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Dogs age at different rates compared to humans, but the simple rule of 7 dog years to 1 human year is far from accurate. If humans aged seven times slower than dogs, then many of us would be able to reproduce at age 7 and live to be 150. Obviously that’s not the case. The reason that dogs can reach full sexual maturity after only a year is that our canine friends age faster during the first two years of their lives than humans do. Even this general statement is slightly off since smaller breeds tend to mature faster than larger breeds. Compared to humans, dogs age more quickly at the beginning of their lives and slower toward the end. Therefore, calculating your dog’s age relative to yours is a bit tricky, but luckily it’s possible.

Since smaller breeds tend to live longer than larger breeds, it’s important to calculate your dog’s age according to the right category: small (20 pounds or less), medium (21-50 pounds), large (51-90 pounds), or giant (over 90 pounds).

Although the origins of the seven year myth is unknown, people have been trying to find a good way to calculate dog years in human years since the 1200s. One of the earliest examples of this is an inscription at Westminster Abbey that dates to the year 1268 and calculates that one human year is equivalent to nine dog years, which was part of some strange way to calculate the end of the world in the 1200s. The seven year rule is thought to much more recent.

A veterinarian at Kansas State University told The Wall Street Journal: «My guess is it was a marketing ploy. It was a way to encourage owners to bring in their pets at least once a year.»

DOG AGE CALCULATOR
BY PEDIGREE

You watch your young pup bounce across the lawn. You see your old dog lumber slowly to the food bowl. You take a brisk run with your young dog close at your heels. You slowly walk to the mailbox and your old dog still lags behind. What a difference a few years make to your dog. You do not feel older, so why does your dog? Perhaps it is because what you and your dog consider «old» are vastly different.

Comparing your human age to your furry friend’s canine age is rather complicated, but, simply put, one year to Fido is not one year to you. The most common theory comparing human and canine ages uses this equation: Dog years X 7 = Human years. This simple equation is only a rough estimate. A more accurate comparison of human vs. canine age takes into consideration the dog’s size and breed.

Dogs develop more quickly the first two years of life, after which development levels out a bit. Smaller dogs age more slowly and have longer life spans. Larger dogs age more quickly and have shorter life spans. In addition, certain breeds enjoy more longevity than others.

When comparing size, small Poodles live longer than huge Great Danes. But when comparing breed, Great Danes outlive mid-sized Bulldogs. So the 7 to 1 ratio does not hold across the board. Another factor that skews age calculation involves the rate of canine development. Dogs develop more quickly the first two years of life, after which development levels out a bit. During the first two years, one dog year equals about 10.5 human years.

All of these calculations are based on the assumption that the average human life expectancy in developed countries is 80 years. The average life span globally is only 66 years. So the equations have to be altered according to geography. Complicated enough for you?

Complications in comparing dog age to human age are well founded. The old 7 dog years = 1 human year theory is inaccurate because the dog ages and develops more quickly the first two years of life. Plus the ratio varies with dog breed and size. Even the more accepted equation utilizing the 10.5 factor the first two years of the dog’s life and 4 years thereafter has pitfalls because it does not account for size and breed.

The more accurate estimate of a dog’s age in human years is calculated taking size and breed into consideration. This method either categorizes dogs as small, medium, and large or more specifically uses their estimated adult weight. What is consistent is the fact that dogs age more rapidly than their owners do.

Emotional Ageing
To further complicate the issue, emotional maturity does not align with physical maturity. Emotional maturity occurs over an extended period of time. For example, a 21 year old human is considered an adult, but may not reach emotional maturity until age 40 or so. The same applies to dogs. Even though a nine month old pup may be socially and sexually active, full maturity is not achieved until age 3 or 4. That is why 2 year old Labradors still chew your favorite slippers!

When is senior status conferred? For humans, some people consider 55 year olds to be senior citizens. Others delay imposing that status until 65 years. Canine senior status varies, too. Small dogs are considered senior citizens of the canine community when they reach 11 years of age. Their medium sized friends become seniors at 10 years of age. Their larger sized colleagues are seniors at 8 years of age. And, finally, their giant-breed counterparts are seniors at 7 years old. So a Great Dane becomes a senior citizen far earlier than a Pomeranian.

With age comes lots of loss, but there is also a lot of fulfillment looking back on a life (human or canine) that was well-lived. So forget about the equations. The joy you share with your pet should never get old.

Does Emotional Attachment to an Owner Change in Older Dogs?

Play Face
Because this display represents more confidence in the dog-whereas the submissive grin suggests little, this behavior is known to progress in intensity and positivity into a more playful and happy countenance: the play face.

The «play face» expression is an intensification of the greeting grin (Fox 1972, Fox 1977). The ears are erect and forward, anatomy permitting, and panting may occur. At the same time, the tail is often high and wagging while the front is in the play bow (Fox 1972).

Mimic Grin
A few dogs that are passively submissive will show the «mimic grin» facial expression (left, Beaver 1981). The expression is easily confused with an aggressive one because of the bared teeth, but with the mimic grin, all other body signals indicate submission.

The Greeting Grin
Greeting Grin which is distinguished by lacking the display of teeth. Because of this, the Greeting Grin is rarely misinterpreted by laymen as a canine «smile.»

The «greeting grin» is associated with active submission. This facial expression resembles a human smile, with the corners of the mouth pulled back. It is seen only in human-dog interactions, not in dog-dog ones (Fox 1976).

This is the most appropriate behavior that humans should associate with «smiling» in dogs.

Note that the mouth is open but the lips are not retracted in a way to bare the front teeth, the whisker pad is relaxed, the brow is not furrowed, the ears are active and forward, and the tail is engaged. The dog is not sending mixed signals and is truly at ease and inviting positive interactions without fear. By its effect, the play face is a distance reducing behavior: come play with me!. This behavior is often coupled with the «play bow.»

Agonistic Pucker:
This behavior falls in the dominant, aggressive, and agonistic type of signals. In the case of canine interactions «agonistic» is most often used to refer to aggressive behavior but can also include behaviors related to dominance displays, submission, and defensiveness. During an agonistic pucker, the canid’s lips are drawn away from the teeth exposing the incisors and canine teeth, the skin above and to the sides of the nasal plane wrinkles, the corners of the mouth are drawn forward shortening the commissures, the tongue may be drawn back in preparation for a bite, or it may protrude to create a combination of an agonistic pucker with a tongue flick/distancing signal.

