Whales use sound in very different ways some whales produce songs егэ - Помощь в подготовке к экзаменам и поступлению

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____________. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____________. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise

C _____________ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey

different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____________.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____________. If the Song of the Whale team can

F _____________, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1.  in using underwater microphones

2.  to locate food and find their way

3.  result in injury and even death

4.  track and identify their habitats

5.  to filter out food from the water

6.  to provide a platform for marine research

7.  when large numbers come ashore

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

Источник

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B_____________. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise

C _____________ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey

different species.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____________. If the Song of the Whale team can

F _____________, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track and identify their habitats

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore

Пропуск	A	B	C	D	E	F
Часть предложения

Источник

Упражнение 43 для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку.

Определите, в какие пропуски подходят данные под текстом фразы. Одна фраза лишняя.

текстответ

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, ___A___. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world ___B___. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise ___C___ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, ___E___. If the Song of the Whale team can ___F___, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones
2. to locate food and find their way
3. result in injury and even death
4. track and identify their habitats
5. to filter out food from the water
6. to provide a platform for marine research
7. when large numbers come ashore

A – 2; B – 6; C – 1; D – 3; E – 7; F – 4

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, to locate food and find their way. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world to provide a platform for marine research. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise in using underwater microphones to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, when large numbers come ashore. If the Song of the Whale team can track and identify their habitats, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

Источник

Входная контрольная работа для 11 класса 2022-2023г

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Variant 1

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, (A)________. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales. Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world (B)________. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise (C)________ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey different species. One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress (бедствие, беда, страдание) to whales and dolphins and can (D)________. It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings (уничтожение, перемещение), (E)________. If the Song of the Whale team can (F)________, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing (тревожный, беспокойный) noise can be changed.

1. in using underwater microphones

2. to locate food and find their way

3. result in injury and even death

4. track (отслеживать) and identify their habitats (среды обитания)

5. to filter out food from the water

6. to provide a platform for marine research

7. when large numbers come ashore Ответ: A ____B____C___D___ E____ F____

Task 2 Fill in the correct form of the verb given.

1. Jeff ____________ our bank manager at the moment. He _________________ here for three years. (BE, BE)

2. I ____________________ when the alarm ____________________ off at 5.30 this morning. (STILL SLEEP, GO)

3. If everyone donates $5, we ____________________ enough to buy a new machine. (HAVE)

4. There ______________ a great documentary on TV yesterday evening. ____________________ it? – No, I didn’t. I ______________ to take my television set back to the store to have it repaired. (BE, YOU SEE, HAVE)

5. When I ____________________ to the car park I didn’t know where I ____________________ my car. (RETURN, PARK)

6. My uncle ____________________ the same pullover the whole winter. I guess he ____________ it. (WEAR, LOVE) 7. Mum ____________________ dinner when the doctor __________________. (PREPARE, ARRIVE)

8. He ____________________ around with a limp since he ____________________ his accident a few weeks ago. (WALK, HAVE)

9. You look pretty worried. – What ____________________? (HAPPEN)

10.When we ____________________ at the theatre the play ______________________. (ARRIVE, ALREADY START) 11.When she ________________ home, she ________________ that her husband ____________________ for some time. (COME, SEE, DRINK) 12. ____________________ the good news? – Stan and Margie ____________________ married!

Task 3 Answer the questions

1. What kind of family chores do you normally have, if at all?

________________________________________________________________________________

2. What would you cook for yourself, if you had to?

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you think boys should be able to cook and to keep house, and why?

______________________________________________________________________________________

Входная контрольная работа (11 класс) 2022-2023г

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Variant 2

Facebook party that became a riot

a riot (беспорядок, мятеж, бунт)

It began as a plan for a very normal 16th birthday party. Merthe Weusthuis wanted a quiet celebration with a small group of friends in her family home in the small Dutch town of Haren. Like many teenagers, she decided to send out invitations via (через)a social network site. But Merthe made one big mistake: she used open-access settings on Facebook, A_________________________, lots of strangers could too. The number of invitation acceptances quickly snowballed into an avalanche. Not marking the event as ‘private’ meant the electronic invitation was eventually seen by 240,000 people, B_________________________. To make matters worse, an unauthorized (самовольный, неправомочный) campaign was launched to promote the party by means of a dedicated website and Twitter account, C_________________________. The party became known as ‘Project X Haren’ after the 2012 American film Project X D_________________________. Video trailers for Merthe’s party were produced, with scenes from Project X edited in, E_________________________. T-shirts featuring Merthe’s face were also made, all without her knowledge or consent (согласие, разрешение). However, Facebook was also involved in the clean-up effort in the days after the riot. A group called ‘Suspect-X Haren’ was created to help police identify and arrest the rioters by sharing photos and videos of the event. A number of other ‘Facebook parties’ spiralled out of control (вышли из-под контроля), F____________________. Bradley had not posted details of the event on the internet, but somehow the news leaked out (просачились, стали известными) and appeared on Blackberry Messenger as well as Facebook.

1. in which three high school students throw a birthday party that spins out of control

2. including the 16th birthday party of British teenager Bradley McAnulty in April 2016

3. of whom 30,000 confirmed online that they planned to attend

4. but were interrupted by the police 5. and they were posted on YouTube

6. so it wasn’t just her friends who could see details of the event

7. which received hundreds of thousands of hits Ответ: A ____B____C___D___ E____ F____

Task 2 Fill in the correct form of the verb given.

1. After we ___________________ dinner we went to bed. (EAT)

2. I ___________________ several matches this season, but I ___________________ to a single game last season. (SEE, NOT GO)

3. What ___________________ when the headmaster ___________________ the classroom yesterday? (YOU DO, ENTER)

4. My granddad doesn’t ___________________ well so he always ___________________ up the volume on the radio. (NOT HEAR, TURN)

5. We ___________________ hard since 7 o’clock in the morning. (WORK)

6. She ___________________ in such cold water before. (NEVER SWIM)

7. When we ___________________ at the stadium thousands of spectators ___________________ in front of the gates. (ARRIVE, WAIT)

8. We ______________________ for over an hour when we found out that we were in the wrong village. (TRAVEL)

9. The district attorney’s office ___________________ before next Monday. (NOT OPEN)

10.Here are your shoes Jimmy. I ___________________ them (JUST CLEAN).

11.She ___________________ well yesterday because she ___________________ too much. (NOT FEEL, EAT)

12. Look at those fans! They’re so excited because their team _____________________ the winning goal. (JUST SCORE) 13. Last Saturday Susan ______________ an accident. She _______________ off the ladder and ___________________ her knee while she ___________________ to pick some apples. (HAVE, FALL, CUT, TRY)

14.We ___________________ to Chris’s party next Tuesday because nobody ___________________ us. (NOT GO, INVITE)

15.Whenever Kevin is in England, he ___________________ to his parents back in Australia every weekend. (WRITE)

Task 3 Answer the questions

1. Do young people read as much as old people in your country?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you prefer to read E-books or traditional books? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How much time do you and your friends spend reading daily?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

KEYS

Variant 1

Task 1 261374

Task 2

Is; has been
was still sleeping; went off
will have
was; Did you see; had
returned; had parked
has been wearing
was preparing; arrived
has been walking; had
happened/ has happened
arrived; had already started
came; saw; had been drinking
Have you heard; are getting married;

Total: 30 points

Variant 2

Task 1 637152

Task 2

Had eaten
Have seen; didn’t go
Were you doing; entered
Doesn’t hear; turns
Have been working
Has never swum
Arrived; were waiting
Had been travelling / had travelled
Is not opening / won’t open
Have just clean
Didn’t feel / had eaten
Have/has just scored
Had; fell; cut; was trying
Won’t go / aren’t going; has invited / invited
Writes

