The history of paper егэ ответы - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Подробности: 26035


Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В11-В16 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 02 (part 2)

The history of paper

B11	Writing has been the center of civilization for centuries. Most of our important records are on paper. In fact, putting thoughts down in written form wasn’t always easy or practical.	Practice
B12	Early people discovered that they could make simple drawings on the walls of caves.	Draw
B13	Unfortunately, they couldn’t transport it.	Fortunate
B14	Around 4000 B.C., people started scratching messages into heavy clay tablets. Although this form of written communication was now portable, it still was very heavy.	Communicate
B15	For centuries, people tried to discover better surfaces on which to record their thoughts. Almost everything imaginable was tried. Wood, stone, ceramics, cloth, bark, metal, silk, bamboo, and tree leaves were all used as a writing surface at one time or another.	Imagine
B16	No major changes in writing materials were to come for about 3,000 years. A Chinese man named Ts’ai Lun Ts’ai Lun, discovered a way to make paper. The importance of this invention is hard to overestimate.	Invent

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Незнайка → ЕГЭ → Английский → Вариант 11 → Задание 26

Задание № 9034

The history of paper

PRACTICEWriting has been the center of civilization for centuries. Most of our important records are on paper. In fact, putting thoughts down in written form wasn’t always easy or ______ .

Показать ответ

Комментарий:
«…easy or…» — Or предполагает однородность, а однородными могут быть слова, принадлежащие к одной части речи.
Ответ: practical

Нашли ошибку в задании? Выделите фрагмент и нажмите Ctrl + Enter.

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ЕГЭ / Английский Язык / Репетитор по Английскому языку / Тест 7

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами однокоренные слова, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Впишите эти слова в пропуски. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы вопросов 26-31 ЕГЭ по Английскому языку.

paper story

The history of paper is also the history of human culture and (1) … . The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans wrote on «papyrus», a paper-like material. Today’s kind of paper was first developed and used in China. Paper was the most important (2) … of information in the past. It was only with increasing paper production that the transfer of (3) …, education and information to a larger portion of (4) … became possible.
With paper emperors were able to administrate large empires more easily . In former times paper was a (5) … product, and paper making an art — an art that was often kept secret because of the outstanding (6) … of the product. Today paper has changed from a rare artisan material to a commodity product, with a high practical value in communication, in (7) …, artistic, hygienic, sanitary, and technical applications. Nobody can imagine a word without paper. A large variety of paper grades are produced to suit the special (8) … of each application.

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Which of the following is NOT true?

1)  Mass paper production requires complicated machinery.

2)  Cooking and blending can be part of the paper-making process.

3)  Originally, people used trees as the material for making paper.

4)  Today, some people make paper the old-fashioned way for fun.

Paper

Paper surrounds us in everyday life. From books to packaging to money, paper plays a huge role in our day-to-day existence. Paper is usually defined as a thin material made from plant and textile fibers. Unlike fabric, which can be made up of similar materials, paper is not woven. Instead, it is made from pulp  — a soft blended puree of usually soaked, cooked and blended material. Although often thought of as made from trees, wood-based papers only appeared in the 19th century as part of the continuous industrialization of the paper-making process.

Nowadays almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, although handmade paper is still prevalent in some parts of the world and has become a means of artistic expression.

Materials similar to paper can be found all throughout history. Some of the most common ones are papyrus, amate and parchment. Papyrus, made in ancient Egypt, is a thick material used for writing. It is made from the papyrus plant by laying strips of the plants side by side first vertically, then horizontally, and pounded together. The word «papyrus» is incidentally where we get the word «paper» from. Amate is a type of «paper» made in pre-colonial Mexico out of tree bark. And parchment is made out of heavily prepared animal skin. None of these can truly be considered paper, however, as paper implies a disintegration of its source material that is then pressed into even sheets.

True paper was invented in China during the Han dynasty around 25−220 AD. It was originally made by processing the fibers of the mulberry plant along with old rags, fishing nets and any other bits of old fabric, thus, historically papermaking was a form of recycling. Originally paper was primarily used for wrapping delicate valuable objects such as bronze mirrors and even as protection from poisonous substances. It started to be used for writing on around the 3rd−4th century. By the 6th century toilet paper started to be used, and by around the 10th century paper money first appeared. From East Asia papermaking spread to the Islamic world where the process was refined and turned from a smaller-scale practice into more of an industry. Papermaking didn’t become popular in Europe until the invention of the printing press in the 15th century.