Behaviors and emotions are complex and stochastic, they are not always deterministic and unique and monotonic. What appears to be the same behavior can be sending different messages depending on the context and combination of other signals. Dogs can and do send mixed signals. The first lesson we need to learn, however is that we can and should not anthropomorphise our dog’s behaviors because we think they look like something we understand more clearly in human behavior.

Beyond simply being hairy, smelly love machines, a growing body of research shows that dogs may be even more in tune with us than we previously thought. So, why our relationship with dogs seems so uncomplicated?

Dogs read our body language
Human babies understand that pointing and gaze direction are indications of what’s going in another person’s mind. To examine whether this skill is learned or inborn, research has explored these capabilities in our closest evolutionary relatives — chimpanzees and bonobos. The classic test is to hide a treat in one of two locations then point to where it is. Children from just over a year old will have no difficulty recognising this signal and will come and claim it. Chimps do no better than randomly choosing between the two locations, completely ignoring the cue. Given that chimps seem to struggle with this task, it was widely assumed that it couldn’t possibly have evolved in other, «lower» animals. Do this experiment with your cat and she will probably gaze uncomprehendingly at your finger for a while.

Imagine researchers’ great surprise then when it was revealed that dogs, who are miles away from us on the evolutionary tree, passed this task with flying colours. Hide a treat in one of two locations and point at it and dogs will reliably bound over and gobble it up, even when the treats don’t smell of anything. Not only that! If you stand a long distance away and point, dogs will unfailingly go to the right location. If you simply bow or nod in that direction, they get it. If you look at one hiding place rather than another, they get it. Perhaps most impressively, if you walk in one direction and point in the other, they still get it.

Dogs know what grabs our attention
Another test of mind reading ability is knowing what someone is paying attention to. Given the option of begging food from two people, one who has seen where the food is hidden and one who has a bucket on his head chimps will randomly go to either one. Dogs, on the other hand, will consistently choose the person who can see. If you have a dog you can try this yourself. Throw a ball and then turn away and the dog will almost invariably come round and drop the ball in front of you, where you can see it. This indicates that dogs are not just playing with their humans, they are also keeping track of what their humans are looking at and how best to get their attention. This sort of gaze reading ability can take months to develop in young children and may never develop in inhuman primates.

Dogs love us
Like cats, dogs also seem to form strong emotional attachments to their owners in much the same way as human babies do to their mothers. The typical test of babies’ attachment is to plonk them down in an unfamiliar environment and see how they fare. If babies have a strong emotional attachment to their mothers they will explore the new environment, returning to her regularly for reassurance, get terribly upset if she leaves the room but be quickly consoled when she returns. Dogs show an almost identical pattern of responses with respect to their owners. Sniffing about, returning to the owner, pawing the door and whining when the owner leaves followed by exuberant greetings on their return. Like babies they are distrustful of strangers in the room with them and tend to show signs of increasing distress the longer their owner is away.

Dogs listen to us
Finally there is some evidence that a couple of precocious pooches may have that most quintessential of human skills, comprehending language. Rico, a border collie, has been shown to differentiate at least 200 different labels for objects, an astonishing vocabulary for a canine. Chaser, another collie, understands more than 1,000 different words! Both will bring you the toy you ask for from a huge selection and will do so even if you instruct them out of sight. This means they are not simply picking up on unconscious not verbal signals. If you present these dogs with a familiar toy and a new object, then ask them to fetch the «dax» (a word they won’t have heard before), they will reliably bring you the new toy rather than one they already know the name for.

This sort of inference is called «fast-mapping» and is thought to be the skill that underlies human children’s astonishing speed of language acquisition in early childhood. But even human children don’t show this ability to the same degree as Rico and Chaser until about 2-3 years of age. That dogs are so surprisingly proficient at reading human communication might come as no surprise to dog owners but has been something of a revelation for psychologists interested in how these skills have evolved. What is especially surprising is that they seem much less developed in our closest genetic relatives, inhuman primates for humans and wolves for dogs. So these skills cannot be explained by any simple evolutionary model or by straightforward pack behaviour.

What we are finding is that the rudiments of what we thought of as particularly human social skills may have their roots much further back in evolution than previously expected. Alternatively, they may have evolved in different species independently. What seems increasingly clear is that dogs have maintained the reputation of being «man’s best friend» not simply through our own benevolence but also through developing an impressive set of social skills that make them ever-sensitive to our whims and fancies.

There are an enormous amount of traits that humans and animals share — this is because of the evolutionary process of inheriting characteristics and traits from successive generations that all lead back to a common ancestor. Humans and animals share the same basic muscles and bones, but they appear at different sizes, proportion and ratios based on the animal.

Bipeds are animals that traverse their environment on two legs, like us humans. Quadrupeds are animals that use four limbs to travel around like dogs, horses, cows, cats, and many other four limbed mammals. In terms of locomotion, evolution has developed two very common forms of movement using the same muscles and bones. As shown below, humans and dogs share the same groups of bones and muscles even though they have completely different forms of locomotion. In diagram A, a human man is shown next to a dog, the bones are highlighted on each animal and they are shown to be the same bone but in different proportions and ratios. What many people would think to be a dog’s upper leg is actually its lower leg, and what many people think is it slower leg is actually the equivalent of a human palm.

Using the same two animals as a comparison, human hands and dog paws when seen side by side share the exact same bones in different places. As seen in diagram B the thumb of the human is a vestigial part of the dog’s foot, meaning a mutation from a previous ancestor that still appears in subsequent generations but is no longer used for the same purpose. In the comparison shown below in diagram C, the same bones shared between humans, large cats, and horses are pointed out, it is clear that many mammals have very similar skeletal structures regardless of their form of locomotion. Like the common misconception about dogs, the upper leg of most quadrupeds is hidden behind layers of muscle and fat, this is why colour coded Skelton diagrams are the most digestible forms of delivering information about the similarities and differences between human and animal anatomy.

