The Maya are a group of people living in Central America and southern Mexico, whose history dates back an incredible 4,000 years. The height of their civilisation is sometimes known as the ‘Classic period’. This lasted from about 300 to 900AD, and then suddenly ended. Archaeologists today still ask, ‘Why did this happen?’
There are many possible explanations for the end of the Classic Maya civilisation, but no-one knows for sure exactly what happened. One possibility is that some groups of foreigners invaded and destroyed some of the most important Maya cities. However, most archaeologists and historians who have studied this subject think this explanation is unlikely.
Another possibility involves the expansion of the civilisation during the 700s. Some buildings from that period remain unfinished. Why? The suggestion is that poor Maya citizens were forced to carry out the hard building work. Because they were badly treated, they fought back. This would explain why the buildings were never completed. However, scientific research has shown that the buildings weren’t actually very difficult to build. What’s more, other civilisations that experienced problems like these did not just disappear.
A third possibility involves the collapse of trade. Some archaeologists believe that the Maya were closely connected to the city of Teotihuacan by trade. This great city ruled central Mexico, and its collapse in 750AD changed trade routes. However, it has been discovered that the Mayas connection with this city was strong around 500AD. This means that by the time Teotihuacan fell, the Maya were already independent of the city’s influence.
One of the most likely explanations is a change in the weather, with not enough rain leading to an extremely bad drought. Scientists have been able to work out rainfall amounts at the time from soil samples. It appears that the area suffered from a mega-drought’ and the severe lack of water was enough to starve the Maya of food. Critics of this idea say that only the northern regions have been studied and the Maya civilisation was stronger in the south. Also, certain Maya cities in the north survived until 900AD or even later, but this is possibly because they were located closer to the sea and could survive on fish.
Whatever its cause, the end of the Maya Classic period did not bring a complete end to its people. Today, there are still millions of them living in the area, speaking one or more of the 21 Mayan languages still in existence.
1) The ‘Classic period’ lasted for more than 4,000 years.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
2) Archaeologists often have meetings with historians to discuss the Maya civilisation.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
3) Not all of the buildings the Maya started building in the 700s were finished.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
4) Maya buildings were usually very expensive to build.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
5) Around 500AD, the city of Teotihuacan ruled over the Maya civilisation.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
6) Scientists have no idea how much rain fell during the Classic period.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
7) Some Maya cities continued after the end of the Classic period.
1. True
2. False
3. Not stated
Maya people today all speak the same language.
1) – False
2) – Not Stated
3) – True
4) – Not Stated
5) – False
6) – False
7) – True
– False
Раздел 1. Аудирование
1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего А-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.
1. Earning money for education has its minuses.
2. These two things can change the teacher’s motivation.
3. Money is not all that matters to the devoted teacher.
4. Teachers can also learn from their students.
5. Even the best of teachers can’t be effective without students’ input.
6. Teaching brings the whole world to the classroom.
7. Students’ true interest in the subject is the best reward for the teacher.
|
Говорящий |
A |
В |
С |
D |
Е |
F |
|
Утверждение |
2. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений A—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.
[A] Linda and Frank are going to the movies.
[В] Mel Gibson’s character fights in the War of Independence.
[С] Frank thinks the plot benefits from love stories.
[D] Mel Gibson’s character falls in love with a British girl.
[E] Frank finds the film unrealistic in many. ways.
[F] Frank is sure costumes will be the main attraction for Linda in the film.
[G] Linda plans to see the film that very night
|
Утверждение |
А |
В |
С |
D |
Е |
F |
G |
|
Соответствие диалогу |
Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3-9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
3. David has some work experience as …
1) a military pilot.
2) a pilot of regional airlines.
3) a British Airlines representative.
Ответ: [ ]
4. David’s present duties include …
1) helping his senior colleagues with their luggage and uniform.
2) paging important information to his senior colleagues.
3) replacing his senior colleagues when they are ill.
Ответ: [ ]
5. What is annoying to David in his current job?
1) The airline’s plans can go wrong.
2) It takes him too long to get to the airport.
3) Being paged interrupts his personal life.
Ответ: [ ]
6. Describing some difficulties in his current job, David says that …
1) it is a normal part of a reserve pilot’s career.
2) other pilots have more serious problems.
3) he expects his job to become more difficult in the future.
Ответ: [ ]
7. What is the biggest disadvantage of David’s current job?
1) Lack of free time.
2) Irregular working hours.
3) Low salary.
Ответ: [ ]
8. Speaking about his flat-mates, David says that …
1) they are not very friendly to him.
2) they always argue about who will cook the meals.
3) he doesn’t have the opportunity to see them very often.
Ответ: [ ]
9. What kind of training will David need in the future?
1) Training in flying A320.
2) Training for keeping up with changes.
3) Training in the company’s operations.
Ответ: [ ]
По окончании выполнения заданий 1-9 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 1 и 2 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.