Total: 30 points

Источник

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

through a small hole in the floor
through the hole for the hamster
and locked the runaway hamster
to come out of the hole
to look after the pet
to try and locate the missing hamster
and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

just overfill your stomach
could be bad for your weight
have a habit of eating quickly
linked to obesity
eat as slowly as possible
put on weight
learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

than any other group
watching television
in the company of someone else
than two computers in the home
communicated with their families
helping them communicate
owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

it has become a way of life.
when it passes you on the street.
when you see him and talk to him.
and it lets them come into mine, too.
so I did not pay any attention to him.
however small or simple the greeting is.
how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

but we did anyway.
whenever a need arises.
they did not really care.
whenever they need your help.
could not guarantee would even last.
am eternally grateful for a second chance.
someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text
that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people
and relying instead on actual call charges
that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century
the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items
and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK
the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs
as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo
which take place every day, from
because they see and touch them close up
despite the serious side to our work
which demand much time and effort
that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

which could reveal
which they stood
which it was once made up
that this stretch of the river Avon
that there might have been something
that it should be considered as integral part
that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

that once stood here
that is almost continent long
whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania
whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable
whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges
Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper
Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

which is contacted by radio
that familiar figure of the London scene
for they are accustomed to military bands
which possesses its own separate police force
which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits
that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice
whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

up for the optional module, part of
to emerge four or five years ago to see
to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in
such as the response of the writer
including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in
to growing demand from the student
such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did
to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes
that laughter is a uniquely human trait
that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos
that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor
while their caretakers tickled them
to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

when the ice was finally thick enough to cross
that the impact on Russia would be disastrous
the environment is under pressure
and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us
and set up their camps in the southern forests
that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting
when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country
alarm about these changes
a huge shift towards an ageing population
change is due to
while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications
which shows the balance between working-age people and the older
as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

either a Maasai or a Kamba man
who do not hunt elephants
when they detected the smell of clothes
who carried out the research
the amount of risk they sense
spearing elephants
when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

to perform other actions
outnumber traditional telephones
to communicate with each other
combined with the Internet
to serve basic needs
banned in some countries
carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

like she was a rag doll
whether I was good at it or not
wished I, too, could be on stage
and I designed the rest
and I was star struck
so Heather could do her tap routine
because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

on the look-out for more treats
from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT
to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home
on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away
to identify if anyone had bumped into him
when her son is having a lie-in
collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

whatever it costs
most excellent impression
you have never heard of before, and nobody else either
in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives
would never know it really well
far from being the whole vocabulary of the language
and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
which is invisible to the human eye.
who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
so it has a clear view of space.
because many stars are in clouds of gas.
but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

and finally measure them.
since it was heard 3,000 miles away.
and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.
that loud sound is of high intensity.
as they study mechanical forces.
as a painful sensation in the ear.
that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

the chocolate consumed today is made
that chocolate, eaten in moderation
central and southern America for
of the world’s most popular flavours
hand contains no cocoa solids and
cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have
many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

due to basic human instinct that
is still early to judge
are simply the cycles of fashion
but more usually the stars are members
that the television phenomenon
is a type of programme that
seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea
to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy
a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind
favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science
the contemporary European powers in
are marked by special events and festivities at
famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

not like to spend our time
that it’s probably not quite
that particular day turned
our real shopping in
sometimes go shopping for real
anything you want and there is
but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

“Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

me to take a print of your credit card
points poured out smoothly, no verbal
if I would even see her when
although it seemed virtually identical
so sure was I that nobody would
me to help you with your luggage
as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

that a permanent, year-round site was necessary
as well as field trips focused on the natural world
many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising
that had been injured or orphaned because of intense
that needed public attention and a new building
as well as teach children and adults about nature
through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

that are offered to the visitors
its glamorous past and fun-filled present
as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences
by joining our e-community
that was sweeping the country
celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War
to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

that it was researching the system of funding education after 16
260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000
but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced
that inspire young people is immeasurable
but an increasing shortage of work experience means
that young people should stay on at school, as
but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

from international names to family-run guest houses
joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians
having their summer holidays in Cardiff
that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers
which features music, film, literature and graphics
from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations
beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

as well as resources on art, technology and drama
as well as the idols of popular music and the icons
who is sitting to determine exact measurements
ranging from special effects to fully animated figures
ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment
that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity
who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

and things would be different if everyone was given the chance
which let me know he approved of me
and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays
which I needed to become a professional skier
which I would happily spend as I liked
that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex
but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

elegant meals were served to passengers
to use trains for long distance travel and vacations
who rode the train
who wrote about it
which connected Switzerland and Italy
that served dishes and wines
there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

that nature has ever created in the wild
that none of the others have
hovering over the magnificent lake
who retells the legends of the mysterious past
for yourself why there is nothing quite
who pays much attention to children’s safety
continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

as party influence has declined
against the spirit of the Constitution
being so large (435 members)
empowered to make laws
unlike the British Parliament
by which the business of Congress is carried on
who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

to spread U.S. ideas and government
for the first time in history
thus replacing them forever
as territories became interdependent
the use of covered wagons
by taking land from Native peoples
forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

who is not a member of any political party
that our village would be protected from outside interests
but it was not a total shock to her
being a politics student at the university
so she can do her job as mayor properly
who is only just old enough to vote herself
will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

has been developed very quickly
not understand why they are doing it for
as Americans call them
riding halfway across the country on a horse
just because they can
can also be used to take and send photos
fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
which includes language teaching and learning
cinemas and television in other EU countries
which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
funding a number of educational programmes
and encouraging people to learn new languages
where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

the essentials of starting
that awaits when you step
trials and tribulations of employment
establishing and conducting
preparing a business plan
waiting to be acquired
undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

that existed long before the invention of writing
that nearly every object made by humans
what those people were really like
which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring
that it is the study of archaeology done underwater
and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities
and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

that are displayed during the nesting season
while the city has grown up around them
and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives
where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead
who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing
who does not know the route to the place of destination
that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

as well as education and the law
the only one of a number of allied languages that remain
with radio and the English press further speeding the decline
many being able to speak Welsh only
where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner
apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools
bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

make it a healthy diet
other parts of the world
four times higher than the average
have a cultural tradition
sends a signal to the body
the rest of the population
makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

where one can enjoy close contact with
which meet every need of their users
than to discover them once for oneself
who has never been to this wonderful city
which is ideal for various water sports
to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs
who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

try to avoid the boredom of life
that has consistently remained part of society
that they are not alone
going through something difficult
without having to bear any responsibility
that range from unlikely to impossible
at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg
which was designed by D. Trezzini
which was the burial place of Russian
and reminding of the rich history of the city
as the most protected part of the city
which is located on the spire of the cathedral
that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
whenever it rains
to find water as far as 25 metres away
which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_____.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

and hotels there or nearby the avenue
showing the original width of the avenue
which was not as straight as it was planned
which were built by famous architects and
connecting these two important structures with
and a few rows of trees were planted along the street
as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

in using underwater microphones
to locate food and find their way
result in injury and even death
track and identify their habitats
to filter out food from the water
to provide a platform for marine research
when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

which are depicted on most souvenirs there
so it is necessary to monitor it all the time
who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears
which has the second largest concentration of
to be a place of many water sources
to be a popular nature reserve and health resort
that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

«The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

read the book to find out what happens
some food and water on the lifeboat
his knowledge of animals to control the tiger
received an award for being strong
sold seven million copies worldwide
learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry
a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

began to advertise Christmas shopping
became the subject of many legends
began dressing up unemployed men in
is celebrated on the anniversary of
was only a matter of time
stretches all the way back to
appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

that is carried on regularly in each of the museums
providing different materials in the arts, science and
placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history
that has been established within the Smithsonian complex
which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images
and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on
and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

which is now called the West building
that the gallery brings daily profit to the country
who are willing to share their possessions with the public
who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country
as well as partnership with private organizations
that the gallery is open daily and free of charge
as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

such as Easter and Christmas
visiting a local farm
local, fresh and organic where possible
provide good quality food
definitely improve after a good meal
and about 100 bags are sold each day
when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

part in the project
taking exercise
gave marked health benefits
in fitness levels
on simply getting people to take exercise
not enough to get fit
a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists
use double-decker buses for public transport
double-decker city buses are less common
where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster
their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities
have an open upper deck
where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____.

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____.

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone.

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____.

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____.

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

I never quite leave home
but human nature does not
that we are now harvesting
but we as well as our heart did not
not worse than those who came before us
just as the farmers who came before me did
that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

I could be playing down there someday
and set real close together
which were so old and posh
and he had a beard and moustache
I wasn’t that good at music
getting ready and warming up
laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

who are more interested in the past
and girls in blue uniforms
that were generally better
was not particularly unusual as
went on camping expeditions
interact with other people
had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

takes a lot of time and effort to tan
have been turning to tanning beds
they are actually quite classy accessories
better to avoid indoor tanning
have inspired people to get their skin checked
will eventually turn into a tan
has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

who is appointed by the president
but of other countries of the world
but in every aspect of social sciences
who are also appointed by the president
who have been living in the U.S. for three years
as well as to individual scholars of the humanities
as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

differences in traditions
children and hope that they
the day for fireworks lovers
the explosion lights up the sky
feels like the first time I’ve seen
waits at home though: sparklers
lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

are built on the ground
are usually very organic
is being built facing south
being environmentally friendly
building materials and lifestyle
is that these homes are safe from fire
can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

Australia is one of the most
were born in other countries
Australia also defines itself by
many animal species that occur here
may have travelled from Asia across
thousands of new immigrants, and by
were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

which is felt all year round
which take place in Madeira all year round
where the largest laurel forest in the world
admiring the coastline from a different perspective
where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna
choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty
that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

cause lots of problems
in the city and take them back
walk in the street and cause traffic
hurt in car accidents and the sugar in
strong animals and sometimes they scare
have been many reports in newspapers and
have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre, B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

but showed evidence of an early human housing
to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal
as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China
but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and
who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage
combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea
who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

that is the largest in Venice
which was built in the early I century
that everyone is dreaming about this trip
which is comparable with modern stadiums
which are сonnected by more than 150 canals
the venue for major international festivals
that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

and from the sea has been firmly ensured
which is a former royal countryside residence
who designs many royal residences in Europe
and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century
who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls
that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland
and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea.

