Texting or just being rude егэ ответы

1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Pets can teach
2. Different pets, different characters
3. Where to get a pet
4. Having fun together
5. Friends in need
6. Reading dog stories
7. A global problem and its solution
8. A long-term treatment

A. It has become clear that stress affects our mental and physical health and, sadly, our world has become more stressful than ever. We live in the environment that can easily wear us out. Luckily, there are certain methods to reduce stress and have control. One of the best is to own a pet. Pets require attention and dedication, but those are small prices to pay for the amount of benefits they bring into our lives.

B. Pets provide support because they are always available to listen (without any judgment) or rub up against your hand, which can help you relax after a hectic day. They can help you see the situation differently and let out some steam. Moreover, when you are feeling under the weather, there is nothing like a sweet pair of eyes that immediately get your mind off thoughts that are making you sad and depressed.

C. Companionship with a loving pet is a real source of entertainment. Pets are constantly giving off love and gratitude, and they are happy to be in your presence. You can be yourself around pets. You can dance silly or talk silly, and they will not criticize you. In fact, they will love the silliness and get silly themselves. Cats and dogs are fantastic companions to sit down and watch TV at night.

D. Studies have shown that communicating with a pet boosts the immune system, improves heart health, reduces physical pain, and improves mental health as well. One man with tuberculosis says that the cat he received after his diagnosis kept him going for 21 years with little pain and very few physical issues. He talked to his cat which helped him walk through his troubles. That proves the power of true love that animals have.

E. Pets are living creatures that have habits and personalities. They can surprise you. Dogs, cats, and birds are probably most known for having distinct personalities. However, one snake owner says that her snake had his own unique personality. He got excited when she came into the room, and she would often put him in the bathtub where he would do all sorts of funny tricks while splashing around.

F. No matter what type of pet you get, it will require you to take care of it. Being responsible for another living being can help you be more responsible in the rest of your life too. This is especially true for kids who are learning the value of good habits. However, adults can benefit from the consistent responsibility as well. Responsible pet owners are kind to pets and remember they are their pets’ world.

G. With millions of cats and dogs killed in shelters in the United States every year, adopting a pet instead of buying one saves at least one animal’s life. Adoption saves not only the animal you adopt, but also the new animal the shelter can take in. Adopting from a shelter helps both ends of the problem: fewer animals will be bred, and more animals can go to a good home.


2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Archaeology done under water

Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, ___ (A), nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, ___ (B), most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply ___ (C).

Once real trade began, it is safe to say ___ (D) was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies ___ (E). Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of ___ (F).

1. what those people were really like
2. and what was discovered underwater
3. that nearly every object made by humans
4. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities
5. that existed long before the invention of writing
6. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater
7. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring


3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

What kind of a phone does the author want her children to have first?
1) An old-type phone.
2) A modern phone.
3) Something like her parents’ phone.
4) Something like her “old” phone.


4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Which of the following statements reflects the author’s views?
1) Parents shouldn’t allow their children to play games on iPads.
2) Children are more attached to technology than adults.
3) Children now prefer their gadgets to outdoor games.
4) It’s hard to imagine the modern life without mobile devices.


5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

What does the author remember about her childhood?
1) She didn’t like to play outside.
2) She enjoyed PlayStation more than Lego.
3) She went for a walk outside whenever her parents told her.
4) She preferred to ignore her parents when she played.


6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Teacher Kinney is worried about children’s
1) communicative skills.
2) computer skills.
3) parents’ attitudes.
4) writing skills.


7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

“This” in paragraph 8 (This, however, is not an excuse ) refers to
1) addiction to technology.
2) computer language.
3) importance of computers.
4) literacy skills.


8) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

What does the author imply by asking “How young is too young”?
1) Leap Band is inappropriate for young children.
2) Technology may enter children’s life too early.
3) Leap Band products suit any child.
4) Wristwatch-like products are for older children.


9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

How, according to the author, will the parents solve the technological dilemma?
1) In favour of communication skills.
2) In favour of both the computer and communication skills.
3) They will try to refrain from making the decision.
4) In favour of the computer skills.

Подготовка к заданию ЕГЭ-11 АЯ 40 — «письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения».

Содержание

Some people say that genetically modified food is hazardous to health 

Some people think that organic food is healthier than conventional food 

Some people think that we should eat at home 

Some people think that clothes help them show who they really are 

Some people say that there should not be any rules about the clothes people can wear in the workplace 

Some people think that tattoos and piercing make them more attractive 

Some people say that school trips are beneficial for students 

Some people think that the best way to travel in a town or in a city is on foot 

Some people say that travelling by plane is very convenient 

Some people say that hitchhiking is the best way of travelling 

Some people think that international travel has a lot of benefits 

Some people say that the best way to travel is by ship 

Some people say that having friends is important for everyone 

Some people think that only those who have much in common can become friends 

Many people think that love makes a person happy 

Some people think that only those who earn a lot of money can be happy 

Some people say that making money with the Internet is reality 

Some people say that having a hobby is important for everyone 

Some people believe that teenagers should not be given too much free time 

Some people think that collecting various things is a waste of time and money 

Some people think that homeschooling is an excellent alternative to traditional education 

Some people think that if you want to get a good education, you should go abroad 

Some people think that the most important thing for a teacher is to make studying enjoyable for students 

Some people think that computers may replace teachers in the future 

Many people think that homework is essential for every student 

Some people think that grades encourage students to learn 

Some people think that creativity is an essential ability which must be taught at school 

Some people say that having jobs can be of great benefit to teenagers 

Some people think that it is more important to get satisfaction from your work than to earn much money 

Some people think that young people should follow in their parents’ footsteps when choosing a profession 

Some people think that it is better to work abroad 

At present, there is no difficulty in finding a good job 

Many people believe that it is important to develop teamwork in the workplace 

Some people think that modern technologies make life more convenient 

Some people say that using mobile telephones must be prohibited in school 

Some people think that the Internet has more drawbacks than advantages 

Some people say that the Internet has improved the effectiveness of education 

Some people believe that there are real risks to dating via the Internet 

Some people prefer writing traditional paper letters to using e-mail 

Some people are worried about computers and robots doing the same things that people can do 

Some people say that the theatre is likely to disappear 

Some people believe that dancing can be of great benefit to children 

Some people think that rap music has a bad influence on teenagers 

Some people think that watching movies is beneficial to everybody 

Some people prefer watching a film version to reading a book 

Some people say that we do not need public libraries any more 

Some people say that weight loss diets can be very harmful 

Some people say that extreme sports are too risky 

Some people dream of becoming professional athletes 

Some people think that surfing is rather risky 

Some people think that physical attractiveness is important for everyone 

Some people prefer to have only one child 

Some people choose to build a family through adoptions 

Some people believe that adult children should not live with their parents 

Some people say that it is wonderful to have a sibling 

Some people say that overpopulation is a major problem for the human race 

Some people continue smoking in spite of all warnings 

Some people say that capital punishment should be allowed 

Some people say that there is nothing better than watching TV 

Some people think that reality TV shows are enjoyable and bring many benefits to the audience and the actors 

Some people say that print media will disappear in the future 

Some people say that shopping is interesting and enjoyable 

Some people say that our lives would be better if we bought fewer goods 

Many people say that it is important to recycle waste 

Some people prefer hybrid cars to traditional cars 

Some people say that modern teenagers are carefree 

Parents have many concerns about their teenagers dating 

Some people believe that animals should not be taken from their natural surroundings and put into zoos 

Some people think that keeping pets is a waste of time and money 

Some people think that virtual pets can replace real pets 

Some people believe that learning foreign languages is a waste of time 

Many people dream of being famous someday 

Some people do not care whether they buy pirated or legal CDs and DVDs 

Some people say that ambitiousness is the key to success and happiness 

Some people say that nonverbal messages improve communication 

(Юнева С. А. Открывая мир с английским языком. Новые 150 эссе для ЕГЭ.)

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Раздел 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A—F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1—7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A The Armoury is situated near the Kremlin.

B Originally the Kremlin was wooden.

C New walls and towers of red brick were built in the 15th century.

D The Trinity Gate leads to Red Square.

E The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is the oldest in Moscow.

F The monument to Alexander Pushkin is not far from the monument to Yuri Dolgoruky.

G You can watch ballets in the Maly Theatre.

Утверждение

Соответствие диалогу

Вы услышите интервью с автором детективных романов. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

Which benefit of trees has not been mentioned by the speaker?
1) Protection from flooding.
2) Protection from the sun’s rays.
3) Protection from precipitation.
Ответ: .

4

The smell of pines in the forest is the result of trees releasing

1) oxygen.

2) carbon dioxide.

3) other gasses.

Ответ: .

5

Scientists want to study how
1) gasses are released by trees into the atmosphere.
2) organic compounds form tiny particles.
3) these particles influence the climate.
Ответ: .

6

Cloud droplets are unable to

1) absorb solar radiation.

2) reflect solar radiation.

3) scatter solar radiation.

Ответ: .

7

According to scientists, cloud droplets influence

1) the size of the cloud.

2) the colour of the cloud.

3) the movement of the cloud.

Ответ: .

8

The actual formation of the clouds is governed
1) only by the formation of cloud droplets.
2) primarily by the formation of cloud droplets.
3) by several different processes.
Ответ: .

9

A new way of addressing the problem of global warming is by reducing the amount of
1) greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
2) the sun’s radiation getting through the atmosphere.
3) the sun’s radiation reflected by the clouds.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Exotic Pets
2. Going Back in Time
3. Small Screen Addiction
4. Body Language

5. Massive Destruction
6. Buried Treasure
7. Reason for Extinction
8. Intelligent Enemies

A. The VLT (Very Large Telescope) is the world’s largest telescope and it is taking scientists further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine, giving astronomers detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. One day, we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

B. The latest development in the debate amongst scientists about what killed the prehistoric dinosaurs is the suggestion that acid rain was the cause. Some geologists suggest that a large meteor hitting the earth at 65 kilometres per second would have led to strongly acidic rain falling all over the world. This idea is fascinating but it would mean the dinosaurs would all have died within a very short time.

C. In 1948, a British farmer discovered an interesting lump of metal while ploughing his field. At first he thought the metal bits were parts of an old bed. Then more ‘parts of old beds’ turned up and the farmer took them to the local museum. ‘But these bits are priceless!’ exclaimed the keeper of the museum. ‘They are Iron Age jewellery and coins!’ Over the next 40 years, more and more items were found in the same field.

D. Rats may have had a bit of a hard time over the years but these days lots of people are forgetting about guinea-pigs and hamsters and are buying rats instead. Domestic rats aren’t the same as the ones that run around rubbish bins — they’re actually quite cute. They are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs. They come in different colours and — a big bonus — they will eat anything!

E. In Western cultures, people look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it’s rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. One of the most basic and powerful signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others.

F. Earthquakes happen all the time in all parts of the world but we don’t notice most of them because they are small. However, big earthquakes are really dangerous. They can make buildings fall down, set off landslides and do other deadly things. The highest death toll caused by an earthquake was in China in 1556, when at least 830,000 people died.

G. According to scientists, Americans watch more TV on average than any other nationality. In fact, many people, particularly children, sit for 35 hours or more per week glued to the box. What’s wrong with watching all that TV? Studies have linked it to everything from obesity to aggression in children not to mention that it puts your mind into a sort of sedated state. Habitual television watching, over long periods of time, has been known to cause depression, and anger.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is awarded every year for the best original full-length novel written by a writer from the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland. It aims to represent the greatest in contemporary literature and promotes the finest in fiction by rewarding the best book of the year. The prize was originally called the Booker-McConnell Prize, A ____________. However, it was better-known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. In 2002, the Man Group became the sponsor and they chose the new name, keeping ‘Booker’.

Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted B ____________. Firstly, the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize. Then it selects the people C ____________. The judging panel changes every year and usually a person is only a judge once.

Great efforts are made to ensure that the judging panel is balanced in terms of gender and professions within the industry. A writer, a critic, an editor and an academic are chosen along with a well-known person from wider society. However, when the panel of judges has been finalized, they are left to make their own decisions D ____________. The Man Booker judges include critics, writers and academics E ____________. The influence of the prize is so great that the winner will almost certainly see the considerable sales increase, in addition to the £50,000 F ____________. In 1992, a Booker Russian Novel Prize was introduced.

  1. without any further interference from the prize sponsor
  2. so as to maintain the consistent quality of the prize
  3. who will judge the books
  4. so as to sell them
  5. which was the name of the company that sponsored it
  6. that comes with the prize
  7. they think should be included

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

‘Have you written a letter to the Froplinsons?’ asked Egbert.

‘No,’ said Janetta, with a note of tired defiance in her voice; ‘I’ve written eleven letters today expressing surprise and gratitude for sundry unmerited gifts, but I haven’t written to the Froplinsons yet.’

‘Someone will have to do it,’ said Egbert.

‘I don’t dispute the necessity, but I don’t think that someone should be me,’ said Janetta. ‘I wouldn’t mind writing a letter of angry recrimination or heartless satire to some suitable recipient. In fact, I should rather enjoy it, but I’ve come to the end of my capacity for expressing servile amiability. Eleven letters today and nine yesterday, all couched in the same strain of ecstatic thankfulness: really, you can’t expect me to sit down to another. There is such a thing as writing oneself out.’

‘I’ve written nearly as many,’ said Egbert, ‘and I’ve had my usual business correspondence to get through, too. Besides, I don’t know what it was that the Froplinsons sent us.’ ‘A William the Conqueror calendar,’ said Janetta, ‘with a quotation of one of his great thoughts for every day in the year.’

‘Impossible,’ said Egbert; ‘he didn’t have three hundred and sixty-five thoughts in the whole of his life, or, if he did, he kept them to himself.’

‘Well, it was William Wordsworth, then,’ said Janetta; ‘I know William came into it somewhere.’

