Space could solve water problems егэ ответы

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании выберите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems
Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agreewith me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worthcan kill you.
According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is tocollect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed tounderstand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water onour planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifersunderground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh watercan be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable waterdecreases.
Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth.It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possibleclimate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource astime goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like sciencefiction, the solution could lie in outer space.
I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side ofthe galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s muchmore mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is thesuccessful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention ofthe matrix.
You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone,computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space.When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core.The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids andcomets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.
There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids aremade of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probescould be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could pushthem towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.
In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water,such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass anelectric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen andhydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.
Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX hasalready started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America andRussia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.
Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news forgetting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.
We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in orbit.
We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании выберите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems
Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agreewith me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worthcan kill you.
According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is tocollect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed tounderstand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water onour planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifersunderground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh watercan be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable waterdecreases.
Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth.It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possibleclimate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource astime goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like sciencefiction, the solution could lie in outer space.
I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side ofthe galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s muchmore mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is thesuccessful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention ofthe matrix.
You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone,computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space.When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core.The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids andcomets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.
There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids aremade of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probescould be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could pushthem towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.
In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water,such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass anelectric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen andhydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.
Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX hasalready started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America andRussia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.
Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news forgetting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.
We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in orbit.
We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

Water is the most important liquid we know. It is everywhere we look. Water is in the ground and in the air that we breathe . All animals, plants and humans need water to survive . Water has formed our earth since its beginning. It also prevents the earth from becoming too hot or too cold. Water never disappears . We use the same water over and over again.

Chemistry of water

Water consists of very small molecules. Each of them has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The chemical formula of water is H20.

Water can be a solid , a liquid or a gas, depending on the temperature it has. At 32° F (0° C) water freezes and turns into ice. It expands and becomes lighter. As a result ice floats on water. That is why you should let water out of pipes during the wintertime because it may freeze and burst the pipes. At 212°F (100°C) water boils and escapes as a vapour into the air. Between these two states water is a liquid. Most of the world’s water is in liquid form. It can be found everywhere on earth.

Water molecules always move. In ice they are very far apart from each other. They move very slowly or often not at all. Molecules in water vapour move very quickly.

Water in our daily lives

Water has been important for people for thousands of years. Without water there would be no life on earth.

We use water in our houses for cooking, bathing and washing the dishes. Water is used to grow food. In many dry areas farmers must bring water to the fields through canals and expensive irrigation systems .

Industries and factories also use water. Fruits and vegetables must be cleaned before they can be processed and sold in supermarkets. Water is used for cooling in many areas, for example in steel production.

Many countries around the world use water to produce energy. Power stations burn coal which turns water into steam. Countries with many mountains and rivers use the power of water to produce electricity .

Water is important for our free time. People enjoy themselves at seaside resorts or on cruise trips .

Transportation was at first carried out on waterways . Ancient civilizations traded goods across the Mediterranean Sea . Today oil, coal, wheat and other products are transported on waterways.

Water and the human body

The human body is made up largely of water. Up to 75% of our body is water. Water helps us digest food. Chemical reactions in our body would not be possible without water. It also needs water to help carry away the substances that we do not need any more. Water regulates our body temperature so that it always stays the same. Although we can live without food for a few weeks without water we would die within a few days. A normal human needs about 2 to 3 litres of water a day to survive .

World water supply

The amount of water we have on earth is always the same . However, clean water, is getting rarer because of pollution .

Most of the world’s water, about 97% is in the oceans. 1.4 billion cubic kilometres is saltwater. Only 3% is the freshwater in lakes, rivers and glaciers.

Much of the world has enough fresh water but there are regions that are too dry and don’t get enough rain. Developing countries often do not have enough water for their growing populations . Other areas do not have enough water because people waste it.

Water cycle

Water moves in a steady cycle. It never goes away or disappears but it changes from solid to liquid to gas.

When the sun heats up water it becomes a gas and evaporates . As it rises it cools down and clouds form. Clouds have many very small droplets of water in them. When they get too heavy they fall down to the ground as rain or snow.

Although some of this precipitation rises directly into the atmosphere again most of it gets into the ground and remains in aquifers . Snow and ice remain on glaciers and ice caps until it gets warmer. Then it starts melting and the liquid follows into lakes and rivers.

Water has shaped the surface of the earth for many years. It causes erosion , makes mountains smoother , rivers carve themselves into valleys and makes them wider . Ocean waves form coastlines .

Water Treatment

Not all water is safe to drink or to take a bath in. Some of it needs to be cleaned or purified before we can use or drink it. This is done in three basic steps:

1. Water first flows through a basin which has chemicals in it . The bacteria , mud and other dirty substances that are in the water stick to these chemicals and move down to the bottom of the basin.
2. Water then goes through a filter made up of sand and gravel . Other particles are filtered out.
3. In the last phase chlorine is added to the water. It kills the bacteria that somehow get through.

Dirty, used water is carried away through sewage systems . It often smells bad and has a lot of bacteria in it. Most cities have treatment plants that turn used water into clean water that can be used to irrigate fields.

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Related Topics

• Glaciers
• Water — Another Global Crisis
• Climate Change Threatens Vietnam’s Rice Production
• China Faces Problems With Drinking Water

Ответы не знаете,помогите очень надо (

In ancient times people lived on whatever food they could find. As the early people A21 ______ in numbers, they had to wander and search for wild fruits and seeds of wild plants or hunt for small animals.
Then one of these early people A22 ______ a great discovery. A great genius discovered the meaning of seeds. He may have noticed that where some seeds had fallen on the ground, new plants grew. Perhaps he was A23 ______ enough to put some seeds in the ground to see what would happen. No one knows how it happened, but man A24 ______ that if he put a seed into the soil it could grow into a plant which might yield hundreds or even thousands of seeds!
He was free of the need to be in a constant search of his food!
Early man could now A25 ______ seeds in the spring and wait for them to grow.
In the fall he could gather a harvest of seeds. There would be enough to
A26 ______ himself and his family all through the winter, with some left over for planting when spring came.
This discovery was the beginning of A27 ______ and the most important change that ever happened to people on earth.

1)
decreased
2)
increased
3)
developed
4)
improved
________
1)
fulfilled
2)
did
3)
made
4)
conducted
________
1)
curious
2)
questioning
3)
surprised
4)
puzzled
________ 
1)
disclosed
2)
opened
3)
discovered
4)
exposed
________

1)
put
2)
plant
3)
deliver
4)
lay
________
1)
feed
2)
food
3)
provide
4)
nourish
_________
1)
gardening
2)
cropping
3)
cultivation
4)
farming

Задание 1

Прослушайте шесть высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение.  Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

1.	A diary in your mobile may be a good idea.
2.	This way to remember things doesn’t go well with hygiene.
3.	One should keep used diaries and daily planners.
4.	This technique is not good for remembering things.
5.	Good memory may be a question of genetics.
6.	Writing things on pieces of paper is convenient.
7.	Keeping a diary can help not to forget things.

Задание 2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Задания 3-9

Прослушайте интервью. В заданиях А8–А14 укажите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа.

