly. Water consistently after you have planted your
plants. When the plants roots have to compete with the roots of a tree they
will need more water. Set a watering schedule for your plants to help you keep
track of when you have watered them and when you will need to water them again.

Every year add another inch of organic
matter to your garden. You can add organic matter or more
topsoil to your garden that is suited for your kinds of flowers, perennial or
annual. You need to add organic matter because the bacteria and fungi in
organic matter is food for your plants. You can make your own organic matter
for your garden by composting. Using your vegetable scraps, garden clippings,
leaves or manure, you can provide the nutrients your plants need to thrive year
after year.

How
to build a flower bed

While starting a flower bed requires some planning and
forethought beforehand, it’s not as difficult as one might think to build a
flower bed from scratch. There are many types of flower gardens and no two are
ever quite the same. You can plant a flower bed any way you like – big or
small, curved or straight, raised or flat – whatever. Flower beds can also be
changed as time goes on or as space permits. Let’s look at how to create a
flower bed.

So you want to build a flower bed. Where do you begin?
Before starting a flower bed, you need to plan ahead. Take a stroll around your
property and choose a suitable location. Take note of available light and
nearby structures. Determine the whereabouts of any underground utility lines
and the nearest water source.

Before you plant a flower bed, you should make a
sketch. This is important, as it allows you to play around with ideas, like the
size and shape of the flower bed. It will also make it easier when choosing
plants, as these should always be compatible to the area. Use a hose, spray
paint or flour to mark out and shape the bed. If building a raised bed,
determine the type and amount of edging material as well.

How
to start a flower bed

Once you know how to create a flower bed, you’re ready
to build it. Depending on its location, size and whether or not containers are
used, starting a flower bed often begins with the removal of grass. There are
several ways to accomplish this – dig it out, apply herbicide or smother it
with cardboard or newspaper.

If you choose to dig out the grass, it will be easier
to use a flat shovel. Dig down about four or five inches around the bed’s
perimeter. Include sections inside the bed as well, especially for larger ones.
Then carefully lift out or peel back the sod. Clear out any debris and loosen
the soil, working in organic matter. Add some plants, water thoroughly and
mulch generously to keep out weeds. Don’t forget to add an attractive border to
define the edges.

Most people prefer the no-dig approach. It starts with
eliminating the grass as we did in the dig method. While using herbicides can
effectively kill grass, it may not be suitable for planting until much later,
as herbicides are not environmentally friendly. However, you can easily smother
grass quickly and effectively without the use of harmful chemicals simply by
using cardboard or newspaper.

You can start the no-dig bed in early spring for
summer planting or build a flower bed in fall, as grass begins to go dormant.
Fill the area with cardboard or several layers of newspaper and saturate with
water. Add about six inches of compost or rich soil on top with another layer
of organic mulch (like straw) on top of this. You can plant a flower bed right
away if the grass was dug out or within the next season using the no-dig
method.

Knowing how to start a flower bed, along with careful
planning beforehand, makes building one as easy as that!

 

Greenery

Greenery
is the planting of plants. Planting of greenery is a laborious process. You are
to take into account peculiarity of soil, light, humidity, relief. Then 
to choose landscape plants for greenery, which have necessary frost-,
winter-cold- and drought-resistance. Some landscape plants for greenery love a
bright light, some landscape plants for greenery prefer scattered light or
shade. There are landscape plants for greenery which well naturalized for
long-term cold spells. We cultivate only such landscape plants for greenery in
our nursery for plots, and heat-loving landscape plants use for interior
landscape design for home and office.

Landscape
plants for greenery we cultivate in our nursery on the North from Moscow and
guarantee their taking root. We have got young landscape plants for greenery in
our nursery newly grown from seeds (seedling), landscape  plants for
greenery grown by cutting shot piece of a plant (graft) and landscape plants
for greenery newly grown by layers. Our nursery guarantee quality of the
landscape plants for greenery of your garden.. Different methods of propagation
supply our company with qualitative saplings in sufficient quantity. We sell
our landscape plants for greenery in pots and drugged out with clumps of earth.