Another very interesting area of anatomy that shares similarities and differences across multiple different species types is the bones of the hand. The human hand can be seen in many other animals such as bats, birds whales, horses, cats and other mammals. The diagram below shows how the same bones are reconfigured in other species to suit different purpose, including completely different types of locomotion including deep sea diving and swimming and even flight. It is interesting to see how the bones that we would see as the fingers can be fused together to create bird wings, or they can splay out to create bat wings. In the example of the horse, the «foot» of the horse that the hoof appears on is actually just one «finger» bone.

The memory of dogs is more human-like than previously thought, allowing our furry pals to copy our actions, even after delays. Can dogs reminisce down memory lane like we do? Good question! Before we can answer that, we’ll have to ask whether dogs have long term memory — that is, any information stored in the brain for more than a few minutes that can be recalled or referenced when it’s needed later on. Dogs do not have our capability to make valued judgments, string ideas together, or recall incidents that happened even a few minutes before hand — DOGS LIVE IN THE PRESENT.

Dogs can’t mentally «time travel» backward and forward. Humans can consciously and willfully think back to specific memories and anticipate events. Animals cannot.

Like humans and other animals, a dog’s brain is being continually bombarded with information it receives from its senses — sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. The brain has to make sense of all this information and decide what needs to be retained in its memory, and which can be forgotten. Yet as we ourselves know, the brain does not store ALL this information — it would be impossible! Instead, the brain uses «filter systems» so that the creature can differentiate what are important memories (particularly those where safety or rewarding events happen or those that are threatening or unpleasant, that need to be stored for future use and those experiences and memories which can be discarded and forgotten. Because dogs brains are not as complex as our own, Nature has given them the capacity to make split-second decisions on what is important enough to retain in its memory, and what can be discarded and forgotten.

Episodic Memory
Dogs live in the moment. They are not able to travel through time in their memories the same way humans do. Our memories of past events are called Episodic Memories. You may sit down and think — what did I do yesterday after I got home from work?, But your dog can’t think back and say, «It’s been two days since you took me to the dog park, I think I’m due for an outing!, Because dogs ca not conceptualize a «past» (episodic memories) or a «future» (theoretical situations based on past events), they are completely focused on the present moment.

So, if dogs don’t experience time, how is it that they seem to «know» when certain things will happen, like walks and feedings? What we perceive as the dog «remembering» is often your dogs’ natural rhythms moving him into different states of being. For instance, you feed your dog at the same time every day. When dinnertime comes and he goes to his bowl but it hasn’t been filled, he comes to nudge and whimper. This isn’t because he «remembered» that it’s dinnertime, but that his internal clock’s timer went off, so he expected food.

In defining episodic memory, Endel Tulving argued that it is unique to humans. Experience influences all animals. Most mammals and birds can build complex sets of knowledge or semantic memory. You and I also remember the experience of learning these complex sets of information. Dogs don’t. It’s fair to say that explicit memory is most highly developed in humans. Pets probably don’t do much of the episodic or autobiographical parts. This means we don’t think animals remember specific events or moments unless they are associated with something else.

Episodic remembering is mental time travel and depends on a few crucial cognitive capabilities. First, in order to experience episodic remembering, an individual must have a sense of self. Most non-human animals have a dramatically different experience of self than we do. For example, most animals (and young humans) fail to identify themselves in mirrors. If I look in a mirror and see that I have something stuck between my teeth, I try to correct the problem. In contrast, put a red dot on a child’s forehead, put the child in front of a mirror, and watch what happens. Young children are more likely to reach for the baby in the mirror than for their own foreheads. Dogs treat the dog in the mirror as another dog; not as themselves. Most animals fail at the red dot mirror task. Because they lack episodic memory, they can’t recall what occurred just before the present moment and constantly feel like they just woke up.

Spatial Memory
Spatial memory is the ability to recall where things are located and how a location is arranged. For example, imagine you took your dog for a long walk and when you returned home, your spouse had rearranged all the furniture in the living room. If your dog walked into the living room and looked around inquisitively, then sniffed all the furniture, this indicates that she has a spatial memory of your living room and she noticed the changes your spouse made to this space. Your dog’s ability to recognize that a room she knows has changed is evidence that she has long-term memory.

A self concept is not, however, enough to ensure episodic remembering. Mental time travel is the other critical cognitive capability. I understand that yesterday is different from today and that tomorrow will be different as well. We realize that when we remember, the mental experience is a disjointed slice of time. Thus episodic remembering is the combination of a self concept and mental time travel: recollecting the self in that other time period. Mental time travel also enables planning for the future. Dogs don’t plan for particular future events although they have a general expectation of when dinner will appear.

Procedural Memory
Your dog remembers his training, not because he can recall the specific instances when you told him to sit, lie down and stay, but because his brain develops connections that remain after the training. For example, if you are training your dog to shake, and you give him a treat every time he puts his paw in your hand, his brain makes the connection that giving his paw gets him food. Then, when you ask your dog for his paw later, these connected neurons fire, and he completes the task. Your dog obeys because his brain has wired itself to respond in the way that gets him what he wants a treat, not because he recalled a conscious memory and made a decision to follow the command. This kind of memory is called «procedural memory,» and humans have it, too. It’s what we use when we do routine things we no longer have to think about, like tying our shoes or brushing our teeth. Dogs may be predisposed to first observe humans, then encode and remember human actions if doing so is beneficial for them. The scientists suppose that dogs use their memory of human actions in their everyday life with humans, to learn about behaviors that may convey advantages or rewards and also to fine tune their behavior to that of the humans living with them.

Declarative Memory
The ability to encode and recall an action after a delay implies that the dogs have a mental representation of the human demonstration. In addition, the ability to imitate a novel action after a delay without previous practice suggests the presence of a specific type of long-term memory in dogs. This would be so-called declarative memory, which refers to memories which can be consciously recalled, such as facts or knowledge.

The discovery, outlined in the latest issue of Animal Cognition, means that dogs possess what’s known as «declarative memory,» which refers to memories which can be consciously recalled, such as facts or knowledge. Humans, of course, have this ability, as anyone playing a trivia game demonstrates. But it had never fully been scientifically proven in dogs before, although dog owners and canine aficionados have likely witnessed the skill first-hand for years.

Dog Time Concept
In trying to understand dogs’ concept of time, humans cannot help but reference their own concept of time. But that’s tricky since humans have the unique ability to construct artificial measures of time such as the second, minute, and hour. This is mainly because humans use episodic memory in order to travel through time, recalling past events and looking forward to future ones. It’s what many scientists believe makes humans unique.