Задание 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1	When we don’t sleep
2	Not only for humans
3	How dreaming helps
4	When we dream
5	Why dreams can be scary
6	What we feel dreaming
7	How we forget dreams
8	How we remember dreams

A	Even though our dreams may feel like they last for hours and hours, we hardly spend more than two hours dreaming each night, which means a person spends a total of nearly six years dreaming throughout a lifetime. In general there are four phases of the sleep cycle and all dreaming occurs practically at the final phase. Each of these sleep cycles lasts approximately 60 to 90 minutes and may repeat several times throughout the night.
B	Anxiety is the most popular emotion experienced in dreams. Many people dream of falling, which is often connected to something in our lives that is going in the wrong direction. In addition, dreams of being chased are very common and are linked to avoidance. Also people report dreams about their teeth falling out, which is related to the words and communication we might have in real life.
C	Dreaming helps people make sense of the information and events that occur in their lives. Dreams play an important role in processing and remembering information that we absorb daily. Also, they help reduce stress and even solve problems. It’s very possible to work through real-life problems while dreaming at night. In addition, dreams provide a lot of important content and meaning that can be used to inspire and direct our lives during the day.
D	Nearly 5 to 10% of adults have nightmares. There are several reasons for it, for example when people start taking certain medications or when they withdraw from drugs. Some physical conditions, such as stress or illness, can also be a trigger. However, in some cases adults may have frequent nightmares that are unrelated to their everyday lives, which may signify that they are more creative, sensitive, and emotional than the average person.
E	There is no person who does not have dreams, but not everybody recalls them. The most vivid dreams happen during the Rapid Eye Movement sleep stage when the brain is extremely active and the eyes move back and forth quickly underneath the eyelids. Although dream recall varies from person to person, some people have little or no recollection of the content, and around 90% of dreams are gone following the first 10 minutes of waking up.
F	Scientists have found that animals also dream and their subconscious thoughts are connected to real experiences. Animals’ dreams are complex, containing long sequences of events. Animals’ brains share the same series of sleeping states as the brain of human beings. Analyzing animals’ dreams and the content of their dreams may help scientists treat memory disorders and develop new ways for people to learn and retain information more effectively.
G	Only five minutes after the end of a dream and half of the content is likely to vanish from our memories. It’s not that dreams aren’t important enough to keep in mind, but other things tend to get in the way. Dream researcher L. Strumpell believes that dreams disappear from our memories for a number of factors. For example, we may not recall dream images that lack intensity, association or repetition, which are usually needed for dream recall.

Задание 11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Promoting language learning
The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its
citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate
with each other. It does so by A_____________________ to promote the teaching
and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in
common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often
three or more, EU countries.
The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education
policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national
education policy, B_____________________. What the EU programmes do is to
create links between countries and regions via joint projects,
C_____________________.
Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella
of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support
under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant
languages, D_____________________. There are national information centres in
each country, E_____________________.
The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural
diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and
subtitling of European films for F _________. The “Culture”
programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern
authors into other EU languages.

1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
2. which includes language teaching and learning
3. cinemas and television in other EU countries
4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
5. funding a number of educational programmes
6. and encouraging people to learn new languages
7. where details about the application procedures are given

Задания 12-18

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному
варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems
Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree
with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worth
can kill you.
According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to
collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to
understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on
our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers
underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water
can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water
decreases.
Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth.
It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible
climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as
time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science
fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.
I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of
the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s much
more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is the
successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention of
the matrix.
You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone,
computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space.
When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core.
The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and
comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.
There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are
made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes
could be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could push
them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.
In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water,
such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an
electric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and
hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.
Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX has
already started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).
The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America and
Russia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.
Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for
getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in
motion now.
We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples
from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of
500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in
orbit.
We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We
can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in
a smart way.

Задания 19-25

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных
номерами 19–25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19–25.

One airline had a policy that required the first officer to stand at the door while the passengers exited. He smiled and thanked them for the airline. [FLY]

A pilot on this airline landed his plane into the runway really hard. He thought that passengers angry comments. [HAVE]

However, it seemed that all of were too shocked to say anything. Finally, everyone got off except for a little old lady. She said, ‘Can I ask you a question?’ ‘Yes, Madam,’ said the pilot. ‘What was it?’ the lady asked, ‘Did we land or were we shot down?’ [THEY]

The Alhambra is a palace and fortress in Granada. It between 1238 and 1358 at the end of
Muslim rule in Spain. Despite the development that followed the Christian conquest, it still looks like a medieval Moorish settlement. [BUILD]

Since the Middle Ages, the Alhambra as a remarkable example of a Spanish-Moorish town. As most fortresses of that time, it has a surrounding wall, but it looks fairly weak. [SURVIVE]

Later it the kings of Granada and was just supposed to offer nice views. [NOT/DEFEND]

Today, the Alhambra to be one of the greatest examples of Islamic architecture. [CONSIDER]

Задания 26-31

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26–31,
однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными
словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26–31.

Задания 32-38

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32–38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32–38, в которых представлены
возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 ____________________ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important. The ceremony turned 33 ______________________ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 ______________________ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year. We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _____________________ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _____________________ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 ___________________ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 __________________ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

При выполнении заданий 32-38 вам поможет:

Методичка “Фразовые глаголы”

Задание 39

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Joan who writes:

… When I forget to take an umbrella in summer, it always rains. What’s the weather like in summer where you live? What do you usually do when it rains? How do you protect yourself from bad weather?
I bought new shoes two days ago, but now I think I should take them back to the store …

Write a letter to Joan.
In your letter
– answer her questions
– ask 3 questions about her new shoes
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

Как написать личное письмо на ЕГЭ по английскому языку

Задание 40

Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных высказываний (40.1 или 40.2), укажите его номер в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2 и выразите своё мнение
по предложенной проблеме согласно данному плану.

Comment on one of the following statements.

40.1 Exams motivate students to study harder.

40.2 It is better for children to grow up in the city.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing the given
statement);
– express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion;
– express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing
opinion;
– explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion;
– make a conclusion restating your position.

Вам помогут:

Методичка: “Примерные темы и аргументы для эссе (с лексикой)”

Курс эссе

Удачи на экзамене!

Чтение

Задание 3.

Дан один большой текст. Задача — ответить на 7 вопросов к тексту, выбрав из 4-х предложенных вариантов. Как и в 3-м задании в аудированию, как правило, в абзаце содержится упоминание всех вариантов ответа, либо можно найти выражения или слова из вариантов ответа, но это чаще всего ловушки.

Space could solve water problems

Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact drinking more than a few cups worth can kill you.

According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources, about 97% of water on our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water decreases.

Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth. It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.

I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers – it’s much more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically is that this century is the successful one of the solar system’s rare minerals and water, barring the invention of the matrix.

You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone, computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space. When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core. The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.

There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes could be sent out to these to identify useful ones. The larger probes could push them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.

In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water, such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an electric current through it form a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.

Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX has already started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America and Russia, can work together and pull off multy-billion dollar projects.

Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.

We’ve already landed probes on the surface of the asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to NASA, in orbit.

We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

12. What problem is raised in the article?

1) Cooperation in space.

2) Threats of climate change.

3) Danger of drinking salt water.