and the views that open from it
which is built on the top to give visitors
when the subtropical resort is almost empty
which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling
when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”
including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty.

that is built on hundreds of islands
or during the dazzling white nights in summer
it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great
or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers
that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg
of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe
including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings.

that they are particularly interested in
that they have time to catch all the collection’s
and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste
which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from
that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit
which was the official residence of the Russian emperors
and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays.

and restorers have done everything possible to keep
combining the features of urban and suburban estates
which are planned to be the centre of scientific research
which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists
but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood
and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band
and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

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11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
Whales in a Noisy Ocean Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, (A)________. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales. Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world (B)________. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise (C)________ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey different species. One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can (D)________. It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, (E)________. If the Song of the Whale team can (F)________, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.
1. in using underwater microphones
2. to locate food and find their way
3. result in injury and even death
4. track and identify their habitats
5. to filter out food from the water
6. to provide a platform for marine research
7. when large numbers come ashore
Ответ: A B C D E F

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Пробный вариант ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку №7 с ответами

Whale song is the sound made by whales to communicate.

The word «song» is used in particular to describe the pattern of regular and predictable sounds made by some species of whales, notably the humpback. This is included with or in comparison with music, and male humpback whales have been described as, «inveterate composers,» of songs, «‘strikingly similar’ to human musical traditions» [Roger Payne, quoted in: Author(s): Susan Milius. «Music without Borders», p.253. Source: «Science News», Vol. 157, No. 16, (Apr. 15, 2000), pp. 252-254. Published by: Society for Science & the Public.] .

The mechanisms used to produce sound vary from one family of cetaceans to another. Marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises, are much more dependent on sound for communication and sensation than are land mammals , as other senses are of limited effectiveness in water. Sight is limited for marine mammals because of the way water absorbs light. Smell is also limited, as molecules diffuse more slowly in water than in air, which makes smelling less effective. In addition, the speed of sound in water is roughly four times that in the atmosphere at sea level. Because sea mammals are so dependent on hearing to communicate and feed, environmentalists and cetologists are concerned that they are being harmed by the increased ambient noise in the world’s oceans caused by ships and marine seismic surveys.

Production of sound

Humans produce sound by expelling air through the larynx. The vocal cords within the larynx open and close as necessary to separate the stream of air into discrete pockets of air. These pockets are shaped by the throat, tongue, and lips into the desired sound. For more information, see Human voice.

Cetacean sound production differs markedly from this mechanism. The precise mechanism differs in the two major suborders of cetaceans: the «Odontoceti» (toothed whales—including dolphins) and the «Mysticeti» (baleen whales—including the largest whales, such as the Blue Whale).

Odontocete whale sound production

Toothed whales do not make the long, low-frequency sounds known as the whale song. Instead they produce rapid bursts of high-frequency clicks and whistles. Single clicks are generally used for echolocation whereas collections of clicks and whistles are used for communication. Though a large pod of dolphins will make a veritable cacophony of different noises, very little is known about the meaning of the sound. Frankell [«Sound production», by Adam S. Frankel, in the «Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals» (pp 1126–1137) ISBN 0-12-551340-2 (1998)] quotes one researcher characterizing listening to such a school as like listening to a group of children at a school playground.

The multiple sounds themselves are produced by passing air through a structure in the head rather like the human nasal passage called the phonic lips. As the air passes through this narrow passage, the phonic lip membranes are sucked together, causing the surrounding tissue to vibrate. These vibrations can, as with the vibrations in the human larynx, be consciously controlled with great sensitivity. The vibrations pass through the tissue of the head to the melon, which shapes and directs the sound into a beam of sound for echolocation. Every toothed whale except the sperm whale has two sets of phonic lips and is thus capable of making two sounds independently. Once the air has passed the phonic lips it enters the vestibular sac. From there the air may be recycled back into the lower part of the nasal complex, ready to be used for sound creation again, or passed out through the blowhole.

The French name for phonic lips—»museau de singe»—translates to «monkey lips,» which the phonic lip structure is supposed to resemble. New cranial analysis using computed axial and single photon emission computed tomography scans in 2004 showed that, at least in the case of bottlenose dolphins, air might be supplied to the nasal complex from the lungs by the palatopharyngeal sphincter, enabling the sound creation process to continue for as long as the dolphin is able to hold their breath. [cite journal | author = Dorian S. Houser, James Finneran, Don Carder, William Van Bonn, Cynthia Smith, Carl Hoh, Robert Mattrey and Sam Ridgway | year = 2004 | title = Structural and functional imaging of bottlenose dolphin («Tursiops truncatus») cranial anatomy | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 207 | pages = 3657–3665 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.01207 | pmid = 15371474]

Odontocete Whale Sound Levels

The frequency of toothed whale sounds ranges from 40 Hz to 325 kHz.cite book |title=Marine Mammals and Noise|author=Richardson, Greene, Malme, Thomson|year=1995|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0125884402] A list of typical levels is shown in the table below.

Mysticete whale sound production

Baleen whales do not have phonic lip structure. Instead they have a larynx that appears to play a role in sound production, but it lacks vocal cords and scientists remain uncertain as to the exact mechanism. The process, however, cannot be completely analogous to humans because whales do not have to exhale in order to produce sound. It is likely that they recycle air around the body for this purpose. Cranial sinuses may also be used to create the sounds, but again researchers are currently unclear how.

Mysticete Whale Sound Levels

The frequency of baleen whale sounds ranges from 10 Hz to 31 kHz. A list of typical levels is shown in the table below.

Purpose of whale-created sounds

While the complex and haunting sounds of the Humpback Whale (and some Blue Whales) are believed to be primarily used in sexual selection (see section below), the simpler sounds of other whales have a year-round use. While many toothed whales are capable of using echolocation to detect the size and nature of objects, this capability has never been demonstrated in baleen whales. Further, unlike some fish such as sharks, a whale’s sense of smell is not highly developed. Thus, given the poor visibility of aquatic environments and the fact that sound travels so well in water, sounds audible to humans may play a role in navigation. For instance, the depth of water or the existence of a large obstruction ahead may be detected by loud noises made by baleen whales.

The singing of whale songs for aesthetic enjoyment, personal satisfaction, or ‘for art’s sake’, is, «an untestable question in scientific terms.» [Entomologist Thomas Eisner, quoted in: Milius (2000), p.254.] .

The song of the Humpback Whale

Two groups of whales, the Humpback Whale and the subspecies of Blue Whale found in the Indian Ocean, are known to produce the repetitious sounds at varying frequencies known as whale song. Marine biologist Philip Clapham describes the song as «probably the most complex in the animal kingdom». [cite book | title = Humpback whales | author = Phil Clapham | publisher = Colin Baxter Photography | year = 1996 | id = ISBN 0-948661-87-9]

Male Humpback Whales perform these vocalizations only during the mating season, and so it is surmised the purpose of songs is to aid sexual selection. Whether the songs are a competitive behavior between males seeking the same mate, a means of defining territory or a «flirting» behavior from a male to a female is not known and the subject of on-going research. Males have been observed singing while simultaneously acting as an «escort» whale in the immediate vicinity of a female. Singing has also been recorded in competitive groups of whales that are composed of one female and multiple males.

Interest in whale song was aroused by researchers Roger Payne and Scott McVay after the songs were brought to their attention by a Bermudian named Frank Watlington who was working for the US government at the SOFAR station listening for Russian submarines with underwater hydrophones off the coast of the island. The songs follow a distinct hierarchical structure. The base units of the song (sometimes loosely called the «notes») are single uninterrupted emissions of sound that last up to a few seconds. These sounds vary in frequency from 20 Hz to 10 kHz (the typical human range of hearing is 20 Hz to 20 kHz). The units may be frequency modulated (i.e., the pitch of the sound may go up, down, or stay the same during the note) or amplitude modulated (get louder or quieter). However the adjustment of bandwidth on a spectrogram representation of the song reveals the essentially pulsed nature of the FM sounds.

A collection of four or six units is known as a sub-phrase, lasting perhaps ten seconds (see also phrase (music)). A collection of two sub-phrases is a phrase. A whale will typically repeat the same phrase over and over for two to four minutes. This is known as a theme. A collection of themes is known as a song. The whale will repeat the same song, which last up to 30 or so minutes, over and over again over the course of hours or even days. This «Russian doll» hierarchy of sounds has captured the imagination of scientists.

All the whales in an area sing virtually the same song at any point in time and the song is constantly and slowly evolving over time. For example, over the course of a month a particular unit that started as an «upsweep» (increasing in frequency) may slowly flatten to become a constant note. Another unit may get steadily louder. The pace of evolution of a whale’s song also changes—some years the song may change quite rapidly, whereas in other years little variation may be recorded.Whales occupying the same geographical areas (which can be as large as entire ocean basins) tend to sing similar songs, with only slight variations. Whales from non-overlapping regions sing entirely different songs.