But just because dogs don’t perceive time in this way doesn’t mean they are completely stuck in the moment, as a lot of the research on this subject would suggest. Dogs are capable of being trained based on past events and taught to anticipate future events based on past experiences. This argues in favor of a kind of canine version of episodic memory, according to researches.

The essential difference appears to be that humans can pinpoint when something happened in the past by relating it to other events. For example, we remember our wedding day as well as who attended, what songs were played, and the happiness we felt. Dogs, on the other hand, can only distinguish how much time has passed since an event has occurred -«My food bowl has been empty for six hours.» Of course, they don’t need only memory to tell them this, but a growling stomach says it all.

Separation Anxiety vs Time
There is also research evidence for dogs’ understanding of the concept of time based on changes in their behavior when left alone by their human companions for different lengths of time. Studies show that dogs display greater affection toward their owners if they’ve been separated for longer periods of time. As the amount of time away increases, so does the dogs’ excitement. This will come as no surprise to dog owners — most canines get excited about the return of the master to the castle, especially after long absences. But this research is also important because it shows that dogs are capable of recognizing and responding to different spans of time.

For dogs that suffer from separation anxiety, the difference between one and five hours can mean the difference between mild agitation and a full-blown panic attack. Separation anxiety in dogs is often expressed as barking, howling, whining, chewing digging, pacing, scratching, and/or urinating and defecating in inappropriate places while an owner is away or upon his or her return.

Start by introducing your puppy to other humans in a comfortable environment. Your own home is ideal so that your dog is not overwhelmed by new people and a new environment at the same time. Start with family members or other people that your dog already feels relaxed around. Get your dog used to calmly going up to someone with words of encouragement like, «Go say hello to dad!» Keep repeating this exercise and be sure to reward your dog with a treat when they obey. However, do not reward actions such as jumping up on other people, barking, or any other undesirable behavior.

It is a good idea to start your puppy socialization program by aiming to meet one new person two or three times a week. Dogs are not very good at generalization, and your little guy won’t necessarily recognize a very tall man with a hat as being of the same species as a short lady wearing a dress! Someone who looks different to the other people he is used to seeing, may be perceived as threatening or scary. Make sure your pup has positive experiences with all of these:

Children (including Toddlers & Babies if possible)

Teenagers and Young Adults

Adults

Elderly

Handicapped People & Equipment

Tall People

Short People

Men with Beards, Mustache or Facial Hair

People Wearing Hats

People with Different Color Skin and Complexion

Men with Deep Voices

Women & Children with High Voices

Women, Girls with flowing Skirts

APPROACHING YOUR PUP
When people approach your puppy, it is essential that they do not bend over him, as that could be very frightening for a tiny pup. Also, do not allow people to pick the puppy up and cuddle him. That could be a very scary experience for a young puppy, especially if he is shy. Always allow your puppy to approach other people, not the other way around. Watch for signs of anxiety in your puppy such as avoiding eye contact, backing away, or clamping his tail to his backside. A happy puppy will always stand upright, probably with their tail wagging! Try not to use food when you introduce your puppy to new people as he could learn to associate people with food and may begin to scrounge or jump up.

SOCIALIZING TO MEN,

WOMEN AND CHILDREN

A good rule of thumb is to allow your puppy to meet 100 men, women and children by 16 weeks of age. Meeting the same person repeatedly does not count as the puppy will only socialize to that particular individual. Be sure to make allowances to meet different ethnic groups, different sizes and shapes and different ages of individuals. It is relatively easy to socialize a puppy to women as women are much more likely to walk right up to a strange puppy and coo and coddle him. Men are more likely to admire an adorable pup from a distance and children can sometimes be hard to find. Below are some clever places to go to find those elusive men and children. When you get there, proactively ask the men and the children to meet your puppy — now is not the time to be shy!

Children
Linger in the parking lot or close to the entrance and bring treats that the children can offer to your puppy. Bring one or two small plush toys to put into the puppy’s mouth while he is greeting the children to prevent him from accidentally mouthing a child.

Libraries

Bus Stops

Toy Stores

Across the Street from any School when School is Starting or Ending

Ice Cream Shops

Entrance to Movie Theaters

Playgrounds — keep puppy at a safe distance!

Athletic Fields and Courts

Men
Home Depot or Lowe’s — Visit the contractor entrance early in the morning to see uniforms and lots of trucks too!

Car Washes

Hardware Stores

Barber Shops

Hotels linger by the Entrance

Gyms linger by the Entrance

Electronics Stores

Sporting Goods Stores

Sports Arenas

Car, Bicycle and Motorcycle Stores

Downtown for Morning, Lunch Hours or Evening Rush Hour

City Parks

People of all Shapes,

Sizes, Ages

and Nationalities

Open Air Shopping Centers

Airport

Outdoor Cafes and Coffee Houses

City Parks that allow leashed dogs

Hotels linger by the Entrance

The Parking Lot or Entrance of any Grocery Store or Mall

Schools and Churches — be across the street when school or church lets out and let puppy watch all the action and meet and greet the people.

PAIR PEOPLE WITH TREATS

1. — Recruit as many family members, friends and dog lovers as you can to help you.

2. — Working one at a time, have someone toss treats to your dog from a distance your dog is comfortable with whenever they are being quiet or calm. Have the person ignore your dog — other than tossing the treats, while they do this.

3. — When your dog is completely comfortable with the person at the current distance, have the person toss the treats slightly closer so that your dog must come nearer to them to get the treats. Go slow with this — gauge your dog’s reactions. Avoid encouraging your dog to approach too closely before they feel comfortable to avoid any potential fear biting.

4. — When your dog willingly goes up to the person, even without the person tossing food to lure them in, the person can have your dog perform commands or tricks and reward them for their obedience with the food.

5. — Once your dog is comfortable with one person, move on to another friend and have that person practice the same training, starting from the beginning again. Your dog will need to warm up to multiple people gradually to learn that all people are safe.

6. — In general, you can also offer your dog a treat while they are calm around people they spot in public — walks are common examples of this. Keep enough space between you and the other person for your dog to be successful and remain calm. Keep your attitude calm and confident, too.