‘That sounds more probable,’ said Egbert; ‘well, let’s collaborate on this letter and get it done. I’ll dictate, and you can scribble it down. ‘Dear Mrs. Froplinson, thank you and your husband so much for the very pretty calendar you sent us. It was very good of you to think of us.’ ’

‘You can’t possibly say that,’ said Janetta, laying down her pen. ‘We sent them something on the twenty-second,’ said Janetta, ‘so they simply had to think of us. There was no getting away from it.’

‘What did we send them?’ asked Egbert gloomily.

‘Bridge-markers,’ said Janetta, ‘in a cardboard case, with some inanity about ‘digging for fortune with a royal spade’ emblazoned on the cover. The moment I saw it in the shop I said to myself ‘Froplinsons’ and to the attendant ‘How much?’ When he said ‘Ninepence,’ I gave him their address, jabbed our card in, paid tenpence or elevenpence to cover the postage, and thanked heaven. With less sincerity and infinitely more trouble they eventually thanked me.’

‘The Froplinsons don’t play bridge,’ said Egbert.

‘One is not supposed to notice social deformities of that sort,’ said Janetta; ‘it wouldn’t be polite. Besides, what trouble did they take to find out whether we read Wordsworth with gladness? For all they knew or cared we might be frantically embedded in the belief that all poetry begins and ends with John Masefield, and it might infuriate or depress us to have a daily sample of Wordsworthian products flung at us.’

‘Well, let’s get on with the letter,’ said Egbert. ‘How clever of you to guess that Wordsworth is our favourite poet.’

Again Janetta laid down her pen.

‘Do you realise what that means?’ she asked; ‘a Wordsworth booklet next Christmas, and another calendar the Christmas after, with the same problem of having to write suitable letters of thankfulness. No, the best thing to do is to drop all further allusion to the calendar and switch off on to some other topic.’

‘But what other topic?’

‘Oh, something like this: ‘What do you think of the New Year Honours List? A friend of ours made such a clever remark when he read it.’ Then you can stick in any remark that comes into your head; it needn’t be clever. The Froplinsons won’t know whether it is or isn’t.’

‘We don’t even know on which side they are in politics,’ objected Egbert; ‘and anyhow you can’t suddenly dismiss the subject of the calendar. Surely there must be some intelligent remark that can be made about it.’

‘Well, we can’t think of one,’ said Janetta wearily; ‘the fact is, we’ve both written ourselves out.’

There was a long silence, the forlorn silence of those who are bereft of hope and have almost ceased to care. Then Egbert started from his seat with an air of resolution. The light of battle was in his eyes.

‘Let me come to the writing-table,’ he exclaimed; ‘I’m going to write to the editor of every enlightened and influential newspaper in the Kingdom, I’m going to suggest that there should be a sort of epistolary Truce of God during the festivities of Christmas and New Year. From the twenty-fourth of December to the third or fourth of January it shall be considered an offence against good sense and good feeling to write or expect any letter or communication that does not deal with the necessary events of the moment. Answers to invitations, arrangements about trains, renewal of club subscriptions, and, of course, all the ordinary everyday affairs of business, sickness, engaging new cooks, and so forth, these will be dealt with in the usual manner as something inevitable. But all the devastating accretions of correspondence, incident to the festive season, these should be swept away to give the season a chance of being really festive.’

‘But you would have to make some acknowledgment of presents received,’ objected Janetta; ‘otherwise people would never know whether they had arrived safely.’

‘Of course, I have thought of that,’ said Egbert; ‘every present that was sent off would be accompanied by a ticket bearing the date of dispatch and the signature of the sender, and some conventional hieroglyphic to show that it was intended to be a Christmas or New Year gift; there would be a counterfoil with space for the recipient’s name and the date of arrival, and all you would have to do would be to sign and date the counterfoil, add a conventional hieroglyphic indicating heartfelt thanks and gratified surprise, put the thing into an envelope and post it.’

‘It sounds delightfully simple,’ said Janetta wistfully, ‘but people would consider it too perfunctory.’

‘It is not a bit more perfunctory than the present system,’ said Egbert; ‘I have only the same conventional language of gratitude at my disposal with which to thank dear old Colonel Chuttle for his perfectly delicious Stilton, which we shall devour to the last morsel, and the Froplinsons for their calendar, which we shall never look at. So you see the present system of acknowledgment is just as perfunctory and conventional as the counterfoil business would be, only ten times more tiresome and brain-racking.’

‘Your plan would certainly bring the idea of a Happy Christmas a step nearer realisation,’ said Janetta. ‘Meanwhile, what am I to say to the Froplinsons?’

(Adapted from ‘Down Pens’ by H. H. Munro)

12

Egbert and Janetta were writing

1) application letters.
2) thank-you letters.

3) letters of recrimination.
4) letters of complaint.

Ответ: .

13

Egbert and Janetta didn’t want to write a letter to the Froplinsons because they
1) had both written themselves out.
2) didn’t like this couple.
3) didn’t know what the Froplinsons had sent them.
4) had a lot of work to do.
Ответ: .

14

Janetta liked her present to the Froplinsons because it was

1) expensive and useless.
2) cheap and useless.

3) expensive and useful.
4) cheap and useful.

Ответ: .

15

Janetta didn’t want to mention that Wordsworth was their favourite poet because
1) she actually didn’t like his poems.
2) her favourite poet was John Masefield.
3) the Froplinsons would send them new Wordsworth-related presents.
4) she didn’t want the Froplinsons to know the truth.
Ответ: .

16

Janetta considered the Froplisons to be

1) stupid.

2) clever.

3) kind.

4) mean.

Ответ: .

17

Egbert suggested that at Christmas people should
1) stop writing letters at all.
2) put off all the everyday affairs of business.
3) not make any acknowledgment of received presents.
4) send counterfoils instead of thank-you letters.
Ответ: .

18

Janetta considered a new system

1) absolutely impossible.
2) too perfunctory.

3) easy to implement.
4) totally unacceptable.

Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

Swimming Pools

19

The first heated swimming pool by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the first century BC.

CON-
STRUCT

20

Swimming pools became popular in Britain in the beginning of the 19th century. By 1837, London authorities six indoor pools with diving boards.

BUILD

21

The surviving swimming club in the world is the Arlington Baths Club in Glasgow. It is still an active club and continues to own its original Victorian building with a large pool.

OLD

22

After the start of modern Olympic Games in 1896, the popularity of swimming pools off. Nowadays there are lots of different swimming pools, both public and private.

TAKE

23

Most enjoy swimming and swimming pools with their wave-making machines, water slides and tropical vegetation are something unique for them.

CHILD

24

If they could, kids to spend their entire summer in the swimming pool.

CHOOSE

25

However, not everyone their own backyard pool.

HAVE

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.

Waste Management

26

Waste affects our environment — everything that surrounds us including the air, water, land, plants, and man-made things. We need a healthy environment for our own health and .

HAPPY

27

The waste we create has to be controlled to be sure that it does not harm our environment and our health.

CAREFUL

28

So waste management is very important.

EFFECT

29

Waste reduction and recycling have a wide range of environmental benefits and promote public awareness and personal for the waste we create.

RESPON-
SIBLE

30

The best place to start making a is our home. Learn how you can reduce, reuse, and recycle materials to decrease household waste.

DIFFER

31

If we recycle what we can’t use any more, we save resources because the materials replace some of the natural resources including water and energy, which we use to make new products.

RECYCLE

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Globalization and Communication Growth

The 21st century has 32____ in a new era in man’s ongoing quest for a better life and a better world. For the first time in history, we can now claim to live in ‘One World.’ Globalization has removed many of the gaps that have existed between and among nations. While the physical divide is still present, the 33____ of the Information Highway on how we communicate and live in the present day is simply staggering. Rapid improvements in information technology have allowed us to exchange information and communicate almost everywhere, anywhere, and anytime.

Globalization, as a general term, is best understood as the spread of ideas about the environment, democracy, human rights, and less complicated issues like fashion and fads. Global exchange is now taking place as the market of ideas, culture, and beliefs expand through the use of technology. The nature of business and how it is done has also improved by 34____ and bounds because of globalization.

An example of the remarkable effects of globalization is the invention of the telephone and the television. Television has enabled young people and adults to have the ability to share cultural and ethnic experiences with others. Telephones have also greatly improved communication. Gone are the weeks and even months of waiting for a letter. Anybody can talk to anyone who has another phone 35____ of distance or location on the planet. With the aid of satellites, 3rd generation phones allow us to make a phone call, send a video, or even receive an e-mail. These 36____ in communication have revolutionized business, commerce, and even the personal lives and relationships of millions of people.

Because of the electronic media, vast amounts of important information can reach any parts of the globe in 37____ time. Business establishments, whether big or small, are using the Internet in many ways to build or expand their company’s growth. With the ever improving technology come new markets, high 38____ for products, and also greater competition. Making investments in information and communication technology is now a must for any business enterprise.

32

1) started

2) began

3) ushered

4) launched

Ответ: .

33

1) cause

2) impact

3) consequences

4) result

Ответ: .

34

1) bonds

2) gaps

3) jumps

4) leaps

Ответ: .

35

1) regardless

2) despite

3) notwithstanding

4) because

Ответ: .

36

1) breakbeats

2) breakdowns

3) breakouts

4) breakthroughs

Ответ: .

37

1) any

2) no

3) none of

4) some

Ответ: .

38

1) access

2) claim

3) demand

4) rise

Ответ: .

Ваш результат: пока 0.

Далее вы можете набрать еще 40 баллов. Автоматически это проверить нельзя, поэтому сделайте реалистичный прогноз о том, сколько бы вы смогли набрать баллов, и получите ваш итоговый результат ЕГЭ.

Если возник вопрос по ответу, в котором вы ошиблись, можете задать его в комментариях.

Раздел 4. ПИСЬМО

Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Jessica who writes:

… By the way, we are doing a project at college on the fashion industry in different countries. It would be nice if you could tell me what clothes are popular with teenagers in Russia. Do you have any special fashion for teens? What kind of clothes do you prefer? Why?

As for me, I bought a new dress yesterday …

Write a letter to Jessica.
In your letter
— answer her questions
— ask 3 questions about her tastes in clothes
Write 100 — 140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

За это задание вы можете получить 6 баллов максимум.

Comment on the following statement.

Lots of people enjoy celebrating holidays. However, for some people a holiday is just a day off.

What is your attitude to celebrations? Which way of celebrating holidays do you find more enjoyable?

Write 200 — 250 words.

— make an introduction (state the problem)
— express your personal opinion and give 2—3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1—2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position

За это задание вы можете получить 14 баллов максимум.

Раздел 5. ГОВОРЕНИЕ

— За 1,5 минуты нужно подготовиться и в следующие 1,5 минуты выразительно прочитать текст вслух — 1 балл.
— Составление 5 вопросов на основе ключевых слов. На подготовку отводится 1,5 минуты, затем каждый вопрос надо сформулировать в течение 20 секунд — 5 баллов.
— 3 фотографии. Нужно выбрать 1 и описать ее по предложенному тут же в задании плану за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.
— 2 картинки. Нужно сравнить их, описать сходства и различия, объяснить, почему выбранная тематика близка выпускнику, за 3,5 минуты — 7 баллов.

For every 100 hours that you spend talking on the phone, you drastically increase the risk of brain cancer. Do you want to know by how much you’re increasing that risk?

I’ll get back to that in a minute, but first, let me tell you this: smartphones are addictive.

Most of us will find ourselves looking at our smartphones for most of the day, whether consciously or otherwise.

Sometimes, we may also feel the urge to look at our phones, even though we know that there will not be any notifications to check.

Here are 25 facts about phone addiction that will leave you completely surprised.

1. 40% of the population is addicted to their smartphones

addicted to smartphone

People are increasingly becoming addicted to their smartphones.

According to an article on psychology today, 40% of the American population suffers from this addiction.

On top of this, 58% of men and 47% of women suffer from Nomophobia, i.e. the fear of being without a smartphone.

Moreover, the 2013 Mobile Consumer Habits estimated that 12% of the users use their phones while they are in the shower.

2. Most people can’t even survive one day without their phones

surviving without phone

Phones have become a necessity for most of the people.

44% of the people have stated that they become very anxious when they lose their phones and become phoneless for an entire week.

The fear of losing or being without a smartphone, i.e. Nomophobia, actually exists and affects many people.

3. People often take their phones everywhere, even to the bathroom

bathroom phone

A study conducted showed that 91% of the Gen-Ys took their phones to the bathroom to use it.

The study also showed that while more women (76%) used their smartphones in the bathroom as compared to men (74%), men were more attached to their phones as compared to women.

4. Most people will constantly check their phones without reason

checking phone

People have the tendency to check their phones without any reason, especially when they are addicted.

Despite having checked their phones about two seconds ago, they tend to have an urge to check it again.

Most people would simply keep their cell phones in their hands and keep turning the screen on to make sure that they have not missed out on any notification, call, or message.

In some instances, they will keep turning the screen on out of boredom or habit.

5. Most phone addicts will experience phantom vibrations

phantom phone vibration

Phantom vibrations or ringing is a false belief that your phone is ringing or has received a notification, even though it has not.

About 80% of the people have experienced false vibrations and around 30% have heard ringing that simply did not exist.

The more an individual uses their phone, the more likely they are going to experience such phantom vibrations.

Are you addicted to your phone?

Take this simple 1-minute test to find out!

6. 80% of 18 to 24-year-olds sleep with their phones right next to them

teenager sleep phone

Sleeping right next to cell phones has become a common trend, especially among younger people.

This shows how intensely people want their phones with them at all times, and when their phone is not with them, they suffer from separation anxiety.

For people who have their phones right next to them while they are sleeping, the first and last thing they do after they wake up and before they go to sleep, in most of the cases, is check their phones.

7. Most phone addicts forget how living in the real world is like

phone addict real world

Most of the phone addicts completely cut themselves off from real life and thus limit interactions with people and other real life experiences.

They see the world through their phones and interact less.