4) Lack of water supplies on Earth.

13. According to the author, the information published in the US Geological Survey is meant to …

1) assure the nation that there is still enough of usable water.

2) help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

3) demonstrate the quality of water the nation uses.

4) warn the public about the dangers of water pollution.

14. The author thinks that outer space …

1) is dangerous because of asteroids.

2) is a source of important supplies.

3) is not studied properly.

4) should be colonized.

15. According to the author, the space water sources may be used for …

1) fuel production.

2) water supplies for spaceships.

3) moon exploration.

4) the production of electricity.

16. The Google and Microsoft (paragraph 9) are mentioned to …

1) explain how Planetary Resources Inc. became famous.

2) prove that asteroids can be commercially attractive.

3) show that space research is important for computer science.

4) prove that asteroids can interfere with the Internet.

17. The expression “put the gears in motion” in “…it is wise to put the gears in motion now” (paragraph 9) means …

1) to explore.

2) to begin.

3) to move.

4) to invest.

 18. What idea is stressed in the last two paragraphs?

1) There is room for further achievements in space exploration.

2) Asteroids are unique objects for scientific research.

3) Only smart administration can manage space programs.

4) International Space Station is the heaviest object in space.

Рассмотрим вопрос 13.

13. According to the author, the information published in the US Geological Survey is meant to …

1) assure the nation that there is still enough of usable water.

2) help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

3) demonstrate the quality of water the nation uses.

4) warn the public about the dangers of water pollution.

Для ответа на этот вопрос нужно внимательно прочитать 2-й параграф текста и обязательно проверить каждый вариант ответа. Как видно из отрывка, в нем упоминается и water resources, usable water, pollution… Как же понять, какой ответ нам нужен? Самая важная информация начинается после слов whose mission is. Рассмотрим все варианты. Ни один вариант не противоречит заданию, но все их можно объединить в ответе 2, то есть, исследование собирает информацию о питьевой воде, а все остальное входит в этот отчет , но не является основной его задачей. Таким образом, верный ответ — 2)help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

Рассмотрим вопрос 17.

Еще одно интересное задание является сравнительно новым для этого формата – найти определение выделенного выражения по смыслу:

17. The expression “put the gears in motion” in “…it is wise to put the gears in motion now” (paragraph 9) means …

1) to explore.

2) to begin.

3) to move.

4) to invest.

В тексте речь идет о том, могут ли космические программы решить проблемы воды на нашей планете, и хотя it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.

Ключом для разгадки являются слова although, decades, motion и now. Although дает понять, что есть некие препятствия, которые займут у нас много времени (decades), поэтому нам предлагается что-то сделать сейчас. Motion – движение, то есть нам предлагают начать двигаться сейчас. Таким образом, мы выбираем между двумя наиболе логичными вариантами – move и begin. Move предполагает более активное продвижение, из текста ясно, что мы еще не готовы к этому. Наиболее логичный вариант — begin, то есть, начать что-то делать, несмотря на то, что впереди долгий путь. У кого-то может возникнуть вопрос, почему мы отмели варианты explore и invest. Как видно из прыдущих предложений, крупные компании как раз собираются вкладываться в финансирование исследований. Значит, вряд ли нам предлагают сделать это еще раз. Кроме того, слово gear означает то, что приводит машину в движение, что есть помогает «начинать движение».

Описание заданий 12—18

В заданиях 12—18 (высокого уровня сложности) надо прочитать более сложный, чем в предыдущих заданиях, текст и выбрать правильный ответ из четырёх предложенных. Даётся семь вопросов и к каждому — четыре варианта ответа, из которых только один является правильным. Эти семь вопросов могут иметь вид незаконченных утверждений, к которым надо выбрать завершение, соответствующее содержанию текста. Так проверяется полное понимание текста. За каждый правильный ответ вы получаете 1 балл. Максимум за успешное выполнение этого задания — 7 баллов.

Стратегии выполнения заданий 12—18

Алгоритм выполнения заданий 12—18 раздела “Чтение” близок к алгоритму выполнения задания 3 раздела “Аудирование”.

Здесь проверяется полное и детальное понимание текста. Некоторые вопросы могут проверять понимание ДЕТАЛЕЙ и могут быть связаны с конкретным отрезком текста, другие — понимание ВСЕГО ТЕКСТА, понимание мыслей и намерений автора и могут быть не связаны с конкретным отрезком текста. Как правило, такие вопросы (один—два) даются последними.

Эти задания наиболее трудные в разделе “Чтение”, поэтому если сам текст или задания вам кажутся слишком сложными, а время, уже затраченное на выполнение заданий этого раздела, приближается к 30 минутам, НЕ ВЫПОЛНЯЙТЕ эти задания и ПЕРЕЙДИТЕ к следующему разделу — “Грамматика и лексика”. Когда вы выполните остальные задания, можете вернуться к пропущенным вопросам. Даже если вы к ним не вернётесь, вы потеряете только 7 баллов. Если вы не выполните остальные задания экзаменационной работы, вы потеряете гораздо больше.

1. Ознакомьтесь с общим содержанием текста, постарайтесь уловить развитие сюжета или развитие мысли автора. Не пугайтесь незнакомых слов и длинных сложных предложений. НЕ ЧИТАЙТЕ текст ЕЩЁ РАЗ, прежде чем вы поработаете с тестовыми вопросами.

2. Как и в других заданиях, предложенные вам тестовые вопросы обычно идут в том же порядке, что и информация в тексте. В конце задания могут быть вопросы более общего характера. Отвечая на них, надо подумать обо всём тексте в целом.

3. Просмотрите все тестовые вопросы к данному тексту. При этом не читайте альтернативные ответы (концовки предложений) 1—4. Закройте их ручкой, листочком бумаги или рукой. Читайте ТОЛЬКО сам вопрос или начало предложения, концовку которого вам надо выбрать. Просмотрев таким образом все вопросы и составив о них представление, начинайте работать с ними по порядку.

4. Прочитав первый вопрос, подумайте, есть ли у вас ответ на основе прочитанного текста. Откройте и прочитайте первый предложенный вам ответ — это то, о чём вы подумали?

5. Перечитайте первый вопрос, откройте и прочитайте второй альтернативный ответ, затем — третий и четвёртый. Если вы явно отдаёте предпочтение одному из этих ответов, определите, к какой части текста относится вопрос, и ищите там подтверждение своему выбору. Если вы не можете сделать выбор, перейдите ко второму этапу.

6. Сосредоточьтесь на альтернативных ответах (концовках предложений) 1—4. Определите, что их роднит, а что различает: они могут быть очень похожи, но иметь одно различие. Эту деталь и надо найти в тексте и выбрать нужную формулировку в ответах.

7. Помните, что если два альтернативных ответа совпадают по смыслу (синонимичны), ни один из них не может быть правильным.

8. Когда вы обращаетесь к тексту, чтобы проверить свой ответ, читайте только тот отрезок текста, который вам для этого необходим. Обдумывая свой выбор, сконцентрируйтесь на нём, отвлекитесь от текста, не пытайтесь одновременно читать ещё какую-то его часть.