Раздел 2. Чтение
10. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблиц. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Milk can be dangerous
2. Fighting poverty
3. The history of milk
4. Why you should drink milk
5. Milk around the world
6. A programme with a milky name
7. From glass to plastic
8. More than food
A. Milk is a primary source of nutrition for young mammals, including human babies, before they are able to digest other types of food. Moreover, it’s proved that milk carries antibodies from mothers to babies protecting them from illnesses or reducing the risk of them. So, apart from containing necessary nutrients for a newborn, milk has other important functions as well.
B. As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from mammals such as cows or goats and used as food for humans. Worldwide, dairy farms produce about 730 min tons of milk from 260 min dairy cows. India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of milk yet it neither imports nor exports milk. New Zealand and the USA are the world’s largest exporters of milk products.
C. Throughout the world, there are more than 6 billion consumers of milk and milk products and over 750 million people live within dairy farms. Milk is a key contributor to improving nutrition and food security particularly in developing countries. Improvements in livestock and dairy technology offer significant promise in reducing poverty and malnutrition in the world.
D. Historically, milk was sold by milkmen in jars. The first glass bottle packaging for milk was used in the 1870s. The first company to do so may have been the New York Dairy Company in 1877. The Express Dairy Company in England began glass bottle production in 1880. Later in 1932 plastic coated paper milk cartons were introduced commercially and they are still popular worldwide.
E. It’s recommended that a person consume 3 glasses of fat-free or low-fat milk for adults and children 9 and older (less for younger children) per day. However, this recommendation is being disputed at the time given that there are other sources for calcium and vitamin D. Probably whole milk is still better for health due to its increased ability to satiate hunger.
F. However, many people in the world are unable to consume cow’s milk because they are unable to digest the sugar in milk called lactose. This sugar only exists in mammals’ milk. Most babies can digest lactose, but some people lose this ability after the age of two. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include nausea, cramps, and diarrhea and usually appear within two hours of consuming milk.
G. Milk is a must in every frig of a household. It’s such a common product that a new app for mobiles to help you plan your day wisely and remember important things was called ‘Remember the milk’. The programme sends you e-mails or SMS to remind you about the things you’ve planned. You can even change your plans in this program while being offline.
Ответ:
|
A |
В |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Education for the 21st century
Since its creation in 1945, UNESCO’s mission has been to contribute to the building of peace, poverty eradication, lasting development and intercultural dialogue. Education is A ____________. The Organization is committed to a holistic and humanistic vision of quality education worldwide, В ____________, and the belief that education plays a fundamental role in human, social and economic development.
UNESCO’s educational objectives are to support the achievement of education for all; to provide global and regional leadership in education; to strengthen education systems worldwide from early childhood to the adult years; C ____________ through education.
UNESCO’s work encompasses educational development from pre-school through D ____________, non-formal education and literacy.
The Organization focuses on increasing access, E ____________ develops knowledge and skills in areas such as sustainable development, human rights and gender equality. UNESCO works with governments and a wide range of partners to F ____________ through policy change. It coordinates the Education for All movement, tracks education trends and raises the profile of educational needs on global development agendas.
1. the realization of everyone’s right to education
2. one of its principal activities to achieve this aim
3. make education systems more effective
4. to respond to contemporary global challenges
5. „ stimulating teachers to work more effectively
6. to higher education, including vocational education
7. improving quality, and ensuring that education
Ответ:
|
A |
В |
C |
D |
E |
F |
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Maya civilization
The Maya civilization was one of the most advanced cultures in Mesoamerica, and their empire’s incredible reign (and mysterious collapse) is a source of fascination for all types of scholars. The culture is well-known for its long-count calendar, inscribed on a large stone, as well as its incredible architecture, and for having the first fully developed written language in the Americas. This is known due to the codices, or folding books, which have been found in various historical sites and are considered some of the era’s most important artifacts.
While many of these volumes were destroyed in the years during and after the Spanish conquest, three of the codices have been established as authentic beyond doubt. They are named after the cities in which they eventually came to reside: the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris codices. Other Maya books are extremely rare due to disintegration; many excavations of archaeological sites have unearthed lumps of plaster which are the remains of tomes where all organic matter has decomposed.
The Dresden Codex is one of the more well-known books, found in Chichen Itza. The last is believed to be the central city of the Maya civilization! The Dresden Codex is the oldest book written in the Western Hemisphere that’s ever been found, and consists of 39 double-sided sheets of amate paper. One of the most interesting things about the book is that it was written by eight different authors in a variety of colors, styles, and glyphs. The volume has an extraordinarily accurate astronomical table, including a chart that predicts the movement of Venus in the sky. It’s believed that the Maya rulers would organize their wars to occur only when the planet had risen. We still can’t explain what made it possible for the Maya people to make such accurate astronomical observations without special equipment, so there are constant talks about possible contacts of Maya with other interspace civilizations.
The Madrid Codex is more varied than the Dresden, and is thought to have been written by only one person after the Spanish had already arrived in Mesoamerica. It may have been sent back to Spain by Herman Cortes himself, and it now resides in the Museo de America in Madrid. The source city for this book is believed to be Tayasal, which was conquered by conquistadors in 1697.