This prevents them from making their lives a little better or indulging in other activities that might actually be fun and refreshing for them.

8. A study indicated that parents who spend more time with their phones have a greater tendency to shout at their children

parent phone shouting

Apart from this tendency, parents who are addicted to their phones are also more likely to spend more of their time on it as opposed to spending time with their kids.

This can cause increased frustration in the children, who then take out this frustration in different ways.

They can also become highly moody as a result, since they look for attention from their parents.

9. An average person checks their phone 110 times/day, while the more addicted check their phones as much as 900 times/day

person checking phone

We are slowly and gradually witnessing a trend towards cell phone addiction and this trend will only likely increase in the future.

Most addicts have the tendency to check their phones even if they have not been expecting to receive any notification or call on it.

In some cases, people would turn their phone screens on as a result of boredom or when they have nothing else to do.

10. 1 in 3 mobile owners would rather give up sex than their phones

phone give-up sex

Some of the people even use cell phones while having sex.

Such statistics are quite surprising considering that people cannot put their phones away for even a second.

This also shows that these people consider the use of cell phones more important than other activities in their lives.

Are you addicted to your phone?

Take this simple 1-minute test to find out!

11. 95% of people have stated that they text, browse the web, or watch TV in the hour before finally falling asleep

phone before sleeping

Technology is taking over, and very soon this is all that people will be doing.

Phone use, right before falling asleep has increased drastically, which is not good since the habit can affect sleep patterns.

In most of the cases, the first and the last thing that people will do as soon as they wake up and right before they fall asleep is use their cell phones.

This behavior is not healthy and can lead to many problems, including those related to health.

12. 1 in 4 people will not put their phones on silent before going to bed

phone silent bed

These are the people who then have to wake up in the middle of the night whenever they receive a notification or get a call.

They do not want to miss out on a single opportunity to interact with people on their phones.

To them, their cell phones are clearly more important than sleep, so much so that they would not even dare put their phones on silent while they prepare to fall asleep.

13. 1 in 2 people say that if they wake up in the middle of the night without any reason, they will check their phones

phone middle night

When these people randomly wake up in the middle of the night, they will most definitely check their phones before falling asleep again.

This urge to check their phone will be without any reason in most of the cases.

People like constant activity on their phone, and sometimes they expect messages or other notifications to be on their phones when they check it.

14. 63% of people who use gadgets before their bedtime have stated that they did not get proper sleep during the week

phone proper sleep

Any type of technology use right before bedtime can disrupt sleep.

Therefore, it is best to keep phones away when it is time for bed. However, most of the people sleep right next to their cell phones with many of them having the urge to use them before finally falling asleep.

15. Cell phone addiction ruins relationships

phone bad relationship

Researchers found that constant use of phones can be bad for relationships.

Apart from this, cell phone addiction is also highly annoying and is normally considered as rude behavior, especially when in the company of other people.

Are you addicted to your phone?

Take this simple 1-minute test to find out!

16. Many car accidents are due to cell phones

car accident phone

Many of the car accidents happen as a result of people using their cell phones while driving.

Cell phones are highly distracting, especially when people are addicted to them, and once the attention is towards them instead of the road, there is a huge probability that this diversion of attention will lead to an accident, even a fatal one.

This is not only problematic for the one who is driving but also for other people who are involved.

These include the people sitting with the driver and those that are hit in the process.

17. Phone addiction is considered a disability

phone addiction disability

Most people rely on their cell phones to the extent that it helps them feel normal and remain away from panic.

This is considered to be a disability and people who suffer from such an extreme form of addiction should seek help immediately.

They would normally not be able to live without their cell phones and would suffer from extreme panic in case they ever lost their phones.

18. 72% of people state that there is a very little chance that they will ever move 5 feet away from their phone

keep phone close

Most people like staying close to their handheld devices.

These include smartphones.

If they are more than 5 feet away from them, they will start feeling anxious.

These people would normally keep their cell phones with them at all times, either in their hands or their pockets.

19. Smartphone addiction can result in mental issues such as OCD and depression

phone mental issue ocd depression

An addiction expert has stated that the more connected an individual is with the help of technology, the more likely they will experience a hassle connecting in real life.

Experts have also stated that smartphone withdrawal can result in symptoms such as depression, insomnia, and anxiety.

It creates more cortisone within the body and the brain.

This stress hormone is cardio-toxic and can be very bad for an individual’s mental health as well as their personal relationships.

20. 7% of individuals state that excessive cell phone use caused them to lose a relationship or job

phone losing job

This statistic clearly shows how problematic excessive cell phone usage can be in the personal lives of individuals.

Phones are nothing more than a distraction, and the more you use your phone, the more likely you will be hooked on it.

Are you addicted to your phone?

Take this simple 1-minute test to find out!

21. For every 100 hours that you spend talking on the phone, you increase the risk of brain cancer by as much as 5%

phone brain cancer

Latest research that was conducted has concluded that the use of mobile phones in the long term can result in an increased risk of glioma.

This is the most common brain tumor type.

This is definitely a warning signal, especially for those people who are addicted to talking on their phones constantly.

phone social life

Phone addiction can be a major hindrance in the social life of a person.

This is because it causes a person to have all their attention on their phones and give very little attention to the actual events happening around them.

23. Treatment is now being offered for cell phone addiction

phone addiction treatment

Rehab facilities have now started catering to all those people who have diagnosed themselves with cell phone addiction.

These rehab facilities aim at treating such patients by making sure that they have very limited or no exposure to cell phones while they are there, and providing them with the necessary solutions to limit their exposure once they are out of the rehab facilities.

If going to a rehab facility is not an option for you, you can also check an online phone detox program.

24. Phone addiction makes people live their life through their phones

living through phone

When people are addicted to their cell phones, they will pay very little attention to the actual life that is happening around them and will give their undivided attention to their cell phone.

Cell phones are like spectacles to such people.

They will live their entire life viewing their world through their cell phones instead of actually experiencing firsthand.

25. Most people are not even aware they are smartphone addicts

phone addiction unaware

Some of the people are not aware that they are addicted to their smartphones, either because they do not pay attention to the warning signs or because they are not aware of such signs at all.

For this reason, there should be a certain amount of awareness provided to such people so that they can counter such a habit.

Cell phones are now common worldwide, and there is no living without them.

However, people need to realize that being addicted to them is not a good thing, and can lead to a person being unproductive and suffer from a lot of health related issues.

Not to mention, cell phone usage while driving can also lead to fatal accidents.

Therefore, a person should be careful that they limit the time they spend using their phone, and take a break from them once in a while.

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.  Motivating opportunity

2.  Books come first

3.  Teachers to come first

4.  Junk food  — out

5.  Numbers come first

6.  Relevant for today

7.  Learn by using

8.  Fewer and worse

A. High school students have rights protected by the Constitution like everyone else, but it is complicated. There is no one set of rules. State laws differ from federal laws, and school board regulations vary from place to place. Students discover what rights they have by trying to exercise them, and, if prevented, taking the school to court.

B. Kids who live on junk food grow up to be fat and unhealthy, so schools should teach good health. They should fill their vending machines with health foods, and lunch programs should serve nothing but nutritious meals. If some kids complain, so what? They complain about algebra, too.

C. There is a new five-year program that lets students earn a high school diploma and two years of college at no cost. It is getting kids who are at risk to become more mature in the lower grades, to take college-prep courses, study harder, and focus on a career. Once in the program, very few drop out.

D. Neuroscience (brain science) is finding out how teaching affects the brain. It has discovered pre-school kids can learn numbers and simple math because the number instinct is hard-wired in the brain. So is the language instinct, but teaching kids to read is harder. It takes longer for the brain to connect sounds with letters  — up to 11 years.

E. In hard times, colleges must be relevant. Today’s students want Chinese and Arabic, not Latin and Greek. Economics is in demand; and even English classes are teaching how to network, write a resume, and present oneself in an interview. It is not a good time to be a philosophy professor.

F. Computers help with drills and practice, but they are not much help in higher-level thinking. In the lower grades, money is better spent on new textbooks, music programs and the arts. In the higher grades, there is no choice. Everyone should learn to use the electronic genie.

G. The US program, No Child Left Behind, seeks to place a qualified teacher in every classroom. But where is the pool of qualified people out there waiting to teach disadvantaged kids in the cities? US policy should provide better training and support for those already teaching. They could start a new program and call it No Teacher Left Behind.

Текст A B C D E F G
Заголовок

Сообщение от 28 ноября 2022 года

Клише для 1 го абзаца сочинения — описание таблицы, диаграммы. 

 Nowadays more and more
people in the world tend to stay healthy at any age. I am currently working on a project, which is
aimed at
finding out how people stay healthy in Zetland. I have found some data on the subject
the results of an opinion poll. As part of my project, I am going to analyze the statistics and
present my findings. 

Пока что (и в ЕГЭ 2023 г.) экзаменуемые вправе писать
о любой реальной проблеме, логично вписывающейся в указанную сферу. В дальнейшем
мы, видимо, подойдем к тому, чтобы экзаменуемые выявляли проблему, вытекающую
из статистических данных. Хорошо, если они могут делать это уже сейчас, но такого
требования пока нет. 

Сообщение от 22 октября 2022 года:

Тем, кто сдает ЕГЭ, написать письмо и описать данные таблицы по следующим заданиям:

Задание 37.

37       You have received an email message from your English-speaking pen-friend Kevin: 

From: Kevin@mail.uk    _______________________________________________________

To: Russian_friend@ege.ru 

________________________________________________________

Subject: Ways of travelling  

__________________________________________________________________

… Last week we flew to Florida for my aunt’s birthday. It was awful! We were three hours late boarding the plane and then spent another hour waiting for the take-off. If we had gone by car, we would have got there more quickly. Do you prefer to travel by car, train or airplane and why? Do you agree that air travel is not always the quickest? Which is the most dangerous in your opinion?   

   I am planning to take driving lessons soon…

Write an email to Kevin.  

In your message:      

   — answer his questions:      

  — ask 3 questions about his future driving lessons. 

Write 100-140 words. 

Remember the rules of email writing.

________________________________________________________________

Задание 38

38.1          Imagine that you are doing a project on the most popular holiday

 destinations in Russia. You have found some data on the subject — the results of 

the opinion polls (see the table below).  

Comment on the data  in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

    Holiday destinations                              Number of travellers (%)                                  

       Sochi                                                                              39

       Crimea                                                                           26

       Kamchatka                                                                    15

       St. Petersburg                                                                11

        Moscow                                                                           9


Write 200-250 words.    

Use the following plan:    

  — make an opening statement on the subject of the project;   

  — select and report 2-3 facts;

  —  make 1-2 comparisons where relevant; 

  — outline a problem that can arise with travelling around Russia and suggest a way of solving it;

  — conclude by giving your opinion on the most popular holiday destination in Russia.

——————————————————————————————-

38. 2     Imagine that you are doing a project on how frequently teenagers in Russia use social media. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the diagram below).   

Comment on the data in the diagram and give your opinion on the subject of the project.     

        How frequently teenagers in Russia use social media

More than once a day                                              70% 

Do not use social media                                           19% 

Once a week                                                                5% 

Less than weekly                                                        3% 

Once a day                                                                   3%    

Write 200-250 words.   

Use the following plan:     

   — make an opening statement on the subject of the project;        

   — select and report 2-3 facts;  

  —  make 1-2 comparisons where relevant; 

 —   outline a problem that can arise with using social media in Russia and suggest a way of solving it; 

 — conclude by giving your opinion on the reasons why teens use social media. 

Сообщение от 18 октября 2022 года: 

Алгоритм выполнения задания 38.1 и 38.2

 письменной части ЕГЭ (максимум — 14 баллов) 

Задание из демоверсии ЕГЭ 2023 года: 

Выберите только одно из двух предложенных заданий (38.1 или 38.2), укажите его номер в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2 и выполните согласно данному плану. 

В ответе на задание 38 числительные пишите цифрами.

38.1     Imagine that you are doing a project on how teenagers relax after a busy day in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject — the results of the opinion polls (see the table below). 

 Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project. 

                               Ways                        Number of respondents (%) 

                 Having a hobby                                                  38                         

                 Spending time with friends                               31      

                 Sleeping                                                              15       

                 Walking in the open air                                     10          

                  Eating tasty food                                                6 

Write 200-250 words.        

 Use the following plan:   

 — make an opening statement on the subject of the project;    

 — select and report 2-3 facts;    

  — make 1-2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;   

  — outline a problem  that can arise with having a rest and suggest a way of solving it;        

  — conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of relaxing well in our lives.    

Примерный образец выполнения данного задания. 

Клише для каждого из пяти абзацев (параграфов): 

ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ (параграф № 1)  

 «Правильное» вступление состоит из 2-3 предложений и знакомит нас с проблемой, указанной в самом задании.  

Например, в задании написано: «how teenagers relax after a busy day in Zetland». 

Нам нужно вставить эту фразу в наш проект, или заменить в ней что-то на синонимы. Нужно упомянуть, что вы делаете проект, нашли материалы к нему и сейчас будете об этом рассказывать.     

ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ:

🏃      It is hard to deny the importance of having a good rest. I have decided to do a project on how teenagers in Zetland relax after a busy day and found the results of the opinion polls to illustrate some of my ideas. 

Ещё:       It’s  well known that (topic) …       

                Nowadays more and more people (action connected  with the topic) 

               Over the last few decades there has been a significant increase in the number of people who (do sth connected with the topic)  

              (Topic) plays an important role in our life                

              Undoubtedly, all people (action connected with the topic)   

              Nowadays it is impossible to imagine … without  … 

Основные фичи графика (параграф №2)

В плане сочинения во втором абзаце ученику предлагается указать 2-3 главных факта из таблицы/ графика/диаграммы. Лучше выбрать 2 факта. Здесь ничего сравнивать не надо.     

 As we can see from the table, 38% of respondents prefer doing a hobby after a busy day, while eating tasty food is the least popular way of spending teenagers’ free time with only 6% of teenagers doing it. Also, adolescents can spend time with their friends, sleep and walk in the open air to have a rest after a tiring day.  