As the song evolves it appears that old patterns are not revisited. An analysis of 19 years of whale songs found that while general patterns in song could be spotted, the same combinations never recurred.

Humpback Whales may also make stand-alone sounds that do not form part of a song, particularly during courtship rituals. Finally, Humpbacks make a third class of sound called the feeding call. This is a long sound (5 to 10 s duration) of near constant frequency. Humpbacks generally feed cooperatively by gathering in groups, swimming underneath shoals of fish and all lunging up vertically through the fish and out of the water together. Prior to these lunges, whales make their feeding call. The exact purpose of the call is not known, but research suggests that fish do know what it means. When the sound was played back to them, a group of herring responded to the sound by moving away from the call, even though no whale was present.

Alternative rock band Incubus use humpback whale song in their track «The Warmth»

Other whale sounds

Most baleen whales make sounds at about 15–20 hertz. However, marine biologists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution reported in the «New Scientist» in December 2004 that they had been tracking a whale in the North Pacific for 12 years that was «singing» at 52 Hz. The scientists are currently unable to explain this dramatic difference from the norm; however, they are sure the whale is a baleen and extremely unlikely to be a new species, suggesting that currently known species may have a wider vocal range than previously thought.

Most other whales and dolphins produce sounds of varying degrees of complexity. Of particular interest is the Beluga (the «sea canary») which produces an immense variety of whistles, clicks and pulses etc

Human interaction

Though some observers suggest that undue fascination has been placed on the whales’ songs simply because the animals are under the sea, most marine mammal scientists believe that sound plays a particularly vital role in the development and well-being of cetaceans. It may be argued those against whaling have anthropomorphized the behavior in an attempt to bolster their case. Conversely pro-whaling nations are perhaps disposed to downplay the meaning of the sounds, noting for example that little account is taken of the «moo» of cattle.

Researchers use hydrophones (often adapted from their original military use in tracking submarines) to ascertain the exact location of the origin of whale noises. Their methods allow them also to detect how far through an ocean a sound travels. Research by Dr Christopher Clark of Cornell University conducted using thirty years worth of military data showed that whale noises travel up to 3,000 km. As well as providing information about song production, the data allows researchers to follow the migratory path of whales throughout the «singing» (mating) season.

Prior to the introduction of human noise production, Clark says the noises may have travelled right from one side of an ocean to the other. His research indicates that ambient noise from boats is doubling each decade. This has the effect of reducing the range at which whale noises can be heard. Those who believe that whale songs are significant to the continued well-being of whale populations are particularly concerned by this increase in ambient noise. Other research has shown that increased boat traffic in, for example, the waters off Vancouver, has caused some Orca to change the frequency and increase the amplitude of their sounds, in an apparent attempt to make themselves heard.Fact|date=May 2007 Environmentalists fear that such boat activity is putting undue stress on the animals as well as making it difficult to find a mate. [For this section see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4297531.stm BBC News article] .]

Media

elected discography

* «Songs of the Humpback Whale» (SWR 118) was originally released in 1970 by CRM Records from recordings made by Roger Payne, Frank Watlington and others. The LP was later re-released by Capitol Records, published in a flexible format in the National Geographic Society magazine, Volume 155, Number 1, in January 1979 and released on CD by BGO-Beat Goes On in 2001.
* «Deep Voices: The Second Whale Record» (Capitol Records ST-11598) was released on LP in 1977 from additional recordings made by Roger Payne, and re-released on CD in 1995 by Living Music. It includes recordings of humpbacks, blues, and rights.
* «Northern Whales» (MGE 19) was released by Music Gallery Editions from recordings made by Pierre Ouellet, John Ford, and others affiliated with Interspecies Music and Communication Research. It includes recordings of belugas, narwhals, orca, and bearded seals.
* «Sounds of the Earth: Humpback Whales» (Oreade Music) was released on CD in 1999.
* «Rapture of the Deep: Humpback Whale Singing» (Compass Recordings) was released on CD in 2001.

ee also

*Bioacoustics
*Biomusic
*List of whale songs
*Underwater acoustics
*Vocal learning

References

General references

*»Lone whale’s song remains a mystery», «New Scientist», issue number 2477, 11th December 2004
* Helweg, D.A., Frankel, A.S., Mobley Jr, J.R. and Herman, L.M., “Humpback whale song: our current understanding,” in «Marine Mammal Sensory Systems», J. A. Thomas, R. A. Kastelein, and A. Y. Supin, Eds. New York: Plenum, 1992, pp. 459–483.
*»In search of impulse sound sources in odontocetes» by Ted Cranford in «Hearing by whales and dolphins» (W. Lu, A. Popper and R. Fays eds.). Springer-Verlag (2000).
*»Progressive changes in the songs of humpback whales («Megaptera novaeangliae»): a detailed analysis of two seasons in Hawaii» by K.B.Payne, P. Tyack and R.S. Payne in «Communication and behavior of whales». Westview Press (1983)
* cite news
publisher=BBC News
date= 28 February 2005
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4297531.stm
title=Unweaving the song of whales
* cite journal
author = Frazer, L.N. and Mercado. E. III.
year = 2000
title = A sonar model for humpback whale song
journal = IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
volume = 25 | pages = 160–182
doi = 10.1109/48.820748

External links

* [http://www.voicesinthesea.org/ Voices in the Sea] has Whale and Dolphin sounds and interpretive videos
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/ Cornell University’s Bioacoustics Research Program]
* [http://www.avantgardeproject.org/AGP28/index.htm Whale Songs at the Avant Garde Project] has FLAC files made from high-quality LP transcriptions available for free download.

Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.

Humpback whales are well known for their songs. Click the arrow to play the video, which includes audio.

Whale sounds are used by whales for different kinds of communication.^[1] The mechanisms used to produce sound vary from one family of cetaceans to another. Marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises, are much more dependent on sound for communication and sensation than are land mammals, because other senses are of limited effectiveness in water. Sight is less effective for marine mammals because of the particulate way in which the ocean scatters light. Smell is also limited, as molecules diffuse more slowly in water than in air, which makes smelling less effective. However, the speed of sound is roughly four times greater in water than in the atmosphere at sea level. As sea mammals are so dependent on hearing to communicate and feed, environmentalists and cetologists are concerned that they are being harmed by the increased ambient noise in the world’s oceans caused by ships, sonar and marine seismic surveys.^[2]

The word «song» is used to describe the pattern of regular and predictable sounds made by some species of whales, notably the humpback whale. This is included with or in comparison with music, and male humpback whales have been described as «inveterate composers» of songs that are «‘strikingly similar’ to human musical traditions».^[3] It has been suggested that humpback songs communicate male fitness to female whales.^[4] The click sounds made by sperm whales and dolphins are not strictly song, but the clicking sequences have been suggested to be individualized rhythmic sequences that communicate the identity of a single whale to other whales in its group. This clicking sequences reportedly allow the groups to coordinate foraging activities.^[5]

Production of sound[edit]

Humans produce voiced sounds by passing air through the larynx. Within the larynx, when the vocal cords are brought close together, the passing air will force them to alternately close and open, separating the continuous airstream into discrete pulses of air that are heard as a vibration.^[6] This vibration is further modified by speech organs in the oral and nasal cavities, creating sounds which are used in human speech.

Cetacean sound production differs markedly from this mechanism. The precise mechanism differs in the two major suborders of cetaceans: the Odontoceti (toothed whales, including dolphins) and the Mysticeti (baleen whales, including the largest whales such as the blue whale).

Odontocete whales[edit]

Process in a dolphin echolocation: in green the sounds generated by the dolphin, in red from the fish.

Idealized dolphin head showing the regions involved in sound production. This image was redrawn from Cranford (2000).

