The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse ответы егэ

The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the temperature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in global average temperatures.

‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heatwave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 people; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern,’ says climatologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who co-authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that what was believed to be likely has happened. Nature has been cooperating with climate change theory unfortunately.’

Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dubbed the ‘burning embers,’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.

According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened systems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing seasons in countries such as Canada and Russia.

‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to learn how to adapt.’ Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heating trend to prevent further damage.

Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set — and companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’

But even with such policies in place—not only in the U.S. but across the globe—climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degree C) and further warming of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse,’ Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’

ВОПРОС 1 The current temperature change
1) is less than it was predicted.
2) is too little to cause any concern.
3) makes natural disasters more probable.
4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.

ВОПРОС 2 According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because
1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.
2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.
3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.
4) nature has proved the climate change theory.

ВОПРОС 3 In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means
1) added.
2) labelled.
3) doubled.
4) showed.

ВОПРОС 4 According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear
1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.
2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree С from 1990 levels.
3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.
4) after 3 degrees С of warming.

ВОПРОС 5 Global warming has
1) only negative consequences.
2) only positive consequences.
3) more negative than positive consequences.
4) more positive than negative consequences.

ВОПРОС 6 Cap-and-trade policy implies that
1) companies will have to cut their emissions.
2) companies could sell their emissions.
3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.
4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.

ВОПРОС 7 According to the IPCC, global warming
1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.
2) will have catastrophic effect.
3) is still uncertain.
4) is inevitable.

Для выполнения заданий 12-18 экзаменуемым предлагается прочитать художественный или публицистический текст и выбрать правильный ответ из четырёх предложенных вариантов. Задания 12-18 могут представлять собой вопросы, на которые надо найти ответы, или незавершённые утверждения, к которым надо подобрать правильное окончание.

Это задания высокого уровня, требующие от учащихся полного и точного понимания текста, а следовательно, — обширного словарного запаса и прочных лексико-грамматических навыков. В процессе чтения учащиеся могут отмечать правильные ответы на листе с заданиями.

По окончании выполнения всех заданий следует перенести свои ответы в бланк ответов № 1. За каждый правильный ответ учащийся получает 1 балл. Максимально возможное количество первичных баллов за это задание — 7.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ К ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ ЗАДАНИЙ 12-18

• Прочитайте внимательно весь текст, а затем начните отвечать на вопросы.

• Не волнуйтесь, если вы не знаете значения каких-либо слов. Возможно, они не понадобятся вам при выборе правильного ответа. Если всё же эти слова существенны для ответа на вопрос, попробуйте догадаться об их значении по контексту или словообразовательным элементам.

• Прочитайте вопрос и попытайтесь найти в тексте ответ на него до того, как вы посмотрите на варианты ответов. Затем прочитайте варианты ответа и выберите тот, который наилучшим образом удовлетворяет содержанию текста.

• При выборе ответа помните, что слова в правильном варианте не всегда совпадают со словами текста. Очень часто правильный ответ выражает идею текста другими словами.

• Рекомендуется отмечать ответы в тексте, чтобы в случае необходимости можно было быстро найти нужное место и ещё раз проверить свой ответ.

• Вопросы обычно следуют в том порядке, в котором они встречаются в тексте.

• Не следует отвечать на вопрос, основываясь на собственном опыте или уже имеющихся знаниях. Вы должны найти запрашиваемую информацию в тексте и сделать вывод только на основании прочитанного.

• Если вы затрудняетесь с выбором правильного ответа, попробуйте исключить неверные ответы. Обращайте внимание на детали, так как неверные ответы могут содержать иную грамматическую форму или слегка изменённую информацию из текста.

• Рекомендуемое время на выполнение этого задания — 15 мин.

ОБРАЗЦЫ ЗАДАНИЙ 12-18 В ФОРМАТЕ ЕГЭ

9. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

It was the second of September, 1859. The clipper ship Southern Cross was off Chile when it sailed into a living hell. Hailstones from above and waves from all around whipped the deck. When the ocean spray fell away to leeward, the men noticed they were sailing in an ocean of blood. The colour was reflected from the sky, which was wreathed in a red glow.

The sailors recognised the lights as the southern aurora that usually clung to the Antarctic Circle. To see them from this far north was highly unusual. As the gale subsided, they witnessed an even more astonishing display. Fiery lights loomed against the horizon as if some terrible fire had engulfed the Earth. Upon their arrival in San Francisco, they discovered that two thirds of the Earth’s skies had been similarly smothered. Also, there was a sinister side to the aurora.

The beguiling lights had disabled the telegraph system, wiping out communications across the world. It was as if today’s Internet had suddenly shut down. In some offices the equipment burst into flames. In Norway, the operators had to disconnect the apparatus, risking electrocution. On top of this, compasses spun uselessly under the grip of the aurora, disrupting global navigation.

In the scramble to understand just what had engulfed Earth, the Victorians had only one clue. On the previous morning amateur astronomer Richard Carrington was working in his private observatory and found himself witness to an unprecedented celestial event.

He was studying sunspots, the unexplained dark blemishes that occasionally speckle the Sun. The sunspot that Carrington gazed upon that day was really huge. It was almost ten times the diameter of the Earth. Without warning, two beads of white light appeared over it.