 Клише:     — the main features of this table/graph/pie chart ….

                     — one can see from the poll that…   

                     — the most popular …. the least popular …       

                     — if we look at the graph/table/pie chart, we can see …  

                     — looking at the main features …       

                      — what stands out from the table/ graph/ pie chart …  

                      — another  striking feature is … 

Сравнения (параграф № 3)    

 В 3 абзаце нужно проанализировать данные из графика и представить 1-2 сравнения и свои комментарии к ним.  Нет связи между тем, сколько вы фактов выделяли во 2-м абзаце и количеством сравнений в 3-м. Сравниваем любые черты, которые вам понравились в графике.

Например

Looking at the figures in the table, we can see that spending time with their friends (noted by 31% of the respondents) is almost twice as popular as sleeping, which stands at 15%. Another interesting feature of the poll is is that walking in the open air (noted by 10% of the respondents) is only 4% higher than eating tasty food, which is  the least favoured by teenagers in Zetland.    

                 Сравнительные структуры: 

 — in comparison / in contrast, …         

  — on the other hand, …       

   — However, …/ Likewise, …       

    — not as … as      

    — more popular … than            

    — while / whereas/ although/but 

Проблема + решение (параграф №4): 

Эта часть письменного задания будет самой объемной, потому что нужно указать проблему, связанную с темой проекта, и предложить её решение. Это может быть ЛЮБАЯ проблема по теме задания.    

Although we see that there are several ways to relax for teenagers in Zetland, there is a problem connected with having a rest. Sometimes it is difficult to switch off from your studies and work, and instead of relaxing you spend time thinking about what else you have to do later. I believe that the best solution to this problem would be going out as fresh air and change of scenery can help to forget about things that keep bothering you at home. 

Клише:

 — the main problem with … is …        

  — the main problem faced by…is …                    

  — general solutions centre around           

 — one effective solution to deal with … is …       

 — a solution that can prove successful is …

Заключение + мнение (параграф/абзац  № 5): 

I would like to conclude by saying that relaxing is of primary importance for every person as it helps one to have a calmer and clearer mind which aids memory, positive thinking and concentration. 

Выражения для подведения итогов:  

To conclude, …/ To sum up, / Summarising , …       

 Overall, …   

 In conclusion, …    

Клише для выражения своего мнения:    

     I believe that ….       because …       

     I am convinced that … 

     I strongly believe that … 

     Personally, I think that …

     In my opinion, …  In my view, …

Сообщение от 22 февраля 2022 года: 

Критерии оценивания задания 40 письменной части ЕГЭ: 





Сообщение от 14 февраля 2022 года: 

Пунктуация: где ставить запятые? 

Остановимся только на употреблении запятой, потому что  различие между русским и английском языком в отношении знаков препинания проявляется главным образом в этом. Правил довольно много, вот лишь некоторые из них.

Запятой отделяются:
1) однородные члены предложения, при этом в отличие от русского языка, запятая ставится часто и перед последним членом перечисления, введенным союзом and или orI have a living-room, a bedroom, a kitchen, and a bathroom.

2)  обстоятельственные придаточные предложения, если они стоят в начале предложения перед главным.

 Если придаточное следует за главнымто оно запятой не отделяется

When I finish my work, we’ll go for a walk. 
но: 
We’ll go for a walk when I I finish my work.
3)  причастные и абсолютные обороты, стоящие в начале предложения:
The rain having stopped, we went for a walk. 

4) 

 вводные слова или выражения для отделения их от остальной части предложения:
Well, I like this. 
By the way, I also need money. 
However, nobody drank much. 

5)  

части сложносочиненных предложенийсоединенных одним из сочинительных союзов and, but, for, or, nor, while (в значении but): 
I dictated the letter, but she didn’t put it down correctly. 
6)  для отделения вопросительной части в разделительных вопросах:
You saw this film, didn’t you? 
They haven’t come today, have they? 

7)  пояснительные слова от прямой речи, если нет других знаков препинания:
He asked, «How long will it take you?»

 Сообщение от 13 февраля 2022 года

Алгоритм работы по успешному выполнению задания 40— развернутое письменное высказывание — описание диаграмм/таблиц: 




 

С 2022 года в письменной части ЕГЭ по английскому введено задание на анализ диаграммы. Здесь представляем образец выполнения задания с рядом тренировочных упражнений.

ЗАДАНИЕ
Imagine that you are doing a project on what people use their smartphones for. You have collected some data on the subject (see the diagram below). Comment on the data in the diagram and give your personal opinion on the subject of the project.

егэ английский, задание на работу с таблицей/диаграммой

Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an opening statement on the subject of the project work;
– select and report 2–3 main features;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant;
– outline a problem that can arise with using smartphones and suggest the way of solving it;
– draw a conclusion giving your personal opinion on the role of smartphones in our life.

ОТВЕТ
Smartphones have become an integral part of the modern life. People use them for different purposes: sending and receiving email, making phone calls, surfing the Internet, etc. I have done a project on the use of smartphones and now I am going to comment on the data and give my personal opinion on the subject.

According to the research, sending and receiving electronic letters has a strong lead in using smartphones. Seventy-nine per cent of people consider these devices the best means to be in correspondence with their friends and family. At the same time, making phone calls is ranked number two in the purposes smartphones are used for. Specifically, people speak on the phone in seventy-eight per cent of the cases.

The next top positions are held by surfing the Internet and playing games while differing from each other by ten per cent sharp. In fifty-eight cases people connect to the World Wide Web with their smartphones, and in forty-eight cases they take their above-mentioned devices to start a game.
Considering the frequency of using smartphones, sense of sight may take a turn for the worse. To reduce the damage it is highly recommended to buy models with high resolution screen and to make special exercises for the eyes.
In conclusion, I would like to stress the fact that a smartphone is indispensable for everyone because of its functional variety.

Обратите внимание на последние требования к написанию электронного письма на ЕГЭ по английскому языку! 

Изучите критерии оценивания! 

Новое в ЕГЭ 2022. Задание 39 в ЕГЭ по английскому языку

Написание электронного письма личного характера

(базовый уровень сложности)

В 2021 году в ЕГЭ по английскому языку были внесены изменения в оба задания раздела «Письменная речь».

В задании 39 ученику предлагают написать электронное письмо в ответ на письмо-стимул его зарубежного друга, с которым они переписываются. То есть по факту это написание несложного связанного текста в рамках определенной тематики.

Новое, что необходимо помнить при написании письма:

1. В бланке ответов № 2 мы не переписываем рамку (from … to…). Даже если учащийся перепишет ее из КИМа, баллы за это не снижаются, но при подсчёте общего количества слов эта часть учитываться не будет.

2. Не записываем дату и адрес как раньше (иначе это будет засчитано как нарушение по критерию «организация текста», так как формат другой и в электронном письме дата и адрес никогда не указываются).

3. Ссылка на предыдущие контакты теперь не нужна.

4. С 2022 года больше не считается за ошибку использование разговорных неформальных сокращений таких, как wanna, gonna, gotta…  Помимо этого, допустимы общепринятые сокращения, принятые в интернет-чатах и форумах, например, ASAP, BTW, 4ever, и некоторые другие.

Максимальное количество баллов за задание 39 составляет 6 баллов.

Критерии оценивания. Знать критерии оценивания на самом деле важно, так как получение максимального балла за это задание возможно лишь при четком понимании того, за что конкретно ставятся баллы.

Критерий первый — решение коммуникативной задачи (2 балла)

Нужно укладываться в заданные рамки 90-154 слова. Первым делом эксперты всегда подсчитывают количество слов в письме. Минимальный объем, подлежащий проверке, 90 слов. Если даже в письме 89 слов, ученик получает за первый критерий 0 баллов и, соответственно, все задание оценивается в 0 баллов. Максимальный объём, который будет проверяться экспертом, 154 слова. Если у ученика больше 154 слов, то эксперт отсчитает первые 140, а все остальное проверке не подлежит (в итоге ученик получает меньше баллов из-за того, что не войдут в подсчет надежда на будущие контакты, заключительная фраза, подпись и пр.).

Ученик должен полно и точно ответить на три заданных вопроса полностью, а если есть вопрос «почему?», то необходимо ответить и на него. Ответ из разряда «I don’t know which sports are popular among Russian teenagers» не будет зачтён.

Помимо этого, ученик задаёт три вопроса другу на конкретную тему, указанную в письме-стимуле.

В данном критерии также учитывается наличие норм вежливости, надежда на будущие контакты и стилевое оформление письма. В последнее входит употребление формул речевого этикета, принятых в стране изучаемого языка. Учащиеся должны знать, что неофициальный стиль включает краткие формы глаголов (doesn’t, aren’t, won’t, can’t) и разговорную лексику.

Критерий второй — организация текста (2 балла)

Здесь оценивается логичность, деление на абзацы, использование средств логической связи и структура письма.

Для ввода основной части письма, где ученик отвечает на заданные ему другом вопросы, уместно использовать такие фразы, как «In your message you asked me about…», «Well, as for my …», или «I’d like to say that…».

Что касается логики изложения, довольно часто в письме встречаются ошибки в согласовании местоимений с предшествующим предложением.

Например: I am studying to get ready for final tests. I’m taking it in June.

Возможны три варианта деления текста на абзацы: 1) с помощью красной строки, 2) пропуская строку между абзацами, 3) используя первый и второй вариант вместе, т.е. можно и красную строку оставлять, и промежуток между абзацами. В принципе, допускается деление абзаца, где содержатся ответы на вопросы, на два или три абзаца. Однако в данном случае абзац не должен состоять из одного простого короткого предложения.

Языковое оформление текста (2 балла)

Важно понимать, что здесь оценивается не только наличие лексико-грамматических, орфографических и пунктуационных ошибок, но и соответствие лексических и грамматических структур уровню сложности задания.

У учащихся возникает вопрос, допустимо ли использовать американский вариант написания слова. Допустимо, но, если выбран американский вариант, он не должен меняться в письме. Если где-то далее будет использован британский вариант написания того же слова, это будет засчитано за ошибку.

Важно помнить про отсутствие восклицательного знака в обращении, наличие запятой после завершающей фразы, отсутствие точки после подписи.

Предлагаю рассмотреть образец-шаблон написания данного задания. В демонстрационном варианте ФИПИ на 2022 год предлагается такое письмо-стимул:

Ответ на данное письмо, за который на экзамене можно получить 6 баллов, может выглядеть так:

  Dear Ronny,

     Thank you for your email. I was glad to get it. I hope you’re doing well.

     In your message, you asked me some questions and I’m going to answer them right away! Well, in summer the weather here can be warm or hot. Actually, it’s almost always sunny and dry. My favourite season is summer because I have very long holidays and I can do what I want. It’s so much fun! As for my plans for the summer, I’m going to make a film about my family. You know, recording family history seems a great idea.

     By the way, I’d like to ask you some questions about your uncle. How old is he? Where does he live? How long is he going to stay at your place?

     Take care and keep in touch!

     All the best,

     Olga

В данном письме 140 слов, в необходимый объем мы уложились.

Для осуществления логической связи необходимо использовать в тексте письма вводные слова и специальные слова-связки.

В данном примере были использованы:

You know, – знаешь ли

Actually, – на самом деле, вообще-то

By the way, – кстати, между прочим

Достаточно 3-4 таких выражений, не стоит перегружать ими ваше письмо.

Ниже приведу дополнительную схему оценивания задания 39, которая может использоваться как учителем для оценивания работ учащихся, так и самими учениками в качестве инструмента для самооценки и для тренировки выполнения и самопроверки данного задания. 

Дополнительная схема оценивания задания 39

«ЭЛЕКТРОННОЕ ПИСЬМО ЛИЧНОГО ХАРАКТЕРА»

                                                                              НОМЕР БЛАНКА

Объём высказывания соответствует поставленной задаче: 90–154 слова

1. Решение коммуникативной задачи (Содержание)

Аспект 1. Ответ на вопрос о погоде летом в России дан

Аспект 2. Ответ на вопрос о любимом времени года автора и о причине этого дан

Аспект 3. Ответ на вопрос о планах автора письма на лето дан

Аспект 4. Три вопроса о дяде друга по переписке заданы

Аспект 5. Нормы вежливости соблюдены: благодарность за полученное письмо; надежда на последующие контакты

Аспект 6. Стилевое оформление выбрано правильно: обращение, завер­шающая фраза, подпись автора в соответствии с неофициальным стилем

ИТОГОВЫЙ БАЛЛ (максимальный балл – 2)

2. Организация текста

Логичность

Деление на абзацы

Средства логической связи

Обращение на отдельной строке

Завершающая фраза на отдельной строке

Подпись на отдельной строке

ИТОГОВЫЙ БАЛЛ (максимальный балл – 2)

3. Языковое оформление текста. ИТОГОВЫЙ БАЛЛ (максимальный балл – 2)

   
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А21-А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. TEST  04 ( part 3)

How was Jackson going to A21 get rid of Simon? That was the question that had kept him awake for the previous three nights, and which he pondered as he now walked home from work. It had all started so innocently, as a favour to a friend.

‘Could you put me A22 up , Jackson?’ Simon had asked. ‘Just for a couple of nights.’

Jackson of course had said yes, thinking that it would be just for two nights. How wrong he had been. Now, more than four months on, Simon was still in the flat and there seemed little evidence to suggest he was A23 intending to leave. The evidence, in fact, pointed to quite the opposite conclusion. Simon seemed to have A24 settled in so comfortably, Jackson wondered sometimes if it was actually Simon’s flat, and he, Jackson, was the one staying there as the guest.  

Jackson knew he should A25 make his feelings clear to Simon — that he valued his own privacy, that he didn’t want to live with someone else on a permanent basis, that he felt Simon was abusing his hospitality — but the truth was he was scared. Not scared of how Simon would react physically, but scared that Simon would take offence, and would A26 accuse him of being selfish and not caring about a friend who was in trouble. And Simon was in trouble. With no job, no money and nowhere else to stay, where would Simon go if Jackson A27 threw him out?