Odontocetes produce rapid bursts of high-frequency clicks that are thought to be primarily for echolocation. Specialized organs in an odontocete produce collections of clicks and buzzes at frequencies from 0.2 to 150 kHz to obtain sonic information about its environment. Lower frequencies are used for distance echolocation, due to the fact that shorter wavelengths do not travel as far as longer wavelengths underwater. Higher frequencies are more effective at shorter distances, and can reveal more detailed information about a target. Echoes from clicks convey not only the distance to the target, but also the size, shape, speed, and vector of its movement. Additionally, echolocation allows the odontocete to easily discern the difference between objects that are different in material composition, even if visually identical, by their different densities. Individuals also appear to be able to isolate their own echoes during pod feeding activity without interference from other pod members’ echolocations.^[7]

Whistles are used for communication, and four- to six-month-old calves develop unique sounds that they use most frequently throughout their lives. Such «signature whistles» are distinctive to the individual and may serve as a form of identification among other odontocetes.^[7] Though a large pod of dolphins will produce a wide range of different noises, very little is known about the meaning of the sound. Frankel quotes one researcher who says listening to a school of odontocetes is like listening to a group of children at a school playground.^[8]

The multiple sounds odontocetes make are produced by passing air through a structure in the head called the phonic lips.^[9] The structure is analogous to the human nasal cavity, but the phonic lips act similarly to human vocal cords, which in humans are located in the larynx. As the air passes through this narrow passage, the phonic lip membranes are sucked together, causing the surrounding tissue to vibrate. These vibrations can, as with the vibrations in the human larynx, be consciously controlled with great sensitivity.^[9] The vibrations pass through the tissue of the head to the melon, which shapes and directs the sound into a beam of sound useful in echolocation. Every toothed whale except the sperm whale has two sets of phonic lips and is thus capable of making two sounds independently.^[10] Once the air has passed the phonic lips it enters the vestibular sac. From there, the air may be recycled back into the lower part of the nasal complex, ready to be used for sound creation again, or passed out through the blowhole.^{[citation needed]}

The French name for phonic lips, museau de singe, translates literally as «monkey’s muzzle», which the phonic lip structure is supposed to resemble.^[11] New cranial analysis using computed axial and single photon emission computed tomography scans in 2004 showed, at least in the case of bottlenose dolphins, that air might be supplied to the nasal complex from the lungs by the palatopharyngeal sphincter, enabling the sound creation process to continue for as long as the dolphin is able to hold its breath.^[12]

Mysticete whales[edit]

Baleen whales (formally called mysticetes) do not have phonic lip structure. Instead, they have a larynx that appears to play a role in sound production, but it lacks vocal cords, and scientists remain uncertain as to the exact mechanism.^[13] The process, however, cannot be completely analogous to humans, because whales do not have to exhale in order to produce sound. It is likely that they recycle air around the body for this purpose.^[14] Cranial sinuses may also be used to create the sounds, but again, researchers are currently unsure how.

Vocal plasticity and acoustic behavior[edit]

There are at least nine separate blue whale acoustic populations worldwide.^[15] Over the last 50 years blue whales have changed the way they are singing. Calls are progressively getting lower in frequency. For example, the Australian pygmy blue whales are decreasing their mean call frequency rate at approximately 0.35 Hz/year.^[16]

The migration patterns of blue whales remains unclear. Some populations appear to be resident in habitats of year-round high productivity in some years,^[17] while others undertake long migrations to high-latitude feeding grounds, but the extent of migrations and the components of the populations that undertake them are poorly known.^[18]

Sound levels[edit]

The frequency of baleen whale sounds ranges from 10 Hz to 31 kHz.^[19] A list of typical levels is shown in the table below.

Purpose of whale-created sounds[edit]

While the complex sounds of the humpback whale (and some blue whales) are believed to be primarily used in sexual selection,^[21] there are simpler sounds that are created by other species of whales that have an alternative use and are used all year round.^{[citation needed]} Whale watchers have watched mother whales lift their young towards the surface in a playful motion, while making a noise that resembles cooing in humans.^[22] This cooing-like noise made by whales seems designed to relax their young^[22] and is one of several distinct everyday noises whales are known to make. Unlike some fish such as sharks and dolphins, a toothed whale’s sense of smell is absent, causing them to rely heavily on echolocation, both for hunting prey and for navigating the ocean under darkness.^{[citation needed]} This requires the whales to produce noise year round to ensure they are able to navigate around any obstacles they may face such as sunken ships or other animals.^{[citation needed]}

It has also been proven that whales are extremely social creatures. The noises that are made throughout the entire year (the main sounds being whistles, clicks, and pulsed calls) are used to communicate with other members of their pod.^[23] The different sounds that a whale makes could mean something different. The clicking noise that whales make is what is used for navigation ^[23].

The question of whether whales sometimes sing purely for aesthetic enjoyment, personal satisfaction, or ‘for art’s sake’, is considered by some to be «an untestable question».^[24]

Song of the humpback whale[edit]

Spectrogram of humpback whale vocalizations. Detail is shown for the first 24 seconds of the 37 second recording humpback whale song. The ethereal whale songs and echolocation clicks are visible as horizontal striations and vertical sweeps respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Two groups of whales, the humpback whale and the subspecies of blue whale found in the Indian Ocean, are known to produce a series of repetitious sounds at varying frequencies known as whale song. Marine biologist Philip Clapham describes the song as «probably the most complex in the animal kingdom.»^[25]

Male humpback whales perform these vocalizations often during the mating season, and so it is believed the purpose of songs is to aid mate selection.^[8]

The songs follow a distinct hierarchical structure. The base units of the song (sometimes loosely called the «notes») are single uninterrupted emissions of sound that last up to a few seconds. These sounds vary in frequency from 20 Hz to upward of 24 kHz (the typical human range of hearing is 20 Hz to 20 kHz). The units may be frequency modulated (i.e., the pitch of the sound may go up, down, or stay the same during the note) or amplitude modulated (get louder or quieter). However, the adjustment of bandwidth on a spectrogram representation of the song reveals the essentially pulsed nature of the FM sounds.

A collection of four or six units is known as a sub-phrase, lasting perhaps ten seconds (see also phrase (music)).^[8] A collection of two sub-phrases is a phrase. A whale will typically repeat the same phrase over and over for two to four minutes. This is known as a theme. A collection of themes is known as a song.^[8] The whale song will last up to 30 or so minutes, and will be repeated over and over again over the course of hours or even days.^[8] This «Russian doll» hierarchy of sounds suggests a syntactic structure^[27] that is more human-like in its complexity than other forms of animal communication like bird songs, which have only linear structure.^[28]

All the whales in an area sing virtually the same song at any point in time and the song is constantly and slowly evolving over time.^{[citation needed]} For example, over the course of a month a particular unit that started as an upsweep (increasing in frequency) might slowly flatten to become a constant note.^[8] Another unit may get steadily louder. The pace of evolution of a whale’s song also changes—some years the song may change quite rapidly, whereas in other years little variation may be recorded.^[8]

Idealized schematic of the song of a humpback whale.
Redrawn from Payne, et al. (1983)

Humpback whale, sound spectrum and time plots

Whales occupying the same geographical areas (which can be as large as entire ocean basins) tend to sing similar songs, with only slight variations. Whales from non-overlapping regions sing entirely different songs.^[8]

As the song evolves, it appears that old patterns are not revisited.^[8] An analysis of 19 years of whale songs found that while general patterns in song could be spotted, the same combination never recurred.^{[citation needed]}

Humpback whales may also make stand-alone sounds that do not form part of a song, particularly during courtship rituals.^[29] Finally, humpbacks make a third class of sound called the feeding call.^{[citation needed]} This is a long sound (5 to 10 s duration) of near constant frequency. Humpbacks generally feed cooperatively by gathering in groups, swimming underneath shoals of fish and all lunging up vertically through the fish and out of the water together. Prior to these lunges, whales make their feeding call. The exact purpose of the call is not known.

Some scientists have proposed that humpback whale songs may serve an echolocative purpose,^[30] but this has been subject to disagreement.^[31]

Other whale sounds[edit]

Humpback whales have also been found to make a range of other social sounds to communicate such as «grunts», «groans», «thwops», «snorts» and «barks».^[32]

In 2009, researchers found that blue whale song has been deepening in its tonal frequency since the 1960s.^[33] While noise pollution has increased ambient ocean noise by over 12 decibels since the mid-20th century, researcher Mark McDonald indicated that higher pitches would be expected if the whales were straining to be heard.^[34]

Killer whales have been observed to produce long range calls that are stereotyped and high frequency travelling distances from 10–16 km (6.2–9.9 mi) as well as short range calls that can travel distances from 5–9 km (3.1–5.6 mi). Short range calls are reported during social and resting periods while long range are more commonly reported during foraging and feeding.^[35]

Research in Whale Vocalization[edit]

It was previously thought that most baleen whales make sounds at about 15–20 hertz.^[38] However, a team of marine biologists, led by Mary Ann Daher of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, reported in New Scientist in December 2004 that they had been tracking a whale in the North Pacific for 12 years that was «singing» at 52 Hz. Scientists have been unable to explain this phenomenon. 52 Hz is a very low sound, it is audible through human ears as a low moaning sound.^[39] It was not expected that this whale was a new species, more so this whale indicated that a currently known species potentially has a much wider vocal range than previously thought.^[38] There is disagreement in the scientific community regarding the uniqueness of the whale’s vocalization and whether it is a member of a hybrid whale such as the well documented blue and fin whale hybrids.