No one had ever described the Sun behaving like this before and Carrington instantly began timing the lights as they drifted across the sunspot, faded and vanished. That night, the apocalyptic aurora burst over the Earth. Could it be that Carrington’s titanic explosion had somehow hurled the electrical and magnetic energy at the Earth?

Carrington himself never pursued the research. Yet his discovery of the solar flare began half a century of intrigue, rivalry and speculation as other astronomers raced to understand the mysterious way in which the Sun could reach out the Earth. With the benefit of hindsight, we can see that the Carrington flare was a tipping point for astronomy. Suddenly aware that the Earth and its technology could be affected by celestial events, astronomers turned their attention away from charting the positions of stars to aid navigation, and began studying the nature of celestial objects.

Today, the study continues. Astronomers routinely watch solar flares and know that these explosions usually eject huge clouds of electrically-charged particles into space. When these strike the Earth, they produce the aurora in the atmosphere and cause technology to malfunction. Astronomers call it space weather, and the ferocity of it still occasionally comes as a surprise. In October 2003, a Japanese weather satellite died during a solar storm. In 1989, millions of North Americans were blacked out when a solar storm damaged the power station in Canada.

The scale of the solar storm of 1859 has never been equalled since. With our current reliance on technology higher than at any time in history, another ‘Carrington- event’ could cost us billions.

(Adapted from ‘The Biggest Solar Storm in History’ by Stuart Clark)

12. When the clipper ship Southern Cross was off Chile,

1) the weather improved.

2) huge stones started falling from above.

3) the ocean water changed its colour.

4) there was a lot of blood around.

Ответ:_______ .

13. It is rare for the southern aurora to

1) be seen against the horizon.

2) have red colour.

3) appear so far north.

4) occur near the Antarctic Circle.

Ответ:_______ .

14. What was NOT the effect of the aurora?

1) The telegraph system was disabled.

2) The Internet suddenly shut down.

3) The equipment in some offices burst into flames.

4) Compasses spun uselessly, disrupting global navigation.

Ответ:_______ .

15. The probable reason for the aurora was

1) a huge sunspot.

2) the light from the sun.

3) the electrical and magnetic energy of the Earth.

4) powerful solar flares.

Ответ:_______ .

16. Carrington’s discovery was a tipping point for astronomy because

1) it began half a century of intrigue, rivalry and speculation.

2) it proved celestial events were unable to affect our planet.

3) astronomers began studying the nature of the celestial objects.

4) astronomers turned their attention to charting the positions of stars.

Ответ:_______ .

17. Today astronomers are still amazed by the

1) extreme force of solar storms.

2) amount of electrically-charged particles ejected by solar flares.

3) fact that the aurora causes technology to malfunction.

4) fact that a Japanese weather satellite died during a solar storm.

Ответ:_______ .

18. The solar storm of 1859 was

1) the first solar storm on our planet.

2) twice as big as the fiercest recent storms.

3) less fierce than most recent solar storms.

4) the fiercest in recent history.

Ответ: .

10. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

When David steps out of the front door he is blinded for a moment by the fizzing sunlight and reaches instinctively for his dad’s hand. Father and son are on their way to the barbershop, something they have always done together.

The routine is always the same. ‘It’s about time we got that mop of yours cut,’ David’s dad says. ‘Perhaps, I should do it. Where are those garden shears, Jane?’ Sometimes his dad chases him round the living room, pretending to cut off his ears. When he was young David used to get too excited and start crying, scared that maybe he really would lose his ears, but he has long since grown out of that.

Mr. Samuels’ barbershop is in a long room above the shop, reached by a steep flight of stairs. There is a groove worn in each step by the men who climb and descend in a regular stream. David follows his father, annoyed that he cannot make each step creak like his old man can.

David loves the barbershop — it’s like nowhere else he goes. Black and white photographs of men with various out-offashion hairstyles hang above a picture rail at the end of the room, where two barber’s chairs are bolted to the floor. They are heavy, old-fashioned chairs with foot pumps that hiss and chatter as Mr. Samuels, the rolls of his plump neck squashing slightly, adjusts the height of the seat. In front of the chairs are deep sinks with a showerhead and long metal hose attached to the taps. Behind the sinks are mirrors and on either side of these, shelves overflowing with a mixture of plastic combs, shaving mugs, scissors, cut throat razors and hair.

The room is usually packed with customers, silent for most of the time. When it is David’s turn for a cut, Mr. Samuels places a wooden board covered with a piece of red leather across the arms of the chair, so that the barber doesn’t have to stoop to cut the boy’s hair. David scrambles up onto the bench and looked at himself in the mirror.

‘The rate you’re shooting up, you won’t need this soon,’ the barber says. ‘Wow,’ says David, squirming round to look at his dad, forgetting that he can see him through the mirror. ‘Dad, Mr. Samuels said I could be sitting in the chair soon, not just on the board!’ ‘I hear,’ his father replies without looking up from the paper. ‘I expect Mr. Samuels will start charging me more for your hair then.’ ‘At least double the price,’ said Mr. Samuels, winking at David. Finally David’s dad looks up from his newspaper and glances into the mirror, seeing his son looking back at him. He smiles.