‘Maybe I am being selfish,’ Jackson thought, ‘but the situation just can’t go on like this.’

He made the decision to bring the subject up sometime that evening. ‘I won’t ask him to leave

immediately,’ he reasoned. ‘That would be unfair, and would put him in a difficult

A28 position. But I’ll explain that the whole arrangement was meant to be temporary, has gone on for a very long time now, and that, while it’s been nice having Simon as a flatmate, it just can’t go on indefinitely.’

For the rest of the walk home, he rehearsed exactly what he was going to say.

A21

1) have

2) get

Get rid of smth — избавиться от чего-либо; устоявшееся сочетание

3) take

4) set

A22

1) in

Put smb in — назначить на должность

2) out

Put smb out – обременять кого-либо

3) over

Put smb over — нет такого сочетания

4) up

Put smb up — предоставить ночлег, приютить

A23

1) intending

Intend — намереваться

2) assuming

Assume — допускать

3) devising

Devise — разрабатывать

4) conceiving

Concieve — постигать; забеременеть

A24

1) settled

Settle in — обосноваться, освоиться;

остальные три слова с in не используются

2) established

3) launched

4) relaxed

A25

1) convey

2) express

3) make

Make smth clear to smb — дать ясно понять что-либо кому-либо; устоявшееся выражение

4) tell

A26

1) charge

2) condemn

3) blame

4) accuse

Accuse smb of smth — винить, упрекать; остальные три слова с of не используются

A27

1) let

Let smb out — выпустить кого-либо (откуда- либо)

2) sent

Send smb out — отослать кого-либо (за чем-либо)

3) threw

Throw smb out — вышвырнуть кого-либо

4) did

Did smb out — нет такого сочетания

A28

1) location

2) position

Put smb in a difficult position — ставить кого-либо в неудобное/сложное положение; устоявшееся выражение

3) point

4) site


Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

  1. through a small hole in the floor

  2. through the hole for the hamster

  3. and locked the runaway hamster

  4. to come out of the hole

  5. to look after the pet

  6. to try and locate the missing hamster

  7. and left it under the floorboards

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

1

4

7

2

3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

  1. just overfill your stomach

  2. could be bad for your weight

  3. have a habit of eating quickly

  4. linked to obesity

  5. eat as slowly as possible

  6. put on weight

  7. learned at a very early age

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

2

1

7

5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together 

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

  1. than any other group

  2. watching television

  3. in the company of someone else

  4. than two computers in the home

  5. communicated with their families

  6. helping them communicate

  7. owning a mobile

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

1

4

7

2

3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’ 

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

  1. it has become a way of life.

  2. when it passes you on the street.

  3. when you see him and talk to him.

  4. and it lets them come into mine, too.

  5. so I did not pay any attention to him.

  6. however small or simple the greeting is.

  7. how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

5

2

1

7

4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

 A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

  1. but we did anyway.

  2. whenever a need arises.

  3. they did not really care.

  4. whenever they need your help.

  5. could not guarantee would even last.

  6. am eternally grateful for a second chance.

  7. someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

1

3

5

7

6

Task 6

Mobile phones

 On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

  1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

  2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

  3. and relying instead on actual call charges

  4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

  5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

  6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

  7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

4

2

1

5

3

Task 7

London Zoo

 London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

  1. such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

  2. as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

  3. which take place every day, from

  4. because they see and touch them close up

  5. despite the serious side to our work

  6. which demand much time and effort

  7. that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

7

1

5

4

3

2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

 Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

  1. which could reveal

  2. which they stood

  3. which it was once made up

  4. that this stretch of the river Avon

  5. that there might have been something

  6. that it should be considered as integral part

  7. that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

2

7

1

5

4

Task 9

Australia

 Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

  1. that once stood here

  2. that is almost continent long

  3. whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

  4. whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable

  5. whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

  6. Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

  7. Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

7

2

1

5

6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

 Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

  1. which is contacted by radio

  2. that familiar figure of the London scene

  3. for they are accustomed to military bands

  4. which possesses its own separate police force

  5. which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

  6. that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

  7. whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

4

1

3

7

5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students 

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

  1. up for the optional module, part of

  2. to emerge four or five years ago to see

  3. to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

  4. such as the response of the writer

  5. including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

  6. to growing demand from the student

  7. such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

1

5

6

7

2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

 The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

  1. whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

  2. to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

  3. that laughter is a uniquely human trait

  4. that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

  5. that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

  6. while their caretakers tickled them

  7. to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

7

3

1

6

4

5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

 For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms  С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

  1. when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

  2. that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

  3. the environment is under pressure

  4. and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

  5. and set up their camps in the southern forests

  6. that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

  7. when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

1

7

4

3

6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

  1. which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

  2. alarm about these changes

  3. a huge shift towards an ageing population

  4. change is due to

  5. while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

  6. which shows the balance between working-age people and the older

  7. as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

4

2

5

7

6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

 St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

  1. either a Maasai or a Kamba man

  2. who do not hunt elephants

  3. when they detected the smell of clothes

  4. who carried out the research

  5. the amount of risk they sense

  6. spearing elephants

  7. when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

2

1

7

5

Task 16

Culture and customs

 In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

  1. to perform other actions

  2. outnumber traditional telephones

  3. to communicate with each other

  4. combined with the Internet

  5. to serve basic needs

  6. banned in some countries

  7. carry in our pockets

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

4

1

7

5

Task 17

My Stage

 My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

  1. like she was a rag doll

  2. whether I was good at it or not

  3. wished I, too, could be on stage

  4. and I designed the rest

  5. and I was star struck

  6. so Heather could do her tap routine

  7. because she got to go to dance lessons

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Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

 Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

  1. on the look-out for more treats

  2. from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

  3. to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

  4. on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away

  5. to identify if anyone had bumped into him

  6. when her son is having a lie-in

  7. collected by car every morning

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Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

  1. whatever it costs

  2. most excellent impression

  3. you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

  4. in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

  5. would never know it really well

  6. far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

  7. and all this

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Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

  1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

  2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.

  3. which is invisible to the human eye.

  4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.

  5. so it has a clear view of space.

  6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.

  7. but where it is.

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Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

  1. and finally measure them.

  2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

  3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

  4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

  5. as they study mechanical forces.

  6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

  7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

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Task 22

Chocolate 

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

  1. the chocolate consumed today is made

  2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

  3. central and southern America for

  4. of the world’s most popular flavours

  5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

  6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

  7. many countries worldwide at

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Task 23

Reality TV

 Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

  1. due to basic human instinct that

  2. is still early to judge

  3. are simply the cycles of fashion

  4. but more usually the stars are members

  5. that the television phenomenon

  6. is a type of programme that

  7. seem to have disappeared

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Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

 Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

  1. who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

  2. to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

  3. a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

  4. favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

  5. the contemporary European powers in

  6. are marked by special events and festivities at

  7. famous among all educated people

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Task 25

Window Shopping

 The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

  1. not like to spend our time

  2. that it’s probably not quite

  3. that particular day turned

  4. our real shopping in

  5. sometimes go shopping for real

  6. anything you want and there is

  7. but when we are together

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Task 26

The Hotel

 “Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

  1. me to take a print of your credit card

  2. points poured out smoothly, no verbal

  3. if I would even see her when

  4. although it seemed virtually identical

  5. so sure was I that nobody would

  6. me to help you with your luggage

  7. as if I am being processed like a product

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Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

 Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

 Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

 The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

 After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

  1. that a permanent, year-round site was necessary

  2. as well as field trips focused on the natural world

  3. many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising

  4. that had been injured or orphaned because of intense

  5. that needed public attention and a new building

  6. as well as teach children and adults about nature

  7. through education programmes and on-site tours

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Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

 If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

  1. that are offered to the visitors

  2. its glamorous past and fun-filled present

  3. as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences

  4. by joining our e-community

  5. that was sweeping the country

  6. celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War

  7. to learn more about American history

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Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

 The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

  1. that it was researching the system of funding education after 16

  2. 260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000

  3. but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced

  4. that inspire young people is immeasurable

  5. but an increasing shortage of work experience means

  6. that young people should stay on at school, as

  7. but a lot more of it is being done online

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Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

 As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

  1. from international names to family-run guest houses

  2. joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians

  3. having their summer holidays in Cardiff

  4. that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers

  5. which features music, film, literature and graphics

  6. from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations

  7. beating with dance and theatrical performances

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Task 31

Changing image

 For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

  1. as well as resources on art, technology and drama

  2. as well as the idols of popular music and the icons

  3. who is sitting to determine exact measurements

  4. ranging from special effects to fully animated figures

  5. ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment

  6. that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity

  7. who are eager to help in any possible way they can

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Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

 Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

  1. and things would be different if everyone was given the chance

  2. which let me know he approved of me

  3. and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays

  4. which I needed to become a professional skier

  5. which I would happily spend as I liked

  6. that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex

  7. but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

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Task 33

Orient Express

 In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

  1. elegant meals were served to passengers

  2. to use trains for long distance travel and vacations

  3. who rode the train

  4. who wrote about it

  5. which connected Switzerland and Italy

  6. that served dishes and wines

  7. there was no money

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Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

 Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

  1. that nature has ever created in the wild

  2. that none of the others have

  3. hovering over the magnificent lake

  4. who retells the legends of the mysterious past

  5. for yourself why there is nothing quite

  6. who pays much attention to children’s safety

  7. continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

7

2

1

3

4

5

Task 35

US Congress

 The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

  1. as party influence has declined

  2. against the spirit of the Constitution

  3. being so large (435 members)

  4. empowered to make laws

  5. unlike the British Parliament

  6. by which the business of Congress is carried on

  7. who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

6

5

1

7

3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

 In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

  1. to spread U.S. ideas and government

  2. for the first time in history

  3. thus replacing them forever

  4. as territories became interdependent

  5. the use of covered wagons

  6. by taking land from Native peoples

  7. forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

1

4

6

7

2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

 This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

  1. who is not a member of any political party

  2. that our village would be protected from outside interests

  3. but it was not a total shock to her

  4. being a politics student at the university

  5. so she can do her job as mayor properly

  6. who is only just old enough to vote herself

  7. will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

1

3

2

7

5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

 They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

  1. has been developed very quickly

  2. not understand why they are doing it for

  3. as Americans call them

  4. riding halfway across the country on a horse

  5. just because they can

  6. can also be used to take and send photos

  7. fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

1

6

7

4

5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

 The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

  1. and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

  2. which includes language teaching and learning

  3. cinemas and television in other EU countries

  4. which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

  5. funding a number of educational programmes

  6. and encouraging people to learn new languages

  7. where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

2

4

1

7

3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

  1. the essentials of starting

  2. that awaits when you step

  3. trials and tribulations of employment

  4. establishing and conducting

  5. preparing a business plan

  6. waiting to be acquired

  7. undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

2

7

1

4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

 Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

  1. that existed long before the invention of writing

  2. that nearly every object made by humans

  3. what those people were really like

  4. which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring

  5. that it is the study of archaeology done underwater

  6. and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities

  7. and what was discovered underwater

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

4

5

2

1

3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

 London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

  1. that are displayed during the nesting season

  2. while the city has grown up around them

  3. and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

  4. where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

  5. who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

  6. who does not know the route to the place of destination

  7. that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

2

3

7

4

1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

 Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

  1. as well as education and the law

  2. the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

  3. with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

  4. many being able to speak Welsh only

  5. where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

  6. apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

  7. bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

7

1

4

3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

 There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

  1. make it a healthy diet

  2. other parts of the world

  3. four times higher than the average

  4. have a cultural tradition

  5. sends a signal to the body

  6. the rest of the population

  7. makes the body protect itself

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

4

5

7

2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

 Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

  1. where one can enjoy close contact with

  2. which meet every need of their users

  3. than to discover them once for oneself

  4. who has never been to this wonderful city

  5. which is ideal for various water sports

  6. to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs

  7. who have different options around the capital

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

6

5

7

1

2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

 Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

  1. try to avoid the boredom of life

  2. that has consistently remained part of society

  3. that they are not alone

  4. going through something difficult

  5. without having to bear any responsibility

  6. that range from unlikely to impossible

  7. at your own pace

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

4

3

5

7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

 The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

  1. as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg

  2. which was designed by D. Trezzini

  3. which was the burial place of Russian

  4. and reminding of the rich history of the city

  5. as the most protected part of the city

  6. which is located on the spire of the cathedral

  7. that are located at the corners

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

1

7

2

3

6

5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

 A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

  1. which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

  2. whenever it rains

  3. to find water as far as 25 metres away

  4. which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

  5. to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

  6. even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

  7. that help them to live in the desert

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

1

6

7

2

5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

 Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

  1. and hotels there or nearby the avenue

  2. showing the original width of the avenue

  3. which was not as straight as it was planned

  4. which were built by famous architects and

  5. connecting these two important structures with

  6. and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

  7. as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

5

3

6

7

1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

  1. in using underwater microphones

  2. to locate food and find their way

  3. result in injury and even death

  4. track and identify their habitats

  5. to filter out food from the water

  6. to provide a platform for marine research

  7. when large numbers come ashore

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

1

3

7

4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

  1. which are depicted on most souvenirs there

  2. so it is necessary to monitor it all the time

  3. who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears

  4. which has the second largest concentration of

  5. to be a place of many water sources

  6. to be a popular nature reserve and health resort

  7. that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

7

1

5

3

4

2

Task 52

The life of Pi

 «The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

  1. read the book to find out what happens

  2. some food and water on the lifeboat

  3. his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

  4. received an award for being strong

  5. sold seven million copies worldwide

  6. learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

  7. a terrible storm and the ship sinks

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Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

  1. began to advertise Christmas shopping

  2. became the subject of many legends

  3. began dressing up unemployed men in

  4. is celebrated on the anniversary of

  5. was only a matter of time

  6. stretches all the way back to

  7. appeared in American popular culture

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Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

  1. that is carried on regularly in each of the museums

  2. providing different materials in the arts, science and

  3. placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history

  4. that has been established within the Smithsonian complex

  5. which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images

  6. and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on

  7. and two museums are situated in New York City

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Task 55

National Gallery of Art

 The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

  1. which is now called the West building

  2. that the gallery brings daily profit to the country

  3. who are willing to share their possessions with the public

  4. who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country

  5. as well as partnership with private organizations

  6. that the gallery is open daily and free of charge

  7. as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

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Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by  D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

  1. such as Easter and Christmas

  2. visiting a local farm

  3. local, fresh and organic where possible

  4. provide good quality food

  5. definitely improve after a good meal

  6. and about 100 bags are sold each day

  7. when the school was awarded

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Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

  1. part in the project

  2. taking exercise

  3. gave marked health benefits

  4. in fitness levels

  5. on simply getting people to take exercise

  6. not enough to get fit

  7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

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Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

  1. double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists

  2. use double-decker buses for public transport

  3. double-decker city buses are less common

  4. where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster

  5. their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities

  6. have an open upper deck

  7. where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

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Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone. 