Nowadays, almost all paper is made in paper mills. Industrially produced paper tends to be a lot cheaper due to the high production volumes and a lot more uniform. But these advantages come at the expense of the environment. The use of the harsh chemical additives in the mixture leads to air and water pollution. The large amounts of water used in the process is another reason for concern, as is the deforestation resulting from wood pulp being the primary source of paper production.

Recently, there has been a resurgence of hand-made papermaking, both as an art practice and as a way to recycle. Paper can be made out of almost anything organic from cotton to linen to banana peels. This means that paper can easily be made from bits of cloth, old clothes, as well as old paper. This type of material can go a long way. For example, an old cotton t-shirt and some old written on notebook pages could make over a hundred sheets of paper. With multiple colors of cloth and paper, dyes, and specialty items such as dried flowers that can be enclosed into a sheet of paper, the possibilities for paper creation are endless.

Which of the following can be considered paper in the strict sense of the word?

1)  paper made of wood

2)  paper made of tree bark

3)  parchment paper

4)  amate paper

The original purpose of paper was

1)  writing.

2)  packaging.

3)  recycling.

4)  hygiene.

Toilet paper was invented in

1)  China.

2)  Mexico.

3)  Europe.

4)  the Islamic world.

Which of the following is NOT one of the negative environmental consequences of paper making?

1)  chemical air pollution

2)  chemical water pollution

3)  destruction of forests

4)  unrecyclable final product

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of handmade papermaking?

1)  It is good for the environment.

2)  It allows you to be creative.

3)  All sheets of paper are alike.

4)  Material is easy to find.

In the last paragraph, by saying «This type of material can go a long way» the author means that

1)  one can make a lot of paper out of a small quantity of material.

2)  it takes a long time to make hand-made paper out of this material.

3)  the paper made from this material is thick and will last a long time.

4)  this kind of material can be recycled over and over again.

Спрятать пояснение

Пояснение.

Materials similar to paper can be found all throughout history.

Ответ: 3.

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Как известно, Задания 26 – 31 на ЕГЭ – это упражнения на словообразование. Как показывает практика, очень многие считают эти задания едва ли не самыми сложными во всем ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Однако, за каждый из 6 правильных ответов вы можете получить 1 балл, а 6 баллов – это не мало, согласитесь. Поэтому сегодня мы решили обратить внимание именно на словообразование в ЕГЭ и подготовили для вас упражнения для подготовки.

Также в конце статьи вы найдете несколько полезных советов для подготовки к этой части ЕГЭ.

ВАЖНО: на сайте также есть материал, призванный помочь в подготовке к устной части ЕГЭ.

Упражнения для подготовки к ЕГЭ (словообразование).

Вы получите балл за каждый правильный ответ.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 1. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

The Kiev Prince Vladimir Monomach founded the ancient city of Vladimir in 1108 by. The city contains an important group of monuments. The Cathedral of the Assumption was intended to be the (1) ______________ center of all Russia.	RELIGION
It was built in the town Kremlin as a single-domed structure with the faсade (2) __________ for its carved reliefs.	REMARK
Most of the 12th-century frescoes were destroyed by Mongols, but new mural (3) ____________ were added in 1408 by Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chemii, in particular the famous Last Judgment.	PAINT
Suzdal, which lies some 25 km north of Vladimir, was the site of a (4) ____________ in the 9th and 10th centuries, which became a fortress. A posad, which was housing craftsmen and shopkeepers, developed around it.	SETTLE
Within, dominating the whole town stands the Cathedral of the Nativity with its five-domed top and Golden Doors. The interior (5) ________________ is important in Russian art.	DECORATE
The buildings in Vladimir and Suzdal have been the center of (6) _____________ tourism for several decades and a good deal of restoration has been carried out.	CULTURE

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 2. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