PAIR PEOPLE WITH FUN

1. — Use toys in place of treats as a reward for calm behavior around people.

2. — If your dog loves to play fetch, have a friend play with them, but you be the one to take the ball from your dog and hand it to your friend to throw again until your dog is completely comfortable with the person.

3. — If your dog enjoys walks, have a friend go on a walk with you. At first, have your friend stay far enough away for your dog to relax around them. Keep the walk structured, and reward your dog for calmness and focus on you. When your dog becomes comfortable around the person at the current distance, decrease the amount of space between your dog and the other person gradually over time. Expect this to take several sessions before the person can walk within 5 feet of your dog.

4. — If your dog has a canine buddy, let your dog watch the other dog interact with your friend. Have the other dog perform tricks and commands for your friend, play games, like fetch, with them, and go for walks with them while you follow behind with your dog.

5. — Teach your dog commands like «Say hi» and «Touch.» Practice those commands with people your dog knows and have those people reward your dog heavily for obeying the commands. Once your dog can perform the new commands with friends and if your dog is only mildly shy: practice the new commands with a calm person your dog does not know. Have the new person stand still and stay calm while your dog performs the command. If your dog has any aggressive tendencies, do not practice these up-close commands yet.

SOCIALIZING DOGS to PEOPLE IN-DEPTH GUIDE by Kathy Diamond Davis

5 BASIC TIPS FOR INTRODUCING DOGS TO STRANGERS by WWW.PETGUIDE.COM

STRANGERS vs PUPPIES: SOCIALIZATION TIPS AND GUIDE by WWW.LEERBURG.COM

Human Vs. Dog: Who Is Faster?
Can a human run faster than a dog? Many experts say it depends on the person and the breed. Some dogs can easily beat the human, either at sprints or long distances. The main thing is that a trained person can run for hundreds of miles and animals can’t.

WATCH DOG & PUPPY VIDEO !!!

The fastest man Usain Bolt’s average ground speed equates to 23.35 mph — 23.72 mph. While the fastest dog Greyhound can outrun Usain, as its average racing speed is 39 mph. The key to the Greyhound’s speed lies in its muscular build, large heart and the extreme flexibility of the spine. Experts explain that dogs have four legs and use the rear legs to push forward, they cover more ground on four legs than humans do on two legs.

These are the reasons why an average dog will likely be faster than an average person. Running is in their nature. By the way, that was the reason why people started using dogs for hunting.

WATCH DOG & PUPPY VIDEO !!!

There is enough data from numerous dog racing and coursing events to allow us to compare the performance of Greyhounds to human world record holders in a number of track events.

Usain Bolt holds the world record for the 100-meter race at 9.58 seconds.

A Greyhound has been measured doing that same distance in 5.02 seconds.

Usain Bolt also holds the world record for the 200-meter race at 19.19 seconds, as compared to the Greyhound who requires only 10.35 seconds cover the distance.

Michael Johnson holds the record for the 400-meter race at 43.18 seconds, which is considerably slower than a Greyhound who completes it in 21.10 seconds.

David Rudisha’s 800-meter record of one minute and 41 seconds pales in comparison to the 50-second time for the Greyhound.

Hicham El Guerrouj’s 1,500-meter record of three minutes and 26 seconds is sluggish in comparison to the one minute and 43 seconds time for a Greyhound.

Kenenisa Bekele holds the record for the 5,000-meter race at 12 minutes 37 seconds, while the Greyhound covers that distance in barely half the time at six minutes 19 seconds.

Kenenisa Bekele also holds the record for the 10,000-meter race at 26 minutes 18 seconds, while Greyhound can cover that distance in a mere 13 minutes and nine seconds

So if dogs were allowed to compete in the Olympics against humans, based on the existing data available to us, it seems likely that the only field event that humans would definitely win would be the high jump, while the long jump would be a hard fought competition with a slight edge for the dog. However on the track, in all of the purely running events, ranging from the 100 meter dash all the way up through the marathon, the gold medals would clearly go to the dogs. In fact, in the marathon, after crossing the finish line the dog would have time for a half hour long nap before it’s world record holding human competitor would complete his run.

Here’s the myth that makes dogs sound like a dental miracle: Despite all the leftover macaroni, rubber bands and dead squirrels they chew, our canine friends still maintain better oral hygiene than human beings do, no matter how studiously we floss and how often we visit our dentists.

Could this really be true?
Well, sadly, no. In short, a dog’s mouth is besieged by its own legions of germs, roughly as huge in population as those living in the human mouth and causing a similar array of dental illnesses.

«It’s like comparing apples and oranges,» says Colin Harvey, a professor of surgery and dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine. He is also the executive secretary at the American Veterinary Dental College. Although there’s a vast overlap of bacteria in the mouths of both species, Harvey considers the question of which one is cleaner to be irrelevant because a) both are teeming with microbes, and b) in many cases, a dog’s dental bacteria differ from their human counterparts.

One example is the Porphyromonas, a family of rod-shaped bacteria known for causing periodontal disease, a serious gum infection that leads to the loosening and, eventually, detachment of teeth in both humans and animals. Scientists have spotted two distinct species within the family: P. gingivalis was found in the human dental plaque, while its sibling, P. gulae, was found in dogs. Both bacteria thrive on periodontal tissues, eating up the gums and reducing well-rooted teeth to shaky cavities.

Although there are no theories so far to correlate breed and a dog’s proneness to periodontal disease, small and old dogs generally have higher risks of developing a serious form of the disease.

Another common dental disease in humans, however, has largely spared dogs. Dental caries (tooth decay), which according to a 2003 World Health Organization report may affect 90 percent of schoolchildren around the world, hits only about 5 percent of dogs. As complicated as the reason may be, most scientists, including Harvey, point to the scarcity of a bacterium in dogs’ mouths as the major explanation.

The culprit bacterium, S. mutans, eats a big sugar molecule by chopping the sugar into two slightly smaller molecules. This process produces acid as a byproduct. Therefore, the bacterium has evolved to require a slightly acidic habitat, and if lucky, it ends up in the more acidic human mouth rather than the more alkaline dog’s mouth.