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

  1. I never quite leave home

  2. but human nature does not

  3. that we are now harvesting

  4. but we as well as our heart did not

  5. not worse than those who came before us

  6. just as the farmers who came before me did

  7. that our ancestors have gone through this before

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Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

  1. I could be playing down there someday

  2. and set real close together

  3. which were so old and posh

  4. and he had a beard and moustache

  5. I wasn’t that good at music

  6. getting ready and warming up

  7. laughing and chattering away

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Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

  1. who are more interested in the past

  2. and girls in blue uniforms

  3. that were generally better

  4. was not particularly unusual as

  5. went on camping expeditions

  6. interact with other people

  7. had become a popular activity

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Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

  1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan

  2. have been turning to tanning beds

  3. they are actually quite classy accessories

  4. better to avoid indoor tanning

  5. have inspired people to get their skin checked

  6. will eventually turn into a tan

  7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

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Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

  1. who is appointed by the president

  2. but of other countries of the world

  3. but in every aspect of social sciences

  4. who are also appointed by the president

  5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years

  6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities

  7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

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Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

  1. differences in traditions

  2. children and hope that they

  3. the day for fireworks lovers

  4. the explosion lights up the sky

  5. feels like the first time I’ve seen

  6. waits at home though: sparklers

  7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

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Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

  1. are built on the ground

  2. are usually very organic

  3. is being built facing south

  4. being environmentally friendly

  5. building materials and lifestyle

  6. is that these homes are safe from fire

  7. can be difficult due to the construction

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Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

  1. Australia is one of the most

  2. were born in other countries

  3. Australia also defines itself by

  4. many animal species that occur here

  5. may have travelled from Asia across

  6. thousands of new immigrants, and by

  7. were criminals sent to live in Australia

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Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

  1. which is felt all year round

  2. which take place in Madeira all year round

  3. where the largest laurel forest in the world

  4. admiring the coastline from a different perspective

  5. where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna

  6. choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty

  7. that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

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Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

  1. cause lots of problems

  2. in the city and take them back

  3. walk in the street and cause traffic

  4. hurt in car accidents and the sugar in

  5. strong animals and sometimes they scare

  6. have been many reports in newspapers and

  7. have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

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Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland  A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre,  B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

  1. but showed evidence of an early human housing

  2. to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal

  3. as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China

  4. but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and

  5. who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage

  6. combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea

  7. who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

4

3

6

5

7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

  1. that is the largest in Venice

  2. which was built in the early I century

  3. that everyone is dreaming about this trip

  4. which is comparable with modern stadiums

  5. which are сonnected by more than 150 canals

  6. the venue for major international festivals

  7. that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

4

2

6

5

7

1

Task 71

City of fountains

 Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

  1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured

  2. which is a former royal countryside residence

  3. who designs many royal residences in Europe

  4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century

  5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls

  6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland

  7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

6

1

7

4

5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

 Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea. 

  1. and the views that open from it

  2. which is built on the top to give visitors

  3. when the subtropical resort is almost empty

  4. which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

  5. enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling

  6. when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”

  7. including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

6

4

7

5

1

2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

 A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by 
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty. 

  1. that is built on hundreds of islands

  2. or during the dazzling white nights in summer

  3. it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great

  4. or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers

  5. that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg

  6. of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe

  7. including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

5

3

1

7

6

2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

 The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings. 

  1. that they are particularly interested in

  2. that they have time to catch all the collection’s

  3. and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste

  4. which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from

  5. that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit

  6. which was the official residence of the Russian emperors

  7. and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

3

5

2

1

6

4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

 Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays. 

  1. and restorers have done everything possible to keep

  2. combining the features of urban and suburban estates

  3. which are planned to be the centre of scientific research

  4. which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists

  5. but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood

  6. and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band

  7. and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

7

5

1

4

6

55

ЕГЭ онлайн. Английский язык 2021

Чтение 12-18

Выполните третье задание демоверсии по чтению, самое объемное. На все три текста отводится примерно 30 минут. Проверьте себя и на время. Если еще не выполняли первый и второй тест, перейдите по ссылкам. Правда, все эти задания остались прошлогодними.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

iGeneration: teenagers affected by phones
One day last summer, around noon, I called Athena, a 13-year-old who lives in Houston, Texas. She answered her phone – she has had an iPhone since she was 11 – sounding as if she’d just woken up. We chatted about her favorite songs and TV shows, and I asked her what she likes to do with her friends. “We go to the mall,” she said. “Do your parents drop you off?” I asked, recalling my own middleschool days, in the 1980s, when I’d enjoy a few parent-free hours shopping with my friends. “No – I go with my family,” she replied. “We’ll go with my mom and brothers and walk a little behind them. I just have to tell my mom where we are going. I have to check in every hour or every 30 minutes.” 
Those mall trips are infrequent – about once a month. More often, Athena and her friends spend time together on their phones, unchaperoned. Unlike the teens of my generation, who might have spent an evening tying up the family landline with gossip, they talk on Snapchat, a smartphone app that allows users to send pictures and videos that quickly disappear. They make sure to keep up their Snapstreaks, which show how many days in a row they have Snapchatted with each other. She told me she had spent most of the summer hanging out alone in her room with her phone. That is just the way her generation is, she said. “We didn’t know any life other than with iPads or iPhones. I think we like our phones more than we like actual people.”
Some generational changes are positive, some are negative, and many are both. More comfortable in their bedrooms than in a car or at a party, today’s teens are physically safer than teens have ever been. They are markedly less likely to get into a car accident and, having less of a taste for alcohol than their predecessors, are less susceptible to drinking’s attendant ills.
Psychologically, however, they are more vulnerable than Millennials were: rates of teen depression and suicide have skyrocketed since 2011. It is not an exaggeration to describe iGen as being on the brink of the worst mental-health crisis in decades. Much of this deterioration can be traced to their phones.
However, in my conversations with teens, I saw hopeful signs that kids themselves are beginning to link some of their troubles to their ever-present phone. Athena told me that when she does spend time with her friends in person, they are often looking at their device instead of at her. “I’m trying to talk to them about something, and they don’t actually look at my face,” she said. “They’re looking at their phone, or they’re looking at their Apple Watch.” “What does that feel like, when you’re trying to talk to somebody face-to-face and they’re not looking at
you?” I asked. “It kind of hurts,” she said. “It hurts. I know my parents’ generation didn’t do that. I could be talking about something super important to me, and they wouldn’t even be listening.”
Once, she told me, she was hanging out with a friend who was texting her boyfriend. “I was trying to talk to her about my family, and what was going on, and she was like, ‘Uh-huh, yeah, whatever.’ So I took her phone out of her hands and I threw it at the wall.”
Though it is aggressive behavior that I don’t support, on the other hand – it is a step towards a life with limited phone use. So, if I were going to give advice for a happy adolescence, it would be straightforward: put down the phone, turn off the laptop, and do something – anything – that does not involve a screen.

12-18

    Инструкция

ЕГЭ – 2022. Английский язык.

Советы по выполнению задания 40

Задание

План эссе

PARA 1: make an opening statement on the subject of the
project work

1.
Общая фраза по общей теме (reading).  

2. Важность конкретной темы (what
book genres are popular among teenagers). 

3.
Подготовка проекта по этой теме. 

4.
Таблица со статистикой.

         3 предложения

Reading
is an important part of education
and if parents and teachers want
to encourage teenagers to read, they need to know what kinds of books most
appeal to young people.
My project, which I am still working on, is aimed at finding
out ……
. I have found some data on this issue and organised it in the
table below.
или I have found some relevant statistics,
and in this essay I am going to analyze this data and present my conclusions.

PARA 2: select
and report 2–3 main features

Пишем
о самом большом и самом маленьком показателях

      
2-3 предложения

I can
identify two main features of the statistics presented in the table. 
The first one is that
the majority of teenagers cited adventure
stories as their favourite book genre, making this kind of books most popular
among young people. And the second key feature is that only 17.6 per
cent of teenagers reported enjoying reading romances, putting this genre at
the bottom of the table.

PARA 3: make
1–2 comparisons where relevant

     3-4
предложения

It is also worth mentioning that the
number of teenagers enjoying detective novels and books about war and spies
(55,3%)  is only slightly lower than the number of teenagers enjoying
adventure stories (55,4%).

PARA 4: outline
a problem that can arise with reading and suggest the way of solving it

    3
предложения

In my opinion, the statistics in the table reveal an important
problem.
We can see that teenagers are not interested in
biographies and are therefore missing out on a great amount of wisdom
contained in these books. I think that in order to solve this problem biographies
should be included in the school curriculum.

PARA 5: draw
a conclusion giving your personal opinion on the importance of reading in
human life.

Мое
мнение + аргументы 

     
2 предложения

In
conclusion, I believe that
reading is important for people
of all ages. Not only is reading fun and enjoyable, but it also allows
us  to learn about any subject and improve our analytical and creative
skills. 

258
words

 1 абзац                                      

ЧТО:

ü
дать понять, о чем ваш
письменный ответ +

ü
упомянуть проект и указать
тему проекта +

ü
подчеркнуть ее важность/
актуальность +/-

ü
упомянуть данные из
таблицы/ диаграммы +

ü
обозначить цель проекта +/-

КАК:

1. Общая фраза по общей теме
(reading).  

2. Важность конкретной темы (what book genres are popular among teenagers). 

3. Подготовка проекта по этой теме. 

4. Таблица со статистикой.

5. Намерение прокомментировать и высказать
свое мнение.

1 способ

Reading is an
important part of education
and
if parents and teachers want to encourage teenagers to read, they need to know
what kinds of books most appeal to young people.
My project,
which I am still working on, is aimed at finding out
what book genres are popular with
teenage boys and girls.
I have found some data on this issue / on
the subject about….
The
statistics are in the chart/ table
and I will analyze them in this essay.

2 способ

 Recent studies show that(актуальность, тренды).
While doing my own
project on…
(тема проекта), I found some (relevant) data (that illustrate what… / how… (тема проекта)), and in this essay I am going to analyze this data and
express my opinion on … / present my conclusions.

3 способ

 … has been
the subject of numerous studies over the last few decades
. As part of my own project on (an important topic of) (тема проекта),
I have found some
relevant data and come across quite interesting / surprising findings.
In this essay I am going to analyze the statistics
and express my opinion on…

4 способ

Many people believe that… (общепринятое/спорное утверждение, связанное с темой проекта).
The aim of the
project I am currently doing (
или working
on) is to find out more about it.
As part of my project, I have found  some data on this issue, and in this essay I am going to analyze
this data and express my opinion on … / present my conclusions.

 5 способ

Recently our
class was tasked with a project on … 
In order to complete the project I have found some data on the subject about … The statistics
are in the chart
and I will
analyze them in this essay.

6 способ

Social
networks
have become an integral
part of our life
. People seem to spend more and more time
surfing Facebook, Instagram and other social media pages.
The current project focuses on…

7 способ:

Many people believe
that teenagers are no longer interested in reading
. The aim of the project
I am currently doing
или (working on) is to find
out more about it.
As part of my project, I have found and analyzed some data on what literary
genres are popular with teenagers living in Zetland.

8 способ:

Undoubtedly, reading plays an important role in
everyone’s life
. Doing a

project about reading I found  some data on teenagers’ favourite book
genres.
I
am going to comment on several key features of the results of the poll.
Или In this project I am
going to outline several key features of the results of the poll.

9 способ

Nowadays almost everyone has a smartphone. Doing a project about smartphones I have found some data on how people use their
smartphones.
I am going to comment on several key features of the results
of the poll.
Или In this project I am going to outline several key
features of the results of the
poll.

Полезные фразы

● Nowadays more and more people understand that… – В настоящее время всё больше людей понимают, что

● It is widely known that… — Широко известно, что

● It is well known that… — Хорошо известно, что

● There is no doubt that… — Несомненно, что

● It goes without saying that… — Само собой разумеется, что

·    
… has
always had a great impact on every aspect of people’s lives.

·    
…is
extremely important as it defines…- чрезвычайно важен, поскольку он определяет…

·    
…is
absolutely vital in…(for…) — абсолютно жизненно важен в…

·    
…is /
are an important part of…

·    
…is
/are a great threat to (both) …, as…

·    
…is 
an important way  for… to…

·    
…is /
are a result of … and can lead to…

·    
…is
essential for almost every activity

·    
…in
recent years (в последние годы
) / …in the last six decades (за последние шесть лет)

·    
 

● The findings from the study touch on a question of… — Выводы, сделанные на основе изученных данных, касаются вопроса

● Undoubtedly, … plays an important role in everyone’s
life. —
Несомненно, … играет важную роль в жизни каждого человека.