9. Закончив работу над всеми вопросами к данному тексту, прочитайте выбранные вами ответы — все подряд. Проверьте, нет ли в выбранных ответах нарушений логики, складываются ли они в логическую картинку и не противоречат ли исходному тексту.

10. После выполнения всех заданий раздела “Чтение” не забудьте перенести ваши ответы в бланк ответов № 1.

Учимся выполнять задания 12—18

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Space could solve water problems

Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worth can kill you.

According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water decreases.

Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth. It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.

I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers — it’s much more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is the successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention of the matrix.

You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone, computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space. When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core. The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.

There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes could be sent out to these to identify useful ones. Then larger probes could push them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.

In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water, such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an electric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.

Is this really possible? We may soon find out. Private company SpaceX has already started delivering equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).

The ISS is proof that countries once at each other’s throats, like America and Russia, can work together and pull off multi-billion dollar projects.

Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.

We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in orbit.

We can make a half-million-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

12. What problem is raised in the article?

1) Cooperation in space.

2) Threats of climate change.

3) Danger of drinking salt water.

4) Lack of water supplies on Earth.

Ответ: [ ]

13. According to the author, the information published in the US Geological Survey is meant to …

1) assure the nation that there is still enough of usable water.

2) help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

3) demonstrate the quality of water the nation uses.

4) warn the public about the dangers of water pollution.

Ответ: [ ]

14. The author thinks that outer space …

1) is dangerous because of asteroids.

2) is a source of important supplies.

3) is not studied properly.

4) should be colonized.

Ответ: [ ]

15. According to the author, the space water sources may be used for …

1) fuel production.

2) water supplies for spaceships.

3) moon exploration.

4) the production of electricity.

Ответ: [ ]

16. The Google and Microsoft (paragraph 9) are mentioned to …

1) explain how Planetary Resources Inc. became famous.

2) prove that asteroids can be commercially attractive.

3) show that space research is important for computer science.

4) prove that asteroids can interfere with the Internet.

Ответ: [ ]

17. The expression “put the gears in motion” in “… it is wise to put the gears in motion now” (paragraph 9) means …

1) “to explore”.

2) “to begin”.

3) “to move”.

4) “to invest”.

Ответ: [ ]

18. What idea is stressed in the last two paragraphs?

1) There is room for further achievements in space exploration.

2) Asteroids are unique objects for scientific research.

3) Only smart administration can manage space programs.

4) International Space Station is the heaviest object in space.

Ответ: [ ]

Разбор заданий 12—18

ШАГ 1. Знакомимся с заданиями 12—18 раздела “Чтение”. Внимательно изучаем инструкцию к заданиям 12—18. Стараемся понять, что необходимо сделать в этих заданиях.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

В заданиях 12—18 предлагается текст для чтения и вопросы с четырьмя вариантами ответа, из которых нужно выбрать один правильный. Подобный формат задания уже разбирался в разделе “Аудирование”. Разница между заданиями 12—18 и заданиями по аудированию 3—9 состоит только в следующем:

• в первом случае даётся письменный, а не устный текст, и его можно прочитать несколько раз;

• в аудировании тест множественного выбора включал три варианта ответа, в чтении — четыре варианта ответа.

Задача экзаменуемого — понять все детали текста и его общий смысл и правильно ответить на поставленные вопросы, выбрав правильный ответ из четырёх предложенных вариантов ответа, либо завершить утверждение с помощью одного из четырёх вариантов ответа. Таким образом, задания 3—9 и 12—18 требуют одинаковых стратегий выполнения. Эти задания относятся к высокому уровню сложности и значительно сложнее, чем предыдущие задания в этих же разделах.

Данные задания направлены на полное и детальное понимание информации в письменном тексте, в них проверяются следующие умения:

• точно и полно понимать всю информацию и детали;

• понимать текст на уровне значения и на уровне смысла;

• понимать информацию, данную имплицитно, т. е. в неявном виде; понимать подтекст.

ШАГ 2. Знакомимся с общим содержанием текста. Стараемся уловить развитие сюжета или развитие мысли автора. Не пугайтесь незнакомых слов и длинных сложных предложений. НЕ ЧИТАЙТЕ текст ЕЩЁ РАЗ, прежде чем вы поработаете с тестовыми вопросами.

ШАГ 3. Изучаем письменные утверждения/вопросы 12—18. Пытаемся понять смысл утверждений/ вопросов, чтобы определить, какая информация потребуется для решения поставленной задачи. Определяем, что для решения поставленной задачи необходимо понять информацию, представленную как эксплицитно (в явном виде), так и имплицитно (в неявном виде, скрыто, в подтексте).

ШАГ 4. Выполняем задание 12. Быстро просматриваем утверждение 12, а затем бегло читаем первый фрагмент статьи.

Вопрос 12 выглядит следующим образом:

12. What problem is raised in the article?

1) Cooperation in space.

2) Threats of climate change.

3) Danger of drinking salt water.

4) Lack of water supplies on Earth.

Ответ: [ ]

Данный вопрос проверяет понимание общего смысла абзаца. Соотносим вопрос с тем фрагментом текста, который к нему относится.

Space could solve water problems

Have you ever tasted saltwater? I guess you have and if so, you will agree with me that it’s not very refreshing. In fact, drinking more than a few cups worth can kill you.

According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water decreases.

Анализ текста показывает, что уже сам заголовок частично даёт нам ответ на вопрос о том, какой проблеме посвящён текст, так как обычно в заголовке отражена основная идея текста или его тема. Из заголовка узнаём, что речь идёт о проблемах с водой, которые могут быть решены с помощью космоса. Поэтому первые два варианта ответа нам не подходят. Но какой же проблеме с водой посвящён текст? В первом абзаце речь идёт об опасности пить солёную воду, но уже второй абзац свидетельствует, что дело не в этом (смотри ключевые слова и фразы, выделенные шрифтом). Так что третий вариант тоже не подходит. В тексте сказано, что пресной воды мало, так как только одна треть ресурсов может быть использована для человеческих нужд, да и эти ресурсы уменьшаются. Таким образом, верен четвёртый вариант ответа — Lack of water supplies on Earth.

ШАГ 5. Переходим к следующему заданию. Рассмотрим задание 13. Будем действовать по той же схеме. Просмотрим утверждения, выделим ключевые слова в тексте.

13. According to the author, the information published in the US Geological Survey is meant to …

1) assure the nation that there is still enough of usable water.

2) help to monitor the state of the country’s water resources.

3) demonstrate the quality of water the nation uses.

4) warn the public about the dangers of water pollution.

Ответ: [ ]

Возьмём тот же абзац. Ранее мы уже выделили ключевые слова в тексте, теперь попробуем соотнести их с вариантами ответа.

According to the United States Geological Survey, whose mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources, about ninety-seven percent of the water on our planet is saltwater; the rest is stored in lakes, rivers, glaciers and aquifers underground. Moreover, only about one-third of the world’s potential fresh water can be used for human needs. As pollution increases, the amount of usable water decreases.