Human interaction[edit]

Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated, even though the sonar frequency range (1–8 kHz) far exceeds their sound production range (25–100 Hz).^[2]

Researchers use hydrophones (often adapted from their original military use in tracking submarines) to ascertain the exact location of the origin of whale noises.^{[citation needed]} Their methods also allow them to detect how far through an ocean a sound travels.^{[citation needed]} Research by Dr. Christopher Clark of Cornell University conducted using military data showed that whale noises travel for thousands of kilometres.^[40] As well as providing information about song production, the data allows researchers to follow the migratory path of whales throughout the «singing» (mating) season. An important finding is that whales, in a process called the Lombard effect, adjust their song to compensate for background noise pollution.^[41] Moreover, there is evidence that blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated, even though the sonar frequency range (1–8 kHz) far exceeds their sound production range (25–100 Hz).^[2]

Prior to the introduction of human noise production, Clark says the noises may have travelled right from one side of an ocean to the other, agreeing with a thirty-year-old concept blaming large-scale shipping.^[40] His research indicates that ambient noise from boats is doubling with each decade.^[40] This has the effect of reducing the range at which whale noises can be heard. Environmentalists fear that such boat activity is putting undue stress on the animals as well as making it difficult to find a mate.^[40]

In the past decade, many effective automated methods, such as signal processing, data mining, and machine learning techniques have been developed to detect and classify whale vocalizations.^[42]^[43]

Media[edit]

Humpback Whales and Dolphins calling.

Vocalizations of Delphinapterus leucas published by NOAA.

Selected discography[edit]

Songs of the Humpback Whale (SWR 118) was originally released in 1970 by CRM Records from recordings made by Roger Payne, Frank Watlington, and others. The LP was later re-released by Capitol Records, published in a flexible format in the National Geographic Society magazine, Volume 155, Number 1, in January 1979, re-released by Living Music/Windham Hill/BMG Records on CD in 1992, and remastered on CD by BGO-Beat Goes On in 2001.
Deep Voices: The Second Whale Record (Capitol/EMI Records 0777 7 11598 1 0) was released on LP in 1977 from additional recordings made by Roger Payne, and re-released on CD in 1995 by Living Music/Windham Hill/BMG Records. It includes recordings of humpbacks, blues, and rights.
Northern Whales (MGE 19) was released by Music Gallery Editions from recordings made by Pierre Ouellet, John Ford, and others affiliated with Interspecies Music and Communication Research. It includes recordings of belugas, narwhals, orca, and bearded seals.
Sounds of the Earth: Humpback Whales (Oreade Music) was released on CD in 1999.
Rapture of the Deep: Humpback Whale Singing (Compass Recordings) was released on CD in 2001.
Songlines: Songs of the East Australian Humpback whales. was released in 2009.

History[edit]

Whaling Captain Wm. H. Kelly was the first person known to recognize whale singing for what it was, while on the brig Eliza in the Sea of Japan in 1881.^[44]^[45]

References[edit]

^ Communication and behavior of whales, R Payne. 1983. Westview Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Melcón, Mariana L.; Cummins, Amanda J.; Kerosky, Sara M.; Roche, Lauren K.; Wiggins, Sean M.; Hildebrand, John A. (2012). Mathevon, Nicolas (ed.). «Blue Whales Respond to Anthropogenic Noise». PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32681. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…732681M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032681. PMC 3290562. PMID 22393434.
^ Payne Roger, quoted in: Author(s): Susan Milius. «Music without Borders», p. 253. Source: Science News, Vol. 157, No. 16, (15 April 2000), pp. 252-254. Published by: Society for Science & the Public.
^ Wright, A.J.; Walsh, A (2010). «Mind the gap: why neurological plasticity may explain seasonal interruption in humpback whale song». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 90 (8): 1489–1491. doi:10.1017/s0025315410000913. S2CID 84796594.
^ Michel Andre and Cees Kamminga (2000) Rhythmic dimension in the echolocation click trains of sperm whales: a possible function of identification and communication Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol. 80, pp. 163-169.
^ «How do marine mammals produce sounds?». July 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b «How Dolphins Produce Sounds». Dolphin Research Center.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Frankel, Adam S. «Sound production», Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 1998, pp. 1126–1137. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
^ ^a ^b Cranford, Ted W.; Elsberry, Wesley R.; Bonn, William G. Van; Jeffress, Jennifer A.; Chaplin, Monica S.; Blackwood, Diane J.; Carder, Donald A.; Kamolnick, Tricia; Todd, Mark A. (2011). «Observation and analysis of sonar signal generation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for two sonar sources». Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 407 (1): 81–96. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.07.010.
^ Fitch, W. T.; Neubauer, J.; Herzel, H. (2002). «Calls out of chaos: the adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production». Anim. Behav. 63 (3): 407–418. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1912. S2CID 16090497.
^ Ted W. Cranford. «Selected Whale Sciences Images — Volume 1». Retrieved 20 October 2010.
^ Houser, Dorian S.; Finneran, James; Carder, Don; Van Bonn, William; Smith, Cynthia; Hoh, Carl; Mattrey, Robert; Ridgway, Sam (2004). «Structural and functional imaging of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) cranial anatomy». Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 21): 3657–3665. doi:10.1242/jeb.01207. PMID 15371474.
^ Dvorsky, George; Gadye, Levi. «Why Whale Songs Are Still One of Science’s Greatest Mysteries». Gizmodo. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Reidenberg, JS; Laitman, JT (2007). «Discovery of a low frequency sound source in Mysticeti (baleen whales): anatomical establishment of a vocal fold homolog». Anatomical Record. 290 (6): 745–59. doi:10.1002/ar.20544. PMID 17516447. S2CID 24620936.
^ McDonald, MA, Messnick SL, Hildebrand JA (2006). «Biogeographic characterisation of blue whale song worldwide: using song to identify populations» (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 8: 55–65.
^ Tripovich, Joy S.; Klinck, Holger; Nieukirk, Sharon L.; Adams, Tempe; Mellinger, David K.; Balcazar, Naysa E.; Klinck, Karolin; Hall, Evelyn J. S.; Rogers, Tracey L. (22 May 2015). «Temporal segregation of the Australian and Antarctic blue whale call types (Balaenoptera musculus spp.)». Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (3): 603–610. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv065. PMC 4668953. PMID 26937046.
^ Tripovich, Joy S.; Klinck, Holger; Nieukirk, Sharon L.; Adams, Tempe; Mellinger, David K.; Balcazar, Naysa E.; Klinck, Karolin; Hall, Evelyn J. S.; Rogers, Tracey L. (2015). «Temporal segregation of the Australian and Antarctic blue whale call types (Balaenoptera musculusspp.)». Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (3): 603–610. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv065. PMC 4668953. PMID 26937046.
^ Cooke, J.G. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. «Balaenoptera musculus«. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2477A156923585. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
^ Richardson, Greene, Malme, Thomson (1995). Marine Mammals and Noise. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-588440-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kuperman, Roux (2007). «Underwater Acoustics». In Rossing, Thomas D. (ed.). Springer Handbook of Acoustics. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-30446-5.
^ Smith, Joshua N.; Goldizen, Anne W.; Dunlop, Rebecca A.; Noad, Michael J. (2008). «Songs of male humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are involved in intersexual interactions». Animal Behaviour. 76 (2): 467–477. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.02.013. S2CID 29660106.
^ ^a ^b Milstein, Tema (1 July 2008). «When Whales «Speak for Themselves»: Communication as a Mediating force in Wildlife Tourism». Environmental Communication. 2 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1080/17524030802141745. ISSN 1752-4032.
^ ^a ^b US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. «Why do whales make sounds?». oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^ Entomologist and ecologist Thomas Eisner called it «an untestable question in scientific terms», quoted in: Milius (2000), p. 254
^ Clapham, Philip (1996). Humpback whales. Colin Baxter Photography. ISBN 978-0-948661-87-7.
^ Rothenberg, David (2008). Thousand mile song. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07128-9.
^ Suzuki, R; Buck, JR; Tyack, PL (2006). «Information entropy of humpback whale songs». J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119 (3): 1849–66. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..119.1849S. doi:10.1121/1.2161827. PMID 16583924.
^ Berwick, R. C., Okanoya, K., Beckers, G. J. L., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2011). Songs to syntax: The linguistics of birdsong. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.002
^ Mattila, David. K; Guinee, Linda N.; Mayo, Charles A. (1987). «Humpback Whale Songs on a North Atlantic Feeding Ground». Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (4): 880–883. doi:10.2307/1381574. JSTOR 1381574.
^ Mercado, E. III & Frazer, L.N. (2001). «Humpback whale song or humpback whale sonar? A Reply to Au et al» (PDF). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 26 (3): 406–415. Bibcode:2001IJOE…26..406M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.330.3653. doi:10.1109/48.946514. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.
^ W. W. L. Au; A. Frankel; D. A. Helweg & D. H. Cato (2001). «Against the humpback whale sonar hypothesis». IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 26 (2): 295–300. Bibcode:2001IJOE…26..295A. doi:10.1109/48.922795.
^ Cecilia Burke, »A whale’s varied vocabulary’, Australian Geographic, AG Online. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
^ McDonald, Mark A., Hildebrand, John A., Mesnick, Sarah. Worldwide decline in tonal frequencies of blue whale songs. Endangered Species Research, Vol. 9 No. 1 23 October 2009.
^ Keim, Brandon. Blue Whale Song Mystery Baffles Scientists. Wired. 2 December 2009.
^ Miller, Patrick J. O. (11 January 2006). «Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations». Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 192 (5): 449–459. doi:10.1007/s00359-005-0085-2. hdl:1912/532. ISSN 0340-7594. PMID 16404605. S2CID 22673399.
^ ePluribus Media. «The Canaries of the Sea, granted a pardon, this time…». Retrieved 7 August 2010.
^ «Beluga Whales – Communication and Echolocation». Sea World.org. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b Copley, Jon. «Lonely whale’s song remains a mystery». New Scientist. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^ «How the world’s loneliest whale inspired a kids tale about human connection». The Big Issue. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bentley, Molly (28 February 2005). «Unweaving the song of whales». BBC News. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
^ Scheifele, PM; Andrew, S; Cooper, RA; Darre, M; Musiek, FE; Max, L (2005). «Indication of a Lombard vocal response in the St. Lawrence River Beluga». The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 117 (3 Pt 1): 1486–92. Bibcode:2005ASAJ..117.1486S. doi:10.1121/1.1835508. PMID 15807036.
^ M. Pourhomayoun, P. Dugan, M. Popescu, and C. Clark, «Bioacoustic Signal Classification Based on Continuous Region Features, Grid Masking Features and Artificial Neural Network,» International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2013.
^ 7. M. Popescu, P. Dugan, M. Pourhomayoun, and C. Clark, «Periodic Pulse Train Signal Detection and Classification using Spectrogram Intensity Binarization and Energy Projection,» International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2013.
^ Aldrich, Herbert L. (1889). «Whaling». The Outing Magazine: 113–123. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Aldrich, Herbert Lincoln (1889). Arctic Alaska and Siberia, Or, Eight Months in Arctic Alaska and Siberia with the Arctic Whalemen. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Co. pp. 32–35. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2018.