Nowadays almost everyone… — В настоящее время
почти каждый… / В настоящее время почти у каждого…

● While doing a project on…, I have found several opinion
polls showing how… —
Выполняя проектную работу по…, я нашёл опросы мнений, демонстрирующие, как

● While doing a project on…, I have found some data showing…
Выполняя проектную работу по…, я нашёл данные о том, …

•        While doing a project about… I found some data on
this issue / on the subject about… and organized it in the table / graph /
chart below. — Выполняя проектную работу по…, я нашёл данные по этому вопросу
/ на тему … и представил их в виде таблицы / графика / диаграммы ниже.

•        My project, which I am still working on, is aimed at
analyzing … / at finding out how / what / when…

•        I have found some data that illustrates… — Я нашёл
некоторые данные,

● I am going to comment on several key features of the
results of the poll. —
Я собираюсь прокомментировать несколько ключевых фактов из результатов опроса.

● I am going to comment on the data and express my opinion /
point of view.—
Я собираюсь прокомментировать данные и выразить своё мнение / свою
точку зрения.

·         
I
have found some data that illustrates… —
Я нашёл некоторые данные, иллюстрирующие

Starting

Presentation
Type

Verb

Description

The/ the given / the
supplied / the presented / the shown / the provided

diagram / table / figure / illustration
/ graph / chart / flow chart / picture/ presentation/ pie chart / bar graph/
column graph / line graph / table data/ data / information / pictorial/
process diagram/ map/ pie chart and table/ bar graph and pie chart …

shows / represents / depicts
/ enumerates / illustrates / presents/ gives / provides / delineates/
outlines/ describes / delineates/ expresses/ denotes/ compares/ shows
contrast / indicates / figures / gives data on / gives information on/
presents information about/ shows data about/ demonstrates/ sketch out/
summarises…

the comparison of…
the differences…
the changes…
the number of…
information on…
data on…
the proportion of…
the amount of…
information on…
data about…
comparative data…
the trend of…
the percentages of…
the ratio of…
how the…

2 абзац                  

ЧТО:

ü сгруппировать данные = выделить  2-3
группы
:

1) максимум

2) среднее
значение

3) минимум

самый
популярный – средний по популярности – наименее популярный;

ü назвать и описать эти 2-3 черты в общем
виде;

1 ПРИМЕР:

According to the data, teenagers in
Zetland
 have quite a wide range of tastes when
it comes to
genres of literature. 1) The vast majority of the
respondents
enjoy reading adventure and detective stories as well as
books about war and spies. 2) Sports stories are also quite popular with
teenage readers in Zetland, 3) whereas romantic novels appear to be
the least popular
book genre.

2 пример:

From
the table of data, the most significant items are as follows
. In the first
section 81% of the students regularly read academic books» while
44% regularly read academic journals. Nothing else is read regularly or often
by 40% or more of the students. The following comments can be made about
the reading of newspapers, magazines and fiction. 75% sometimes read regional
or local newspapers, 69% sometimes read books of fiction, 62% sometimes read
general magazines, and 56% sometimes read national daily newspapers. On the
other hand
, 37% never read Sunday newspapers and 31% never read fiction. In
the second section, not surprisingly, 100% read news about their own
country in newspapers and 56% read this first. 94% read international news,

25% read this
first. 81% read about Britain and look at radio and TV informa­tion. The
only other item that is usually read by more than 50% of the students is
current
affairs (read by 56%).

3 пример:

Looking at the details, the most popular book genre is adventure with
55,4%
reading this type of literature which means that teenagers are
keen on dynamic plots and unexpected twists. On the contrary, the
least popular
genre is romance as a little bit less than a
fifth of teenagers read it.

4 пример

As we can see, most people use their smartphones to send and receive
emails and to make phone calls – 79% and 78% respectively. On
the contrary
, the least popular purpose for using smartphones is
paying for purchases, which is quite surprising given that more and more
people prefer mobile payment services like Apple Pay to credit cards and cash.

5 пример:

According to the data, the
majority of
teenagers in Zetland
choose to spend their free time surfing the Internet and playing computer games
(32% and 29% respectively). Watching films and listening to music are
in the third place with 19%.

6 пример:

To begin with, one of the
most prominent features of the data provided in the chart is that
the most frequently visited network is Facebook, which
is followed by
YouTube. The figures are 63% and 61% respectively. Meanwhile,
the least
popular choice is Snapchat which stands at 13 %.

7 пример:

I can identify
two main features of the statistics presented in the table.  The first one
is that
the majority of
teenagers cited adventure stories as their favourite book genre, making this
kind of books most popular among young people. And the second key feature is
that
only 17.6 per cent of teenagers reported enjoying reading romances,
putting this genre at the bottom of the table.

Полезные фразы

As can be
seen/
It’s obvious
that, + the diagram shows/
illustrates/ demonstrates/reflects
+ a gradual /insignificant / constant / moderate / slight / minor + fall / decrease
/decline /increase/ growth/  of… computer usage from 1984 to 2016.

…79% and 78% respectively. —
…79% and 78%
соответственно.

… is half as popular as reading… — … в два раза менее популярнее чем

which is quite surprising given that… — …, что довольно удивительно, учитывая, что…

… which stands at… /
amounts to…/ totals…
13 %. — что составляет 13%.

with a little bit less than a fifth… — и чуть меньше, чем одна пятая
часть…

 A close second genre in popularity is…

According to the data in the table /
chart, the most popular… with 55,4%… —
Согласно данным в таблице / диаграмме, самый популярный…, так как 55,4%…

Another important fact is that… — Ещё один важный факт — …

As can be seen in the
chart / table, most people… —
Как видно из диаграммы / таблицы, большинство людей

As we can see, most
people… —
Как мы видим, большинство людей

At first glance, it can
be seen that … —
На первый взгляд видно, что

By contrast, the least
favoured… —
Напротив, наименее популярный

I can
identify two main features of the statistics presented in the table. The first
one is that… And the second key feature is that…

It is also clear that the
least popular purpose… —
Также очевидно, что наименее популярная цель

It is noticeable that a (large) proportion of… — Легко заметить, что (огромная) часть

Looking at the details,
the most popular… with 55,4%… —
Согласно данным, самый популярный…, так как 55,4%…

On the contrary, the
least popular… —
Напротив, наименее популярный

Overall, … — В
общем и целом, …

The information given
shows that the most popular… is…, while the least popular is…

The
majority / minority / a significant percentage / a large proportion/ a small
proportion / a very small number
+ of those interviewed / consumers / people surveyed /
respondents / of those who responded to the survey/ of the people asked
 +
were of the opinion…/ believed that…/ reported that /
preferred / chose…./ expressed (dis)approval that… / wished to have… / wanted…/
expressed interest in…/ responded positively to the idea of…/ thought that…/ noticed…/ highlighted…/ emphasized…/ mentioned…/
cited…

The table / chart reveals
that the most … is… —
Таблица / диаграмма показывает, что

This fact suggests /
indicates that …

What immediately stands
out is that… —
Что сразу выделяется, так это то, что

The percentage
of
girls attending the
English training course was similar to that of
boys in 2002.

The number of students in Spanish Department is the same as that in Chinese Department.

The number of students in grade 1 is twice/three times + as many/much as (higher/ more/greater than) the number of students
in grade 2.

Vocabulary for
the General Trend Part:

3 абзац           

ЧТО:

ü сравнить данные  между собой;

ü детализировать: добавить проценты (количество);
(качественно охарактеризовать)

КАК:

насколько больше/меньше;

значительная / несущественная разница
между … и … ;

ожидаемое/неожиданное и т.п.

Фразы
для сравнения данных
:

…79% and 78% respectively — …79 и 78 процентов соответственно.

…a little bit less than a fifth. — …немного меньше, чем одна пятая.

…and it is
10 percent more popular than

— …и это на 10% популярнее, чем…

are almost as popular as — …практически так же популярны, как…

…which is
around twice as many as the figure for
— …и это примерно в 2раза больше, чем
число

… appear / appears to be loved more than … — оказываются / оказывается более популярным, чем…

… appear / appears to be more popular than … — оказываются
/ оказывается более популярным, чем…

… is the most preferred with a sizeable majority (reading)
Самая предпочтительная, с
явным большинством

the
difference between them is 0,1 percentage points.
— …разница между ними всего 0,1 процентных пунктов.

…is only slightly lower than…

A tiny fraction more/less popular – Ненамного более / менее популярна

According to the data in the table, … — Согласно данным в
таблице, …

Another factor worth mentioning is…

Another important thing to mention is that… — Ещё одна
важная деталь —…

Around twice as popular as … —
более чем вполовину более популярен, чем

As compared to… — по
сравнению с …

Based on the chart, it can be inferred that… — После изучения данных в диаграмме,
можно сделать вывод о том, что…

Both genres are… — Оба жанра…

Further analysis of the table / chart reveals that… —
Дальнейший анализ таблицы / диаграммы показывает, что…

In regard to…, the figures stand at % — Что касается…,
цифра достиглапроцента

It can be concluded from the given information that… — Из
имеющейся
информации мы можем сделать вывод, что

It demonstrates that most people are aimed at… rather than…
— Это
показывает, что
большинство людей нацелены на

It is also worth mentioning that…

It is apparent / notable that …

It is interesting that the most favoured is twice as popular as the least preferred one:…against…

Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that…
— Изучив

Looking more closely at the table, we can note that… —
Изучив таблицу
более внимательно, мы можем отметить,
что

The difference between them is…% Разница между ними …%

The figures for… and … tend to be fairly similar. — Число
(тех, кто…) и

The least popular / favoured – самый непопулярный

The most significant difference can be observed between …
and …

The most striking feature is …

The percentage of … is almost identical – Процентпочти одинаков.

The send most popular is only a tiny fraction less popular than…, which is…%

There is no significant difference between – Нет существенной разницы между

Twice / three times / four times as many as a figure for … — процент в 2/3/4 раза выше, чем

Другие
связки для анализа данных в таблице/диаграмме

● Firstly –
во-первых.

● Secondly
– во-вторых.

● Thirdly –
в-третьих.

● For
example – например.

● However –
как бы то ни было / однако.

● Moreover
– более того.

● What is more
— более того.


Nevertheless – тем не менее.

● On the contrary –
напротив.

● On the one hand —
с одной стороны.

● On the
other hand — с другой стороны.

1 ПРИМЕР:

Surprisingly, only 27.2% and 17.6% of
those surveyed
enjoy reading animal stories and romance. By contrast,
adventure novels are favoured by a much higher proportion of the respondents
(55.4%, to be exact), followed closely by detective, war and spy stories
at 55.3% The percentage of those who like reading sports stories is
only slightly lower, making up 49.2%.

2 пример:

According to the data in
the table
, sports stories appear
to be
more popular than animal stories, as there are 49.2% of
teenagers reading sports stories, which is around twice as many as the figure for
animal stories. Another important thing to mention is that detective,
spy and war stories are almost as popular as adventure stories – the
difference between them is
0,1%. Both genres are real page-turners,
and this may be the key to such popularity.

3 пример:

According to the data in
the table,
people also use their
smartphones for surfing the Internet, and it is 10 percent more popular than
playing games. It demonstrates that most people are aimed at
looking for necessary data for their work or studies rather than wasting time
on useless activities.

4 пример:

Unsurprisingly, in this world of technology, only 11% of the
respondents
voted for going for a walk. In addition, the figure
for those who
voted for sports activities in the gym is even 2% lower.

5 пример:

Apart from that, comparing
average in
popularity networks, we
can conclude that WhatsApp is far more popular than Twitter. The
former comprises 48% while the latter makes up only
23%.

6 пример:

It is also
worth mentioning that
the
number of teenagers enjoying detective novels and books about war and spies
(55,3%)  is only slightly lower than the number of teenagers
enjoying adventure stories (55,4%).

Лексика

Percentages:

10% increase,

25 percent decrease,

increased by
15%,

dropped by 10
per cent,

fall at 50%,

reached to 75%,

tripled,

doubled,

one-fourth,

three-quarters,

half,

double fold,

treble,

5 times higher,

3 times lower,

declined to
about 49%,

stood exactly at 43%.

Fractions:

4% = A tiny fraction.

24% = Almost / about a
quarter.

25% Exactly a quarter.

26% = Roughly one quarter.

32% Nearly one-third, nearly
a third.

49% = Around a half, just
under a half.

50% Exactly a half.

51% = Just over a half.

73% = Nearly three quarters.

77% = Approximately three
quarter, more than three-quarter.

79% = Well over three quarters.

Количество без
упоминания процентов:

1—3% — an insignificant
number of… / an insignificant amount of…

2% = A tiny portion, a very
small proportion of

4% = An insignificant
minority, an insignificant proportion of

5% — a small number of… / a
small amount of…

10% — a small minority of…

15—19% — less than a fifth

16% = A small minority, a
small portion of

20% — a fifth

24% = almost a quarter

25% — one quarter / a quarter

26% = roughly one quarter

30% — just under a third

32% = nearly one-third

33 — a third

35% — just over a third / more
than a third

40% — two fifths

47—49% — approximately half /
about half

49% = just under a half

50% — half of… / a half

51% = just over a half

51—55% — just over half

55% = more than half

60% — three fifths

70% —A large proportion of

72% = A significant majority,
A significant proportion of

73% — a large proportion of…
/ a large number of… / nearly three quarters

75% — three quarters

76% = just over
three-quarters

80% — four fifths

85% — a significant
proportion of…

89% = A very large proportion
of

90% — an overwhelming
majority…

Words/ Phrases of
Approximation

» Approximately

» Nearly

» Roughly

» Almost

» About

» Around

» More or less

» Just over

» Just under

» Just around

» Just about

» Just below

» A little more than

» A little less than.