Greenery
needs some analyses of a soil. It is necessary to carry out:

— topographical
survey;

— to
find out of the subsoil water’s level;

— analyze
fertility of a soil (strongly acid, weakly acid, neutral, strongly or weakly
alkaline, how much humus, nutrient elements it has);

— if
it is necessary to make a project of drainage system;

— if
it is necessary to make a project of automatic sprinkling system;

Landscape
plants (trees and bushes) differ from each other by color, size of leaves and
flowers, by trunks and sprouts. One is to get to know peculiarity of growth
and  developing of trees and bushes so that to compose them
nicely.  

We
can also plant on your plot fruit-bearing tree or and bush.

Planting
of greenery in a garden, cultivating of landscape plants — trees, bushes,
flowers in plant nursery;

Lawn,
garden hedge, flower bed plants, garden service and care of;

Garden
constructions: driveway, paths, walks, walling; pavilion, gazebo, pergola,
arch, porch;

Garden
water features: garden reservoir, pond, stream, cascade, waterfall, rocks in a
garden;

Interior
landscape design for home and office.

Раздел III. Экология

Water resources

Russia has
unique water resources, almost equal to one fourth of the global water
resources. However, these resources are poorly accounted and managed, and they
are unequally distributed across the country. The majority of high quality
water resources of Russia are concentrated in the mountain regions, the Baikal
Lake, and rivers of the Eastern Siberia and Far East, from where it is
difficult to deliver water to other regions of the country. As a result, many
regions have to use poor quality water.

For a long time, no real measures were taken to change
the situation with water in Russia. In the last 20 years, the situation in the
utilities sector deteriorated significantly, and now potable water and
international quality standards achievement are extremely acute issues. 11
million residents of the Russian Federation use water, which is unsuitable for
drinking. 50 million Russians, i.e. a third of the population use poor quality
water daily. The wear and tear of water supply and discharge networks is 70 %.

Current situation is yet not considered as a crisis or
even a disaster. At the same time, even now there are several zones, where the
water crisis signs in Russia become obvious:

1.   Urban
water supply.

The existing water supply system in Russia use
obsolete Soviet times technology, the key assets are exhausted, and go out
faster and faster. Investments and implementation of new technologies for the
system re-equipment may not catch up with the obsolescence and breakdown of the
key assets.

2.   Exhausted
tanks preventing urban and industrial growth.

At present, the key water tanks in residential and
industrial centers are more and more exhausted in Russia. As a result, in
2020-2030-s, the lack of water may create significant challenges for the growth
and development of the main industrial and urban centers in the Russian
Federation.

3.   Agricultural
development.

The
overall demographic situation in the world suggests that already in the next 10
years the global food crisis will become more acute. According to experts, due
to its vast territories and moderate climate, Russia can potentially become one
of the major grain producers in the world. To achieve this, it is necessary
that Russian agriculture switches to such a system, which is stably functioning
regardless of climatic conditions and condition of (shallow) rivers. This
requires new water supply systems with the use of modern international
technologies.

Russia’s position as regards to the global water
situation is twofold:

·       On the one
hand,
the southern regions and the European part of the Russian Federation (i.e. the
industrially developed zones and promising regions) are approaching the
situation of the European countries and the US, where in the nearest future
several regional water crises with potential global impact are expected;

·       On the
other hand,
Russia has significant fresh water reserves (Baikal and Siberian regions).

The following 3 issues are currently the most acute
for Russia:

1.   Development
of the state water management policy.

This is an interdepartmental and interdisciplinary
issue, as it requires settlement of various conflicts of interests: cities and
residents, agriculture, transport, hydro energy, industry, etc. Development of
the state water management policy both at the federal and regional level
requires a shift in water resource management paradigm from the water resource
distribution concept to the concept of management of reducing and deteriorating
resource. Such management requires new approach, and another management
process.

2.   Establishment
of an expert community.

At
present, the lack of an established expert community capable of discussing long
term water and water management issues as an interdepartmental and
interdisciplinary issue is one of the key problems in Russia. Similar processes
of expert community establishment are underway in the US, Australia, European
countries, and Japan, China has joined this process, and India starts to join
it also. Position and voice of Russia in the global water context are extremely
important. At present, the Russian Water Association is the site suitable for
establishment of Russian expert community and relations with the international
water community in the Russian Federation.