The Paris Codex was acquired by France in 1832, and promptly disappeared for several years shortly after a few reproduction drawings had been made. It was rediscovered in 1859 in a basket of papers in the National Library, and is in poor condition as a result. The book contains prophecies relating to the Maya long-count calendar as well as their zodiac. Many people still believe in the verity of Maya prophecies, or at least in our ability to decipher them.
While these three are the only authenticated Maya codices, there are a number of others which are believed to be forgeries; the rarity of this type of artifact naturally causes a spike in the price for a new one. The Grolier Codex surfaced in the 1970s, and consists of 11 pages, which were discovered in a cave. It is an extremely convincing artifact, but scholars are in serious disagreement over its legitimacy. While the paper is ancient enough, the pictures on it have many inconsistencies and errors, and no consensus has yet been reached.
12. Which of the following is, according to the author, NOT what the Maya civilization is famous for?
1) Knowledge.
2) Outstanding constructions.
3) Military victories.
4) Time-planning charts.
Ответ: [ ]
13. The Maya codices became so important for modem scholars because they
1) were found in different places.
2) are direct evidence of an ancient culture.
3) disclose ancient mysteries.
4) can still function as a calendar.
Ответ: [ ]
14. The Codices are named after several European cities because …
1) they were found there.
2) they are kept there.
3) these cities are also very old.
4) these cities are the best research centres.
Ответ: [ ]
15. According to the author, in Maya culture the planet Venus movement was used to show …
1) when to change the ruler.
2) the accuracy of astronomical tables.
3) how to organize their civilization.
4) when to start a military action.
Ответ: [ ]
16. It can be implied that the Madrid Codex was …
1) a war trophy.
2) bought for the museum.
3) the reason of an ancient conflict.
4) discovered by chance.
Ответ: [ ]
17. The Paris Codex is in the poorest condition because it was …
1) not kept in a library.
2) poorly copied.
3) neglected for a period of time.
4) discovered too late.
Ответ: [ ]
18. The scholars are in doubt about the authenticity of the Grolier Codex because of …
1) its controversial content.
2) the qualities of its paper.
3) the text style.
4) its size.
Ответ: [ ]
По окончании выполнения заданий 10—18 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 10 и 11 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.
The North Pole has melted again
19. Two weeks of warm weather in the high Arctic have caused a lake to begin forming. To be clear, the water ____________ the pole is not sea water from the ocean.
20. It is ____________ ice water resting on a layer of ice below. “It’s a shallow lake. It’s a cold lake. But it is, actually, a lake,” writes William Wolfe of Canada.com.
21. That lake started to form on July 13 during a month of abnormally warm weather — temperatures were 1-3 degrees Celsius higher than average in the Arctic Ocean this month. In addition, the weather is likely to get ____________ over the coming week. An Arctic cyclone will bring strong winds and rain.
SURROUND
MELT
BAD
Snow in Brazil
22. According to the National Meteorology Institute, 87 towns in all three of Brazil’s southern states saw snow and freezing rain last week. The temperature ____________ below zero.
23. In some towns temperature as low as minus 7 degrees Celsius was registered. It was the ____________ time that it snowed in Florianopolis, and Curitiba, the capital of the state of Parana reported snow after 38 years.
24. Snow is rare in Brazil. Last year it ____________ out only in a handful of towns in the mountainous areas.
25. This year because of heavy snowfalls and low temperature a state of emergency ____________ in several towns of the country.
GO
ONE
FALL
DECLARE
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.
Don’t swim with ‘Dusty’
26. Dolphins are known for their gentle personality. But the celebrity dolphin, ‘Dusty’, one can see in Doolin Harbour, County Clare, Ireland is different. This female dolphin is well-known for her ____________ behaviour.
27. One day she was bathing next to a wall and stone steps of the harbour, with two ____________ nearby.
28. She soon turned sinister as she began to bash her tail on the surface of the water in a sign of anger and ____________, causing enormous splashes.
29. ____________ the dolphin surged through the water and hit a woman, leaving her screaming in pain.
30. The ____________ woman began shouting for help. She was dragged onto the steps by a bystander, but Dusty soon came back and menacingly raised her head out of the water before swimming away.
31. Dusty was first spotted in the waters as far back as 2000. At times she can seem ____________ and welcoming of the attention, but she can quickly turn nasty. Lifeguards in the area are now putting out red flags whenever Dusty is spotted in the area and have asked tourists not to swim with the dolphin.
AGGRESSION
SWIM
IRRITATE
SUDDEN
FORTUNATE
FRIEND
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
My family
I don’t believe anyone could describe me as a snob. However, I do believe that the saying “There’s a place for everything, and everything has its place” 32 ____ equally well to human beings.
I was born in Yorkshire in Victorian times and I can safely 33 ____ that during this period my family played a considerable role. My father, Sir Raymond Hardcastle, was not only an inventor and industrialist of great imagination and skill, but he also built up one of the nation’s most successful companies. At the same time he always 34 ____ his workers as if they were all part of the family. Indeed it was this example that he 35 ____, whenever he dealt with those less fortunate than himself that has been the benchmark by which I have attempted to conduct my own life.