Transport in Bangkok

Bangkok is known as the “Venice of the East”. Today, many of the canals have been filled in and paved over to make room for roads, but a massive network of waterways still crosses the city. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Bangkok experienced (1) ____________ influence.	EUROPE
As a result, the city (2) ____________ shifted to a road-based transport system.	SLOW
Over the last decade, Bangkok has evolved from a humid riverside city into a modern, rapidly growing Asian (3) ___________ center. Business travelers will appreciate the city’s growth in public transportation and its world-class airport	COMMERCE
The Suvamabhumi Airport, which is located 25km east of the city center, contributed greatly to Bangkok’s (4) _____________.	DEVELOP
A modern, convenient elevated rail link connects the airport to the city in 30 minutes, helping (5) ________ avoid traffic jams.	VISIT
The city’s modern public transportation system is a (6) __________ of sky trains and underground subways. It has transformed the bustling city center into a futuristic district of street-level roads, elevated roads and sky trains.	COMBINE

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 3. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

Cyber communication.

The development of cyber communication — email, text messaging, and social networking — has revolutionized the way we communicate. Quick and ______________ communication via the Internet has proved essential to national governments, and to the individual.	SUCCESS
Now, we can send and receive important messages, communicate and clarify statements ____________ within seconds.	PRACTICAL
Cyber communication is very important in _______________	BUSY
On a more individual level, cyber communication has transformed the method in which people communicate. In particular, social networking sites have provided access to people in every corner of the globe and their ______________ is growing.	POPULAR
This has helped old friends living far apart to maintain a close ______________	RELATION
For many people, not just teens, social networking has become an alternative to __________ forms of communication — writing a letter, a face-to-face conversation, or a phone call.	TRADITION

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 4. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

The history of paper

Writing has been the center of civilization for centuries. Most of our important records are on paper. In fact, putting thoughts down in written form wasn’t always easy or ______________	PRACTICE
Early people discovered that they could make simple ___________ the walls of caves.	DRAW
__________________ , they couldn’t transport it.	FORTUNATE
Around 4000 B.C., people started scratching messages into heavy clay tablets. Although this form of written _____________ was now portable, it still was very heavy.	COMMUNICATE
For centuries, people tried to discover better surfaces on which to record their thoughts. Almost everything _______________ was tried. Wood, stone, ceramics, cloth, bark, metal, silk, bamboo, and tree leaves were all used as a writing surface at one time or another.	IMAGINE
No major changes in writing materials were to come for about 3,000 years. A Chinese man named Ts’ai Lun Ts’ai Lun, discovered a way to make paper. The importance of this _____________ is hard to overestimate.	INVENT

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 5. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

History of fashion.

Different events in history influence how people dressed during those times. For example, during World War II people used the minimum amount of clothing materials to make simple outfits. They were ________ enough for wartime duties.	PRACTICE
The profession of _________________ was not popular at the time.	DESIGN
Sometimes social and political changes affect how people dress. For instance, in the 1980s the idea was that you could become as_________ as you believed yourself to be. Therefore, many people “dressed for success”. Many men and women wore suits that would help them move up the career ladder.	SUCCESS
Present-day fashion for men is still ____________ . Usually a dark-colored suit is worn with a white shirt and a tie.	CONSERVE
Some fashions are classic, meaning that they never go out of style. However, other clothing items are______________ for a short season only.	FASHION
Sometimes the ____________ of a particular outfit depends upon one person — a film star or a pop-singer.	POPULAR

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 6. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

Russia at the 2012 London Olympics

There are different opinions as to the results of the Russian team at the London Olympics. In medal-winning terms, Russia’s 2012 ____________ is better than that at the Beijing Olympics in 2008, improving from 23 gold medals to 24 and up from a total of 73 medals to 82.	PERFORM
But the British were more _________ with 29 gold medals, moving Russia into the fourth place.	SUCCESS
The reaction in Russia during the first days of the Olympics was largely __________, but then changed as more and more medals were won.	NEGATION
Yet, we have to admit that in some ways our sportsmen were _____________. For example, there were no gold medals in weightlifting this time, though we usually had had a number of them at the Olympics.	LUCK
Alexander Zhukov, president of the Russian Olympic Committee, explains China’s success in the following way: “They have actually copied the Soviet system of children’s _______________.	TRAIN
He adds: «It is rather difficult for us to return to the Soviet system now and, besides, I doubt whether it is ______________ in this day and age»	REASON

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 7. Образуйте подходящее по смыслу однокоренное слово.