Рассмотрим первый вариант ответа. Ключевыми в нём являются слова assure и there is still enough of usable water, которые вступают в противоречие со сказанным в тексте, что только 1/3 пресной воды пригодна для использования людьми. Можно также соотнести слово assure с предложением о миссии предпринятого исследования mission is to collect and disseminate reliable, impartial, and timely information that is needed to understand the nation’s water resources. Анализ текста показывает, что в задачи исследования не входило кого-то заверять или убеждать в чём-то, учёные должны были собрать и распространить надёжную и своевременную информацию о водных ресурсах. Отсюда первый вариант не подходит. Не подходят и третий и четвёртый варианты, так как основная миссия — сбора информации и её распространения — согласуется только со словом monitor, которое является обобщённым словом, содержащим понятия collect anddisseminate. Можно найти ключевое слово monitor в тестовом задании, которое точно соответствует содержанию текста только во втором варианте ответа. Следовательно, второй ответ верен.

ШАГ 6. Рассматриваем задание 14. Просмотрим его с вариантами ответа, а потом проанализируем текст.

14. The author thinks that outer space …

1) is dangerous because of asteroids.

2) is a source of important supplies.

3) is not studied properly.

4) should be colonized.

Ответ: [ ]

Ещё раз обратим внимание на то, что во всех заданиях порядок вопросов соответствует порядку, в котором информация появляется в тексте. Возьмем следующие абзацы и выделим в них ключевые слова, которые помогут понять смысл текста и соотнести его с тестовым заданием.

Water is the most precious and taken-for-granted resource we have on Earth. It is also one of the most threatened resources. Increased population and possible climate change will put more and more strain on supplies of this vital resource as time goes on. What could we do in this situation? Though it may seem like science fiction, the solution could lie in outer space.

I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of the galaxy or colonizing another planet just to have longer showers — it’s much more mundane than that. What we could achieve realistically in this century is the successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water, barring the invention of the matrix.

You may be surprised to learn that the metal in your keys, coins, cell phone, computer, car and everywhere else, originally came to this planet from space. When Earth formed, the heavy metals sank to the center and formed a solid core. The lighter elements formed the mantle and the crust we live on. Asteroids and comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface.

There are thousands of asteroids orbiting near Earth. Most asteroids are made of rock, but some are composed of metal, mostly nickel and iron. Probes could be sent out to these to identify useful ones.Then larger probes could push them towards the Earth where they can be handled in orbit.

Рассмотрим первый вариант ответа. Соответствует ли его смысл тексту? Нет, не соответствует. В тексте упоминаются астероиды, но ничего не говорится об опасности, которую они могут нести: этот вариант не подходит. Рассмотрим второй вариант ответа: он подходит. Во втором абзаце мы находим ключевые слова, которые указывают на то, что это правильный ответ. К ним можноотнести последнее предложение во втором абзаце текста, а именно: What we could achieve realistically in this century is the successful use of the solar system’s rare metals and water… В следующем, третьем, абзаце автор развивает тезис о реальности разрабатывать полезные ресурсы и пополнять их запасы из космоса, говоря о внеземном происхождении металла, и подкрепляет свою мысль предложением Asteroids and comets that struck the Earth brought water and metals to the surface. Слова water and metals конкретизируют понятия important supplies, vital resources. В этом случае нам подходит второй ответ.

Проверим себя. Может ли подойти третий вариант? Нет, так как в тексте ничего не сказано о качестве изучения космоса. Четвёртый вариант тоже не подходит, так как во втором абзацерассматриваемой части текста говорится: I’m not saying we’re going to be teleporting to a spring on the other side of the galaxy or colonizing another planet…

ШАГ 7. Рассматриваем задание 15. Читаем тестовое задание и варианты ответа на него.

15. According to the author, the space water sources may be used for …

1) fuel production.

2) water supplies for spaceships.

3) moon exploration.

4) the production of electricity.

Ответ: [ ]

Проанализируем следующий абзац и выделим в нём ключевые слова, которые помогут нам выбрать правильный ответ.

In order to fuel ships and probes, we simply need to find a source of water, such as a comet or the surface of the moon. We collect the water and pass an electric current through it from a solar panel. The water separates into oxygen and hydrogen, which in liquid form is a powerful rocket fuel.

Анализ текста показывает, что уже первый вариант ответа нас устраивает. Почему? Первое и последнее предложения абзаца содержат информацию, которая прямо указывает на верность первого варианта ответа, потому что в данном отрывке текста речь идёт о возможном способе получения горючего для космических кораблей. Что касается вариантов 2, 3 и 4 — они не подходят по смыслу, хотя в тексте есть слова, отвлекающие от правильного ответа, такие, как moon, electric current, но они использованы в другом контексте.

ШАГ 8. Рассматриваем задание 16. Как и ранее, вначале изучаем само задание и варианты ответов к нему.

16. The Google and Microsoft (paragraph 9) are mentioned to …

1) explain how Planetary Resources Inc. became famous.

2) prove that asteroids can be commercially attractive.

3) show that space research is important for computer science.

4) prove that asteroids can interfere with the Internet.

Ответ: [ ]

Затем обратимся к следующему абзацу и выделим в нём ключевые слова.

Recently, a company called Planetary Resources Inc. made the news for getting big names like Google and Microsoft to invest in exploring asteroids for material gain. Although it will take many decades, it is wise to put the gears in motion now.

Рассмотрим первый вариант ответа. Он не подходит: компания привлекла Гугл и Майкрософт, но стала ли от этого знаменитой, в тексте не сказано. Подойдёт ли по смыслу второй ответ? Да, подойдёт. Словосочетание commercially attractive передаёт тот же смысл, что и to invest … for material gain. Варианты 3 и 4 не подходят, так как в данном абзаце ничего не сказано о том, что космические исследования важны для компьютерной науки или что астероиды мешают работе Интернета.

ШАГ 9. Рассматриваем задание 17 и варианты ответа на него.

17. The expression “put the gears in motion” in “… it is wise to put the gears in motion now” (paragraph 9) means …

1) “to explore”

2) “to begin”.

3) “to move”.

4) “to invest”.

Ответ: [ ]

Теперь просмотрим текст того же абзаца, который мы уже читали при анализе предыдущего задания. Здесь мы встречаемся с идиоматическим выражением put the gears in motion, что соответствует русскому “запустить машину”, т. е. “что-то начать”. Анализ вариантов показывает, что только ответ 2 содержит глагол “начинать, начать”. Следовательно, правильный ответ — 2.

ШАГ 10. Рассматриваем последнее задание 18 и варианты ответов на него.

18. What idea is stressed in the last two paragraphs?

1) There is room for further achievements in space exploration.

2) Asteroids are unique objects for scientific research.

3) Only smart administration can manage space programs.

4) International Space Station is the heaviest object in space.

Ответ: [ ]

ШАГ 11. Теперь читаем окончание текста и выделяем в нём ключевые слова, которые помогают ориентироваться в смысле текста.

We’ve already landed probes on the surface of asteroids and taken samples from them. We can put something as large as the ISS, which weighs just short of 500 tons, according to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in orbit.

We can make a half-miilion-mile round-trip to get rocks from the moon. We can do all of these things already. They just need to be applied and developed in a smart way.