I have no brothers and just one elder sister, Amy. 36 ____ there were only a couple of years between us, I cannot pretend that we were even particularly close, perhaps because I was an outgoing child, while she was shy and reserved. Her only interests in life were gardening, crochet work and the occasional visit to Scarborough festival. She never 37 ____ an attempt to get out of the family circle.
Gerald and I first met when I had been a houseguest at Lord Fanshaw’s country home in Norfolk. As it turned 38 ____, we had much in common. We were married in July 1895 and our son Guy was born a year later. My father simply doted on Guy and left everything to him.
32.
1) concerns
2) applies
3) affects
4) influences
Ответ: [ ]
33.
1) say
2) speak
3) tell
4) talk
Ответ: [ ]
34.
1) counted
2) dealt
3) judged
4) treated
Ответ: [ ]
35.
1) did
2) made
3) set
4) put
Ответ: [ ]
36.
1) however
2) although
3) therefore
4) nevertheless
Ответ: [ ]
37.
1) made
2) did
3) took
4) held
Ответ: [ ]
38.
1) off
2) out
3) in
4) over
Ответ: [ ]
По окончании выполнения заданий 19-38 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов в заданиях 19—31 буквы записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую букву или цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.
Раздел 4. Письмо
Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.
39. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend John who writes:
…My brother has just graduated from University. He is a lawyer now. What professions are the most prestigious in Russia? What kinds of money-making jobs in Russia do not require a university degree? Do you want to go to college, why or why not?
This summer we are going on a three-day bicycle trip …
Write a letter to John.
In your letter
— answer his questions
— ask 3 questions about the trip Write 100-140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
40. Comment on the following statement.
Young people like travelling more than senior citizens.
What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
— make an introduction (state the problem)
— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
— make a conclusion restating your position
uryoinerer256
Вопрос по английскому языку:
ПОМОГИТЕ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА я СРОЧНО!!!!!!
Проблемы с вопросами
The Maya are a group living in Central America and southern Mexico, whose history dates back an incredible 4,000 years. The height of their civilization is sometimes known as the «Classic period». This lasted from about 300 to 900AD, and then suddenly ended. Archeologists today still ask, «Why did this happen?» There are many possible explanations for the end of the Classic Maya civilization, but no-one knows for sure exactly what happened. One possible is that some groups of foreigners invaded and destroyed some of the most important Maya cities. However, most archeologists and historians who have studied this subject think this explanation is unlikely. Another possibility involves the expansion of the civilization during the 700s. Some buildings from that period remain unfinished. Why? The suggestion is that poor Maya citizens were forced to carry out the hard building work. Because they were badly treated, they fought back. This would explain why the buildings were never completed. However, scientific research has shown that the buildings weren’t actually very difficult to build. What’s more, other civilizations that experienced problems like these did not just disappear. A third possibility involves the collapse of trade. Some archeologists believe that the Maya were closely connected to the city of Teotihuacan by trade. This great city ruled central Mexico, and its collapse in 750AD changed trade routs. However, it has been discovered that the Maya’s connection with this city was strong around 500AD. This means that by the time Teotihuacan fell, the Maya were already independent of the city’s influence. One of the most likely explanations is a change in the weather, with not enough rain leading to an extremely bad droughts. Scientists have been able to work out rainfall amounts at the time from soil samples. It appears that the area suffered from a «media-drought» and the severe lack of water was enough to serve the Maya food. Critics of this idea say that only the northern regions have been studied and the Maya civilization was stronger in the south. Also, certain Maya cities in the north survived until 900AD or even later, but this is possibly because they were located closer to the sea and could survive on fish. Whatever its cause, the end of the Maya Classic period did not bring a complete end to its people. Today, there are still millions of them living in the area, speaking one or more of the twenty one languages still in existence. 1. The «Classic period» lasted for more than four thousand years. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 2. Archeologists often have meetings with historians to discuss the Maya civilization. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 3. Not all of the buildings the Maya started building in the 700s were finished. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 4. Maya buildings were usually very expensive to build. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 5. Around 500AD, the city of Teotihuacan ruled over the Maya civilization. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 6. Scientists have no idea how much rain fell during the Classic period. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 7. Some Maya cities continued after the end of the Classic period. A. True B. False C. Not stated. 8. Maya people today all speak the same language. A. True B. False C. Not stated.
Трудности с пониманием предмета? Готовишься к экзаменам, ОГЭ или ЕГЭ?
Воспользуйся формой подбора репетитора и занимайся онлайн. Пробный урок — бесплатно!
Ответы и объяснения 1
medouthoma427
1.F
2.C
3.T
4.C
5.T
6.F
7.T
8.T
Знаете ответ? Поделитесь им!
Гость ?
Как написать хороший ответ?
Как написать хороший ответ?
Чтобы добавить хороший ответ необходимо:
- Отвечать достоверно на те вопросы, на которые знаете
правильный ответ; - Писать подробно, чтобы ответ был исчерпывающий и не
побуждал на дополнительные вопросы к нему; - Писать без грамматических, орфографических и
пунктуационных ошибок.