Understanding poetry

Poetry is a language used to form patterns of sound and thought into work of art. Good poems often seem to suggest more than they say, and complete understanding of the poem often depends upon the sensitivity and ____________ of the reader.	IMAGINE
Reading poetry in English can be especially ______________ to speakers of other languages because it requires them to think in English.	HELP
It also requires them to consider the subtle __________ and connotations of words.	MEAN
To understand the poem is to understand its images. An image is a detailed ___________ that appeals to the senses.	DESCRIBE
It is like a picture drawn with words and like words, it can have ______ meanings.	VARY
These images often do more than describe a scene or experience — they try to create an experience for the reader. Poems speak to us in many ways. Poems say to us something that cannot be _________ expressed in any direct or literal way.	FULL

Ответы к упражнениям для подготовки к ЕГЭ.

УПР. 1

Religious, remarkable, paintings, settlement, decoration, cultural

УПР. 2

European, slowly, commercial, development, visitors, combination

УПР. 3

Successful, practically, business, popularity, relationship, traditional

УПР. 4

Practical, drawings, unfortunately, communication, imaginable, invention

УПР. 5

Practically, designer, successful, conservative, fashionable, popularity

УПР. 6

Performance, successful, negative, unlucky, training, reasonable

УПР. 7

Imagination, helpful, meanings, description, various, fully

Советы по подготовке к ЕГЭ – словообразование.

Выполняя задания на словообразование в ЕГЭ, ученик фактически сталкивается с двумя проблемами:

Необходимо образовать однокоренное слово
Необходимо поставить получившееся слова в нужную по контексту грамматическую форму.

Например, если в результате словообразования получается существительное, то необходимо проверить, нет ли необходимости поставить его в форму множественного числа, если глагол – нужно подумать, не нужно ли окончание -s или -ed.

Поэтому, всякий раз, вставляя существительное или глагол, подумайте о форме.

ВАЖНО: очень часто готовясь к словообразованию в ЕГЭ, ученики забывают повторить отрицательные приставки, однако, подобные задания очень часто встречаются, а потому мы рекомендуем вам также следующую статью:

Отрицательные приставки в английском языке. Теория и упражнения

При работе с экзаменационным заданием вначале определите часть речи исходного слова и необходимую часть речи для пропуска. Сделать это можно в опоре на знание словообразовательных элементов и базовой лексики в принципе, с одной стороны, и знание простейшего синтаксиса английского предложения, с другой стороны. Так, например, в позиции между артиклем и существительным может находиться прилагательное.

Если исходное слово и пропущенное слово принадлежат к одной и той же части речи, что является частым случаем для имени прилагательного, учащимся следует подбирать соответствующую отрицательную приставку.

За каждый правильный ответ экзаменуемый получает один балл, т.е. максимум за полностью верное выполнение заданий на контроль лексико-грамматических (словообразовательных) навыков составляет 6 баллов.

Вероятно, вам также будет полезна статья Словообразование в английском — упражнения с ответами

Понравилось? Сохраните на будущее и поделитесь с друзьями!

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For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. EXAM DESCRIPTION

The History of Paper

The history of paper is also the history of human culture and (1) … . The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans wrote on «papyrus», a paper-like material. Today’s kind of paper was first developed and used in China. Paper was the most important (2) … of information in the past. It was only with increasing paper production that the transfer of (3) …, education and information to a larger portion of (4) … became possible.

With paper emperors were able to administrate large empires more easily . In former times paper was a (5) … product, and paper making an art — an art that was often kept secret because of the outstanding (6) … of the product. Today paper has changed from a rare artisan material to a commodity product, with a high practical value in communication, in (7) …, artistic, hygienic, sanitary, and technical applications. Nobody can imagine a word without paper. A large variety of paper grades are produced to suit the special (8) … of each application.