Occasionally David steals glances at the barber as he works. He smells a mixture of stale sweat and aftershave as the barber’s moves around him, combing and snipping, combing and snipping. David feels like he is in another world, noiseless except for the snap of the barber’s scissors. In the reflection from the window he could see a few small clouds moving slowly to the sound of the scissors’ click.

When Mr. Samuels has finished, David hops down from the seat, rubbing the itchy hair from his face. Looking down he sees his own thick, blonde hair scattered among the browns, greys and blacks of the men who have sat in the chair before him. For a moment he wants to reach down and gather up the broken blonde locks, to separate them from the others, but he does not have time.

The sun is still strong when they reach the pavement outside the shop. ‘Let’s get some fish and chips to take home, save your mum from cooking tea,’ says David’s dad. The youngster is excited and grabs his dad’s hand.

(Adapted from ‘David’s Haircut’ by Ken Elkes)

12. Sometimes David’s dad chases him round the living room because he

1) intends to take him to the barbershop.

2) feels like frightening David.

3) wants to cut off David’s ears.

4) plans to cut David’s hair with the shears.

Ответ:______ .

13. In paragraph 3 ‘a groove’ means

1) a kind of clothes worn by the men who come to the barbershop.

2) a special perfume.

3) a thin cut into a wooden surface.

4) a creak that each step makes.

Ответ:______ .

14. Mr. Samuels

1) has got a modern barbershop.

2) is a rich barber.

3) has got very few customers.

4) is slightly fat.

Ответ:______ .

15. Mr. Samuels places a wooden board across the arms of the chair because he

1) wants David to sit comfortably while cutting.

2) would like David to see himself in the mirror.

3) doesn’t want to bend while cutting the boy’s hair.

4) doesn’t want David to turn in order to see his father.

Ответ:______ .

16. Mr. Samuels says he will charge a double price for David’s hair because

1) he intends to raise the price of the haircut.

2) David has already grown up.

3) he is kidding.

4) he needs to buy a new chair.

Ответ:______ .

17. David feels like he is in another world because he

1) has never been to the barbershop.

2) can hear almost no sounds.

3) smells a mixture of stale sweat and aftershave.

4) can see some clouds in the sky.

Ответ:______ .

18. David’s hair is

1) fair.

2) grey.

3) brown.

4) black.

Ответ:______ .

11. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats, ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods, are becoming more likely at the temperature change that is already underway.

‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be only for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heat wave of 2003 came along and killed lots of people. Hurricane Katrina caused the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, there’s a dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain,’ says climatologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University. ‘There is evidence everywhere that what was believed to be likely has happened. Unfortunately, nature has been cooperating with the climate change theory, and this fact certainly has to increase our concern.’

Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dubbed the ‘burning embers’, that was designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 °F (2 °C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.

According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened systems’ such as coral reefs as well as risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 °F from 1990 levels, which is likely to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives such as longer growing seasons in countries like Canada and Russia.

‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown. ‘That means we’ll have to learn how to adapt.’ Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heating trend and to prevent further damage.

Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set. Companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. ‘Any federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere,’ Yohe notes. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for climate-changing pollution.

But even with such policies in place climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 0.6 °C and further warming of at least 0.4 °C is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. A host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘Nobody knows,’ Schneider says. ‘But it’s time to move.’

(Adapted from ‘Risks of Global Warming Rising‘ by David Biello)

12. The current temperature change

1) is less than it was predicted.

2) is too little to cause any concern.

3) makes natural disasters more probable.

4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.

Ответ:_______ .

13. According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because

1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.

2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.

3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.

4) nature has proved the climate change theory.

Ответ:_______ .

14. In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ means

1) added.

2) named.

3) doubled.

4) showed.

Ответ:_______ .

15. According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear

1) when the temperature change reaches 1° C.

2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8° C from 1990 levels.

3) after 3.6° F of warming.

4) after 2° C of warming.

Ответ:_______ .

16. Global warming has

1) only negative consequences.

2) only positive consequences.

3) more negative than positive consequences.

4) more positive than negative consequences.

Ответ:_______ .

17. Cap-and-trade policy implies that

1) companies will have to cut their emissions.

2) companies could sell their emissions.

3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.

4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.

Ответ: .

18. According to the IPCC, global warming

1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.

2) will have catastrophic effect.

3) is still uncertain.

4) is inevitable.

Ответ: .

12. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианта ответа.

Any architect, builder or scientist can speculate about what the house of the future might be like. But Grace can tell you because Grace is a talking house. Her high-tech gadgets and innovative uses of everyday objects will certainly change the way we think about our homes. Grace isn’t the only one exploring how technology can make our homes more efficient and comfortable. Here is a survey of home innovators’ best ideas.

Grace is not a real house. More formally known as the Microsoft Home, she exists inside an office building on the company’s campus in Redmond. But once inside, it’s easy to imagine you’re in a trendy, futuristic home. When you enter the house, Grace’s voice, coming from hidden speakers, relays your messages. In the kitchen, you set a bag of flour on the stone counter. Grace sees what you’re doing, and projects a list of flour-based recipes on the counter. Once you choose one, Grace recites a list of necessary ingredients. She even knows what’s in your pantry or refrigerator, thanks to a special technology.