Этого делать не стоит:
- Копировать ответы со сторонних ресурсов. Хорошо ценятся
уникальные и личные объяснения; - Отвечать не по сути: «Подумай сам(а)», «Легкотня», «Не
знаю» и так далее; - Использовать мат — это неуважительно по отношению к
пользователям; - Писать в ВЕРХНЕМ РЕГИСТРЕ.
Есть сомнения?
Не нашли подходящего ответа на вопрос или ответ отсутствует?
Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту, чтобы найти все ответы на похожие
вопросы в разделе Английский язык.
Трудности с домашними заданиями? Не стесняйтесь попросить о помощи —
смело задавайте вопросы!
Английский язык — язык англо-фризской подгруппы западной группы германской ветви индоевропейской языковой семьи.
The Maya were a Mesoamerican (Central American) people who lived in what is today Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Their history starts at about 2000 BC and goes to 1697. Unlike the Aztecs, the Maya never formed an empire, and instead stayed split up into various states and tribes. However, the different Maya states shared a culture, language group, and religious beliefs, which makes them a unified civilization in the eyes of historians.
The Maya were a very advanced civilization in many ways. They developed a hieroglyphic writing system. They were excellent artists and craftsmen, and created sculptures out of jade and clay, and weapons out of obsidian. They were fantastic mathematicians and astronomers. They created the most accurate calendar in the world at the time. And they did all of this independently from Europe and Asia.
Their political structure was focused around kings and priests, and for them, the rule of law came from the gods, who had to be kept happy. They believed the best way to keep the gods happy was with human sacrifice, which they practiced often. Another way to appease the gods was to build enormous stone temples, which made the Maya into very good architects and stonemasons.
Around 500 BC they started building enormous stone complexes known as triadic structures. These triadic structures were made up of several tall pyramids surrounded by lower buildings, all built on large stone platforms. These were covered with stucco-or an outer layer of clay-which showed intricate scenes of the Maya gods. These structures were usually used as temples.
One of the largest cities in this time-period was El Mirador. This city had about 35 triadic structures. Archeologists have discovered that the people who built the city were very good urban planners. In fact, the whole city was planned from the ground up, instead of arising naturally over the years like many European cities. Many of the temples were set up in specific ways to align with the sun and stars. The city also had impressive stone causeways-or bridges-some of which were several miles long, and an advanced water-collection system. At its height in 300 BC, as many as 250,000 people lived in this city, making it one of the largest cities in the world at the time.
Around 150 AD, many Maya cities, including El Mirador, were abandoned completely, though archeologists don’t know why. Over the next hundred years, power shifted between the different cities of the Maya, mostly through warfare and trade. The most powerful cities made smaller cities their vassals-in other words, they made the smaller cities pay them tribute and help them in wars. Wars were plentiful. The Maya cities fought against each other, and they also fought against the other civilizations in the area, such as the one based around the city of Teotihuacan, a long distance away.
Large parts of the Maya civilization collapsed again around 900 AD. Cities which had existed for over 2,000 years were abandoned and people moved towards the coast. The reason why is a great mystery to archeologists. The best theories are warfare, drought, disease, and political instability.
Despite not having enormous cities as before, the Maya were still a rich people with advanced trade, when the Spanish first met them in 1511. The Spanish first wiped out the Maya’s neighbors, the Aztec Empire, in 1521, then moved on the Maya cities. They had conquered the northern half of the Maya lands within six years. The remaining Maya, who lived inland, coexisted with the Spanish uneasily for a hundred years before the Spanish captured the last independent Maya city in 1697. However, many isolated villages were left untouched by the colonists for many more years and preserved the culture.
To link to this The Maya Civilization page, copy the following code to your site:
Maya civilization.
Биболетова 10 класс перевод текста (“Enjoy English”, Unit 3, Section 1, ex. 36, 37, 38, page 97-98)
Ex. 36 Do the quiz: What do you know about the Mayan civilisation?
1. The Maya were ancient people of
a) Australia b) America c) Asia
2. The Mayan civilisation is considered to have been
a) advanced b) primitive c) strange
3. The Mayan civilisation reached its peak in
a) the 1st century BC b) the 19th century c) 800 AD
4. At its peak the Mayan civilization consisted of
a) 13 million people b) 1,3 million people c) 130 thousand people
5. At the peak of its development the Mayan civilization
a) invented the wheel b) moved to another place c) disappeared
6. The reason for the downfall of Mayan civilisation was
a) climate change b) the war with another civilization c) an unknown fact
Упражнение. 36. Выполните тест: Что вы знаете о цивилизации Майя?