General references[edit]

Lone whale’s song remains a mystery, New Scientist, issue number 2477, 11 December 2004
Frazer, L.N. & Mercado. E. III. (2000). «A sonar model for humpback whale song». IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 25 (1): 160–182. Bibcode:2000IJOE…25..160F. doi:10.1109/48.820748. S2CID 44297027.
Helweg, D.A., Frankel, A.S., Mobley Jr, J.R. and Herman, L.M., «Humpback whale song: our current understanding,» in Marine Mammal Sensory Systems, J. A. Thomas, R. A. Kastelein, and A. Y. Supin, Eds. New York: Plenum, 1992, pp. 459–483.
In search of impulse sound sources in odontocetes by Ted Cranford in Hearing by whales and dolphins (W. Lu, A. Popper and R. Fays eds.). Springer-Verlag (2000).
Progressive changes in the songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): a detailed analysis of two seasons in Hawaii by K.B.Payne, P. Tyack and R.S. Payne in Communication and behavior of whales. Westview Press (1983)
«Unweaving the song of whales». BBC News. 28 February 2005.

External links[edit]

Voices in the Sea has whale and dolphin sounds and interpretive videos
Cornell University’s Bioacoustics Research Program
Right Whale Listening Network, a project of the above bioacoustics program at Cornell
Whale Songs at the Avant Garde Project has FLAC files made from high-quality LP transcriptions.
Perspectives in Ocean Science Listening to Whales, John Hildebrand, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
The British Library Sound Archive contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from around the world.
Songlines: Songs of the East Australian Humpback whales.
Recording of the bearded seal’s «spiralling trill,» one of the most phenomenal vocalizations of the underwater kingdom
Watkins Marine Mammal Sound Database, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and New Bedford Whaling Museum

Whale Communication

With a very underdeveloped smell sense and the poor vision available in marine waters, sound was developed by whales to communicate each other.

It is believed that whales use sound for echolocation, a sonar-like capability that allow whales to locate dangers and other animals.

This technique works in the following way:

A whale produces a sound and this sound is sent through the water where it bounces back in objects or animals. Whales have a special capability to get information about the shape and distance of the surrounding object from the returned sound.

Sound is also used for mating in some species where an special singing is developed by baleen whales, specially humpback and blue whales.

There are several vocalizations or sounds produced by whales and each one is believed to have different purpose including some used for communication and socialization.

Vocalizations Associated with ReproductionChris Knowlton2018-12-19T09:29:13-05:00

Marine mammals produce many kinds of sounds that are associated with reproduction. For example, males of some species produce vocalizations to compete with other males or to attract females. In the latter case, some females, such as female elephant seals, compare males based on vocalizations. In other species, like the North Atlantic right whale, females produce sounds that advertise their presence or reproductive status.

A well-known example of marine mammals using sound as a reproductive advertisement comes from humpback whales. Humpback males produce a series of vocalizations that collectively form a song. It has been hypothesized that humpback song is used to attract females and/or that males use song to interact with each other. These songs can be detected many kilometers away. Humpback songs are produced most often in tropical waters during the breeding season and form a major component of male breeding behavior. Humpback males also sing along migratory routes and in the higher-latitude feeding grounds before and after the breeding season. However, these songs are not produced nearly as often or by as many individuals as on the breeding grounds.

Humpback songs are complex in structure and long in duration. Whales have been known to sing for hours. A typical humpback song is made up of three to nine themes sung in a particular order. It takes approximately 10-15 minutes for a whale to sing a series of themes before returning to the beginning. Each theme is composed of a unique phrase that is repeated until the theme is changed. Each phrase is composed of repeated patterns of song units. For example, the spectrogram below includes about four minutes of one male’s song. In this segment, he transitions through 3 different themes. Several song units and phrases are labeled within theme 1.

Spectrogram of a humpback whale song, showing 3 themes with phrases and units within theme 1 labeled. Image credit: Danielle Cholewiak, NOAA/NMFS.

Males between breeding grounds in the same ocean basin all sing similar songs. For example, males in breeding areas off Mexico, Hawaii, and Japan sing similar songs. However, these songs change gradually over time, on a monthly and yearly basis. It is not completely known how or why the song themes continually change, but it is likely related to sexual selection and the function of the song within the breeding system. This kind of song evolution is generally rare, and is known from only a few other species.

Sperm whales also produce sounds that are associated with mating and reproduction. Males produce very loud, low frequency clicks when accompanying a breeding group of females. Photo courtesy Hal Whitehead laboratory, Dalhousie University.

Humpbacks are not the only cetaceans to produce vocalizations associated with mating and reproduction. Bowhead whales also produce songs that contain multiple song units and change over time. They do not produce songs with the same hierarchical structure as humpbacks; however, at any one time there are multiple song types present in the population, some of which are shared between individuals. Fin whales and blue whales both produce low frequency sounds that are thought to function as song, some of which are infrasonic in frequency. Both fin and blue whale songs can travel much longer distances than humpback songs, and are much simpler in structure. Male sperm whales also produce loud clicks with long inter-click intervals when accompanying a breeding group of females. These clicks differ from clicks in coda patterns in that they are much louder and not given in any repeatable pattern.

Pinnipeds have also been reported to use sound in reproductive advertisement displays. Bearded seals and ringed seals have been recorded singing in the Arctic. Weddell seals produce trills during the breeding season that have been associated with the defense of territories. Even walruses use sound in mating rituals. Male walruses make a series of knocks, whistles, and loud breathing sounds at the surface. They then make knocks and bell-like sounds during dives. (listen these sounds in the Audio Gallery)

Male walruses produce a variety of underwater sounds described as knocks, whistles, and and bell-like sounds. Image credit: USGS.

Recording of Pacific walrus in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Sound courtesy of Dr. Bernd Würsig

Additional Links on DOSITS

Bearded Seal
Bowhead Whale
Fin Whale
Humpback Whale
North Atlantic Right Whale
Walrus
Weddell Seal

References

Cerchio, S., Jacobsen, J. K., & Norris, T. F. (2001). Temporal and geographical variation in songs of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae: synchronous change in Hawaiian and Mexican breeding assemblages. Animal Behaviour, 62(2), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1747
Cholewiak, D. M., Sousa-Lima, R. S., & Cerchio, S. (2013). Humpback whale song hierarchical structure: Historical context and discussion of current classification issues. Marine Mammal Science, 29(3), E312–E332. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12005
Croll, D. A., Clark, C. W., Acevedo, A., Tershy, B., Flores, S., Gedamke, J., & Urban, J. (2002). Only male fin whales sing loud songs: Bioacoustics. Nature, 417(6891), 809–809. https://doi.org/10.1038/417809a
Darling, J., Nicklin, C., & Jones, M. (2006). Humpback whale songs: Do they organize males during the breeding season? Behaviour, 143(9), 1051–1101. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853906778607381
Johnson, H. D., Stafford, K. M., George, J. C., Ambrose, W. G., & Clark, C. W. (2015). Song sharing and diversity in the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ), spring 2011. Marine Mammal Science, 31(3), 902–922. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12196
Oleson, E., Calambokidis, J., Burgess, W., McDonald, M., LeDuc, C., & Hildebrand, J. (2007). Behavioral context of call production by eastern North Pacific blue whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 330, 269–284. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps330269
Smith, J. N., Goldizen, A. W., Dunlop, R. A., & Noad, M. J. (2008). Songs of male humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are involved in intersexual interactions. Animal Behaviour, 76(2), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.02.013
Tyack, P. L. (1999). Communication and Cognition. In J. E. I. Reynolds & S. A. Rommel (Eds.), Biology of Marine Mammals (pp. 287–323). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Tyack, P. L. (2000). Functional Aspects of Cetacean Communication. In J. Mann, R. C. Connor, P. L. Tyack, & H. Whitehead (Eds.), Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales (pp. 270–307). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Источник

Communication is one of the most important aspects of an animals life.