The notion of seamless computing, in which technology is everywhere and yet nowhere (except when we want it), underlies most future-home thinking. Technology manager Jay Libby envisions windows made of smart glass that can be transformed into a TV. ‘Nobody wants a television set,’ says Libby. ‘People want the service it provides.’ If he gets his way, the TV will soon disappear, and the term picture window will be redefined.

Home entertainment is just one consideration for the future. The day when your house will be like a family member is not that far off. In Atlanta, scientists are designing systems that will allow older people to continue living independently. For example, Grandma’s home can be intelligently wired to recognize her patterns of sleep and movement so that her family members can be notified of any changes via computer. Does spying on Grandma sound creepy? Today scientists are working on how to convey information without sacrificing privacy and autonomy. They also don’t want to create inappropriate anxiety. Maybe your granny just took a quiet day to read, and the system would have to recognize that.

If we’re going to live in our homes longer, they’ll need to be more flexible. Future homes will be manufactured in factories and then assembled on-site. Already, some homes are made out of prefab walls called structural insulated panels. These boards wrapped around a foam core eliminate the need for conventional framing. Besides offering speed, strength and accuracy, panellised construction is extremely airtight because the foam core completely seals the home. Insulspan president Frank Baker calls it ‘a total energy envelope.’ He ought to know because his own 5,000-square-foot panellised home costs less than $500 a year to heat.

At some point, homes will have to use alternative energy sources such as solar panels, which look like regular roof shingles. Today, these systems are rare and expensive, but they’ll start to look more attractive as electricity costs climb.

It’s easy to get carried away with visions of homes that heat themselves, keep us company and remind us to call the folks. ‘But technology never drives the aesthetic,’ says architect Sarah Susanka. ‘That’s why those weird-looking ‘houses of the future’ never come into being. People will always want their house to look and feel like a home.’

(Adapted from ‘Home, Smart Home’ by Max Alexander)

12. Grace is a

1) futuristic fashion house.

2) sample of innovations.

3) Microsoft office.

4) real house.

Ответ: .

13. The aim of Grace is to

1) free people from cooking.

2) introduce new entertainment facilities.

3) change people’s attitude to homes.

4) have someone to talk to.

Ответ:______ .

14. In paragraph 4 ‘seamless computing’ means that

1) you cannot feel the presence of computers.

2) computers are connected seamlessly.

3) there are no computers in the house.

4) computing is meaningless.

Ответ:______ .

15. Grandma’s home will allow family members to

1) live together with their grandparents.

2) feel free from spying.

3) convey information without sacrificing privacy.

4) get information about their older relatives.

Ответ:______ .

16. Structural insulated panels will make our houses

1) cheaper.

2) lighter.

3) more beautiful.

4) warmer.

Ответ:______ .

17. People will have to use alternative energy sources in the future because

1) solar panels are cheaper than regular roof shingles.

2) solar panels are very popular today.

3) people need more and more electricity.

4) electricity is getting more and more expensive.

Ответ:______ .

18. According to architect Sarah Susanka, houses of the future never come into being because they are

1) rather expensive.

2) strange and unattractive.

3) difficult to construct.

4) too complicated.

Ответ:______ .

Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15—Л21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соот­ветствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Пе­Ренесите Ответы В Таблицу.

Cordia Harrington was tired of standing up all day and smelling like french fries at night. A property developer, she also owned and operated three McDonald’s franchises in Il­linois, but as a divorced mother of three boys, she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them.

Her aha moment struck, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonald’s bun commit­tee. ‘The other franchisees, all men, thought that was hilar­ious because of the word Bun,’ she recalls. ‘But the joke was on them. They didn’t know the company would be picking me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world. Every time 1 went to a meeting, I loved it. This was global!’

The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When McDonald’s decided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery. ‘You see a tiny crack in the door, and you have to run through it,’ she says. ‘1 really believed I could do this.’

Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives’ radar. ‘If you have a dream, you can’t wait for people to call you,’ she says. ‘So Γd visit a mill and send them photos of myself in a baker’s hat and jacket, holding a sign that said T want to be your baker.’ After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off.

Harrington sealed the deal with a handshake, sold her franchises, invested everything she owned, and borrowed $13.5 million. She was ready to build the fastest, most au­tomated bakery in the world.

The Tennessee Bun Company opened ahead of schedu­le in 1997, in time for a slump in US fast-food sales for

McDonald’s. Before Harrington knew it, she was down to her last $20,000, not enough to cover payroll. And her agree­ment with McDonald’s required that she sell exclusively to the company. ‘I cried myself to sleep many nights,’ she re­calls. ‘1 really did think 1 was going to go bankrupt.’

But Harrington worked out an agreement to supply Pepperidge Farm as well. ‘McDonald’s could see a benefit if our production went up and prices went down, and no benefit if we went out of business,’ she says. ‘That deal saved us.’

Over the next eight years, Harrington branched out even more. She started her own trucking business, added a cold — storage company, and now she has three bakeries producing fresh buns and frozen dough — all now known as the Bun Companies.

Speed is still a priority: It takes 11 people at the main bakery to turn out 60,000 buns an hour for clients across 40 states, South America, and the Caribbean.