1. Майя – это древние люди
а) Австралии b) Америки с) Азии
2.Считается, что цивилизация майя была
а) продвинутой b) примитивной с) странной
3.Цивилизация майя достигла своего пика в
а) 1 веке до н.э. b) 19 веке с) 800 год нашей эры
4. На пике развития цивилизация майя состояла из
а) 13 миллионов человек b) 1,3 млн. человек c) 130 000 людей
5. На пике своего развития цивилизация майя
а) изобрела колесо b) переехала в другое место с) исчезла
6. Причиной падения цивилизации майя было
a) изменение климата b) война с другим цивилизациями с) неизвестный факт
Ex. 37 Read the text about the Maya and check your answers to the quiz.
One of the great mysteries of archaeology was the sudden collapse of the Mayan Сivilisation of Central America. The disappearance of one of the great civilisations of the ancient world puzzled scientists for years, as they searched for clues among the ruined and deserted Mayan cities.
How could a sophisticated culture with its knowledge of mathematics and astronomy vanish into thin air? At its height in about 800 AD, there were probably about 13 million Mayans supporting elaborate cities with grand pyramid temples. Their lands extended from Chichen Itza on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, through Tikal in Guatemala to Copan in Honduras. And then, almost instantly, everything collapsed.
Researchers have recently discovered that it was in fact climate change that caused the collapse of Mayan culture. It coincides directly with several periods of intense drought each lasting about a decade. The worst drought lasted between about 760 and 800 AD. Each one put more intense pressure on an already fragile civilisation.
The cities were densely populated. But they relied on corn-growing farmers who didn’t produce enough to sustain both themselves and the city dwellers. Even though the Maya built reservoirs to collect water, their crops still depended on seasonal rains. Their land had few rivers, being mostly dry limestone. When the rains failed, the water for drinking and agriculture simply ran out. With few reserves and lacking what became crucial for survival, Mayan Civilisation died.
History has many examples of cultures that collapsed in other parts of the world. Almost 3,500 years ago, a drought lasting about 200 years terminated a flourishing society in Mesopotamia. Scientists know from studying the rings in trees that a drought in about 1130 AD destroyed the Anasazi culture of the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, USA.
But not all societies have had to surrender to the devastating effects of drought. The Chumash, of California’s Channel Islands, apparently changed their behavior in response to climate change. When deadly droughts threatened their survival these hunter-gatherers became traders.
What can modern societies learn from the Maya’s downfall? Supplies of clean water are one of the biggest problems facing countries all over the world. Australia has experienced record droughts since the start of the 21st century. The western USA uses so much water that the Colorado River is dry by the time it joins the sea. People will have to change their habits even more, in order to survive the climate changes that are predicted in the next decades.
Упражнение 37. Прочитайте текст о Майя и проверьте свои ответы.
Одной из самых больших загадок археологии было внезапное крушение цивилизации Майя в Центральной Америке. Исчезновением одной из великих цивилизаций древнего мира озадачены ученые в течение многих лет, они искали отгадку среди разрушенных и заброшенных городов Майя.
Как могла сложная культура с ее знанием математики и астрономии бесследно исчезнуть? На пике развития, примерно в 800 году нашей эры, вероятно, существовало 13 миллионов Майя, поддерживающих сложные города и пирамидоидальные храмы (в виде пирамид). Их земли простирались от Чичен-Ица на полуострове Юкатан в Мексике, через Тикаль в Гватемале в Копан в Гондурасе. А потом, почти мгновенно, все рухнуло.
Исследователи недавно обнаружили, что причиной краха культуры Майя являлись климатические изменения. Это совпадает непосредственно с несколькими периодами интенсивной засухи каждый продолжительностью около десяти лет. Самая сильная засуха длилась примерно с 760 по 800 года нашей эры. С каждым разом засуха все больше подрывала существование уже хрупкой цивилизации.
Города были густо заселены. Но они наделись на фермеров, выращивающих сельскохозяйственные культуры, которые не могли производить достаточно продукции, чтобы обеспечивать себя и жителей города. Несмотря на то, что майя построили резервуары для сбора воды, их сельскохозяйственные культуры до сих пор зависили от сезонных дождей.
На их земле было несколько рек, которые в основном состояли из известняка. Когда не было дождей, вода для питья и сельского хозяйства просто заканчивалась. Наличие всего нескольких источников воды и ее недостаток — именно это и стало решающим для выживания, цивилизация Майя умерла.
История имеет множество примеров культур, которые исчезли в других частях мира. Почти 3500 лет назад, засуха длилась около 200 лет и положила конец процветающему обществу в Месопотамии.
Изучая кольца на деревьях, ученые узнали о засухе, которая в 1130 году нашей эры погубила культуру Анасази, живших в каньоне Чако, Нью-Мексико, США.
Но не все общества сдались перед разрушительными последствиями засухи.
Чумаши с Нормандских островов Калифорнии, по-видимому, изменили свое поведение в ответ на изменение климата. Когда смертельные засухи угрожали их существованию, эти охотники-собиратели стали торговцами.
Что могут современные общества усвоить из падения Майя? Запасы чистой воды являются одной из самых больших проблем, стоящих перед странами во всем мире. Австралия пережила рекордные засухи с начала 21-го века. Западная часть США использует так много воды, что река Колорадо высыхает к тому времени, как она впадет в море. Людям придется менять свои привычки еще больше, для того чтобы пережить изменения климата, которые прогнозируются в ближайшие десятилетия.