One of the rumors related to the cleanliness of a dog’s mouth is the idea that human bites are more infectious than dog bites. However, this too doesn’t hold up to scrutiny. According to Jeein Chung, a veterinarian at Hoboken Animal Hospital in New Jersey, the danger of both human and dog bites depends on the kinds of bacteria in the mouth and the depth of the wound. The bottom line: Cleanse as thoroughly as possible after getting bit, and go to an emergency room if you feel the wound go anywhere beyond the muscles.

Puppies have 28 baby teeth while human babies will have 20 deciduous or «baby» teeth. The average adult dog has 42 teeth which is approximately a third more teeth than a human adult possesses. Humans are the only Animals on this Planet that cook their food.

Have you ever seen or known of any Carnivores in the Wild, to cook their Food? No, They hunt and eat their Prey immediately afterwards and will eat every part of their Prey, including Bones, Cartilage and Organs. Carnivores’ Anatomy, which includes Cats and Dogs, has not changed that much over time.

TEETH, JAWS & MOUTHS
There are so many reasons why Humans are Different from Carnivores as the list indicates above. One of the clear differences are the Teeth. Carnivores have Sharp Fangs to Tear and Rip their Meat and Swallow their Food in chunks. «Wolf their Food Down» is a saying that literally describes this, since Carnivores do not need to pre-digest their Food at the Mouth level as Humans do with their Mouth Digestive Juices. Carnivores can also open their Mouths much wider than Humans can, in order to be able to lock onto their Prey. Carnivores cannot move their Jaws sideways, but Humans can, as it allows us to Grind our Food to pulp and then liquid format before swallowing. Humans also have blunt-shaped Teeth which helps us break down and Chew our Food. Another reason Humans shouldn’t even eat Meat.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Carnivores have an Intestinal Tract that is substantially shorter (approx. 5 feet) vs. Humans’ (approx. 25 feet), which means, a Carnivore can complete Digestion in about 3 hours as opposed to a Human Digestive System taking around 15 Hours or more. Also the Digestive Juices in a Carnivore is much Stronger and more Acidic than a Human’s, which is Alkaline. Humans need Fibre to stimulate the Intestinal Tract which Carnivores don’t. That’s why these Dog and Cat Food Manufacturers putting in Fibre and Fillings and Grains does not make sense for our Pets, but does make a lot of Dollars for them.

AMYLASE
The human digestive tract averages 30 feet in length. The average length of the dog’s digestive tract is 2 feet. Our appendix is actually the remnant of a fermentation system in the large intestine, from when we ate a more herbivorous diet. We don’t have those long sharp canine teeth. And if you look at the back of our mouth, you will see the molars are flat. The job of the molars is to crush and grind plant matter. This is why we are classified as omnivores, our teeth tell us we have a dietary need for plant matter.

Dog’s teeth & mouth are somewhere between the human teeth, mouth and the cat’s teeth and mouth. You might also have noticed that dogs and humans have a lot more teeth than cats too. There is something we humans have in our mouth that neither dogs or cats have — something called

salivary amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks complex carbohydrates down into simple sugars.

Try this experiment: hold a piece of bread in your mouth for a few minutes and you will notice it starts to taste sweet. That is amylase converting that bread into sugar. Neither cats or dogs have salivary amylase.

Humans, as well as other omnivores and herbivores, can convert plant based ALA (Alpha-linolenic acid), which is a type of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants, to its useful constituents, EPA and DHA. Dogs can convert approximately 5 to 15 percent.

Dogs have 42 teeth in total, which is 10 times more than the number of teeth humans have. But like us, a dog’s teeth can be categorized into four types: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Incisors:
Humans have 8 incisors that we use to bite on our food. Dogs have 12 incisors that they use to rip off meat from the bone. Dogs also use their incisors to groom themselves and get rid of fleas, mites and other foreign objects on their skin and coat.

Canines:
Humans have 4 canines which help us tear food apart. Like humans, dogs have 4 canines too, but they are mainly used to puncture things.

Premolars:
Our 8 premolars are mainly flat with a few sharp tips. These are used to chew our food. Dogs, on the other hand, have 12 premolars, which are used for shearing or cutting food.

Molars:
Including wisdom teeth, humans have a total of 12 molars, which are used to grind food into finer pieces. Our dogs have 10 molars, which serve the same function as human molars — to grind food.

Oral health issues
Gum-related infections are one of the most common dental health problems in both humans and dogs. In fact, according to the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly 50% of adults aged 30 and up have gum-related issues. Likewise, about 80% of dogs develop signs of gum disease by the age of 3. Gum problems may eventually lead to periodontal disease, an infection that affects structures that hold a tooth in place. In severe cases, bacteria from periodontal disease can affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and may even lead to diseases related to the heart or lungs. Dogs need to have their teeth brushed and cleaned every day using a soft bristle toothbrush and a dog-specific toothpaste that contains no fluoride. At first, it can be difficult to get your dog accustomed to having his teeth and gums touched, but it will all be worth it if he can avoid developing oral problems. Be gentle while brushing his teeth though, to avoid gum scratching and bleeding. Also, it helps to feed your dog with crunchy kibbles that can gently scratch on the surface of his teeth and remove food buildup. Choose dog food brands gourmet-artisan dog food recipes, that are made in small batches to ensure its freshness and the quality of the kibbles’ texture.

Why can’t I just use a human treadmill? The answer is you can and some do. But before you do, understand there are many differences between a dog treadmill and a human treadmill. You should understand the differences, so you can make the best decision for your dog.

Motor
Human treadmill motors typically are built with a large ventilation encasement that allows airflow to cool the motor. A good dog treadmill will usually have the motor located in a separate area or tightly enclosed with an internal cooling system. This helps to prevent dog hair and dirt from entering the motor casing which can cause the treadmill to malfunction. Chances are, when you call a repair person to service the human machine dog hair and other bodily fluids are not covered in the warranty under «normal wear and tear». Even a cleaning kit is not going to take care of all the dog-related happenings that can occur.

Treadmill Belt
Human treadmill belts often have a noticeable built-in gap between the side-rails and the edge of the belt. This can be a great hazard for dogs. Small paws, or claws can easily get caught under the belt. A good dog-specific design will ensure the belt is close to the side-rails or edge to prevent this type of situation from happening. If you choose to use a human treadmill for your dog be vigilant to prevent this accident from happening.