Grateful for the breaks she’s had, Harrington is passion­ate about providing opportunities to all 230 employees. ‘Fi­nancial success is the most fun when you can give it away,’ she says. ‘We had a project that came in under budget one year, and we gave each of our project managers a car with a big bow!’

The current economy, Harrington acknowledges, is chal­lenging. Some of her clients’ sales have declined, but she’s found new clients and improved efficiencies to help sustain the company’s double-digit growth.

Cordia Harrington doesn’t have to stand on her feet all day anymore. Her sons are now 27, 25, and 23; two of them work for her. And she’s remarried — her husband, Tom, for­merly her CPA, is now her CFO.

‘This is more than a job,’ says Harrington. ‘It’s a mis­sion. I’m always thinking, ‘How can we best serve our em­ployees?’ If we support them, they’ll do their best to look after our clients. That’s how it works here.’

(Adapted from How Bread Made Her a Millionaire By Maigaret Heffeman)

I AlS I Cordia Harrington was not satisfied with her posi­tion because

1) She was a divorced mother of. three boys.

2) She could not provide for her children.

3) 3) she. owned three McDonald’s franchises.;

4) she was very busy at work.

∣A1⅛∣ The McDonald’s bun <⅛mmittee was intended

1) To buy buns from foreign suppliers.

2) To discuss global problems in baking.

3) To oversee the production of buns in other coun­tries.

4) To attract franchisees to the bakery business.

∣A17∣ Cordelia Harrington won the contract because

1) She studied the bakery business.

2) She was an experienced baker.

3) She was persistent in achieving her aim. ;

4) She gave Iotsofinterviews.

I A18∣ The Tennessee Bun Company opened

1) When there was a decrease in fast-food sales for McDonald’s. ∙

2) When US fast-food sales for McDonald’s in — ■ creased.. . ;

3) Later than it had. been planned.

4) After Harrington had spent her last $20,000.

I A¾9 ¾ Harrington didn’tgo bankrupt because // X i-

1) She sold exclusively to McDonald’s. —

2) She started to supply another client. 7

3) She started her own trucking business.

4) She raised prices.

IA201 Harrington is passionate

1) To provide opportunities for her business.

2) To give away all her money.

3) To make her employees work fast.

4) To support the people who work for her.

IA211 Cordia Harrington has had some difficulties because

1) they had a project that came in under budget.

2) she has had to sustain the company’s double-digit growth.

3) some of her clients’ sales have decreased.

4j she has remarried.

A15	A16	A17	A18	A19	A20	A21

Задание 3.13

Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15—А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соот­ветствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Пе­Ренесите Ответы В Таблицу.

The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, according to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the tem­perature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in. global average temperatures.

‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the Eu­ropean heat wave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 peo­ple; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern,’ says clima­tologist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who co­authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that Wbat was believed to be Ukely has happened. Nature has been cooperating With Clitnate change theory unfortunately/

Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, dabbed the ‘burning embers,’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn th 2001 had the risks of climate Change begin­ning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of wanning, but the years SinceJiave shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.

According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threat­ened systems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weath­er events become likely when temperatures. rise by as Little As 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to oc­cur by mid-century given the current concentrations of at­mospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing sea­Sons In countries such as Canada and Russia.

‘We’re definitely going to overshoot some of these tem­peratures where we see these very large vulnerabilities man­ifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesieyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to Ieam how to adapt? Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also figure out a way to reduce greenhouse ^ gas emissions to reverse the heating trend to prevent further damage.

Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall Ihmt onpollu — tion would be set and .companies with tow output could sell Their Allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy Would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the atmosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would Set A fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’ .

But even with such policies in place — not only in the US but across the globe — climate change is a foregone con­clusion. Global average temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degree C) and further warm­ing of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a re­cent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than pre­dicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be cat­astrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse,’ Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’

(Adapted from Risks of Global Warming Rising by David Biello)

IA151 The current temperature change

1) is less than it was predicted.

2) is too little to cause any concern.

3) makes natural disasters more probable.

4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.

∣ A16According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because

1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.

2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near future.

3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.

4) nature has proved the climate change theory.

∣ A171 in paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ Means

1) added.

2) labelled.

3) doubled.

4) showed.

IA18According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear

1) when the temperature change reaches I degree C.

2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree C from 1990 levels.

3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.

4) after 3 degrees C of warming.

A191 Global warming has

1) only negative consequences.

2) only positive consequences.

3) more negative than positive consequences.

4) more positive than negative consequences.

A201 Cap-and-trade policy implies that

1) companies will have to cut their emissions.

2) companies could sell their emissions.

3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain limit.

4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.

A211 According to the IPCC, global warming

1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.

2) will have catastrophic effect.

3) is still uncertain.

4) is inevitable.

A15	A16	A17	A18	A19	A20	A21
		•

Задание 3.14

Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15—А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соот­ветствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Пе­Ренесите Ответы В Таблицу.

When you say the word ‘bodybuilding,’ the name that instantly comes to mind is Arnold Schwarzenegger. Ar­nold has been crowned the ‘king’ by many in the body­building field, as he really did take the sport to a whole new level.