Проанализируем варианты и соотнесём их с текстом. Первый вариант There is room for further achievements in space exploration нам подходит. Слово room используется в значении “место, пространство”, и вариант в переводе звучит как “есть место для дальнейших достижений в исследовании космоса”. Это и есть основная идея последних двух абзацев. Смысл приведённых примеров в абзаце (что можно сделать в будущем в космосе) доказывает этот тезис. Вариант 2 не может быть правильным, так как в тексте говорится об исследовании не только астероидов, но и Луны. Третий вариант тоже не подходит, так как NASA хотя и упоминается, но в другом контексте. Четвёртый вариант не подходит, так как космическая станция хотя и упоминается, но, во-первых, в тексте не сказано, что это самый тяжёлый объект в космосе, а во-вторых, что более важно, станция упоминается в тексте как один из примеров того, что можно сделать в будущем. Важен вывод на основе приведённых примеров, а он есть только в ответе 1.

Типичные ошибки при выполнении заданий 12—18

Экзаменуемые:

• неправильно выделяют ключевые слова;

• не понимают смысл прочитанного текста;

• неправильно определяют временную и причинно-следственную взаимосвязь событий;

• выбирают вариант ответа только потому, что те же слова есть в тексте, и забывают, что верный ответ, как правило, перефразирован, т. е. опираются в выборе ответа на слова, а не на смысл;

• не понимают имплицитно выраженную (данную в неявном виде) информацию.

Подготовительные упражнения к заданиям 12—18

1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Какова цель заданий 12—18?

2. Какой уровень сложности заданий 12—18?

3. Какие ключевые умения проверяют задания 12—18?

4. Какой вид теста используется для заданий 12—18?

5. Какой тип текста используется для заданий 12—18?

6. Сколько баллов можно получить за задания 12—18?

2. Прочитайте текст. Выделите основную информацию, второстепенную информацию и детали. Заполните таблицу.

Game theory

An 11-year-old boy taps furiously on a laptop, blasting enemies as he goes through a maze. They wipe him out before he can reach the end — game over. Frustrated, he opens the game’s programming window, changes the gravity setting, and this time beats the baddies. Victory!

This could be the future of American education, and that’s not necessarily a bad thing. The Quest to Learn school opened last September in Manhattan, welcoming the first class of sixth-graders who will learn almost entirely through videogame-inspired activities, an educational strategy designed to keep kids engaged and prepare them for high-tech careers.

Основная информация	Второстепенная информация	Детали

3. Прочитайте текст из предыдущего задания. Задайте по два вопроса по основной информации, по второстепенной информации и к деталям.

4. Прочитайте текст и вопросы предыдущих двух заданий. Попросите вашего одноклассника ответить на ваши вопросы.

5. Прочитайте тестовый вопрос в форме незаконченного предложения, найдите соответствие во фрагменте и подчеркните его. Затем прочитайте задание с предложенными вариантами ответа и выберите правильный.

(1) At the beginning of the article the author says that it used to be polite in Britain to …

For the British, it’s a well-known social law that in several, if not most, public spaces, silence is key. Those who dare speak in a London tube carriage, particularly during rush hours, are condemned to receive dirty looks from other passengers for the duration of their journey.

At the beginning of the article the author says that it used to be polite in Britain to…

1) keep silence in public places.

2) sneeze in public places.

3) avoid looking at people.

4) talk while travelling.

Ответ: [ ]

(2) Chatting is compared to a physical exercise because the author thinks it is …

Chit-chat is rather like going to the gym — arduous at first, but afterwards you’re pleased you made the effort. However, a sudden and excessive interest in any technology we have on our person gives those around us the impression that it’s them we want to avoid, not the “er …” that may result from wondering what to say next.

Chatting is compared to a physical exercise because the author thinks it is …

1) enhanced by technology.

2) a rewarding experience.

3) an exercise for your brain.

4) impressive for people around. ⁶

Ответ: [ ]

6. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Ever since Pong, videogames have outperformed teachers in one key way: they command attention for hours. “Games are exceptionally good at engaging kids,” says Quest’s main designer Katie Salen, a game designer and technology professor at the New School University. “They drop kids into complex problems where they fail and fail, but they try again and again.” She knew, though, that when kids face tough problems in school, they sometimes just give up, which is partly why only a third of eighth-graders earn “proficient” math scores on national assessment tests.

13. According to the text, videogames outperform teachers at …

1) preparing students for standardized tests.

2) keeping students’ attention.

Ответ: [ ]

14. The word “they” in “They drop kids into complex problems …” (paragraph 3) refers to …

1) students.

2) games.

Ответ: [ ]

7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

With this in mind, three years ago Salen started the Institute of Play, a nonprofit collaboration of game designers and learning experts who create games to teach school material. After successful tests in city classrooms, the group worked with the New York City Department of Education to open Quest to Learn.

This year’s 72-student class is split into four groups that rotate through five courses during the day: Codeworlds (math/English), Being, Space and Place (social studies/ English), The Way Things Work (math/science), Sports for the Mind (game design), and Wellness (health/PE). Instead of slogging through problem sets, students learn collaboratively in group projects that require an understanding of subjects in the New York State curriculum. The school’s model draws on 30 years of research showing that people learn best when they’re in a social context that puts new knowledge to use. Kids learn more by, say, pretending to be Spartan spies gathering intel on Athens than by memorizing facts about ancient Greece.

15. Which of the following statements about studying at Quest to Learn is NOT true, according to paragraph 5?

1) At Quest to Learn students study four main subjects.

2) Group work is one of the main forms of learning.

3) Its curriculum is based on the New York State curriculum.

Ответ: [ ]

16. In paragraph 5, the task to gather information on Athens (“Kids learn more …”) is probably an example of how students study …

1) English.

2) game design.

3) history.

Ответ: [ ]

8. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Most sixth-graders don’t expect to ever need to identify integers, but at Quest, it’s the key to a code-breaking game. In another class, when creatures called Troggles needed help moving heavy objects the class made a video instructing how long a ramp they should build to minimize the force they needed to apply. “They’re picking concepts up as well as, if not better than, at other schools,” says Quest’s math and science teacher Ameer Mourad. Beyond make-believe, Quest is the first middle school to teach videogame design. Salen says building games teaches students about complex systems, which will prepare them for growing fields such as bioinformatics.

The plan is for this class to attend Quest through high school, adding more sixth- graders every year. Although students must pass the annual standardized tests that all public students do to keep a school open, educators so far are impressed.

Salen has pilot studies to back up that risk; however, she won’t know if the school prepares kids for real-world success until the first class graduates. But Quest has already proved itself in one area: the kids love it. “It’s fun,” says student Nadine Clements. Her least favourite part of school? “Dismissal.”

17. According to Katie Salen, learning to design video games…

1) teaches students to use their imagination.

2) prepares students for their future careers.

3) helps students to make video instructions.

4) motivates students to study bioinformatics.

Ответ: [ ]

18. According to the writer, how well Quest to Learn prepares students for the real life will be known …

1) after students pass their end-of-the-year tests.

2) when new students start the school.

3) after the graduation of the first class of students.

4) when educators and government have approved it.

Ответ: [ ]

9. Прочитайте следующие фрагменты текста и выберите правильные ответы.