3.   Establishment
of an adequate and correct community attitude towards water (from
water conservation to water quality) is one of the most acute issues in
Russia.

Forest Fires

A forest fire is
most often referred to as a wildfire or a bush fire. Any fire, that spreads
uncontrollably over an expanse of vegetation or forest cover in the wild is
called a forest fire. A forest fire generally occurs when the vegetation and
forest cover in an area is completely dried out due to a heat wave or a drought
condition. Once a forest fire begins, it spreads very rapidly and becomes very
difficult to control. When out of control, they can cause extensive damage to
not only the forest cover, but also to human life and the environment. A forest
fire can occur in any area that provides the basic ingredients for a fire:
oxygen, heat and combustible fuel. A forest fire is different from other fires
because of the wide area that it covers, the breakneck speed by which it
spreads, its ability to change directions in a random manner and also to jump
partitions and continue to burn.

There are two
types of causes of forest fires. Whatever the cause is, the degree of the fire
has nothing to do with it. A small source could end up destroying an entire
forest, while a seemingly more dangerous source may start a fire that can be
easily controlled. Forest fires have two main causes: they are either natural
or caused by man.

 Natural
Causes:
Natural causes of forest fires include lightning, volcanic eruptions, and also
the sparks that fly off when two rocks collide with each other forcefully or
when they fall from a height.

Man-Made: Forest fires are
caused by people when they throw cigarette butts in a dry vegetative area, when
sparks fly off during the handling of heavy machinery in the forest are or even
by the overhead wires running across forests. While more than half of these are
caused by accident, some of them are caused by simple human negligence,
something that can be very well avoided.

The
region in which the forest is located also influences the cause of the fire.
For instance an area prone to a lot of rainfall, with very tall trees and
possible electric wires, will be more likely to catch fire by lightning,
whereas, an area that is more inhabited by humans, is more prone to a fire
caused by arson or negligence.

Effects of a Forest Fire

Positive Effects

• Forest
  fires are important for the life cycle of many trees. What a fire does is,
  it takes all the warm air above the trees. This warm air makes all the
  cones in the trees dry up and when the cones dry, they pop and the seeds
  fall onto the ground giving rise to more growth.
• Any
  undergrowth that surrounds trees within the forest gets cleared by forest
  fires. This makes it easy for the new plants to grow more easily.
• Also,
  any dead and decaying matter in and on the soil gets burned and cleared
  off, which allows new plants to grow.
• The
  smoke from the forest fires can also act as an exterminator of poisonous
  insects within the forest. The fire helps to get rid of diseased plants
  from within the forest.

Negative
Effects

• The
  first harmful effect of a forest fire is definitely the devastating loss
  of forest cover. Entire forests can get wiped off due to forest fires,
  which can severely harm the ecological balance of nature and cause changes
  in the climate of the region.
• The
  next harmful effect of forest fires is the increase in the level of air
  pollution in the surrounding area. The smoke can be very hazardous to
  humans and animals living in the area and can cause death by excess
  inhalation.
• Economically
  speaking, a lot of valuable timber is lost in forest fires, which can lead
  to losses in various fields.

Managing
a forest fire is not an easy task. Firemen have to work days on end to get the
fire under control and then finally put it out. So if you happen to visit a
wooded area, make sure that you take all the necessary precautions and measures
to see to it that you don’t, in any way start one.

Environmental
protection

Some
hundreds of years ago, people lived in harmony with nature, because industry
was not much developed. Today, however, the contradictions between man and
nature are dramatic.

The
twenty first century is a century of the scientific and technological progress.
The achievements of the mankind in mechanization and automation of industrial
processes, in chemical industry and conquering outer space, in the creation of
atomic power stations and ships are amazing. But at the same time, this
progress gave birth to a very serious problem – the problem of environment.