Источник

Before the invention of paper, people wrote on clay tablets, papyrus, parchment and vellum. In ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran, cuneiform characters were placed on wet clay tablets with a stylus made from a reed.

Tablet Rimush

Parchment is made from the untanned skins of of sheep, calves or goats, and it has been a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality of parchment that is made from the skins of very young animals, such as lambs and calves. Vellum was used to create scrolls, codices, and books.

Produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, papyrus was used in ancient Egypt and other areas around the Mediterranean. The earliest evidence of papyrus was unearthed in 2012 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. Dating from 2,560 – 2,550 B.C., the papyrus rolls describe the last years of the building the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Before the invention of paper, the Chinese wrote on pieces of bamboo or on silk, but silk was expensive, and bamboo was heavy. Officially, paper was invented in 105 A.D. by a Chinese court official named Ts’ai Lun, but in 2006, a fragment of a paper map bearing Chinese characters and dating from 200 B.C. was found at Fangmatan in northeast Gansu Province.

What Lun had done was mix together the bark of a mulberry tree, hemp, and shredded cloth rags with water, mash the mixture into a pulp, press out the liquid, and hang the resulting sheets out to dry in the sun.

The word «paper» was derived from the word «papyrus», Ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant, and paper was quickly adopted by the Chinese. It then spread via the Silk Road to other parts of the world.

Other Uses for Paper

The Chinese used paper for padding and wrapping, and starting around the late 6th century, they used it as toilet paper. In 589 A.D., the Chinese scholar Yan Zhitui wrote: «Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.»

During the Tang dynasty (618–907), paper was used to make tea bags, and during the Song dynasty (960–1279), the Chinese government produced the world’s first known paper money, or banknotes. Around 600 A.D., the Chinese invented woodblock printing, and by 740 A.D., the first printed newspaper was seen in China. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), China was the world leader in book production.

A prisoner would be released if he could teach ten Muslims any valuable knowledge

The Arabs learned papermaking from their Chinese prisoners, and in 793 A.D., the first papermaking industry appeared in Baghdad. The Arabs also tried to keep the papermaking process a secret, and Europeans did not learn how to make paper until several centuries later.

During the 8th century in Samarkand, Muslims created water-powered pulp mills, and they began binding books using silk thread and covered them with leather-covered paste boards. By the 12th century, a street in Marrakech, Morocco was named «Kutubiyyin» or «book sellers street» because it contained over 100 book stores.

Papermaking in Europe

Thanks to the crusades, the Spanish learned to make paper around 1150 A.D., making theirs the first paper industry in Europe. The Spanish refined the process, creating paper mills that used waterwheels. The oldest known paper document in Europe is the Mozarab Missal of Silos, dating from the 11th century.

France had a paper mill by 1190 A.D., and by 1276, Italy had two paper mills. The first paper mill in England was created by John Tate around 1490 A.D. near the city of Hertford. In 1453 A.D., Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.

Papermaking in the Americas

In the Americas, by the 5th century, the Mayans were using a material similar to paper called amate. Made from tree bark, the earliest example of amate was found at Huitzilapa near the Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico, dating to 75 B.C. European papermaking spread to the Americas, first in Mexico by 1575, and then in Philadelphia by 1690.

In the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two different continents set out to make paper out of wood. German Friedrich Gottlob Keller and Canadian Charles Fenerty sought to pulp wood, and by 1844, they announced that they had invented a machine that extracted fibers from wood and made paper out of them. Fenerty also bleached the pulp, making the paper white. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood instead of rags to make paper.

Paper, Pen and Ink

The new paper, along with the inventions of the fountain pen, mass-produced pencil, and steam driven rotary printing press caused a major transformation in 19th century life. They allowed for book publishing, schoolbooks, and newspapers.

Today, paper is made from trees farmed specifically for that purpose, and from recycled paper. Recycled paper is used in newspapers, notebook paper, grocery bags, corrugated boxes, envelopes, magazines, and cartons.

Paper mills also use wood chips and sawdust left over from industrial processes. In the U.S. today, more than 36 percent of the fiber used to make new paper products comes from recycled sources.

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Scientists at the University of Chicago have described a palatable way to deliver a compound that could reverse food allergies and inflammatory diseases.

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