1. Whether you’re a first-grader proud of the fact you survived your first year of full-day education or a grad student desperate for a study break, summer vacation means one thing to everybody: sleeping in on weekday mornings. There is no alarm to hit at 6:30 and no bus to chase after. And while days might be filled with summer jobs and day camp, those never seem to start quite as early.

What does the author like about summer holidays?

1) She works at a day camp.

2) She can have a summer job.

3) She has no school.

4) She does not have to get up early.

Ответ: [ ]

2. So why is there a conspiracy working against students the minute the final bell rings and the last exam is turned in? And the culprit is visible in any given apartment complex, condo community or public park: landscapers.

I have lived in many towns and in homes of different shapes and sizes in my short, 23 years on Earth. And yet, no matter where I call home, I am faced with the same hardship: trying to sleep in on lazy, summer mornings while the lawn mowers are hard at work on public and private yards.

What is the author complaining about mentioning the landscapers?

1) The quality of their work.

2) The noise they make.

3) The plants they tend to.

4) The size of the yards.

Ответ: [ ]

3. The townhouse neighborhood I called home when I was a little girl was a jam-packed street. We had more than 250 houses on my block alone. One of the things my mom loved about that house was its tiny yard.

My mother does not have a green bone in her body. She has killed every herb garden my sister and I have ever given her. So my mother was thrilled that our front yard was the size of a postage stamp. It, like every other yard on the block, only needed to be trimmed once a month to look good. And yet, every Monday and Thursday at 7:30 a.m., the city-contracted landscaping team would drive down our street and unload two or three industrial mowers and go to work on the little patches of public grass around mail boxes and trees.

The phrase “does not have a green bone in her body” in paragraph 5 (“My mother does not have a green bone in her body”) is closest in meaning to …

1) “is not good at gardening”.

2) “does not eat greens”.

3) “does not look after her garden”.

4) “hates planting flowers”.

Ответ: [ ]

*10. Составьте вопрос с четырьмя ответами к следующему фрагменту. и выделите правильный вариант. ^I

I am not so selfish that I don’t understand why mowers work in the morning. Landscapers have multiple customers to serve on any given day, and the earlier they start the earlier they can be done. Plus, it is cooler in the morning, and preferable, rather than at noon when the sun is high in the sky. But students work hard all year and look forward to a break from books, tests and alarm clocks.

So, in order to find a common ground between landscapers and students, I send this challenge out into the universe: whoever can build a silent lawn mower will get my undying gratitude, love and affection and whatever else they want, I promise!

Полезные советы

• Помните, что в неверном варианте ответа могут быть использованы те же слова и упомянуты те же события/явления, что и в тексте.

• Обращайте внимание на мелкие детали: неверные ответы могут содержать иную грамматическую форму или незначительно измененную информацию.

• Если вы не уверены, что выбранный вами вариант ответа правильный, определите те варианты, которые явно являются неправильными и вычеркните их. Если у вас остаётся выбор из двух вариантов, то положитесь на интуицию и выберите ответ.

Как увеличить эффективность и скорость чтения

Потренируйтесь в применении этих приёмов в ходе подготовки к экзамену

• Используйте карандаш во время чтения. Это помогает тренировать глаза.

• Читайте только те слова, которые несут смысл: существительные, глаголы, прилагательные, местоимения, наречия. Не обращайте внимания на артикли, предлоги, союзы, междометия. Подчеркните существительные и глаголы, затем прочитайте их опять. Практикуйтесь до тех пор, пока вы автоматически не будете читать только слова, несущие смысл. К словам, несущим смысл, относятся также имена собственные, даты, отрицания.

• Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание только на структуру предложения: подлежащее, сказуемое, дополнение. Игнорируйте определения и обстоятельства образа действия.

• Не вчитываясь в детали, отметьте карандашом связующие слова, например “с одной стороны”, “подводя итог”, “однако” и т. д. Практикуйтесь до тех пор, пока вы при чтении абзаца не будете видеть связующие слова автоматически.

• Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на союзы в предложениях, определите их роль для понимания текста.

• Прочитайте текст быстро, обращая внимание на отрицания. Они могут быть выражены как грамматически, так и лексически. Отрицания играют большую роль в понимании смысла текста. Невнимание к ним может привести к ошибкам.

• Прочитайте только первые фразы каждого абзаца, они дают общее представление о содержании текста.

• Прочитайте только последнюю фразу каждого абзаца. Определите, помогает ли она вам спрогнозировать содержание следующего абзаца.

• Прочитайте текст, игнорируя незнакомые слова. Если вы останавливаетесь на словах, которых не знаете, это замедляет скорость чтения.

• Прочитайте весь текст, обращая внимание только на глаголы. Это поможет вам понять, меняется ли содержание текста. Более того, глаголы обычно вводят новую информацию в предложение.

• Закройте левую или правую часть текста, пробегите глазами оставшийся для обзора текст, попытайтесь уловить основную идею текста.

• Прочитайте предложение быстро слева направо. Когда вы научитесь читать его довольно быстро, попытайтесь прочитать его с той же скоростью справа налево и опять слева направо и т. д.

• Каждое предложение текста обычно содержит информацию, которая относится к предыдущему предложению (начало предложения), и новую информацию (конец предложения). Прочитайте быстро только концы предложений абзаца. Можете ли вы определить новую информацию?

• С помощью карандаша, который находится всё время в центре текста и передвигается по вертикали текста, заставьте свои глаза двигаться быстро по вертикали по каждую сторону от карандаша.

• Быстро пробегите глазами текст, сначала по вертикали, затем по диагонали. Сделайте так несколько раз.

• Пробегите глазами текст в разных направлениях: снизу вверх, сверху вниз, по диагонали, вертикали, горизонтали. Время от времени останавливайтесь, а затем вновь читайте. Это поможет вам не читать каждое слово отдельно, а вначале воспринимать текст блоками (абзацами), и затем как единую структуру (целостный текст).

Тренируемся в выполнении заданий 12—18

Вариант 1

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

From the history of social networks

The history of social networks goes back to cavemen who posted up on their walls the best places to hunt and gather and shared what types of tools were good for different things. Speaking about modern times, reaching people around the world with a click is not a dream anymore, and it is an essential part of our daily life.

We could say that 1971, when the first e-mail was sent, is the starting point of this new way of communication. Qwertyuiop was the first text sent with an e-mail, it is usually the top line of a keyboard and the longest word you can make out of it is “typewriter”. We may wonder if it could be a peculiar coincidence. In 1978, BBS exchanged data over phone lines. BBS — the Bulletin Board System was a computer system running software that allowed users to connect and log in to the system using a special programme. Once logged in, a user could perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users personally or publicly. Originally they were accessed only over a phone line using a modem. Bulletin Board Systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social network services and other aspects of the Internet.

As the next step, in 1994 GEOCITIES was founded. It is one of the first social networking sites. In its original form, site users selected a “city” in which to place their web pages. The cities were named after the real ones or other regions according to their content (computer related sites were placed in Silicon Valley and entertainment sites were assigned to Hollywood). Later, the platform created streets, avenues and even separate buildings as the information there got more specific.

The year 1997 marked the appearance of AOL instant messenger and Sixdegrees.com. The latter was a social network website that lasted four years. It allowed users to list friends, family members and users while external contacts were invited to join the site. It was first manifestation of social networking websites as we know them today, especially because with it instant messaging programmes were gaining more and more popularity among web users who started to get used to personal profile creations and listing friends.