 Ecology and the
contamination of environment, is concerned with climate, over-population in
certain areas, deaths of plant and animals, chemical contamination of seas,
lakes and rivers as well as atomic experiments and dumping of atomic waste from
power stations. Floods, unexpected draughts, and the greenhouse effect are the
next reasons.

There
are many consequences of damaging the environment. One of them is acid rain.
Another one is water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in
agriculture. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through
pollution from factories and plants. The fourth problem is damage o water and
soils. The fifth one is damage to wildlife: numerous species of animals and
plants can disappear. At last, the most serious danger arising from damaging
the environment is the result of the abovementioned consequences. This is the
danger for the life and health of the man.

The
protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political programme
in every country. Numerous anti-pollution acts passed in different countries
led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying systems
for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been
taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters.

But
the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country.
Their solution requires the co-operation of all nations.

If
we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from
damage caused by man’s activities, very soon we’ll have no world to live in.

Tree pests and diseases

Listed
below are a few common pests and diseases that you may encounter with your
trees.

Pests:

Whiteflies are small
winged insects that fly up in clouds when you touch an infected plant. Signs of
infection include yellow stippling at first, then leaves that curl and turn
brown. To prevent whitefly infestations, carefully inspect indoor and
greenhouse plants before planting them in your garden. Natural enemies of the
whitefly include lacewing larvae, Delphastus pusillus (a species of lady
beetle), Encarisa formosa and Eretmocerus californicus (both
species of parasitic wasps.) You can also handpick heavily infested leaves, use
yellow sticky traps, hose off the plant with a jet of water or use insecticidal
soap, azadirachtin, horticultural oil or pyrethrins.

 Aphids are small
insects ranging from pinhead to matchhead size. They may be black, white, pink,
or pale green. They cluster together on young shoots, buds and leaves. They
pierce the leaves and stems of a plant and suck out its juices. Some may also
transmit viral diseases. The best control tactic is to do nothing and leave the
pests to natural controls. There are a number of creatures that prey on aphids
including lady beetles, lacewing larvae, soldier beetles, syrphid flies,
predatory midges, parasitic wasps, and even lizards and some birds. Aphids can
also be blasted with strong jets of water or sprayed with insecticidal soap.
Pesticides should only be used when the infestation is severe.

Thrips are
almost microscopic. They feed by rasping soft flower and leaf tissue and
sucking plant juices. They may also spread plant disease. Symptoms of a heavy
infestation include flowers and leaves that are discolored and fail to open
normally, and look twisted or stuck together. Leaves may take on a silvery or
tan cast. Numerous small, black, varnishlike fecal pellets on leaf undersides
indicate the presence of thrips. Natural enemies include lacewing larvae,
minute pirate bugs, predaceous thrips, mites, and spiders. Insecticidal soap,
horticultural oil, acephate and malathion can be used to control infestations.

Scales are related to
mealybugs and aphids, but have a waxy, shell-like covering.  They
have a number of natural enemies including lady beetles. Scale-infested plants
can also be
hosed off frequently. Scales can be handpicked off plants or scraped off with a
scouring pad. With deciduous trees, adult scales can be killed in the winter
with horticultural oil. Horticultural oil, inseticidal soap and insecticides
are effective against scales when they are in the crawler stage.

Diseases:

Anthracnose is caused
by fungi and appears early in the growing season. It seldom kills plants.
Symptoms vary but include sunken, gray or tan to dark brown spots on leaves,
stems, fruit or twigs. Leaves may wither or drop. The spores that cause
anthracnose are spread by rain and garden sprinklers. To discourage the disease,
avoid overhead watering and use mulch to decrease splashing. Plant resistant
varieties whenever possible. Remove infected leaves, fruit, twigs and branches
and destroy them.

 Fireblight is the
result of a bacterial infection and attacks only members of the rose family
that produce pomes. This includes (but is not limited to) apple, crabapple,
hawthorn and pear species. It causes shoots to blacken and die suddenly. Plant
resistant varieties whenever possible. Once the disease has appeared, prune out
and discard diseased branches. Disinfecting tools can help keep the disease
from spreading.