Другие связки для
анализа данных в таблице/диаграмме

Firstly – Во-первых

Secondly – Во-вторых

Thirdly – В-третьих

For example – Например

For instance – Например

However – Как бы то ни было / однако

Moreover – Более того

What is more — Более того

Nevertheless – Тем не менее

On the contrary – Напротив

On the one hand — С одной
стороны

On the other hand — С другой
стороны

Similarly…
On the contrary…
Meanwhile…
In contrast…
By comparison…

Прилагательные: sharp, rapid, huge, dramatic, substantial, considerable,
significant, slight, small, minimal, massive.

Наречия:
dramatically, rapidly, hugely, massive, sharply, steeply, considerably,
substantially, significantly, slightly, minimally, markedly.  

4 абзац          outline
a problem that can arise with reading    and suggest the way of solving it;

ЧТО:

ü
найти проблему и

ü
предложить ее решение

Должна ли проблема вытекать из данных?

Не обязательно; но она должна быть связана с общей темой.

КАК:

   
One problem that ___ can/might cause is …

   
One of the problems
that is/can be caused by ___ is …

   
One problem that can
occur in ___ is …

   
One problem that can
occur as a result of ___ is …

   
One problem that ___
(smartphone users) often face / are confronted with is …

   
One problem (that is
usually/often) associated with ___ is …

   
One problem that is
often experienced by (readers) …

    As far as I can see, … can cause several problems. The most serious one is that… — Насколько я вижу, … может быть причиной
нескольких
проблем. Наиболее серьёзная из них это…

    One problem that can be connected with … is that… —
Одна из проблем,
связанных с …, это

    … and this may result in… — и это
может стать причиной

    A problem likely to arise is that … perhaps it is
possible to solve the problem by…

    In my opinion, the statistics in the table
reveal an important problem.

    Though … , one problem can arise. —
Хотя … , может возникнуть одна проблема.

    However, … can cause several problems. The most serious one is that… —Однако … может быть причиной нескольких проблем.
Наиболее серьёзная из них это…

    The best way to solve
this problem
is to …

    One of the best ways to tackle this issue
is …

    However, there is a possible solution to this problem.
— Однако, есть
возможное решение этой проблемы.

    I believe that … is the best solution to this problem.
Я считаю, что … — лучшее решение данной проблемы.

    I think that in order to solve this
problem…

1 ПРИМЕР:

One  difficulty  that  struggling readers  often have  / (или that teenage readers often face) is lack of
motivation to read
. It is a serious problem that affects the
development of comprehension skills and overall academic performance.

2 ПРИМЕР:

One problem that is nowadays associated with reading is a growing decline
in
book-reading culture. Indeed reading books seems to be
losing its popularity with people of all ages, including teenagers.

3 ПРИМЕР:

The data indicate that although modern teenagers read a lot, they tend to avoid choosing
romantic novels and animal stories. I suppose this is because
today’s adolescents are too pragmatic, not caring and compassionate enough. One
solution to this problem
is
for parents and teachers to raise
teenagers’ awareness of the importance of developing empathy and encourage them
to read and discuss romance and animal stories. The best way to do it
is to
find out what puts young people off choosing these genres and try
to
connect reading to their interests.

4 ПРИМЕР:

Although teenagers in Zetland seem
to
be interested in reading, globally, young people are reading fewer books
than before. The problem is that today’s teenagers get easily
discouraged by long and challenging texts. As a result, they feel
frustrated and lose motivation to read, which affects the development of
their comprehension skills and overall academic performance. The best
solution to this problem is to
let teenagers choose their reading for
themselves  and encourage them to read different texts, not only books.

5 пример

One problem that can be
connected with
reading is that
nowadays reading is losing its popularity among teenagers, and this may
result in
poor imagination and a limited vocabulary range. However,
there is a possible solution to this problem.
School teachers should
stimulate
teenagers’ interest in various book genres by organising
special discussion clubs and drama lessons.

6 пример

As far as I can see, using smartphones can cause several problems.
The most serious one is that people become too dependent on their
smartphones. I believe that reducing time spent on the phone is the
best solution to this problem
. For example, people should
communicate face to face more often instead of sending emails because
it is faster and does not result in losing communication skills.

7 пример

As one can see in the chart, passive free-time activities, surfing
the net and playing computer games, are the most popular among teenagers from
Zetland. Obviously, this problem is widespread and a cause of concerns in
society because it may lead
to weight gain. To solve this issue,
parents should control their teenage children’s screen time.

8 пример

The data given in the bar chart reveal that great number of people
are engaged in social network activities. Obviously, this might have an
adverse impact on their involvement in various kinds of leisure activities,
including active recreation. I believe that one of the possible solutions to
the issue of the
reduction of the amount of time people spend on leisure
activities in favour of visiting social networks can be making an
informed decision by the person himself to limit the time spent online and take
up a new exciting hobby.

9 пример

One
problem that can be deduced from the data is that
none of the teenagers mentioned classic literature, and
this may result in lack of
emotional and cultural experience. However,
there is a possible solution to this problem
. Schools should organise
drama clubs in order to draw teenagers’ attention to classic literature and awaken
their interest.

10
пример

In my opinion, the statistics in the table reveal an important
problem.
We can see
that
teenagers are not interested in biographies and are therefore missing
out on a great amount of wisdom contained in these books. I think that in
order to solve this problem
biographies should be included in the school
curriculum.

5 абзац     conclude
by giving your opinion on  the importance of reading for

                             teenagers;

ЧТО:

ü сделать
заключение, высказав свое мнение

ü bring the key elements
together

КАК:

    To sum everything up, I
can say that… – Подводя итоги, я могу сказать,
что

    In conclusion, I would
like to emphasise that… – В заключение, я бы хотел подчеркнуть, что…

    All in all, I am
convinced that… – Я убеждён, что…

    In conclusion, I believe
that… is crucial in everyone’s life because… —

    In conclusion, I think
that … are an integral part of our life because… —

    although / while … , …

    All things considered…

    On the whole, I believe that…

    That is why, even though preferences
may differ greatly, it is important to…

    In conclusion, I believe
that…

1 ПРИМЕР:

In conclusion, I believe
that although
not all literature genres are liked by Zetland’s teenagers, reading obviously
plays a significant role in their lives and in the life of
every teenager.

2 ПРИМЕР:

In conclusion, I firmly
believe that despite some problems associated with
reading / that reading
might cause, it obviously plays a significant role in the life of every
teenager.

3 ПРИМЕР:

In conclusion, I firmly believe that despite some problems
associated with

reading, it is obviously very important for teenagers to read on
a regular basis / different texts / books of different genres.

4 пример

In conclusion, I believe
that
reading is crucial in
everyone’s life
because it broadens people’s horizons, expands their
vocabulary, improves their memory and develops imagination.

5 пример

In conclusion, I think
that
smartphones are an integral
part of our life because
they provide us with a wide range of
opportunities. Due to smartphones people can find necessary
information quickly and are able to communicate with people wherever
they are and by various means.

6 пример

In conclusion, it is
important for
teenagers to spend their free time effectively. It will
help them to
have a good rest, get rid of stress and be full of …

7 пример

Taking everything into
consideration
, we should balance between online and offline pastimes to
stay physically and mentally healthy.

8 пример

In conclusion, I believe that reading is important for people of all
ages. Not only is reading fun and enjoyable, but it also allows us to
learn about any subject and improve our analytical and creative skills. 

ШАБЛОНЫ

1. Recent studies show that teenagers’ reading habits have changed. To
find out more about it, I have found some information on what literary genres
are popular with teenagers living in Zetland. As part of my project, I have
analyzed these data and come across some interesting findings.

 According to the data, teenagers in Zetland have
quite a wide range of tastes when it comes to genres of literature. The vast
majority of the respondents enjoy reading adventure and detective stories as
well as books about war and spies. Sports stories are also quite popular with
teenage readers in Zetland whereas romantic novels are the least popular book
genre.

Surprisingly, only 27.2% and 17.6% of those surveyed
like reading animal stories and romance. By contrast, adventure novels are
favoured by a much higher proportion of the respondents (55.4%, to be exact),
followed closely by detective, war and spy stories at 55.3% The percentage of
those who enjoy reading sports stories is only slightly lower, making up 49.2%.

 Although teenagers in Zetland seem to be interested
in reading, globally, young people are reading fewer books than before. The
problem is that today’s teenagers get easily discouraged by long and
challenging texts. As a result, they feel frustrated and lose motivation to
read, which affects the development of their comprehension skills and academic
performance. The best solution to this problem is to let teenagers choose their
reading for themselves  and encourage them to
read not only books but a variety of texts.  
/
или to read on a regular basis.

In conclusion, I firmly believe that despite some
problems associated with reading, it is obviously very important for teenagers
to regularly read different texts (and  books
of different genres).

2. Recent studies show that teenagers’ reading habits have changed. To
find out more about it, I have found some information on what literary genres
are popular with teenagers living in Zetland. As part of my project, I have
analyzed these data and come across some interesting findings.

 According to the data, teenagers in Zetland have
quite a wide range of tastes when it comes to genres of literature. The vast
majority of the respondents enjoy reading adventure and detective stories as
well as books about war and spies. Sports stories are also quite popular with
teenage readers in Zetland  whereas romantic novels are the least popular book
genre.

 Surprisingly, only 27.2% and 17.6% of those surveyed
like reading animal stories and romance. By contrast, adventure novels are
favoured by a much higher proportion of the respondents (55.4%, to be exact),
followed closely by detective, war and spy stories at 55.3% The percentage of
those who enjoy reading sports stories is only slightly lower, making up 49.2%.

 Although teenagers in Zetland seem to be interested
in reading, globally, young people are reading fewer books than before. The
problem is that today’s teenagers get easily discouraged by long and
challenging texts. As a result, they feel frustrated and lose motivation to
read, which affects the development of their comprehension skills and academic
performance. The best solution to this problem is to let teenagers choose their
reading for themselves and encourage them to
read on a regular basis
.

In conclusion, I firmly believe that despite some
problems associated with reading, it is obviously very important for teenagers to regularly read different texts .

3.       Undoubtedly, reading plays an important role in
everyone’s life. Doing a

project about reading I found some data on
teenagers’ favourite book genres. The statistics are in this chart and I am
going to comment on several key features of the results of the poll.
Или In this project I am going to outline
several key features of the results of the poll.

Looking at the
details,
the most
popular book genre is adventure with 55,4% reading this type of
literature which means that teenagers are keen on dynamic plots
and unexpected twists. On the contrary, the least popular genre is
romance as a little bit less than a fifth of teenagers read it.

According to the data
in the table
, sports
stories appear to be more popular than animal stories, as there
are 49.2% of teenagers reading sports stories, which is around twice as
many as the figure for animal stories. Another important thing to mention is
that
detective, spy and war stories are almost as popular as
adventure stories – the difference between them is 0,1%. Both genres are
real page-turners, and this may be the key to such popularity.

One problem that can
be connected with

reading is that nowadays reading is losing its popularity among teenagers, and
this may result in poor imagination and a limited vocabulary range. However,
there is a possible solution to this problem.
School teachers should
stimulate teenagers’ interest in various book genres by organizing special
discussion clubs and drama lessons.

Или:

One problem that can be
deduced from the data is that none of the teenagers mentioned classic
literature, and this may result in lack of emotional and cultural experience.
However, there is a possible solution to this problem. Schools should organize
drama clubs in order to draw teenagers’ attention to classic literature and

awaken their interest.

In conclusion, I
believe that
reading
is crucial in everyone’s life because it broadens people’s
horizons, expands their vocabulary, improves their memory and develops
imagination.

4.       Nowadays almost everyone
has a smartphone. Doing a project about smartphones I have found some
data on
how people use their smartphones. The statistics are in this
chart and I am going to comment on
several key features of the
results of the poll.
Или In this project I am going to outline several key features of the results
of the
poll.

As we can see, most people use their smartphones to
send and receive emails and to make phone calls – 79% and 78% respectively.
On the contrary, the least popular purpose for using smartphones is
paying for purchases, which is quite surprising given that more and more people
prefer mobile payment services like Apple Pay to credit cards and cash.

As far as I can see, using smartphones can cause
several problems
. The most serious one is that people become too
dependent on their smartphones. I believe that reducing time spent on
the phone is the best solution to this problem. For example, people
should
communicate face to face more often instead of sending emails
because it is faster and does not result in losing communication skills.

In conclusion, I think
that
smartphones are
an integral part of our life because they provide us with a wide range
of opportunities. Due to smartphones people can find necessary
information quickly and are able to communicate with people wherever
they are and by various means.

5.

Ошибки в стилевом
оформлении (Аспект 6):

Порядок подсчета слов:

Допустимое
отклонение от заданного объёма составляет 10%. Если в ответе на задание
39 менее 90 слов или в ответе на задание 40 менее 180 слов, то ответ на задание
проверке не подлежит и оценивается в 0 баллов. При превышении объёма более чем
на 10%, т.е. если в ответе на задание 39 более 154 слов или в ответе на задание
40 более 275 слов, проверке подлежит только та часть ответа на задание, которая
соответствует требуемому объёму.

Таким образом, при
проверке ответа на задание 39 отсчитывается от начала ответа 140 слов, при
проверке ответа на задание 40 – 250 слов, и оценивается только эта часть
ответа.

При определении
соответствия объёма представленной работы вышеуказанным требованиям считаются
все слова, с первого слова по последнее, включая вспомогательные глаголы,
предлоги, артикли, частицы.

В электронном письме обращение и
подпись также подлежат подсчёту. При этом:

− стяжённые (краткие) формы can’t,
didn’t, isn’t, I’m и т.п. считаются как одно слово;

− числительные, выраженные
цифрами, т.е. 1, 25, 2009, 126 204 и т.п., считаются как одно слово;

− числительные, выраженные
цифрами, вместе с условным обозначением процентов, т.е. 25%, 100% и т.п.,
считаются как одно слово;

− числительные, выраженные
словами, считаются как слова;

− сложные слова, такие как
good-looking, well-bred, English-speaking, twenty-five, считаются как одно
слово;

− сокращения, например USA,
e-mail, TV, CD-rom, считаются как одно слово.

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