As such, many involved in bodybuilding today look up to him and try to recreate the programs he used, hoping to sculpt a body that resembles the one he built. In doing so, you’ll fare best if you can recreate the Arnold Schwarzenegger workout routine as outlined in his book

The New Encyclopedia of Modem Bodybuilding. This pro­gram was utilized when he was initially working on devel­oping a good foundation of mass, in his early 20s. At the end of this period, Schwarzenegger weighed in at a solid 240 pounds, due to the fact that he focused on building the greatest proportion of his strength early on with this program.

When it comes to his approach to training, Arnold Schwarzenegger has some key principles that he stresses must be present in any program regardless of who you are. First off, Schwarzenegger notes that people do have individ­ual needs and, therefore, you must listen to your body to some degree when deciding on the type of program you should utilize. Variations will depend on your body type; how fast or slow you’re able to gain muscle (this is partially genetic); your own individual metabolic rate; what weak points you have in your body; and the level of Recuperation You normally experience.

In his early training days, Arnold Schwarzenegger spent a lot of time doing power-lifting movements, trying to gain as much strength and raw muscle mass as possible. As he progressed onward, he realized that, to stay on top of his game, he would need to focus on really working on that def­inition and separation. This was accomplished by performing a greater amount of high-rep isolation training.

During this time, though, Schwarzenegger didn’t want to sacrifice the thickness, density or hardness he had created in his earlier days, so he would be sure to dedicate at least one day a week as a ‘heavy day,’ and on that day he would use maximum strength moves. This enabled him to get the best of both worlds.

Finally, the last principle that rounds out the basic pro­gram requirements of the Arnold Schwarzenegger workout is that there must be sufficient time for rest between lifting., Schwarzenegger notes that different muscle groups will take longer to recover than others, with the biceps being the fastest and the lower back taking the longest. However, a 48-hour window between sessions should work well as guideline.

I

Often, Schwaizenegger feels that bodybuilders can: get past a ‘sticking’ point by taking more rest rather than by working harder, as is commonly done. When you are lifting with such intensity, you are going to require more time to gain strength between sessions, so if the weights are not moving uρ√this could be a strong signal that you’re not al­lowing for enough down time between sessions.

Finally, the last thing you must keep in mind is that if you are looking to make extraordinary gains the way Arnold did, you are going to have to make budding muscle a priority in all aspects of your life — this includes the way you think, the way you eat, the way you sleep, and the people you so­cialize with. What you do outside the gym is going to be Just as important as what you are doing inside the gym.

Nutrition, in particular, is of great importance and is what Arnold believes is responsible for some of the big im­provements we see in the bodybuilding world today. He rec­ommends at least one gram of protein per pound of body weight and found himself eating a diet comprised of about 40% protein, 40% carbohydrates and 20% fat. At 240 pounds and doing intense training, Arnold’s total caloric require­ments were phenomenally high, therefore at these values he was getting more than he needed to support basic nutritional requirements.

So, be sure you do not overlook this part of the equation. Even if you follow the Arnold Schwarzenegger workout prin­ciples, you still won’t get optimal gains unless you take into account everything else you are doing that can impact your training progress. Arnold took his training very seriously — he made it a way of life. So, if you want to get yourself even close to resembling him, you should aim to do the same,

(Adapted from Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout By Jeff Bayer)

(a15∣ Peopieinvolvedinbodybuilding

1) Admire Arnold Schwarzenegger.

2) Envy Arnold Schwarzenegger.

3) Watch his workouts.

4) Would like to buy the programs he used.

A16{ According to Schwarzenegger, the key principle of any program is

1) To gain as much strength and raw muscle mass as possible. ., >

2) To choose how fast you would like to gain muscle.

3) To take into account your physiology.

■ 4) to understand how much time you need to re­cover.

∣A17[ in paragraph 3 ‘recuperation’ means

1) Recovering from an injury.

2) Returning to a normal condition after a workout.

3) Average workload.

4) Intensity of your workouts.

IA181 As Schwarzenegger progressed onward, he

1) Would like to perform less high-rep isolation training.

2) Realized that he should focus only on definition and separation.

3) He was determined to have more than one day a week as a‘heavy day’.

4) Didn’t give up strength moves.

I Al91 if the weights are not moving up, Schwarzenegger advises

1) Not to pay attention to it.

’ 2) to increase the intensity of lifting.

3) to work harder.

4) to take more rest.

[ A2t∏ If you want to succeed in bodybuilding, you

1) Have to visit an expensive gym.

2) Ought to make it a way of life.

3) Should socialize with a certain group of people.

4) Must get a good trainer.

IA211 According to Schwarzenegger, the amount of protein in your diet

1) has to be more than the amount of carbohydrates.

2) has to be less than the amount of carbohydrates.

3) should depend on your body weight.

4) must be phenomenally high.

A15	A16	A17	Al 8	A19	A20	A21

Задание 3.15

Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15—А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соот­ветствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Пе­Ренесите Ответы В Таблицу.

Lisa Donath was running late. Heading down the side­walk towards her subway stop, she decided to skip her usual espresso. Donath had a lot to do at work, plus visitors on the way. But as she hustled down the stairs and through the long tunnel, she started to feel uncomfortably warm. By the time she got to the platform, Donath felt faint. Maybe it hadn’t been a good idea to give blood the night before, she thought. She leaned heavily against a post close to the tracks.