 Oak Root
Fungus
results from an infection by the fungus Armillaria mellea. It destroys
trees and other woody plants by gradually decaying their roots, eventually
girding the plant. The first symptoms may be dull or yellowed leaves and/or
sparse foliage. Leaves may then wilt and branches die. If a tree is infected
with oak root fungus, you will see a layer of whitish fungal tissue under the
bark of the trunk or large roots. Clumps of tan mushrooms may appear around the
base of infected plants in late autumn or early winter. Plant resistant
varieties whenever possible. There is no chemical control.

Powdery
Mildew
is a group of diseases caused by fungi that infects leaves, buds, flowers
and/or stems. It first appears as small, white or gray circular patches on
plant tissue, then spreads rapidly to form powdery areas of fungus. New growth
may be stunted and blossoms may fail to set fruit or may produce fruit covered
with fungus. Plant resistant varieties whenever possible. To control the fungus
once present, spray infected plants with jets of water early in the morning.
Pick off and destroy infected leaves and flowers.

Verticillium
wilt
results from a fungus that invades and plugs the water-conducting tissues in
the roots and stems of plants. A common symptom is the wilting or death of one
side of the plant. Leaves turn yellow or brown, then die. Entire branches die
as the disease progresses. Infected mature trees may linger on for long
periods. The fungus can survive in the soil for years, even in the absence of
host plants. Plant resistant varieties whenever possible. Mildly affected trees
may recover. Aid recovery with deep but infrequent irrigation.

Sudden Oak
Death Syndrome, or SODS is a forest disease caused by Phytophthora
ramorum, a fungus-like pathogen. It can be fatal to some plants, including
coast live oak, black oak, Shreve oak and tan oak. P. ramorum affects
different species in a variety of ways, and is spread through a wide number of
host species, including the California bay laurel and rhododendron varieties.
The pathogen itself is spread by wind-blown rain.

Интернет-источники:

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_design

2) http://landscaping.about.com/cs/designexamples1/a/diy_landscaping.htm

3) http://poolandpatio.about.com/od/patiolandsaping/fl/What-is-the-Difference-Between-Hardscape-and-Softscape.htm

4) http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapedesigner1/a/become_designer.htm

5) http://www.rusticgirls.com/landscaping/greener-lawn.html

6) http://www.greenhousesonline.com.au/pages.php?pageid=15

7) http://pages.towson.edu/lieb/tuwired/flowers4.htm

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-206609/plant

9) http://www.wikihow.com/Create-Tree-Flower-Beds

10) http://www.nprvo.ru/en/water/sector/

11) http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC681E/ac681e09.htm

12) http://canopy.org/caring-for-trees/trees-and-water/

Строить – Build [ bɪld ]
Дом – House [ haʊs ]
Контракт, договор – Contract [ ˈkɑːntrækt ]
Заказчик – Customer [ ˈkʌstəmər ]
Кран – Crane [ kreɪn ]
Архитектура – Architecture [ ˈɑːr.kɪ.tek.tʃɚ ]
Кирпич – Brick [ brɪk ]
Чердак – Attic [ ˈæt̬- ]
Крыша – Roof [ ruːf ]
Фасад – Facade [ fəˈsɑːd ]
Объём работ – Scope of work [ skoʊp ]
Жилой – Residential [ ˌrez.ɪˈden.ʃəl ]
Конструкция, постройка – Construction [ kənˈstrʌkʃn ]

Хочешь жить долго, строй деревянный дом.
Хочешь, чтоб дом долго стоял, строй каменный.
If you want to live long, build a wooden house. If you want the house to stand for a long time, then you need to build a stone house

Ура! Hам предложили крупный контракт на постройку 12-этажного жилого дома. Hooray! We were offered a large contract for the construction of a 12-storey residential building.

Заказчик требует назвать конкретные сроки.
The customer requires a time frame.

Обсуждали проект. Алексей предлагает крупноблочную архитектуру. Иван говорит, что блоки громоздкие, плохо стыкуются друг с другом, содержат много лишнего и вообще еще неизвестно, какие у них там внутри трещины. Hастаивает, что все надо строить по старинке, из кирпича, хоть это и намного дольше.
They discussed the project. Alexey offers a large-block architecture. Ivan says that the blocks are bulky, do not fit well with each other, there is a lot of superfluous and in general is still unknown what they have there inside the crack. He insists that everything should be built in the old-fashioned way, out of bricks, although this is longer.