Ex. 38 Find in the text from Ex. 37 the words and expressions in bold that mean the following:
a) a long period of time when there is little or no rain and crops die (drought)
b) a group of people who live by killing wild animals and finding food but do not by growing crops (hunter-gatherers)
c) very great or extreme (intense)
d) as a reaction (in response)
e) to use all of something and not have any left (run out)
f) with a lot of people living close together (densely populated)
g) cities with no people in them (deserted cities)
h) extremely important because it has a major effect on something (crucial)
i) to stay alive despite difficulties (survive)
j) immediately (instantly)
k) to create a situation in which something fails or stops existing (cause the collapse)
Упражнение 38. Найти в тексте упражнения 37 слова и выражения , выделенные жирным шрифтом , которые означают следующее:
а) длительный период времени, когда мало или вообще нет дождей, и сельскохозяйственные культуры умирают (засуха)
b) группа людей, которые живут, убивая диких животных и добывают пищу не выращивая сельскохозяйственные культуры (охотники-собиратели)
c) очень сильное или чрезмерное (интенсивное)
d) в качестве реакции (в ответ)
e) использовать что-то до конца, не оставляя ничего в запасе (заканчиваться)
f) большое количеством людей, живущих рядом друг с другом (густонаселенное место)
g) города без людей (пустынные города)
h) чрезвычайно важное, поскольку имеет большое влияние на что-то (решающий, ключевой)
i) остаться в живых несмотря на сложности (выжить)
j) немедленно (мгновенно)
k) создать ситуацию , в которой что-то дает сбой или перестает существовать (быть причиной краха)
Упражнение 39. Прочитайте текст из упражнения 37 еще раз, делая заметки. Затем используйте ваши записи и ответьте на эти вопросы:
1 . Почему рухнула великая цивилизация Майя? Когда это произошло?
2. Почему не Майя не пережили засуху?
3. Какие другие цивилизации рухнули по той же причине? Приведите примеры.
4. Как люди могут выжить в суровых условиях? Приведите пример.
5. Какой урок преподали нам Майя?
Слайд 2
Frederick Catherwood (27 February 1799 – 27 September 1854) was an English artist and architect, best remembered for his meticulously detailed drawings of the ruins of the Maya civilization. Their books, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán and Incidents of Travel in Yucatán , were best sellers and introduced to the Western world the civilization of the ancient Maya. Lithographs by F. Catherwood are from “ Views of Ancient Monuments ” (1844).
Слайд 3
Plate № 1 “ Idol at Copan ”
Слайд 4
Plate № 4 “Broken Idol, at Copan”
Слайд 5
Plate № 5 “ Idol and Altar, at Copan ”
Слайд 6
Plate № 10 “ Archway ; Casa Del Gobernador. Uxmal “.
Слайд 7
Plate № 11 “ Gateway of the Great Teocallis , UxmaL “.
Слайд 8
Plate № 12 “ Ornament over the Gateway of the Great Teocallis , Uxmal ”
Слайд 9
Plate № 15 “ Portion of La Casa De Las Monjas, Uxmal “.
Слайд 10
Plate № 19 “ Gateway at Labnah ”
Слайд 11
Plate № 20 “ Well at Bolonchen “.
Слайд 12
Plate № 21 “ Las Monjas , Chichen -Itza ”
Слайд 13
Plate № 23 “ Castle, at Tuloom ”
1 слайд
The civilization of the MAYANS Sosedov Viktor 10V Form Lyceum №4
2 слайд
The British archaeologist Gordon Childe worked out a theory explaining how a culture transforms into a civilization.
4 слайд
Gordon Childe wrote that a civilization is characterized by the invention of writing, mathematics, monumental architecture, long-distance trade, wheeled carts irrigation technology and some other features.
5 слайд
Like ancient Egypt in Africa, the Mayan civilization in Central America deserves a special mention. There is no other country that has so many wonders.
6 слайд
The Mayan civilization was formed in 2000 B.C. and existed up to 250 A.D., it is known due to its writing, mathematics and astronomy.
10 слайд
The Mayans built stone cities with grand pyramid temples which were densely populated.
12 слайд
The Queen’s tomb of Maya
13 слайд
They made a complicated system of basins and reservoirs to collect water.
14 слайд
They were hunters, gatherers and farmers. The main crops were cereals, vegetables and fruit. They used the cotton plant to make clothing. Mayans also kept cows, pigs, goats and sheep.
15 слайд
Hunting and fishing allowed them to make their diet more varied.
16 слайд
But still they couldn’t fight against nature, so one of the reasons that caused their collapse was the intense drought.
18 слайд
The Mayan culture played a great role in the history of mankind. Even nowadays we can see the sight of its culture. First of all, the descendants of ancient Mayans are not only Mayans who preserved their language and some traditions but some Spanish speaking people of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, their calendar-system is very exact though complicated and their writing-system is unique.