Several yards away, Ismael Feneque and his girlfriend, Melina Gonzalez, found a spot close to where the front of the train would stop. Feneque and Gonzalez were deep in discussion about a house they were thinking of buying. But when he heard the scream, followed by someone yelling, ‘Oh, my God, she fell in!’, Feneque didn’t hesitate. He jumped down to the tracks and ran some 40 feet towards the body sprawled facedown on the rails.

‘No! Not you!’ his girlfriend screamed after him. She was right to be alarmed. By the time Feneque reached Donath, He could ‘feel the vibration on the tracks and see the light coming into the tunnel,* he remembers. “The train was may­be 20 seconds from the station.’ In that instant, Feneque gave himself a mission, Tm going to get her out, and then Γtn going to get myself out, ASAP. Γm not going to let my­self get killed here.’

Feneque, a former high school wrestler who trains at a gym to stay in shape, grabbed Donath under her armpits. She was deadweight. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could grab her arms and drag her away from the edge. That’s where Donath briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse. ‘I thought Γd been mugged,’ she says. She remembers the woman who held her hand and a man who gave his shirt to help stop the blood pouring from her head. The impact of her fall had been absorbed by her face — she’d lost teeth and suffered a broken eye socket, a broken jaw, and cuts all over her head.

But as the train closed in, Feneque wasn’t finished. He still had to grab and hoist up a man and a teenager who’d hopped down to the tracks and then use all the strength he had left to lift himself onto the platform. He did so just sec­onds before the train barrelled past him and came to a stop. Police and fire officials soon arrived, and Feneque gave his name to an officer and told him the story. Gonzalez says her unassuming boyfriend was calm on their 40-minute train ride downtown — just as he had been seconds after the res­cue, which, she says, made her think about her reaction at the time. ‘I saw the train coming and I was thinking he was going to die,’ she explains.

‘ Donath’s parents joined her at her hospital bedside by the next morning and stayed in town to see her through the series of surgeries she’d need to reconstruct her face. Donath was determined to find the man who had saved her life — the man the police had listed, incorrectly, as Feneque Isma­el. ‘I was never really into going on TV or getting my picture put in the New York Times’ says Donath. ‘But I did so to know that I tried everything I could to contact him.’

Feneque, for his part, couldn’t stop wondering what had happened to the woman on the tracks. He went on his own hunt, posting a message on a newspaper website asking if anyone knew whether the woman who had fallen in the subway had survived. No one responded. Several weeks lat­er, while surfing the Internet for any new clues… bingo! A television station had posted an update on its website, detailing Donath’s recovery and her search for her rescuer. Feneque e-mailed the address provided to say that he was that man.

When the two first met, Donath threw her arms around Feneque and wept. It was overwhelming, she says, to try to convey her feelings. When they met again several months later, it felt a lot easier. ‘I finally had the chance to hear his side of the story in detail,’ she says.

Feneque says there’s no point in wondering why he was on the platform — at a different time from when he usually rides and at a station a considerable distance from his apartment — at the moment Donath needed help. ‘Whether it was pure coincidence or sent from above, who’s to say? All I know is I was there and Γd do it again,’ he says.

(Adapted from Subway Rescue by Mitch Lipka)

A15jLisa Donath was about to faint when she got to the platform because

1) she had skipped her usual espresso.

2) she had given blood the night before.

3) she had worked a lot.

4) She felt uncomfortably warm.

When Feneque saw the light of the train coming in­to the tunnel, he

1) felt determined not to die.

2) wanted to leave Donath.

3) started panicking.

4) allowed himself to get killed.

∣A17∣ When Donath briefly regained consciousness, she thought that

1) She had been beaten.

2) She had been kidnapped.

3) She had been saved.

4) She had been robbed.

∣A¾⅜⅛ On their train ride downtown, Gonzalez thought about her behaviour during the accident because

1) Her boyfriend didn’t want to assume that she was right.

2) Her boyfriend could have died during the accident.

3) Her boyfriend hadn’t lost control of himself.

4) She was still frightened.

∣A1⅝∣ Donath could not find a man who had saved her life because the police

1) Had misspelled his name.

2) Had spelled incorrectly his surname.

3) Had mixed up his name and surname.

4) Hadn’t written down his name and surname.

IA201 Feneque could finally contact Donath because

1) He has posted a message on a newspaper website.

2) He had asked the television station to provide her e-mail address.

3) He found her home address while surfing the Internet

4) He got her e-mail address from the television sta­tion website.

IA211 Feneque is sure that

1) Donath needs help.

2) Nobody can explain why he happened to be on the platform.

3) His being on the platform was a pure coincidence.

4) He was sent to the platform by God.

A15	A16	A17	Al 8	A19	A20	A21
	√ ■		—

Риск катастрофических изменений климата становится все хуже, согласно новому исследованию от ученых , занимающихся с Межправительственной группой экспертов Организации Объединенных Наций по изменению климата (МГЭИК). Угрозы-начиная от разрушения коралловых рифов более экстремальные погодные явления , как ураганы, засухи и наводнения, становятся все более вероятным при изменении температуры уже в стадии реализации: всего лишь 1,8 градуса по Фаренгейту (1 градус по Цельсию) потепления в глобальных средних температур.