Алекс строит чердак и крышу. Поскольку верхних этажей еще нет, строить приходится на земле. Потом поднимем краном. Alex is building an attic and a roof. Since there are still no upper floors, it is necessary to build on the ground. Then we lift the crane.

– Что будем строить? What are we going to build?
– Утеплять фасад здания, используя технологию ветилируемых фасадов. Warming the facade of the building, using the technology of vetilated facades.
– Кто будет закупать материал? Who will buy the material?
– Заказчик. Что вам нужно? Customer. What you need?
– По проэкту нужна вата шириной 100 мм, крепления и другое. The project requires cotton wool 100 mm wide, fasteners and other.
– За один квадратный метр заказчик предлагает работникам 1000 рублей, вы согласны? For one square meter, the customer offers employees 1,000 rubles, do you agre
– Каков общий объём работы? What is the total amount of work?
– 3000 квадратных метров. 3000 square meters
– Да, давайте составим договор. Yes, let’s draft a contract.

Аудиторные тексты

Прочитайте
и переведите текст, обращая внимание
на слова и выражения после текста

Text 1. Concrete

It
is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete
is the very building material which led to great structural
innovations. The most important quality is its property to be formed
into large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for
making concrete are cement, aggregate and water. Cement is the most
essential material and the most important one for making concrete of
high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt at
high temperature and ground up into powder. During the grinding a
small percentage of raw gypsum is added otherwise it would set too
quickly. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials
different types of cement are obtained: Portland cement, blast
furnace cement, rapid-hardening cement and many others.

Concrete
is made by binding together particles of sand and gravel, stone or
broken brick. The binding agent used is a paste of Portland cement
and water, in suitable proportions. When water is added to the
cement, hydration takes place. This causes the whole mixture to set
and harden, forming a solid mass. Cement starts hardening one hour
after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for
about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing. The
strength of concrete under favourable conditions increases with age.
The strength of concrete is very rapid in the early stages, but
continues more slowly for an indefinite period amounting to years.
The sand, gravel (or broken stone) are termed “aggregate”; sand
is known as “fine aggregate”, and gravel as “coarse aggregate”.
Concrete can be made on a building site and poured into position as a
wet mix, or it may be used as the materials for making prefabricated
units in a plant.

The
characteristics of concrete depend upon the quality of the materials
used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and amount of water.
The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard,
strong, durable, fire-resistant and economical. To get the best of
concrete the following considerations should be kept in mind
(помнить):

1. The most suitable proportions of cement and aggregate are: 1 part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts of gravel.

2.
The water used for mixing cements, limes and plasters must be
reasonably clean. Pond, river and canal water often contain different
impurities and should not be used without examination. Water fit for
drinking can be assumed to be free from harmful ingredients. Excess
of water is detrimental to the ultimate strength of the concrete.

3. The sand should be clean. Therefore, if impurities are present, the binding is affected.

Concrete
can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and
reinforced concrete (ferro-concrete) where it is necessary to
introduce steel. Plain or mass concrete can be used for almost all
building purposes. Ferro-concrete is used in building bridges and
arches, dams and dock-walls, for structures underwater, for
foundations, columns and beams. The use of concrete and
ferro-concrete is almost universal.

Imagine lead (led, led) burn (burnt, burnt) grind add rapid (in)definite amount pour obtain (get) depend on kind particle set (harden) last favourable increase age call cause continue slow(ly) grade require(ment) reasonable clean impurity contain assume harmful sufficient excess detrimental ultimate introduce dam beam

Представить привести сжигать измельчать, дробить добавлять быстрый определенный (неопределенный) количество, доходить до заливать получать зависеть вид частица схватываться, твердеть, застывать длиться благоприятный увеличиваться возраст, срок службы называть(ся) вызывать, являться причиной продолжаться медленный (медленно) качество сорт; сортировать требовать (требование) разумный, умеренный чистый примесь, загрязнение, засорение содержать, вмещать предполагать, считать вредный достаточный излишек приносящий убыток, вредный окончательный, предельный внедрять, вводить плотина, подпорная стена балка

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My future profession.