It allows them to share their interests with one another, warm others of predators, find a mating partner and teach their offspring how to live among many other things.

Without communication it is unlikely that many species would survive or live long healthy lives.

When it comes to the cetacean family whales are known to communicate with one another in a number of different ways including creating sounds or vocalizations, using their body language and displaying specific visual behaviors to communicate their wants, needs and intentions to other whales.

A male humpback whale for instance uses mating songs only when it is looking for a female to mate with.

It is believed that singing is how they communicate to female whales that they are fit and a good choice for mating with.

It lets the female whale known they are interested in reproducing offspring while making it clear to other male whales that they are claiming their territory.

Toothed whales and dolphins on the other hand create unique high-pitched clicking sounds that appear to be used to communicate who they are to the rest of the members in the group as well as inform others of their intentions.

The forms of communication and vocal sounds created by whales differ from one species to another based on their physical features and social structure.

In terms of sound or vocal communication there are two primary types of whales (suborders) that produce sounds in different and unique ways.

These two types or suborders are known as the toothed whale and baleen whale suborders.

Toothed whales

The toothed whale suborder communicates using high frequency clicks and whistles.

Single clicks are typically used for echolocation while multiple clicks are often used to communicate to other whales/dolphins in the area.

Unfortunately when it comes to understanding their conversation little is scientifically known about the meaning of the clicks and whistles they use other than the fact that it is used to communicate and echo locate.

All species of dolphin and porpoise belong to the toothed whale suborder along with whales that possess teeth.

When in a large group or pod distinct frequencies can be heard from individual members of the pod.

These unique frequencies can be thought of in a similar manner to people having conversations in large room.

Each person has a different vocal pitch and speed so that they can easily identify who is speaking in the room.

The same goes for the toothed whale suborder and it is believed that these differences help individual members keep track of one another.

This can be especially important for female toothed whales keeping track of their children or when multiple pods gather together and eventually need to separate back into their individual pods.

Baleen whales

The baleen whale communicates using long, low-frequency sounds and some species such as the humpback and blue whale produce deep melodic tones which scientists and researchers refer to as whale songs due to the fact that these sounds create melody’s similar to music composed by humans.

These loud low pitched sounds can be heard miles away and allow baleen whales to communicate with one another over great distances.

This is essential for helping them find other pod members, keep track of the location of other whales during migration trips, look for a mating partner, claim their territory or communicate a multitude of other important things to one another.

Unlike the toothed whale suborder baleen whales are born with baleen plates that have bristles attached to the plates rather than possessing teeth.

The baleen whale suborder is made up almost exclusively of large whales.

Ambient sounds may be endangering whales

Sound is extremely important to the survival of the whale species and research is showing that their may be a link between ambient sounds (artificial sound) and the number of injured and/or beached whales.

Due to the way water absorbs light (hindering the ability to see accurately) and limits smell whales have to rely largely on sound to navigate the ocean, especially in areas where there is no light.

While water may limit some of their primary senses sound is actually enhanced in the ocean.

The reason for this is that sound travels four times faster in the water than it does on land making it extremely important to the whale species in terms of survival.

Animals that rely on sound are able to get an early warming sign of predators in the area and are better able to travel safely and locate potential food sources.

Because of the ever increasing use of ambient sounds some researchers and scientists are concerned that these sounds being created by man-made ships, jet engine planes, sonar and other marine tools may hinder the whales ability to communicate and echo-locate which is extremely important for their survival.

Although it is unclear what affect artificial sound is having on the cetacean species increased whale beachings are believed to be one of many results caused by ambient sounds.

Other issues that may arise from the increase in artificial sounds include brain hemorrhaging from loud noises, loss of direction as these sounds may interfere with echolocation and issues communicating with other pod members.

Note: Some individuals believe that the increased number of reported beachings are the result of new technology such as smart phones, the internet and television rather than an actual increase in the actual number of whale beachings that occur on an annual basis.

Echolocation

Echolocation is an extremely important tool in the toothed whales survival as it allows these marine mammals to navigate the ocean at night, locate potential prey and identify threats in the area using sound.

Echolocation is a biological sonar that whales use to determine their distance to nearby objects.

Because of the fact that vision is extremely limited underwater and sound plays a much stronger and favorable role in their lives echolocation is one of the primary senses whales, dolphins and porpoises rely on every day.

Echolocation works by creating high pitched sounds, clicks or echos and measuring the time it takes for the sound to bounce off of nearby objects and back to the hosts location.

In other words whales measure how far an object is by how long it takes for the sound to get back to them.

The echo that returns provides these marine mammals with vital information such as the location of objects in their area, the density, direction, size and movement of potential prey/predators and whether or not the object is alive and mobile or simply an inanimate fixed object.

Echolocation is used largely among the toothed whale species and was previously thought to be absent among the baleen whale suborder.

It wasn’t until recently that researchers started exploring the possibility of baleen whales having this capability due to interesting data suggesting that these marine mammals (at least some baleen whales) also use echolocation to navigate the ocean.

Communicating though body language

In addition to using sound and echolocation to communicate with others and navigate the ocean whales also use physical gestures and body language to share their experiences and interests with other whales.

Through the use of these gestures whales can show compassion, nurture, dominance and curiosity among other things.

Whale surfacing behavior

Whales use a combination of different surfacing behaviors such as spyhopping, lobtailing and breaching and are believed to display this type of behavior to show dominance, communicate a desire to mate and warn other whales of nearby dangers.

Spyhopping

Spyhopping occurs when a whale surfaces partly above the surface of the water for an extended amount of time fully exposing its head and generally keeping its eyes slightly above or below the water so that it can observe its surroundings.

Spyhopping is believed to be used to watch for predators and keep the whale alert to its surroundings.

Lobtailing (Slapping)

Lobtailing is when a whale or dolphin lifts its flukes or flippers out of the water and slaps it hard against the water creating a loud slapping noise.

This slapping may be used to show aggression, warn nearby whales of danger and/or communicate with other whales.

Dolphins have also been trained by humans to lobtail as a form of communication and to indicate a need or desire, such as to request food from a trainer or as a playful gesture.

Breaching

Breaching occurs when a whale lunges itself out of the water exposing at least 40% of its entire body above the water.

Breaching has also been observed as a form of social interaction and can be used to display aggression, warn others of nearby danger or during courtship to display fitness and a desire to mate.

Due to the large size and weight of the whale breaching causes large disturbances in the water which make it’s actions unmistakable to other whales in the ocean that are either above or beneath the water and can be used as an effective signaling method to communicate to other whales.

Charging

Charging occurs when one whale charges or lunges at another whale in order to get their attention.

Charging may be used to show dominance or territorial behavior or it may be used as a form of challenge or play between whales.

Light physical contact/nurturing touches

Whales have been observed lightly rubbing against or bumping other whales in their pod.

These light physical gestures are believed to be a form of nurture or intimacy among whales and can sometimes be seen when a mother is caring for her young or when two adult whales are performing a mating ritual.

Conclusion

Whales can vary greatly in terms of their level of communication and active nature depending on their species.

Some species are solitary and prefer traveling alone while other species spend their lives with family and friends only leaving their pods for short periods of time.

The methods these whales use to communicate can be as diverse as the various species of whale that exist.

Whales are an extremely intelligent species and it is believed that their communication is one of the most sophisticated forms of communication among all animal species.

Источник

Пробный вариант ЕГЭ 2022 по английскому языку №7 с ответами

Production of sound[edit]

Odontocete whales[edit]

Mysticete whales[edit]

Vocal plasticity and acoustic behavior[edit]

Sound levels[edit]

Purpose of whale-created sounds[edit]

Song of the humpback whale[edit]

Other whale sounds[edit]

Research in Whale Vocalization[edit]

Human interaction[edit]

Media[edit]

Selected discography[edit]

History[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

General references[edit]

External links[edit]

Whale Communication

Additional Links on DOSITS

References

Toothed whales

Baleen whales

Ambient sounds may be endangering whales

Echolocation

Communicating though body language

Whale surfacing behavior

Spyhopping

Lobtailing (Slapping)

Breaching

Charging

Light physical contact/nurturing touches

Conclusion