At the beginning of our century Friendster was launched, with a user-base growing up to 3 million people within the first three months of its existence. Friendster has become especially popular in Southeast Asia and even today it is a major site in that region of the world. The service allowed users to share online content and media with their contacts. The website was also used for dating, discovering new events, bands and hobbies. Users could share videos, photos, messages and comments with other members via their profile and network. Since then numerous clones of this site have appeared, including MySpace and certainly Facebook, opened to any aged 13 or more with a valid mailing address.

We have all witnessed how far social networking has seeped into our daily life, with news broadcasters calling Tweet views or appointments being made over Linkedln. Examining the fascinating history of social media leads to just one conclusion — unpredictability will continue to reign. No one can possibly foretell which platforms will stay in favour and which ones will be rejected and when the next breakthrough will happen, particularly when the social networks themselves have become such influential brands.

12. What idea is NOT expressed in the first paragraph?

1) Cavemen were dreaming of modern social media.

2) Ancient people tried to pass the information down.

3) Online communication has been developing quickly.

4) Most people use online communication every day.

Ответ: [ ]

13. What is “qwertyuiop»? (paragraph 2)

1) It’s the word “typewriter” misspelled.

2) It’s an old type of a computer keyboard.

3) It’s the random text in the first e-mail.

4) It’s the first e-mail system people used.

Ответ: [ ]

14. What is NOT listed as a user function of BBS in the text?

1) Exchanging software.

2) Creating newsletters.

3) Learning about events.

4) Socializing with other users.

Ответ: [ ]

15. The GEOCITIES platform got such a name because …

1) its structure reminded a geographical map.

2) only people from certain cities could use it.

3) it copied mail communication around the globe.

4) it was initially started in Silicon Valley.

Ответ: [ ]

16. According to the text, what was special about Sixdegrees.com?

1) It closed down after a short period of time.

2) People could find new contacts there.

3) It was a good place for family communication.

4) It helped people master certain functions.

Ответ: [ ]

17. According to the text, what is TRUE about Friendster?

1) Asian people didn’t find it attractive.

2) It helped many people get married.

3) Facebook used it as its prototype.

4) You can use it only if you are 13.

Ответ: [ ]

18. What does the author think about the future of the social media?

1) They will get even more followers than now.

2) It’s hard to tell what will happen with them.

3) People will try to give them up completely.

4) They will become people’s favourite pastime

Ответ: [ ]

Вариант 2

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Music saves the globe

Climate change is now widely recognized as the major environmental problem facing the globe. Global warming and climate change are important and controversial topics. They have raised strong feelings on both sides of the debate. Where do you stand?

As many psychologists put it, music is an effective tool for raising awareness, expressing emotions and prompting action. Many musicians all over the world are very conscious of the environment so think about these top songs about climate change. The songs are both new and old, fast and slow, funny and serious, by the famous and the unknown. What unites them is that the singers care and worry about the future of our planet.

If we had a chart of these songs, number one would certainly be “Saltwater” by Julian Lennon. This song has been around for a while — I remember my now- adult kids singing it at a primary school concert in the 90s. In his introduction at the concert, Julian says, “We knew about hunger and so many other things. But there’s a lot of things that we weren’t told as Joe Public about what we’re doing wrong. And unfortunately that sort of information has only been given to us over the last couple of years, really. And that’s why the song was written … This affects me. It makes me feel really sad. I’m going to do my own little bit when I can.”

One more great hit is “Where We Going to Go” by David Todd. It has been written to help people become aware what may happen to the planet if global warming is not curtailed. David is a talented singer, songwriter, musician who is concerned about the future of the planet. He is not a professional musician and does not perform publicly therefore very little is known about him. In fact, he has a talent many desire and few achieve. He has written many beautiful songs which are greatly appreciated by his family and friends. However, experts challenge David’s opinion. They say, “Global warming is not happening. Climate change is. But guess what, it’s been happening for billions of years. There’s nothing we can do about it so stop thinking the human race can control nature and preserve what climate WE think is best.”

Number three is surely “I Need to Wake Up” by Melissa Etheridge. This song was used in the well-known documentary “An Inconvenient Truth” which puts the problem this way — humanity is sitting on a ticking time bomb. If the vast majority of the world’s scientists are right, we have just ten years to avert a major catastrophe that could send our entire planet into a tailspin of epic destruction involving extreme weather, floods, droughts, epidemics and killer heat waves beyond anything we have ever experienced.

I would also have to name “The Last Day on Earth” by Kate Miller-Heidke but it is practically impossible to understand if this song is about the planet or relationships. Is it about the need to care for the environment? The consequences of global warming? Relationships and lost love? The tragic death of a loved one? I wonder what your thoughts are. And of course we should not forget “Earth Song” by Michael Jackson. Like many people I think Michael Jackson’s music still speaks to us.

So include some of this staff into your playlist and enjoy some high-quality music which inspires you to think and live green!

12. What does the author say of top songs about climate change?

1) They show different attitudes of the singers.

2) They vary greatly in age and style.

3) They all have become major hits worldwide.

4) They are pessimistic about the future of the planet.

Ответ: [ ]

13. What is meant by “Joe Public” in paragraph 3?

1) A journalist’s name.

2) The concert audience.

3) Primary school kids.

4) Ordinary people.

Ответ: [ ]

14. What did Julian Lennon try to express in his speech?

1) Everyone should contribute to saving our planet.

2) He feels depressed most of the time.

3) We should learn more about environmental problems.

4) Climate change affects everybody.

Ответ: [ ]

15. The word “curtailed” in paragraph 4 means …

1) “written about”.

2) “stopped”.

3) “continued”.

4) “cared for”.

Ответ: [ ]

16. According to the text, what is TRUE about David Todd?

1) He is a gifted musician.

2) He is supported by environmental experts.

3) He thinks we shouldn’t worry about climate change.

4) He has a small group of fans.

Ответ: [ ]

17. The song “I Need to Wake Up” …

1) is about a nuclear bomb.

2) cites some top scientists.

3) is about natural disasters.

4) was used in a film.

Ответ: [ ]

18. It can be concluded that the author …

1) enjoys listening to popular music.

2) thinks people should care about the environment.

3) has many questions about the climate change problem.

4) believes people will be able to solve environmental problems.

Ответ: [ ]

Рефлексия

1. Помог ли вам представленный в данной теме материал лучше понять содержание и структуру заданий 12—18 раздела “Чтение”?

2. Что было легко/трудно в усвоении темы?

3. Что было полезным?

4. Что вы усвоили, чему научились, что сумеете выполнить самостоятельно?

5. Что осталось неясным?

Научились, умеем, усвоили

1. Усвоили алгоритм выполнения заданий 12—18 раздела “Чтение”.

2. Научились выполнять эти задания.

3. Умеем применять следующие стратегии:

• извлекать из текста полную и точную информацию:

— ключевые слова;

— важные детали;

— аргументы;

— примеры;

• отделять главную информацию от второстепенной;

• игнорировать незнакомые слова;

• игнорировать ненужную информацию.