Choosing a career is not a simple thing and it demands careful consideration because of the great importance of your choice. For that reason you should realistically consider your abilities and how you can make use of them. As a matter of fact many of us are still on the fantasy level about the future jobs, for there is a great difference between the career aspirations and the real world of work. That’s why you’d better think about all pros and cons so as not to regret your decision to follow this or that career afterwards. Actually it’s not a pleasant thing to stay your life in job which you don’t like.

A building profession is one of the most important and necessary in any country of the world. It used to be since ancient times, when people built caves, made of mud, leaves and stones. During the last 100 years many new methods of building have been discovered. Nowadays the building is completed in concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, plastics, glass and bricks.Almost everyone saw the construction of building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavator is dug for the basement. Then the foundation walls are constructed. After this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.Among building professions you can come across: carpenter, bricklayer, house painter, concrete layer, roofer,welder, fitter.

Building complex is well developed in Soligorsk. It includes three open joint stock companies: “Soligorskpromstroy”, “Trust “Shakhtospecstroy” and “Soligorsk Integrated house building factory”. “Soligorskpromstroy” was founded in 1958 for construction of integrated plants for production of potash fertilizers. This enterprise built many objects of different applications in whole Belarus. The most important objects are the six potash mining plants and the modern beautiful city.

I took the final decision on what I will do in future. I will be a builder. I considered the possibilities had and my fitness for this job. I want to enjoy my work and get satisfaction from it. And if it is well-paid at the same time, it looks the most desirable and attractive.

Vocabulary.

1. demand — требовать

2. importance — важность

3. consider — рассматривать

4. ability — способность

5. job — работа

6. aspiration — стремление

7. regret — сожалеть

8. necessary — необходимый

9. cave — пещера

10. mud — глина

11. concrete — бетон

12. reinforced concrete — железобетон

13. steel — сталь

14. plastics — пластмасса

15. glass — стекло

16. brick — кирпич

17. dig — копать

18. basement — фундамент

19. framework — каркас

20. paint — красить

21. carpenter — плотник

22. bricklayer — каменщик

23. house painter — маляр

24. concrete layer — бетонщик

25. roofer — кровельщик

26. welder — сварщик

27. fitter – слесарь-монтажник

28. openjointstockcompany – открытое акционерное общество

29. integrated plants — комбинаты

30. potash fertilizers – калийные удобрения

31. enterprise — предприятие

32. application — назначение

33. decision — решение

34. possibility — возможность

35. satisfaction — удовлетворение

36. desirable– желанный

Ex.1. Match the words from the two columns. Translate them into Russian.

1. a building	a) of building
2. reinforced	b) fertilizers
3. construction	c) of paint
4. finishing	d) plants
5. coats	e) profession
6. integrated	f) of different applications
7. potash	g) concrete
8. objects	h) materials

Ex.2. Choose the right word/ combination of words to finish the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

mud	framework	abilities	satisfaction
enterprise	job	basement	open joint stock companies

1. You should realistically consider your _________________.

2. It’s not a pleasant thing to stay your life in ____________ you don’t like.

3. People built caves made of ____________ , leaves and stones.

4. The excavator is dug for the _________________.

5. After this the _______________ is erected and clothed with various finishing materials.

6. Building complex includes three _____________.

7. This _______________ built many objects of different applications in whole Belarus.

8. I want to get ______________ from my work.

Ex.3. Split sentences. Combine two halves of the sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. Choosing a career	a) the construction of building.
2. There is a great difference between the career aspirations	b) the six potash mining plants and modern beautiful city.
3. A building profession is one of the most important	c) demands careful consideration.
4. Almost everyone saw	d) a builder.
5. Among building professions you can come across:	e) and necessary in any country of the world.
6. The most important objects are	f) what I will do in future.
7. I took the final decision on	g) and the real world of work.
8. I will be	h) carpenter, bricklayer, house painter, concrete layer, roofer, welder, fitter.