19 слайд
Mayan ART Mayan art is essentially the art of the royal court. It is almost exclusively concerned with the Maya elite and their world. Mayan art was crafted from both perishable and non-perishable materials, and served to link the Maya to their ancestors.
20 слайд
The modern religion of Mayans is a mixture of Christianity with some features of ancient Mayans whose main God was the Sun.
22 слайд
Their calendars can be used even nowadays.
23 слайд
Thank you for your attention
Презентация на тему: The Maya Civilization
Скачать эту презентацию
Скачать эту презентацию
№ слайда 1
Описание слайда:
The Maya Civilization Маслова Н.А., учитель английского языка ЦО 1828 «Сабурово» г. Москва
№ слайда 2
Описание слайда:
The geographic extent of the Maya civilization, known as the Maya area, extended throughout the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán. The Maya area also extended throughout the northern Central American region, including the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and western Honduras.
№ слайда 3
Описание слайда:
The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.
№ слайда 4
Описание слайда:
Many Maya cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.
№ слайда 5
Описание слайда:
The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations. Advances such as writing, epigraphy, and the calendar did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them.
№ слайда 6
Описание слайда:
The Maya peoples never disappea- red. Today, the Maya and their descend- ants form sizable populati- on through out the Maya area.
№ слайда 7
Описание слайда:
Many Mayan languages continue to be spoken as primary languages today; the Rabinal Achí, a play written in the Achi’ language, was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2005.
№ слайда 8
Описание слайда:
As Maya cities spread throughout the varied geography of Mesoamerica, site planning appears to have been minimal. Maya architecture tended to integrate a great degree of natural features.
№ слайда 9
Описание слайда:
The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is the only writing system of the Pre-Columbian New World which is known to completely represent the spoken language of its community.
№ слайда 10
Описание слайда:
In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya used a base 20 and base 5 numbering system. Also, the preclassic Maya and their neighbors independently developed the concept of zero by 36 BC.
№ слайда 11
Описание слайда:
They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to those of any other civilization working from naked eye observation.
Задание № 9172
Which of the following is, according to the author, NOT what the Maya civilization is famous for?
1. Knowledge.
2. Outstanding constructions.
3. Military victories.
4. Time-planning charts.
The Maya civilization
The Maya civilization was one of the most advanced cultures in Mesoamerica, and their empire’s incredible reign (and mysterious collapse) is a source of fascination for all types of scholars. The culture is well-known for its long-count calendar, inscribed on a large stone, as well as its incredible architecture, and for having the first fully developed written language in the Americas. This is known due to the codices, or folding books, which have been found in various historical sites and are considered some of the era’s most important artifacts.
While many of these volumes were destroyed in the years during and after the Spanish conquest, three of the codices have been established as authentic beyond doubt. They are named after the cities in which they eventually came to reside: the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris codices. Other Maya books are extremely rare due to disintegration; many excavations of archaeological sites have unearthed lumps of plaster which are the remains of tomes where all organic matter has decomposed.
The Dresden Codex is one of the more well-known books, found in Chichen Itza. The last is believed to be the central city of the Maya civilization. The Dresden Codex is the oldest book written in the Western Hemisphere that’s ever been found, and consists of 39 double-sided sheets of amate paper. One of the most interest about the book is that it was written by different authors in a variety of colors, styles, and glyphs. The volume has an extraordinarily accurate astronomical table, including a chart that predicts the movement Venus in the sky. It’s believed that the Maya rulers would organise their wars to occur only when the planet had risen. We still can’t explain what made it possible for the Maya people to make such accurate astronomical observations without special equipment, so there are constant talks about possible contacts of Maya with other interspace civilizations.
The Madrid Codex is more varied than the Dresden, and is thought to have been written by only one person after the Spanish had already arrived in Mesoamerica. It may have been sent back to Spain by Herman Cortes himself, and it now resides in the Museo de America in Madrid. The source city for this book is believed to be Tayasal, which was conquered by conquistadors in 1697.
The Paris Codex was qcquired by France in 1832, and promptly disappeared for several years shortly after a few reproduction drawings had been made. It was rediscovered in 1859 in a basket of papers in the National Library, and is in poor condition as a result. The book contains prophecies relating of Maya long-count calendar as well as their zodiac. Many people still believe in the verity of Maya prophecies, or at least in our ability to decipher them.
While these three are the only authenticated Maya codices, there are a number of others which are believed to be forgeries; the rarity of this type of artifact naturally causes a spike in the price for a new one. The Grolier Codex surfaced in the 1970s, and consists of 11 pages, which were discovered in a cave. It is an extremely convincing artifact, but scholars are in serious disagreement over its legitimacy. While the paper is ancient enough, the pictures on it have many inconsistencies and errors, and no consensus has yet been reached.
Показать ответ
Комментарий: Military victories aren’t mentioned in the text.
Ответ: 3
Улучши свой результат с курсами ЕГЭ/ОГЭ/ВПР на egevpare.ru
Нашли ошибку в задании? Выделите фрагмент и нажмите Ctrl + Enter.
Предложи свой вариант решения в комментариях 👇🏻