«Большинство людей думали , что риски собирались быть для определенных видов и бедных людей. Но вдруг европейской жары 2003 года приходит и убивает 50000, [Ураган] Катрина приходит и есть много данных о возросшем интенсивность засух и наводнений. Кроме того , резкое таяние Гренландии, что никто не может объяснить, безусловно, должно повысить ваше беспокойство, «говорит климатолог Стивен Шнайдер из Стэнфордского университета, который был соавтором исследования, опубликованного на этой неделе в Трудах Национальной академии наук, а также в ряде докладов МГЭИК . «Везде, где мы смотрели, есть доказательства того, что, как полагают, вероятно, произошло.

Природа сотрудничает с [изменением климата] теории , к сожалению. » Шнайдер и его коллеги обновили график, окрестили» раскаленными углями » , который предназначен для сопоставления рисков ущерба от глобального потепления. Первоначальный вариант графика [слева] обращается в 2001 году риски изменения климата начинают появляться после того, как 3,6 или 5,4 градусов по Фаренгейту ( от 2 до 3 градусов с) потепление, но лет с тех пор показали, что климат риски пинок с меньшим потеплением.

В соответствии с новым графиком, риски для «уникальным и находящимся под угрозой системам» , таких как коралловые рифы и риски экстремальных погодных явлений становятся вероятны , когда температура поднимется на всего лишь 1,8 градусов по Фаренгейту от уровня 1990 года, что на курсе произойти к середине века с учетом текущих концентраций парниковых газов в атмосфере. Кроме того, риски негативных последствий , таких как увеличение засухи и полного таяния льдов в Гренландии и Антарктике окончательно перевешивают любые потенциальные позитивы, такие как более вегетационного периода в таких странах, как Канада и Россия. таких как коралловые рифы и риски экстремальных погодных явлений становится вероятным, когда температура поднимется всего лишь на 1,8 градусов F от уровня 1990 года, который находится на курсе, произойдет к середине столетия с учетом текущих концентраций парниковых газов в атмосфере. Кроме того, риски негативных последствий, таких как увеличение засухи и полного таяния льдов в Гренландии и Антарктике окончательно перевешивают любые потенциальные позитивы, такие как более вегетационного периода в таких странах, как Канада и Россия. таких как коралловые рифы и риски экстремальных погодных явлений становится вероятным, когда температура поднимется всего лишь на 1,8 градусов F от уровня 1990 года, который находится на курсе, произойдет к середине столетия с учетом текущих концентраций парниковых газов в атмосфере. Кроме того, риски негативных последствий, таких как увеличение засухи и полного таяния льдов в Гренландии и Антарктике окончательно перевешивают любые потенциальные позитивы, такие как более вегетационного периода в таких странах, как Канада и Россия.

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.  Just in time

2.  Just in case

3.  Eventful life

4.  A curious case

5.  Reduced Expectations

6.  Royal brother

7.  Royal ancestor

8.  Double trouble

A. I am a mother of identical, mirror-image boys  — David and John. No one but me can tell them apart. I am constantly amazed at how close they are. Once when they were babies David was ill, but it was John who began crying wildly. I tried to calm John first since nothing was wrong with him. But he only cried louder. Finally I gave some medicine to David  — who really was unwell. As soon as John sensed his brother felt better, he immediately settled to sleep.

B. The 12 year old was playing near the Platte River in North Bend, Nebraska. The river was high and as the boy stepped in, the current pushed his legs away. He floated off, spinning in the powerful current. At the last possible moment before the rapids, his yells were heard by his dog. It jumped in, reached the boy and towed him ashore. Another second and the boy would have been swept away to certain death.

C. Armgaard Karl Graves, referred to in press reports as ‘the Glasgow Spy’, was convicted in Scotland under the Official Secrets Act (1911) for spying on the British Navy. He spent years successfully creating an identity as an Australian doctor and in Scotland even conducted important clinical experiments. But he was eventually caught by a suspicious post office worker as he sent and received post under a variety of assumed names.

D. Zsa Zsa Gabor was born in Budapest on February 6th, 1917. Now in her 90s she has had a long and varied life. She was a beauty queen and singer before becoming a famous screen actress. She was married 8 times but only had one child with second husband, Conrad Hilton. Her last marriage to Frederic von Anhalt gave her the honorary title Prinzessin von Anhalt.

E. “Who do you think you are” is one of my favourite TV programs. Each episode researches the family history of a celebrity, back into the mists of time. In the UK there are good records of births, marriages and deaths going back hundreds of-years. One of the best episodes was on Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London. He was thrilled when he discovered he was directly related to King George II.

F. Paris Hilton is a famous socialite, media personality, actress, model and singer. In 2007 her grandfather Barron Hilton pledged 97% of his estate  — a value of more than 2 billion US dollars  — to a charitable foundation. Many now believe that Paris and the other grandchildren have had their potential inheritance sharply reduced. Others have commented that this news was unlikely to change her future life style.

G. Andy always travels well equipped for any potential possibility. He has a sewing repair kit and a small medical kit with aspirin. These are, I suppose, perfectly sensible. But what about a ball of string, tape measure, masking tape, Swiss army penknife, disposable cutlery, disinfectant, dry bags and an inflatable back rest? Andy says you never know what might happen and it’s always best to be prepared.

Текст	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Заголовок