Side Rails
Most noticeably, human treadmills do not offer side rails, which help in the training process. While it is possible to construct one of your own, good dog treadmills will incorporate safe side panels. These side panels should be sturdy. Side rails constructed of wire grids or open railing can be dangerous. Study them closely. During the initial training stages, some dogs will try to find escape routes and the grid or open railing design can catch paws or worse they may try to squeeze through these areas while the belt is moving.

Running Area
Make sure that the treadmill belt has enough room for your dog’s longest stride. For many dogs, a human treadmill running surface is not ideal. For larger dogs, it is very important to purchase a dog treadmill with a belt long enough to accommodate your dogs natural gait and to allow a natural drift that takes place, just like it does when your dog runs outside. The speed is not always constant and a longer belt can prevent injury. For small dogs, the larger belt of a human treadmill can be intimidating. A proper fit can make all the difference in your training and their enjoyment of treading.

End Caps
Many human treadmills are made with large end caps to cover the frame at the back of the treadmill. These turn into a dangerous place to catch and rip paws and claws. Look for a smooth end-cap that is not likely to hurt your dog if they should exit off the back.

Noise
The best dog treadmills are very quiet in design compared to a human treadmill. Many dogs are frightened of the vibrations and noise common with human treadmills. A whisper-quiet design is ideal.

Control Panel
Human treadmill control panels are not located in an ideal position when training your dog and do not provide quick and easy access to adjust speed or to stop the treadmill in case of emergency.

Space
If space is a concern and you have a smaller dog – a small dog treadmill can be ideal. The compact design is better suited for apartment or small loft living.

DOG vs HUMAN TREADMILL
COMPARISON
at WWW.ROCKYS
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A human’s brain weights about 3 pounds and is roughly the size of both of your fists placed together side by side. A 45 pound dog has a brain that weighs about 3 to 3 1/2 oz. But despite the size of a dog’s brain, they are still incredibly smart. The frontal lobes of a dog are dedicated to smell. This takes up a huge portion of the brain. Despite this, dogs can still learn 150 — 300 words and commands. They can «read» us better than any other animal on earth, and even understand and work with us to achieve common goals.

In the human brain, the olfactory lobe is poorly developed while optic lobe is well developed. In case of other mammals like the dog, the optic lobe is poorly developed while olfactory lobe is well developed.

It all begins with miscommunication, or intention vs. perception. Humans and dogs speak separate languages. People are extremely verbal while dogs are extremely non-verbal. Canine communication consists of eye contact, body language, and reading energy. Have you ever been in the presence of someone that gave you the creeps? You may not have spoken to them but you feel something that makes you uncomfortable? That is energy. It is the feeling or vibration that you get from another being. Humans gained language and storytelling eons ago and as a result our instincts have become very dull. What instincts we do have are mostly within our subconscious. We feel things quietly, intuitively, then we talk ourselves out of it, yet again using words.

The most important law when trying to understand animals, especially canines, is that they love to follow strong and confident personalities. They do not follow marshmallows or super softies. They also do not follow anything that is interpreted as weak or unstable. For example; Are you anxious when your dog is misbehaving? Do you feel sorry for your dog? Or maybe guilty? These emotions are interpreted by dogs and other animals much differently than people. For most people, this can be a difficult concept to grasp in the beginning. But once you begin to see and understand this it all becomes very clear.

Dog Psychology is a whole new world in itself, and is quite different from the way we have all learned to see the world around us. Learning about Dog Psychology is the first step to becoming the dog owner that your dog dreams of. It all begins with miscommunication, or intention vs. perception. Humans and dogs speak separate languages. People are extremely verbal, while dogs are extremely nonverbal. Canine communication consists of eye contact, body language, and reading energy. Have you ever been in the presence of someone that gave you the creeps? You may not have even spoken to them, but you feel something that makes you uncomfortable. That is energy. It is the feeling or vibration that you get from another. Humans gained language and storytelling eons ago and as a result our instincts have become very dull. What instincts we do have are mostly within our subconscious. We feel things quietly, intuitively, then we talk ourselves out of it, yet again using words.

Now, let’s discuss the difference between human beings and other animals. For instance, let’s say we have a female with a litter of puppies. One of the pups is not strong and is not doing well. What will the mother do? She will push it aside and ignore it. Weak squirrel in the nest? Out. Weak baby bird? Out. Regardless of the animal, they will not foster weakness. It goes against their DNA. A screaming dog in the dog park becomes an instant target. Why? Weakness. There is nothing wrong with this behavior. It is what it means to be a canine. Humans however, will find that weak little pup and be sure to nurse it. If we find the squirrel or bird on the sidewalk, we are ready with the eye dropper and heating pad to rescue it. This is what makes us human, and we are one of the only species that behaves this way. We can think about the differences; dogs cannot. They can not become people, but you can learn to be a bit of a dog.

Applying Dog Psychology
The most important law when trying to understand animals, especially canines, is that they love to follow strong and confident personalities. They do not follow marshmallows or super softies, and they also do not follow anything that is interpreted as weak or unstable. For example: Are you anxious when your dog is misbehaving? Do you feel sorry for your dog? Or maybe guilty? These emotions are interpreted by dogs and other animals much differently than people. For most people, this can be a difficult concept to grasp in the beginning, but once you begin to see and understand this it all becomes very clear. So, you must be strong and confident in order to be an effective pack leader to a dog. Therefore we must start with owner: What do you need to work on? Anxiety? Self Esteem? Confidence? Depression? The first thing that we must learn is to become aware of how you are feeling so that we can address any weak areas. Yoga and meditation may be prescribed for people suffering from anxiety or anyone having trouble calming down and focusing. Confidence or self-esteem issues? Martial arts such as Krav Maga can be a super boost to one’s confidence.

Your dog needs to know that you know how to lead him. They need to know that you are confident in your decisions and that you can handle whatever the world throws at you. My definition of dominance is the art of leadership. Someone has to make the decisions in the relationshipand it should not be the one with the four legs. Your dog needs for you to learn to be a «loving, benevolent dictator», just like being a great parent to a child. Sensitive and nervous dogs absolutely require you take over for them; you will build an enormous amount of trust with your dog.

If you have a dog with a sharp temperament, he needs someone to set limits with him. Soft personalities are more sensitive and engage in direction more easily. Most people I meet are total marshmallows. You should never be harsh, however you should be firm. Once you decide that you are going to require something or engage in an activity, be sure you follow through. But you must first have a vision of what you want in order for you to know where you are going, and you can’t pass what you do not have. If you want the dogs in your family to respect the children, they must respect you first. Three pillars that are fundamental to success:

1. Patience
You must sometimes wait for the dog to learn or deflate. Do not become frustrated.

2. Persistence
You must be willing to never accept no as an option. Be calm but firm and always follow through. It gets easier!

3. Consistence
Providing rituals and maintaining the same rules from everyone in the family and beyond provides security and stability to your dog.

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1.  Dogs may turn out to be better friends than people.

2.  People love dogs because they look pretty.

3.  Dogs don’t love people as much as you may think.

4.  It’s not a good idea to have a dog as a pet.

5.  Dogs are good pets because they are clever.

6.  There are many advantages of having a dog.

7.  People love dogs because dogs are faithful.

Расшифровка записи

Speaker A. I think people love dogs for many different reasons, but the main one, In my opinion, is that people believe their dogs love them. Unlike cats, dogs seem to be very attached to their owners. Of course, there is some question as to the degree to which dogs actually love their humans or merely are responding to them as effect the dominant member of the pack to which the dog belongs. But in either case, there is a feeling of loyalty.

Speaker B. I have a dog and I’m happy about that. I think dogs are the best pets in the world. To start with, they are loyal and friendly. Dogs take a great interest in the people who own them as pets. Moreover, they seem to protect their owners interests to the extent that they are capable of by driving off an attacker, for example, or waking people up if there is a fire in the house, and so on. There are many more pluses. Dogs are just perfect.

Speaker C. As far as I know, some famous person said something like «people like dogs more than people». Well, sometimes dogs really are better companions than people. Dogs have a certain mental simplicity. For example, they don’t lie to their owners and their motives are relatively simple and understandable, and so they are easier to deal with than human beings are. Dogs do not maneuver for status because they just accept that humans are in charge.

Speaker D. I have a dog and most of my friends have dogs too. When we discuss our pets, we understand that dogs are very clever. Well, of course they are less clever than their owners, so we take care of them, much as we would of our own children. Still, in my opinion, dogs are relatively intelligent in comparison to many other animals, such as tropical fish, frogs, lizards and so on. Sometimes, I think my dog understands every word I say. Isn’t it great?

Speaker E. I don’t have a dog because I’m allergic to fur, but I love looking at them. My favourite films are the ones about dogs. They are such beautiful creatures. They are warm, furry and cute, they have soulful eyes, and in some ways remind people of children. I know lots of people who have photos of dogs as their screensavers, or just like cups or clothes with pictures of charming puppies. Your heart is literally melting when you see dogs or small puppies.

Speaker F. I personally think that dogs are not as charming as one might think they are. In my opinion, every dog is dangerous, even those teacup dogs, which girls like to carry in their handbags and boast of them like of fashionable accessories, even though small creatures can bite you and give you serious injuries, so you must be careful if you see a dog. There are many stories in the news about dogs being aggressive towards people for no reason.

Пояснение.

A  — 7: …but in either case, there is a feeling of loyalty.

B  — 6: …there are many more pluses. Dogs are just perfect.

C  — 1: …sometimes they really are better companions than people.

D  — 5: Still, in my opinioin, dogs are relatively intelligent.

E  — 2: I don’t have a dog, <…> but I love looking at them.

F  — 4: …dogs are not as pretty and charming as one might think they are. <…> In my opinion, every dog is dangerous. Речь не идет об отношении собак к людям, но скорее о проблемах в сосуществовании с ними, поэтому вариант 3 не подходит.

Ответ: 761524.

1. Dear to heart

2. Reliable assistant

3. Profitable business

4. Close friends origin

5. Abiliity to treat

6. Reasons for friendship

7. Useful abilities

8. Rescue workers

A. The partnership between humans and dogs began perhaps 14,000 years ago. Our first interactions may have occurred when wild dogs were attracted to human garbage, or humans may have acquired the puppies of wild dogs and trained them to be obedient pets. By means of the careful selection of dog parents, humans have been able to create a wonderful variety of dogs with plenty of talents and many different looks.

B. When did this remarkable partnership start? We know now that the wolf began working with people in the distant past. Over the years, the wolf became the talented domestic pet we know as the dog. There are plenty of theories, but the real reason why humans acquired dogs is still unknown. It might be a hunting partnership, companionship or a type of friendship. For 14000 years the dog has played an important role in human societies. It’s a partnership that’s likely to continue for many years to come.

C. Dogs are often known as man’s best friend. Many societies have them as pets or rely on them to perform a variety of tasks. The story of man and dog is a complex story that goes back thousands of years and will almost certainly go on for thousands more. Dogs interact with humans in a variety of ways. Dogs such as border collies are trained to herd livestock such as sheep. Huskies pull us through some of the coldest and the most dangerous places on Earth.

D. Dogs were probably first attracted to humans by the smell of our garbage. Nowadays, the governments of many countries have a use for those powerful noses that is beneficial to all who fly in airplanes. There are special trains for dogs to smell bombs on planes and in passengers’ luggage. For example, beagles perform their duties at airports, where their sense of smell helps them to find drugs and other illegal items in people’s luggage.

E. Dogs have a sense of smell 1,000 times more powerful than our own. This means they can search for people who are lost under deep snow, or under the debris of a collapsed building or deep in forest. You can find dogs in rescue services of many countries. A lot of lives were saved by dogs after the earthquakes and explosions in different parts of the world.

F. Special trained dogs help to ease the lives of thousands disabled people. They lead the blind people, for example. At the National Institutes of Health the dogs visit children who are fighting deadly diseases. They brighten patients’ days with love and give children a chance to exercise and help them to stay strong during their long hospitalization.

G. Whether as workers or objects of affection, dogs have certainly proven themselves to be beneficial to humans in many ways. For many, the dog is also an obedient companion and friend. In some families dogs are treated like a child. People carefully prepare special meal; give them the healthiest, most wonderful life possible for as long as possible. For single people, dogs are the best way to escape loneliness. At the same time, their special place as ‘man’s best friend’ has allowed dogs to survive in a human world.

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